Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Zvgwjwc
38/2 ka, Banglabazar, Dhaka -1100
DrmM
hviv wVK KiQ eo nq wevbx ne
f~wgKv
Avwg eKvj _K c`v_wevbi GKUv cvVeB wjLZ PqwQjvg, AvR Avgvi mB ^c c~iY
nqQ| eBwU jLv kl nqQ Ze G aibi eB KLbv kl nq bv| cwZ eQi eBqi cwieZb
nq, b~Zb welq mshvRb nq, KvRB GB eBwUi ejvZI ZvB ne| cwZeQiB Gi GKUz
cwieZb ne, GKUz b~Zb wKQz hvM ne|
GwU beg-`kg kYxi Qjgq`i Rb jLv| GB eqmx Qjgq`i c`v_wevb
kLvi Rb Kx Kx cov DwPZ m welq Avgvi wbR^ wPvfvebv AvQ; wK eBwU jLvi mgq
Avwg Avgvi wPvfvebvK evew` Ki Zv`i h cvV eBwU AvQ mB eBwUi welqjvi gvS
mxgve iLwQ| mB eBq hv wQj Zvi cvq me Kvbv bv Kvbvfve GB eBq AvQ, wKQz wKQz
RvqMvq GKUz ewk AvQ| c`v_wevbi AbK mnR welq beg-`kg kYxi Qjgqiv eySZ
cvi bv ARynvZ Zv`i KvQ _K Avovj Ki ivLv nq| Avwg Avovj Ki ivwLwb D`vifve
wKQz wKQz D`vniY wnme XzwKq w`qwQ|
Ze Kvbv Qjgq hb fzjI gb bv Ki h GwU co Zviv cixvq fvjv b^i
cve! GwU gvUI cixvq fvjv b^ii Rb jLv nqwb GUv jLv nqQ c`v_wevb kLvi
Rb| Avwg Avgvi gZv Ki welqjv evSvbvi Pv KiwQ, wbR nvZ cwZwU Qwe GuK AbK
D`vniY w`q welqjv mnR Kivi Pv KiwQ|
Ze Avmj cvV eBqi mv_ GLvb GKUv eo cv_K iqQ| wVK Kx KviY Rvbv bB
Avgv`i cvV eBq c`v_wevbi ivwkjvK evsjvq Abyev` Ki djv nq| BjKUbK Avwg
BjKUb ewj wK PvRK Kb Avavb ewj mwU Avgvi KvQ GKUv inm| mePq eo K_v
GLvb h QjgqwU PvRK Avavb ejZ wkLQ `yB eQi ciB m hLb Kvbv wekwe`vjq
c`v_wevb wkLe ZLb wK ZvK mUvK PvRB ejZ ne Zvnj Kb gv KqK eQii
Rb ay ay GKUv wewP k wkLZ ne?
KvRB GB eBq Avwg c`v_wevbi ivwkjvi h bvg Zv`i cwiwPZ nIqv DwPZ mB
bvgjv eenvi KiwQ| evKU gvS gvS wewP bvgjv w`q iLwQ hb Qjgqiv Rvb
KvbUv Kx! BsiwR PvRK evsjv Avavb jLvq Zey Rvi Ki nqZv GKUv hyw `uvo Kivbv hvq
wK Avqbvi gZv PgrKvi GKUv evsjv kK Kb `cY ejZ ne, mwU Avgvi gv_vq wKQzZB
XzKwb Kvbvw`b XyKe bv|
GLvb mevBK Aviv GKUv wRwbm gb Kwiq w`B| c`v_wevb kLv gvb bq wKQz
msv gyL Kiv| c`v_wevb kLv gvb mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cviv| GB eBq AbKjv
mgmv D`vniY wnme `qv AvQ ZvB Kviv hw` c`v_wevb kLvi BQ nq Zv`iK GB
D`vniYjv c_g wbR wbR Kivi Pv KiZ ne| eBqi kl h Abykxjbx AvQ mjv
mevBK KiZ ne| ay ZvnjB gb Kie cyiv eBUv cov nqQ|
GB eBUv jLvi mgq Avwg Avgvi wbRi jLv w_Iix Ae wijwUwfwU, KvqvUvg
gKvwb, GKUzLvwb wevb Ges Aviv GKUzLvwb wevb eBjv _K wKQz Ask eenvi KiwQ|
eBqi wKQz Abykxjbx Zix Kivi Rb David Halliday Ges Robert Resnick Gi jLv
Avgvi wcq c`v_wevbi eBPhysics _K mvnvh wbqwQ|
GB eBwU GKUv GcwigU! hw` `Lv hvq GB GcwigU wVK wVK KvR KiQ
Zvnj cii GcwigUjv i Ki `qv ne!
m~wP
1. c_g Aavq: fZ ivwk Avi Zvi cwigvc
...
