Certifcate

This is to certify that SUMEET S W of class XII of

JNV, Almatti ,Bijapur, bearing roll number -----------has completed his investigatory project on

URINALYSIS. He has successfully completed

the project in the biology laboratory & prepared this
project report after the research work.
This project may be considered as partial fulfilment
of AISSCE 2015-2016 conducted by the Central
Board Of Secondary Education, Delhi.

Sign of External Examiner

Internal Examiner

Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel proud to present my Investigatory project in BIOLOGY on the
topic URINALYSIS .
This project wouldnt have been feasible without the proper and
rigorous guidance of my BIOLOGY teacher Mrs.ANJALI MADAM
PGT BIOLOGY who guided me throughout this project in every
possible way. An investigatory project involves various dificult lab

experiments which have to be carried out by the student to obtain

the observations and conclude the report on a meaningful note.
These experiments are very critical and in the case of failure, may
result in disastrous consequences.
Further, I would like to thank Lab Asst. Mrs.Kanta Ashokan for
guiding me on a step by step basis and ensuring that I completed
all my experiments with ease.
I also register my sense of gratitude to our Principal Smt.Ammal
for her immense encouragement that has made this project
successful.
Rigorous hard work has been put in this project to ensure that it
proves to be the best. I hope that this project will prove to be a
breeding ground for the next generation of students and will guide
them in every possible way.

INDEX
SERIAL NUMBER

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

TOPIC
PAGE NUMBER
CERTIFICATE OF
AUTHENTICITY
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
RESULT
BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS URINE?
*URINE IS A TYPICALLY STERILE LIQUID BY-PRODUCT OF THE BODY
SECRETED BY THE KIDNEYS.
*MAJOR COMPOSITION OF URINE IS WATER(97%).OTHER
COMPONENT OF URINE ARE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS LIKE UREA,BILIRUBIN,AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND
SALTS OF CALCIUM&POTASSIUM.ALSO THEY EXCRETE EXCESS
HORMONES &VITAMINS.

WHAT IS URINALYSIS ?
*IT IS THE SERIES OF TEST DONE ON URINE. IT IS THE ONE OF THE MOST
COMMON METHOD OF MEDICAAL DIAGNOSTIC.

WHY URINALYSIS ?

*MOST OF THE BLOOD CONSTITUENTS ARE PRESENT IN URINE. MOST OF THE

BODY WASTES ARE BROUGHT TO KIDNEY FOR FILTRATION. HENCE THE BODY
AILMENT CAN BE LOCATED THROUGH THIS URINALYSIS.
*MOST OF THE BACTERIA AND VIRUSES ARE DISCHARED FROM OUR BODY
THROUGH URINE.
THIS METHOD IS MORE CONVENINENT THAN BLOOD TEST BECAUSE:
*SOME MIGHT BE SCARED OF BLOOD SO THIS PROVIDES TO BE AN
ALTERNATIVE FOR BLOOD TESTS.
*IT IS EASY TO ANALYSE MOST OF THE BACTERIA IN WATER MEDIUM THAN IN
BLOOD.

USES:

SPECIMEN
1 DAY PRESERVED
SPECIMEN

FOR QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS

2 HOURS AFTER LUNCH

DIABETIC MONITERING

FIRST MORNING
SPECIMEN

DIABETIC MONITERING

DRUG SPECIMEN

DRUG TESTING

PRESERVATION OF URINE:
1) PHYSICAL PRESERVATION: URINE IS STORED IN THE REFRIGERATOR
WHICH DOES NOT AFFECT THE CONSTITUENT OF URINE.
REQUIRED VOLUME: 30-45 ML WITHIN 4 MINUTES
TEMPERATURE

: 32.5 C TO 37.7 C

2) CHEMICAL PRESERVATION : THE PROCESS IS DONE UNDER FOLLOWING

REAGENTS:
PHENOL: CAUSES AN ODOUR CHANGE.
TOULENE: NOT EFFECTIVE FOR BACTERIA AND MOULDS.
THYMOL CRYSTALS: PRESERVES GLUCOSE AND SEDIMENTS WELL.

FORMALIN: EXCELLENT SEDIMENT PRESERVATIVE.

BORIC ACID: PRESERVES PROTEINS WELL.

