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W?O?M? d?? ? b?K?? U? b?K?? w? wzUN qJA WML Ub lK WLO t vK dF
lLL w sOJKNL UdA lOL d VU s UC qL WM b uJ U UUb
Ub lK pK s
w UM WFQ wUL wuI ZUM sL{ qb w Ub lK UuJ nOMB sJL
l?KK zUF UdA q U N tOK oKD wKzUF UDI UdA
rOKF WB Ub WOzcG
rNUdA qL UdA lUBL UL UNOK oKD sOML UL_ UD
WOMJ wUL vK d_ UH v WU{U U uL bFL w
l?K?? s? W?u?J?? U?d??A? s?L?C?? w?u?J?? U?H? WOuJ UdAL
UH v WOUdI vK UH qLA c WHKL UNUUAM UOIK W Ub
Ub s_ vK
rC WOU U UD
s d r U q s U w u r UNOK oKD U s UdAL
Ub lK s Wb b U
U? v? d?b?B? r?? U? q? s? U?? w UB U v UFOL
Ub lK s Wb b
(GNP)wUL
U s bN
uUB WOU U
u - UB WOU U wU
U
bF e WUM UU
UU bF e lO
UL c s k U
U??? `??L? I? W?? w??e? U??
U??? U?? e `LI s wUMB
v? b?N? U?N?F?O?L? d?? lO ou Ub
`L We
rKF
w UA `LI W
`??L?I? s? s?O??D? U??
`?L?I? l?O wUM UA
U UA
rKF
u UB wKJ bN
U?? ? b?? ? l?? ? K? ? U?? ?? ?
w?? u?? O? ? U?? N? ???N? ?
qIL
u `LI s wKL U
wUMB sOD s U WLO w Ue we `LI U qL
u?b? u?L? UF ou WHKJ w Ue + e??? U WLO w Ue
U c s vQ w
Aggregate Demand
wKJ VKD
Aggregate Supply
tM
l? qUF wKJ UB
wKJ VKD dF
w??ze??? U??B? ? U??L? M? O?
V?K?D? d?F? l? q?U?F
b WFK vK
wUL dF
UA
l `LI U d vK U dOC D nOKJ bL uI
w?e?U?B?? U?A?M? u? b?b UL w WOKL q nOMB
wUb U wUMB
UA
U?O?? d?_ U?N?JKN w WOzUNM lK b UOU bL uI
lK c s U WLO U WOHO
b WK
UB cN UF bN bb l wKJ UB UNF qUF w WUB duE b
WO UF s U q s rFM V
UF UF uL UH U UO wKJ UB rN
s wuI qb uJ
WM WML lK rO uL
WM WML Ub lK rO uL
WuJ UNJKL w UIF u_ WLO
Wb w uuL wUL UIF UL
UB u WOU U UD bF
wUL wKL ZUM UuJ s
wuI ZUM wKL ZUM sO U UdA
UuJ
wuI ZUM UuJ s UOOz
UuJ
u WOU U wU
U w qLF WO UNOK qBL uIM
u UB uL
u UB sO dH
jI dbB s WLUM lO UOKL
.UB -
.UM n
UM n
.UM n
UM uOK
UODFL
.UM n
Consumption
b
wKzUF UH U) w
N UH
qb N 5 WF
k
wMF WdD WF
d??D? b??e?? d?
d
WDIM
dH WDIM
qb
rKF
qLF s sOKU uuJ UbM U bU s d_ tOK qB U
s??O? W??d?? W???? U?M?
qb N
rKF
s?? d?? ? ?F? ??N? ? W??
q??b?? s??O? W?d?D? W??F?
N
rN
W?O?LJ u wzUIK N
U u v UNN r w
dH qb
N b( qO*
dOG WO wN UH U bL N b qOL dF
rN
wU{ UM vK qB sO dH UNLKN w WOU{ WOLJ t qb
??N? ? w?? U??e?
w Ue s q uJ U
qb
WOU WUFL w
N b qOL
p vK U
U?? w??N tUH bI UM U eF q U
\ \
U N 5 WF
UM U?C? q?b? ?N?? s?O? dU W UM Ud o UL
wK UL UNO{u sJL w U N sO WIO W
qb
se s U
N Vc e
U Vc e
uN U rNb bu UUO
dF w U W UM N W bu UL
b?u? q?b? w? d?O?G??K? W??O U w dOG bI s
qb u sO WF wN d dOF b WOU{
u?J? s?J?L? U? W?E?? l U u
N W fJ vK p d WU w VUU
WOL N sJL t_ VUU uJ sJL w
wF wIDM dO cN WU
U? ?N?? s?O WF `{u qJA
qJA
U b( qO*
wU{ q UM qJ N Wb WKUIL Wb w U W bF
^
w?I?L e S U?O?K? tN b U w U?Oze U?O?K pKN U
U v Vc
r? U _ d_ d ULb b?