16. cwiwk-2
...
17. cwiwk-3
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
11
23
51
79
109
131
151
167
189
217
239
263
277
301
309
311
313
c_g Aavq
Archimedes(287BC212BC)
wevbK Rvbvi wZbwU mywbw` c_ iqQ, c_gwU nQ hyw ZK| GKUv D`vniY `qv
hvK: GKUv fvix wRwbm AviKUv nvjKv wRwbm Dci _K Qo w`j `yUv wK GKmv_ coe
bvwK fvixUv AvM coe? GB cki Di LyuR ei Kivi Rb wK Kvbv evwbK m~iI
cqvRb bB Kvbv RwUj cixv-wbixviI `iKvi bB, Avgiv aygv hyw w`q Gi DiUv
LyuR ei Ki djZ cvie| aiv hvK Avgvi KvQ GKUv fvix Avi GKUv nvjKv wRwbm iqQ|
Gevi c_g ai wbB Dci _K Qo w`j fvix wRwbmUv nvjKv wRwbm _K AvM wbP Gm
co| GLb fvix wRwbmUvi mv_ nvjKv wRwbmUv eua `yUv GKmv_ Qo `qv nj, nvjKv
wRwbmUv hnZy axi axi coe ZvB fvix wRwbmUvK mUv GZ ZvovZvwo coZ `e bv
KvRB eua ivLv `yUv wRwbm GKUz `wi Ki coe| welqUv Avevi Abfve `LZ cvwi, fvix
wRwbmUvi mv_ Aviv GKUv wRwbm eua `qv nqQ ZvB mUv wbqB Aviv fvix nqQ
KvRB Aviv fvix wnme Aviv
ZvovZvwo coe| KvRB `Lv hvQ
Avgiv GKB mv_ Aviv axi wKsev
Aviv ZvovZvwo `yUv DiB cZ
cvwi wK GK cki Zv `yB Di
nIqv me bv! GB RwUjZvi mgvavb
Kiv me ay GKwU Dcvq Avgiv
hw` ai wbB, fvix nvK nvjKv nvK
mewKQz GKmv_ wbP co| Zvi
gvb ay gv hyw ZK w`q Avgiv
wevbi GKUv mgmvi mgvavbUv
LyuR cq Mjvg!
wevbK Rvbvi wZxq
Qwe 1.1: aeZvivK wNi me bjv NyiZ _vK
DcvqwU nQ cheY| Avgiv hw`
13
w`q Zwi| ZviciI hw` mUv wbq Kviv gb m`n _vK mUv `~i Kivi Rb wZwb mB bvbv
isqi AvjvK wZxq GKUv wcRgi fZi w`q cvwVq Avevi eYnxb Avjv Zwi Ki
djwQjb! (Qwe 1.2)
GB wZbwU cwZi Ici wfw Ki wevbUv Lye axi axi Mo DVQ| AmsL MelK
wevbx wgj Lye axi axi wevbi wekvj GKUv myig AvwjKv Mo ZyjQb| wevbi GB
Avwevii djvdj bvbv chywZ eenvi Ki Avgiv Avgv`i RxebK mnR Ki ZzjwQ, A_c~Y
Ki ZzjwQ| Avevi KLbv KLbv fqsKi wKQy chyw ei Ki aygv wbR`i Rxeb bq cw_exi
AwZKI wecb Ki ZzjwQ! gb
iLv chywi gvS fvjv chyw
hgb AvQ, wVK m iKg Lvivc
chywI AvQ, wevbi ejvq
wK KD mB K_v ejZ cvie
bv wevb nQ vb, Gi gvS
Kvbv Lvivc bB Gi gvS
Kvbv Af bB!