PROCEDURE
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
COLOUR: DENOTES THE DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION. THE COLOUR OF NON
PATHOLOGICAL URINE VARIES WIDELY FROM COLORLESS TO DEEP YELLOW;
THE MORE CONCENTRATED THE URINE,THE DEEPER THE COLOUR. THE
COLOUR OF URINE IS USUALLY DESCRIBED AFTER VISUAL INSPECTION WITH
COMMON COLOUR TERMS.

PH:DENOTES THE PRESENCE OF H+ ION IN THE SOLUTION.

EXAMINATION : USING PH PAPERS.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
*URINE SAMPLE

*BENEDICT,S SOLUTION.

*FEHLING,S SOLUTION -1

* FEHLING,S SOLUTION -2

*COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION.

*SODIUM HYDROXIDE.

*BORSCH,S REAGENT

*ETHANOL.

*TEST TUBE.

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION :

PROTEIN TEST: USED TO TEST AMOUNT OF ALBUMIN PRESENT IN THE GIVEN

CONTENT SAMPLE.
EXAMINATION: DONE USING SODIUM HYDROXIDE &COPPER SULPHATE .
THIS FORMS BLUE PPT.

*PHENOL

TEST:USED TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF PHENOL BASED

COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN URINE.

EXAMINATION:

AMINE TEST: THIS TEST IS USED TO DETECT THE TYPE OF AMINO ACID
GROUP THAT IS EXCRETED THROUGH URINE . THESE AMINES MAY BE
PRIMARY(1)
SECONDARY(2) ,TERTIARY(3)

EXAMINATION;
1)THE GIVEN SAMPLE OF URINE IS TAKEN IN A TEST TUBE. TO THE SOLUTION.
ALCOHOLIC KOH IS ADDED ALONG WITH CHCl3 . A FOUL SMELLING GAS
POISONOUS GAS IS RELEASED(R-CN) . THIS INDICATES THAT THE GIVEN
URINE HAS THE PRESENCE OF 10 AMINE. IF THERE IS NO SMELL,THEN 10
AMINE IS ABSENT.
*CARBONYL GROUP TEST : THIS TEST IS USED TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE
OF CARBONYL GROUP NAMELY KETONES(-CO-) &ALDEHYDES(-CHO-).
EXAMINATION:
1)URINE SAMPLE IS MIXED WITH BORSCH,S REAGENT, IN PRESENCE OF
ALCOHOL IT,THERE FORMS A YELLOW PPT.,WHICH CONFIRMS THE PRESENCE
OF CARBONYL GROUP.

2)FEHLING,S TEST: THIS TTEST IS EMPLOTED TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF

REDUCIBLE GROUPS.
THE SAMPLE IS TAKEN AND FEHLING-A(CuSO4) & FEHLING-B(SODIUM
POTASSIUM TARTRATE) ARE ADDED AND WATER BATHED. PRESENCE OF RED
PPT(Cu2O) CONFIRMS THE PRESENCE OF CARBONYL GROUP.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR CARBONYL GROUP:

1)TOULENE

TEST: GIVEN SAMPLE IS MIXED WITH TOULENE REAGENT(AMMO.

AgNO3) &HEATED. IF THE SAMPLE DOES NOT SHOW ANY KIND OF SILVER
MIRROR THEN ALDEHYDE IS ABSENT.

2)K2Cr2O7 TEST : GIVEN URINE IS MIXED WITH K2Cr2O7 AND WATER BATHED.
IF THE SOLUTION IMPARTS GREEN COLOUR(CrO3 ION) . THEN IT CONFIRMS
THAT THERE IS ALDEHYDE PRESENT IN THE URINE SAMPLE.
3) KETONE TEST: THE SAMPLE URINE IS MIXED WITH ALCOHOL AND SCHIFF
BASE IT FORMS VIOLET COLOURATION.THIS CONFIRMS THE PRESENCE OF
KETONE.