^ F sOF sOU uI sJL UM
UL U Ub
?O UM wMF c tN r r U U U
rKF
r U u tN r U
U
N U w Wd
q??O? K? I? U??? v??K? u?J?
U
w
N VKDK b; quF
qb w U QwN UH bb w qb b UIU
UM{dF
dOJU dQ sJL wN UH wN UH Ue R
WOuK quF w dOG b WO UdOQ oI w WOU{ quF s
W?U?B?? U?U?O?? w? d?O?G? b?? W??O?? s?O?J?K?N???L?U WU
qOBH s wA quF pK UMM WOuJ
tUFu pKNL uO -
k
d d bzUH dF -
UR sJL d d w bA bzUH dF w UH
U q dLFL lK vK wN UH iOH v
jOIU VUG w UNLO b r YO UG UHK eN
vK UOU dR b bAL d ULz d wMF c
w wU dOQ t uJ sJL bzUH UF UH UL U
dI fHM lL dLFL lK vK VKD U U
W?O??N?? lK dLFL dO lK vK VKD tO lL c
fL WOzcG uL q
rKF
v R UF UH
uIMK WOzdA uI U
WKzU u_ -
u?M w lz uI s d_ b du U WKzU u_U vMF
t{UH UF UF uL UHU dU WKzU u_ dQ
b? q?I? v?M?F?L? u?? WOzdA uI iHM UF_ UH bMF
u?U? c? m?K??L? f?H?M? lK s WOLJ fH d vK U_
iHM wUU UUF UH q oU w lK pK vK tuIHM
W?L?O?I? S? U?F?_ i?H??M? U?b?M? q?U?I?L?U? wN VKD
wN VKD e wUU e WKzU u WOIOI
UIMK WOC
U cM WOMODKH oUML w N ld U WKD gUM
WIU uM w tOK U UL WUI
UA
v?K? U?? U?D? ?N?? vMM rd WOO WHO qLF D uI
?D? u?I? U?Lqb s WHK Uu bM WLK WFK N
q_ WDI dHB WDI s vMML c b UL dOH
b WK
XU N
N b qOL
U b qOL
U b qOL U UM `BO UM U q U
wK U V
N b qOL WLO
N b qOL W
qb w Ue vK UM WOU{ dbL r
wQ UL q sO WF WFO b
U N sO
qb U sO
qb N sO
WO UF s U q s rFM V
Ub lK vK UH bI N W `{u
qb U sO WOJ W UM
S dH U U UbM
U U N
qb U N
UO
b U U b qOL
dH
UC uJ qb
N b qOLU bBI
N v U W
U v N W
qb v N W
S UO
b U N b qOL uJ UbM
N s d qb
N qb
`O b U
U qb
U vK uJ U w Ue
N w Ue
qb w Ue
qb w UBIM
N w UBIM
Investment
UL
b
Wu
V?FK wKJ UH UuJ s wU fOzd uJL UL qJA
UL wKJ UB w sOLN s UL
r? l?L???L? U?B?? w? U?L??? w? q?L _ b?
rKF
s? b?e? w?U??U? w?U?L? q?b? b?e? w WOU_ UdL
q?b? b?e? UL
V??K? D? b?e? q?b?
U be VKD
rKF
R?? U?? w? U?e?
v?? K? ? V??K? D? U?? v??
WKUF b_
UL wU UL wUL
UA Ub lK lOL vK UH vK UL wUL qLA
rKF
u?? U?? L? ? ?? ? ?
UNLO s W bI bI
W??? O? ? s??e?? d? l?
b
U* UL wU UL wUL
UL u
t?O?K? Vd UH UA q vK qLA UL uUB dF
l?K?? U?? w? r?N?? w d q lLLK WOU WUD U
rKF
Vd r b?
b U?U?H? q?L t_ lLL dE WN s U?L bF
s?O? j?I? W?O?J?KLK UI s U UL Ub lK U w U tOK
U d fO bb h u w `B rN WOJK d h
S Ub UFK ZM bb Wd fOQ UNFO bN rN d r
b?I? U? v? R? t?_ lLL dE WN s b?