1.1.1c`v_wevb (Physics)
Avgiv GZb wevb wbq K_v
cvwb Vvv nj mUv eid nq hvq, Mig Kij mUv ev nq hvq GUv Avgiv mevB Rvwb|
gvbyl AbK cvPxb Kvj _KB GUv `L AvmQ| GB vbUzKz wK cyivcywi wevb nZ cvie
bv hZY ch bv Avgiv ejZ cvie Kvb Aevq wVK KZ Zvcgvvq cvwb Rg eid nq wKsev
mUv evwoq Kvb Aevq KZ Zvcgvvq wbq Mj mUv dzUZ _vK, ev cwiYZ nZ i
Ki| Zvi A_ cKZ wevb KiZ nj me wKQzi cwigvc KiZ nq| wevbi mePq iZc~Y
welq nQ GB cwigvc Ki me wKQzK wbLuyZfve evLv Kiv|
Uwej 1.1:SIBDwbU mvZwU wfb wfb fZ ivwk
`N
fi
mgq
e`ywZK cevn
Zvcgvv
c`v_i cwigvY
`xcb ZxeZv
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
mole
candela
wgUvi
wKjvMvg
mK
Gwqvi
Kjwfb
gvj
Kvjv
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd
GB RMZ hv wKQz Avgiv cwigvc KiZ cvwi ZvK Avgiv ivwk ewj| GB fZ RMZ
AmsL welq iqQ, hv cwigvc Kiv me| D`vniY `qvi Rb ejv hZ cvwi Kvbv wKQzi
`N, c, DPZv, AvqZb, IRb, Zvcgvv, is, KvwVb, Zvi Aevb, eM, Zvi fZiKvi
Dcv`vb, we`yr cwievwnZv, AcwievwnZv, wwZvcKZv, Zvc cwievwnZv AcwievwnZv, NbZ,
AvcwK Zvc, Pvc MjbvsK, zUbvsK BZvw` BZvw` A_vr Avgiv ej kl KiZ cvie bv|
GK K_vq fZ RMZ ivwkgvjvi Kvbv kl bB| Zvgv`i ZvB gb nZ cvi GB AmsL
ivwkgvjv cwigvc Kivi Rb Avgv`i eywS AmsL ivwki msv Avi AmsL GKK Zwi Ki
ivLZ ne! Avmj mwU mwZ bq Zvgiv b LyeB AevK ne (Ges wbqB Lywk ne) h gv
mvZwU ivwki mvZwU GKK wVK Ki wbj mB mvZwU GKK eenvi Ki Avgiv me wKQz ei Ki
djZ cvie| GB mvZwU ivwkK ej gwjK ivwk, hjv nQ `N, fi, mgq, e`ywZK
15
nZ cvi| Zvgv`i GKUv aviYv `qvi Rb AbK eo _K i Ki AbK QvU wKQz `~iZ
fi Ges mgqi wKQz D`vniY (Uwej1.2,1.3 Ges 1.4) `qv njv| Zvgiv Uwejjv `Lv
Abyfe Kivi Pv Ki!
mvZwU GKKK AvbyvwbKfve Zvgv`i mv_ cwiPq Kwiq `qv njv KD Avkv Ki
bv GUv Zvgv`i gb _vKe! gb ivLvi cqvRbI bB hw` KLbv Rvbvi cqvRb nq eB LyuR,
BUvibU NuU Avevi Zzwg GUv ei Ki djZ cvie| Ze GK wgUvi ejZ KZUzKz `~iZ
evSvq ev GK KwR fi KZUzKz, GK mK KZ mgq, GK wWwM Kjwfb Zvcgvv KZUzKz D,
GK Avwqvi KviU KZLvwb, GK gvj c`v_ ejZ Kx evSvB ev GK Kvjv KZLvwb Avjv
mUv mK Zvgv`i GKUv eve aviYv _vKv DwPZ! GB ejv Zvgv`i mB eve aviYvUv
`Iqvi Pv Ki `Lv hvK| Zvgv`i ay Rvbj ne bv, LvwbKUv wK AbyfeI KiZ ne|
mvaviYfve ejv hvq:
^vfvweK DPZvi GKRb gvbyli gvwU _K cU ch `~iZUv gvUvgywU GK wgUvi|
GK wjUvi cvwbi evZj wKsev Pvi Mvm h IRbi cvwb _vK Zvi fi nQ GK KwRi
KvQvKvwQ|
GK nvRvi GK ejZ hUzKz mgq jvM mUv gvUvgywU GK mK!