BLOOD GLUCOSE TEST :

BENEDICT,S SOLUTION TEST:
SAMPLE URINE IS TAKEN IN A TEST TUBE AND BENEDICTS SOLUTIONS IS
ADDED. THIS MIXTURE IS KEPT IN WATER BATH,AFTER SOME TIME IT
PRODUCES COLOURATION DEPENDING UPON THE CONCENTRATION OF
GLUCOSE.
COLOUR PRODUCED

CONCENTRATION

PALE YELLOW

0.5%

YELLOW

1.0%

ORANGE

1.5%

RED

2.0%

RESULTS
SAMPLE-1:
TEST
COLOUR
PH
BLOOD GLUCOSE
AMINE GROUP
CARBONYL GROUP
KETONE TEST
ALDEHYDE TEST
PROTEIN TEST
FECl3 TEST
PHENOL

RESULT
YELLOWISH
7.0(LIGHT GREEN)
0.5%
AMINES ARE PRESENT
CARBONYL PRESENT
KETONES ARE PRESENT
ALDEHYDE ARE ABSENT
15%(APPROX.)
NO REACTION
ABSENT

SUMMARY :
THE ABOVE URINE SAMPLE IS HAVING ALL VITAL URINE PARAMETER NORMAL.
THE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IS NORMAL(1.0%). THE PERSON IS HEALTHY.

SAMPLE-2:
TEST
COLOUR
PH
BLOOD GLUCOSE
AMINE GROUP
CARBONYL GROUP
KETONE TEST
ALDEHYDE TEST
PROTEIN TEST
FECl3 TEST
PHENOL

RESULT
YELLOWISH
6.0(LIGHT ORANGE)
1.0%
AMINES ARE PRESENT
CARBONYL PRESENT
KETONES ARE PRESENT
ALDEHYDE ARE ABSENT
12%(APPROX.)
NO REACTION
ABSENT

SUMMARY:
THE GIVEN URINE SAMPLE IS BIT ACIDIC(PH=6).THIS PH IS NOT A CASE OF
CONCERN .ALL THE OTHER VALUES ARE CORRESPONDING TO NORMAL
VALUE.THE PERSON IS HEALTHY.

SAMPLE-3:
TEST
COLOUR
PH
BLOOD GLUCOSE
AMINE GROUP
CARBONYL GROUP
KETONE TEST
ALDEHYDE TEST
PROTEIN TEST
FECl3 TEST
PHENOL

RESULT
CLEAR
7.4(LIGHT GREEN)
1.0%
AMINES ARE PRESENT
CARBONYL PRESENT
KETONES ARE PRESENT
ALDEHYDE ARE ABSENT
12%(APPROX.)
NO REACTION
ABSENT

SUMMARY:
ALL VALUES ARE CORRESPONDING TO NORMAL VALUE. THE PERSON IS
HEALTHY.

SAMPLE-4:
TEST
COLOUR
PH
BLOOD GLUCOSE
AMINE GROUP
CARBONYL GROUP
KETONE TEST
ALDEHYDE TEST
PROTEIN TEST
FECl3 TEST
PHENOL

RESULT
YELLOWISH
7.0(LIGHT GREEN)
2.0%
AMINES ARE PRESENT
CARBONYL PRESENT
KETONES ARE PRESENT
ALDEHYDE ARE ABSENT
10%(APPROX.)
NO REACTION
ABSENT

SUMMARY:
THE PERSON IS HAVING SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER BLOOD SUGAR THAN
NORMAL. HE MIGHT BE AFFECTED BY DIABETES.ALL OTHER VALUES ARE
NORMAL.

SAMPLE-5:
TEST
COLOUR
PH

RESULT
YELLOWISH
8.0(DARK GREEN)

BLOOD Glucose
AMINE GROUP
CARBONYL GROUP
KETONE TEST
ALDEHYDE TEST
PROTEIN TEST
FECl3 TEST
PHENOL

2.0%
AMINES ARE PRESENT
CARBONYL PRESENT
KETONES ARE PRESENT
ALDEHYDE ARE ABSENT
23%(APPROX.)
NO REACTION
ABSENT

SUMMARY:
IN THE SAMPLE OF URINE SPECIMEN,THE VALUES OF PH ,BLOOD GLUCOSE
LEVEL AND PROTEINS ARE THE SERIOUS ONE.HIGHER ALBUMIN (PROTEIN)
&PH LEVEL IN URINE INDICATES SERIOUS TROUBLE IN KIDNEY. THE PERSON IS
ALSO AFFECTED BY DIABETES.

BIBLOGRAPHY:
*CLASS XI PRACTICAL TEXTBOOK.
*http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s reagent.
*http//www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.html
*http://www.austincc.edu/mlt/ua/ua links.html.