b U? U?H? dF p
WOUL ULU vL UL s uM c lLLK WOU
5L v U UL rI
qLF UL_ U sOML UD t uI U UL _
W?c? f?? Z?O?? lMB UA q sOF wU dA
vB oOI UL c s bN uJ UOKI Wd fOQ
sJL `
vL WuJ UcOHM uI w lUALU UF UL wU
U?L?? c s bN uJ WUF WOuJ UL
l?U?A p vK U lLL d qJ Ub lK dOu
??u?? d?? s?? W??O? ? ? ? W?O?M??
w?? d? U?J UO UdN
c?? s?? U?? C? ? U?? u?? J? ? b??N?
c?? W??U?M? W??O? d?Ou v lUAL
v?K? s?O???M?L? l?O??A? U?L
u??I? b?b? W?O?U?? l?U?A? W?U?
s? W?U?F? U?N?U?L quL WuJ
UNU VzdC d
d o dA
UL b
s u?J? lLL w WU UL WUB Ub bR
w WOU UL W
UL_ UDI WU PAML bFL w UL v_ WH
lLL w UL s W qJA c
uL s t U qJA c WOMJ PAM d WOU WH
rKF
UL
bN U UL
U?? ?L? ? M? ? O? ? `?? ?d?? ? v??
v bN UF UL
l??O? ? A? ? W??b? d?O?u?
W?U?? U?L??
q?? J? ? U??b?? d??O? u??
lLL d
w d
c U dLL qF UL b w W WOOzd
bzUF d
nOUJ
UFu
w UFu WHKJ bzUF w UL WOU_ bL
wQ ULO UNM Yb UNKOBH sJL
d bzUF
nOUJ UOU
UL UL WHKJ u UL d vKdR c wU rNL bL
U VKD p S wUL q uM bF b UL lK
sOL v rI nOUJ c UNHOUJ
YO wU quL UL dUWIKFL nOUJ _
V?d?? pM s d od s UL quL bB uJ
d?F? w? q??L?? w d WHJK w WHKJ d c vK
d?I? c? b?b?? r??O? Y?O? pMK dIL UNFb w bzUH
bzUH dF tO UUC
rKF
s? l?u??L bzUF U
s?? ? d?? ?? ? U?? ?L? ? ? ? ? ?
d UM uJ nOUJ
ULU
UFu UU
rKF
UUD wDF
UL VKDK b; d_ quF
U?U??? s?J?L? U?L??? d? v?K? d?R? WLN d qu U?C? U?M
w WOU{ b
qb w dOG
wKJ VKD be d_ u lHdUB UF WU w
rKF
U?? ? B? ? ? ? U?? ?M? ? L? ?
w? r?N? qU wUO
WOKIL UFu
rKF
v?K? V?K?D? U? v? R? U?J? b U UL UL
U?B?? u?d? W?U? w
d?O? q?b? w? d?O?G? uJ
UL vK eH
UA
d?? w?? u?u?L? U?L? u WKD l rKFL gUM
tFO tb UL u YO s VUD WIDM w UUA
b WK
wK UL uBIL `{
UL vK bzUF
UL
WO UF s U q s rF V
UF_ l U U bN uJ eL w UL
wQ UL q w WOB WU d
wKJ UH UuJ s fOzd uJL UL bF
wzUNM
YU
wU
_ uJL
v R qb qb be UL
U VKD U
U_ U
UJ b U
UL U
u bzUH dF
vK qLA UL wUL
Ub b U uuL UL q
rN_ U nOUJ UNO UL Ub lK w UL q
UL WUOB nOUJ UNO UL UL wU
vK bLF UL b b UFu
UB UF UNKOK UuKFL W
d U vK WMdL
WIU dH w UL WHKJ UH
WOU U
b
Wu
w?K??L? Z?U?M? U?u?J? s? l?d? u?J?L? v b c w UM qIM
c? W?U?{ b?M? U?B? wU WOU U UD u wUL
f?O uH UB s rKJ UMS wUL wKL ZUM v ld uJL
t??U?F w qLA c UB uHL UBU vMF oKG UB s
wU rUF vK
W? UN w WOU_ UKDBL rOUHL b c w UMM
WOU U UDI
u
UB
WOU) U UO U
U?N?J?K??L? w?? W?Oc WOFOD uL UOUJ bI bF
k
WOU) U b
l?O??A? w? r?N?? b?? b? s?O? U?b?? l?K ob Wd
w dbB dO
bK w qb u
dO s beO p S bK w wKL qb u U bMF
U s Ub lKK
WOM UF_
WO b WOKL lK WOM_ lK sO UO WK{UHL
UO dF lH L
ULNM qJ wM dF v WU
w? U?O?U? W???M?L? U?O dF WUI UOUL w U?O?K?? WML
s? d?? W?O?U?U?O? U?O?? d?A? u?N?u??O sOOUL_ S UUO
rKF
dB dF
b?? u?? b?? u??