ejv hZ cvi wZbUv gvevBj dvb GKmv_ PvR Kiv nj GK Gwqvi we`yr eenvi
Kiv nq| (gvevBj dvb 5 fvi
KvQvKvwQZ PvR Kiv nq| ZvB GLvb LiP
Uwej 1.4:AbK eo _K AbK QvU mgq
ne 5 IqvU| hw` evmvi jvBU, dvb, wdR
mgq
s
220 fvi wKQzZ GK Gwqvi we`yr
weMevsqi mgq
4 10
eenvi nq ZLb wK LiP ne 220
WvBbvmii asm
2 10
IqvU!)
gvbyli Rb
8 10
nvZ w`q Avgiv hw` Kviv Ri Abyfe
GK w`b
9 10
KiZ cvwi ejv hZ cvi Zvi Zvcgv
gvbyli ``b
1
GK Kjwfb eoQ|
wgDIbi Avqy
2 10
gvjUv Abyfe Kiv GKUz KwVb, ejv hZ
`b Kvj: meyR Avjv
2 10
cvi GKUv eo PvgPi GK PvgP cvwbZ
`b Kvj: GK MeV 4 10
gvUvgywU GK gvj cvwbi AYy _vK| GK
Mvgv i
Kvc cvwbZ `k gvj cvwb _vK|
17
KvRB eM Gi gvv:
ZiYi gvv:
`~iZ
mgq
`~iZ
(mgq)
BZvw`
Avgiv GB eBq hLbB b~Zb GKwU ivwkgvjvi K_v eje mv_ mv_B Zvi gvvwUi K_v ej
`Iqvi Pv Kie| `Le mUv me mgqB ivwkwUK eySZ Abfve mvnvh Kie|
19
jvMvbv _vK Ges mvgb cQb mivbv hvq (Qwe 1.3)| Qwei D`vniY `Lvbv nqQ g~j
ji 9 wgwjwgUvi `NK fvwbqvi j `k fvM Kiv nqQ| A_vr fvwbqvi ji cZKUv
fvM nQ
mm, Avmj wgwjwgUvi _K
wgwjwgUvi Kg| hw` fvwbqvi ji iUv
Kvbv GKUv wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgwjq ivLv nq Zvnj Zvi cii `vMwU mwZKvi wgwjwgUvi
_K
wgwjwgUvi mi _vKe, Gi ciiwU
wgwjwgUvi mi _vKe ciiwU
wgwjwgUvi
mi _vKe A_vr KvbvUvB g~j ji wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgje bv, GKevi `k b^i
`vMwU Avevi Avmj g~j ji bq b^i wgwjwgUvi `vMi mv_ wgje|
eySZB cviQ fvwbqvi jUv hw` Avgiv Ggbfve ivwL h iUv GKUv wgwjwgUvi `vM
_K i bv nq GKUy mi (hgb
21
1.3.3 _vgvwgUvi
Zvcgvv gvcvi Rb _vgvwgUvi eenvi Kiv nq| GjKvnj ev cvi`i _vgvwgUvii cvkvcvwk
AvRKvj BjKUwbK _vgvwgUviiI (Qwe 1.8) cPjb i nqQ| Ri gvcvi Rb h _vgvwgUvi
eenvi Kiv nq Zvi ew Lye Kg KviY gvbyli kixii Zvcgvv Lye ewk evo bv ev Kg bv|
KvRB Ri gvcvi _vgvwgUvi w`q Avmj cKZ Zvcgvv gvcv hvq bv|
1.3.4 c IqvP
mgq gvcvi Rb c IqvP eenvi Kiv nq (Qwe 1.9)| GK mgq
wbLuyZ c IqvP AbK g~jevb mvgMx njI, BKUwbi
AMMwZi KviY Lye A `vgi gvevBj UwjdvbI AvRKvj
AbK m~ c IqvP cvIqv hvq| c IqvP h Kvbv GKwU
gyn~Z _K mgq gvcv i Kiv nq Ges wbw` mgq cvi nIqvi ci
mgq gvcv e Ki KZLvwb mgq AwZv nqQ mwU ei Ki
djv hvq| gRvi evcvi nQ c IqvP hZ wbLuyZ fve mgq
gvcZ cvi Avgiv nvZ w`q KLbvB ZZ wbLuyZ fve GUv i
KiZ cvwi bv ev _vgvZ cvwi bv|
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. hywZK, cixv-wbixv Ges cheY GB wZbwU cwZi KvbwUK Zzwg wevb MelYvi Rb
mePq iZc~Y gb Ki? Kb?