W??K? L? F? s? W??
b dA WOM_
W?? K? L? F? s?? b??
fJF WOKL
rKF q
dOU U
U?F? S U Wb wM_ dB dF lH ULK t uI sJL UM
U?L VU WMU U?M?L? v?K UB `B sO w jN uL
WUML vK b q `B Wb WOM oU UMU w U l b
b? d? d?F? j?? U?L?K? t? k?? c?J WOLUF u_ w
WOb u_ w UdO s WUM d X WOJd_ UB
U{uI* Uub*
Ub lK sLbb uI uL Wb UubLU bBI
Wb vK Ue
Uub* eO
WIKFL WU UFL qJ WbIM rOI tO q c q vL
eOL u UL Wd WOb WOFK WU ULU
lK
Ub
lK
UL
WuJ UdA
qJA
b WK
UubL
UNM qJ uBIL `{ UubL eO U U
WO UF vK rF V
U w WML lK vK sOLOIL VK WOKL u dbB
UIMK WOC
u bK bB bK bK bIF q
UL u uJ bB uJ dE WN s bK _ qC_ U
UU WIKFL wMODKH UB edL UN uAM b vK uB UL bL sJL
UIM d WOU
(Public Finance)
WUF WOUL
b
Wu
v?K? uB w dH W vK fKL dAL qQL q WU UU s dO U bLF
p?K? w? W?O?U?L WUF UU s d?O?? U?M? S? q?U?I?L?U WOzdA tb vK UU pK
UU UL UNzd UNUS uI dHL sJL c dHK UdOu d Wb vu w UU
wK UL WUF
UNU R lLL d q UL b
dI ud
s Ub UU WODG W UIHM sO WUILU Wb uI UbM
WUF WuL bS uI UNS d WN s UNKOB luL d WN
Taxes VzdC
n?K?J?L? v?K? W?b? t?{d?H? d bI UD UNQ WdC dF
WOUO WOUL WUB UNb oOI WUF UNzU WODG qUI
WOUL uL qu UNuL r w WOUL WUO b WdC bF
p UF b v WU lUAL d_ U b s
W?U?F? U?b?? U?U?O?? dOu w Wb s UNb U s
d
U?? b?N? W?U?F? d? s? W?b? W?M?e? U? WdC bN
u? W??d?C? l? U?N?OK Vu w UN vK oKD WUF UU
WU lUAL UdAU WU UOB rNc d p U
wdC UuU
wN VzdC u U
qb vK W{dHL VzdC
_ Wd{ vL w UL vK VzdC
dUL dO VzdC vL w UH vK VzdC
VzdC u s u qJ eu `O{u wK ULO
(Income Taxes) qb Wd{ qb vK W{dH* VzdC -
rNUL d s d_ tII c qb vK Wb UN{dH Wd{ w
vK W{dHL WOuM WdC uK bF Wb pK w WUB WDA
u_ vK Vzd{ UMN VzdC qOB w WFzUA VOU_ r s qb
d?? s?N?L UIF s ub U vK Vzd{ UdL
WU WOUMB U vK W{dHL VzdC UM UL
W?? d??_ W?U dbI VOU UOU uI tS UEM c Ue U
d?N? UOKL s b t UL WHKL qb UJ s qJ d qJ
.WdC l s
d?O?u?? W?O?U?L? U?N??D?A? WUL vK WUF UNUO Wb bU w _ UNQ WUF UIHM dF
q?u?L? U?B?? dI oOI w WUF UIHM VFK lLLK WUF UU Ub
UL UH
WUF UIHM u
ULOI c nK b ULOI v WUF UIHM uUB rI
rOIK UQ tU r c UOFL U
WHKL WDA UF UIHM lu wMF WUF UIHMK wHOu rOIU
W?e? r?O?K?F?? W??B? U?b? s?_ q? UN uI w
W? U?N?? v?K? U?I?H?M? l?u? v?K? U?M? UdO WUMB
WB Ub s WDA_ c s UA q w WBL
UdO rOKF
v?K wuI qb vK UU V WUF UIHM rOI sJL UL
q?b? w? U? o?O?I?? W?UF UIHM vK Vd S wuI ZUM
rI WM UIH iF UNOL WOIOI UIH bF UNS wuI
sOL v WOIOI UIHM
WUOB u_ VdU WOKOGA WU UIHM
vK dU oHM w pK w WOULd WUL UIHM
UdO UOHAL bLU WM WUB lUA
WUF UIHM U U
sJL w WUF UIHM U U dOH sOUB s dOJ U
wQ ULO UN{d
W?U UU uA v wuuMJ uD R wuuMJ uD
p?J?? d?N? U?b?M? U u UL q s uu sJ r bb
U vK qLF WuJ s VKD UL qIMK bb WKOu Wbb
WUF `UBL WOK UNUIH
Wb UIHM UOKOBH ddI qL wuJ qLF ZUd WOU WD UNQ WbK WUF WuL dF
W?OUL WUB Wb b oI UL p WM uJ U U WKI WOM d UNd
UcOHM WcOHM WDKK ULK WOFdA WDK s Wb Wu dI WOUO
b WK
Wb UNbI
UUO Ub dOu Wb UNIHM w u_ w WUF WOUL rK Y
w WUF WuL
WO{UL WM w UNUIH Wb d s UOKOBH
ddI
qL
WDK UbLF wHJO cOHM eO qb WOFdA WDK s Ud Ud{ fO
u fK WcOHM
l?{u? W?M? u?J U WKI WOM d UNd Wb UIHM WOKOBH WD
WOUO WOUL WUB Wb b l rM qJA
d UL w
UH vK W{dHL VzdC
WOULJ lK vK VKD UH v R
WOU_ lK vK VKD UH v R
WOU_ WOULJ lK vK VKD UH v R
d UL w
qb vK Wd{ d Ue s
WuN UNF s dN d sJL
wdC WOUJ
qb d s d qJ W d_ WU VUML dbI uK UO WuN
WHKL
d UL w
bu
Unemployment
WUD
b
Wu
b? U?N?M? w?U?F? w?? WUB JAL r s WUD WKJA b?
F
W?O?b? q?L?F? W?L?EM UB dOA u b vK WbIL b WOUM
r?UF nK vK sOu qLF s qU UOK s d
u v
dO
U rUF rEF w WKJAL c rUH b v dOA c d_
j?D WO Zd od s WKJAL cN b l{ bU b c s
q jI WUB JA fJF WKJAL c ULO UdO WuLM
ndF UM b WUD U s Yb q WOUO WOUL JA fJF
UNU
WOHO
WdF WUD
(Unemployed persons)
qLF s uKUF
`?
? q?L?F? e
dL UB UN t uI c u_ w uKLF rNMJ
q?L?F b s dO
w e
dL UB UN uI UF w W?KUF uIK
dN q
uJ U U qJA qLF s sOKUFK `
c ndF c w wU d qLF S VUD ee k UL
uKLF c U_
qLF s uKUF U_ uKLF sc U_ WKUF uIU
(Unemployed)
(labor Force)
(employed)
rO
I c `{u w qJA
UJ
uL
U? U?_
X?? % U??? _
WKUF uI
WM s
WKUF uI
s uKUF
U?? ?? ? _
qLF
uKLF sc
WKUF uI UJ rO I - qJ
qLF s sOKUF b
WUD bF
WKUF uI
U
WKUF uI
s? U U_ b WL
uOK \ U W UJ b U
q?L? s? u???? uKLF sc U_ U WL
uOK \ WM
r?J? W?L?
uOK \ bI sOKUF b WL
uOK \ wu bIO
Wb c w WUD W
r
WKUF uI b
q
W?M? s? X?? U??_ U?J?
? u?L?? W?KUF uI b
WKUF uI U U_
h uOK \\\\ WKUF uI b
uKLF sc U_ WKUF uI qLF s sOKUF b
WL
uOK \\\
x
qLF s sOKUF b
WUD W
WKUF uI
x
dR c d s be WUD W XU
WUD u
WOUJ WUD
d??u? b?F? W??O?? q?B??
s? s?O?K?U?F?K? U?u?KFL
q??L? F? d?? s?? q??L? F?
uuL
Uu s rNb UuKFL du b V
UB vK dD WUD u q bF WUD s uM c
Wb WUD
s? U w w WUB b W
d WUD s uM c jd
b?? d??O?G?? W??O?? q?B??
w?? U?? u??J? W?U?B??
u??
d?? U??
? ?J? W??K? d??
UB
u
l
WLI
wKL ZUM UL
WLI
U
U
WUB b - qJ
se
u
d d UM WFMIL WUD c e UF wU U v p R
R YO WUD ndF tOK oDM WUD s uM c sJ UB
d? u?IK WOuJ uJ U U??U? WMOF W
R s ub
U_
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