2. Zzwg Kx hyw-ZK w`q `LvZ cvie cvBg msLv Amxg msLK?
3. mvZwU GKKi GKwU Abjv _K GKUz Ab iKg| KvbwU Ges Kb ejZ cvie?
4. hw` nVvr Ki Zvgvi Ges Zvgvi Pvicvki me wKQzi mvBR AaK nq hvq Zzwg Kx eySZ
cvie?
5. Zzwg wK cw_exi evmva gvcZ cvie?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. Uwej 1.5 Gi DcmM eenvi Ki wbPi msLvjv cKvk Ki: (a) 10
10
(c)10
(d)10
(e)10
(b)
wZxq Aavq
MwZ
(Motion)
wbKvjvm KvcvwbKvm
wbKvjvm KvcvwbKvm wQjb ibmuv hyMi GKRb MwYZwe` Ges
RvwZwe`| GKB mv_ wZwb wQjb e fvlvwe`, wPwKrmK,
Abyev`K, K~UbxwZwe` Ges A_bxwZwe`| Ze cw_exi BwZnvm
KvcvwbKvm iYxq nq _vKeb m~hK mi RMZi K`
ewmq Mn`i Kc_ evLv Kivi Rb| cw_exK me wKQzi K`
bv aivi welqwU mB mgqi ag wekvmi wei wQj ej wZwb
Zvi m~hKw`K ZwU cKvk KiZ `wi KiwQjb| gZzi wVK
AvM AvM Zvi m~hKw`K Z `qv eBwU cKvwkZ nq Ges agv
gvbyli fq Zvi AbygwZ bv wbqB eBqi f~wgKvq jLv nqwQj
GB evLvwU eve evLv bq aygv MvwYwZK wnmve mnR Kivi
GKwU cwZ gv!
NicolausCopernicus(14731543)
24
MwZ
Kvbv GKUv we`yK) wbw` Ki w`Z ne hLvb _K me RvqMvi `~iZ gvcv ne| Avgiv Rvwb
XvKv kni mwPevjq Avi wRwcI-Gi gvSvgvwS b~i nvmb PZiwU nQ mB RvqMv- m
RvqMvwUK ejv nq wRiv cqU ev k~b `~iZ|
GLb aiv hvK KD GKRb 9 km `~ii gvBjcv _K XvKv knii w`K nuvUZ i
Kij, ZvK wRiv cqU cuQvZ nj cyiv bq wKjvwgUvi nuvUZ ne (Qwe 2.1)| aiv hvK
wVK mB gvBjcv _K GKUv KvK wVK Kij mI Do Do wRiv cqU hve| ivv hw`
AvuKveuvKv Nvivb-cuvPvbv nq Zvnj KvKi Zv
Avi ivv ai ai Nywiq-cuwPq Dovi cqvRb
bB, m mvRvmywR Do wRiv cqU cuQ hve!
KvRB `Lv hve KvKK cyiv 9 wKjvwgUvi DoZ
nQ bv, AbK Kg `~iZ, aiv hvK gv 3
wKjvwgUvi DoB m Me cuQ hve| Zvnj
ck nQ gvBjcvi mB Aevb _K wRiv
cqUi `~iZ wK Avgiv 9 wKjvwgUvi aie bvwK 3
wKjvwgUvi aie?
welqwUK Avgiv Aviv GKUz RwUj Ki
w`Z cvwi! aiv hvK mB KvK wRiv cqU cuQ
Qwe 2.2: g~j ev cmsM we`y _K h Kvbv
Ab GKwU KvKK Rvbvj GB wRiv cqU _K
we`yK `~iZ Ges KvY w`q cKvk Kiv
wVK 3 wKjvwgUvi `~i GKUv gvBjcv AvQ|
hvq|
KZ~njx mB KvK 3 wKjvwgUvi Do Mj wK mB
gvBjcvwU cve? Zvi Di GKB mv_ nuv
Ges bv| c_g KvKwU h c_ Do GmQ wVK mB c_ Do Mj Di nuv Ab h Kvbv
c_ Do Mj Di nQ bv! Zvi gvb nQ Avgiv hw` Kvbv GKUv AevbK wbw` KiZ
PvB Zvnj Kvbv GKUv wbw` we`y _K mUv KZ `~i RvbvUvB h_ bq, Kvb w`K mB `~iZ
hZ ne mUvI Ki ej w`Z ne| `~iZi mv_ mv_ w`KUvI mgvb iZc~Y| Di`wY, c~e-cwg GB PviwU w`K gvUI h_ bq| (KD hw` Kvbvfve Di giZ nvwRi
nq ZLb Avwevi Kie mLb c~e-cwg ev Di ej Kvbv w`K bB Pvwiw`KB `wY- mwU
AviK Svgjv!) evSvB hvQ eywgvbi KvR ne (`~iZ mv_ mv_) GKUv wbw` w`Ki
mvc KZ wWwM KvY KZ `~iZ hZ ne mUv ej `qv (A_vr ejZ ne AgyK we`y _K
AgyK w`Ki mv_ GZ wWMx KvY GZ `~iZ nQ Aevb) 2.2 QweZ evcviUv `Lvbv nqQ,
`yUv iLv 90wWwMZ GKUv AviKUvK Q` KiQ, Q` we`ywU nQ Avgv`i g~j we`y ev cm
we`y (ReferencePoint), GKUv AK ai wbqwQ k~b wWwM, mv_ mv_ `Lvi myweavi Rb
Avgiv 90 wWwM, 180 wWwM Avi 270 wWwMUvI cq MwQ| GLb h Kvbv AevbK g~j we`y
_K `~iZ Avi g~j Ai mv_ Zwi Kiv KvY w`q cKvk Kiv hvq| 2.2 QweZ P Aevbi
`~iZ nQ r, KvY nQ ,hvi A_ Ab h Kvbv AevbKI Avgiv g~j we`y _K GKUv `~iZ
Avi GKUv KvY w`q cKvk KiZ cvwi|
MwZ25
Avgiv `LwQ mgZj GKUv AevbK cKvk
Kivi Rb `~iZ Avi KvY GB `ywU ivwki `iKvi nq|
GB `yUv ivwk w`qB h AevbK wbw` KiZ ne
Ggb Kvbv K_v bB, Avgiv BQ Kij Ab `yUv ivwk
w`qI AevbK wbw` KiZ cvwi| 2.3 QweZ Avgiv
`LZ cvwQ P we`yZ AevbwU Avgiv x Ges y GB
`yUv ivwkgvjv w`q cKvk KiZ cvwi| hviv GKUzLvwb
wKvbvwgwZI Rvb ZvivB eySZ cvie h Avmj GUv
gvUI b~Zb wKQz bq AvM `Lvbv r Ges Avi 2.3
QweZ `Lvb xAvi yAvmj GKB evcvi! Zvi KviY
x Avi y nQ
A_vr r AviRvbj Avgiv mv_ mv_ x Ges y ei Ki djZ cvie| DvUvI mwZ x Ges
y Rvbj mv_ mv_ Avgiv r Aviei Ki djZ cvie|
Zvgiv AevbK x, y w`q cKvk KiZ PvI bvwK r, w`q cKvk KiZ PvI mUv cyivcywi
Zvgvi BQ| Aewk Zvgiv wbRivB `Le Kvbv Kvbv mgmv mgvavb Kivi Rb r,
eenvi Kiv eywgvbi KvR Avevi Kvbv Kvbv mgmv mgvavb KiZ x, y eenvi Kiv
eywgvbi KvR|
D`vniY 2.1: GKUv Mvwo Zvgvi zj _K c~ew`K
20 km wMq Di w`K 30 km wMqQ, Zvici
Avevi c~ew`K 30 km Zvici `wY w`K 20 km,
cwg w`K 10km Zvici Avevi Di w`K 10 km
wMqQ|
(a) MvwowU KZ km `~iZ AwZg KiQ?
Di: GUv ei Kiv LyeB mvRv, mejv AwZv
`~iZ hvM KijB mUv cq hve|
Qwe 2.4: MvwowU h c_ wMqQ
MwZ
26
20
30
30
20
10
10
120
Di : Zvgvi zji mvc MvwowUi Aevb ei Kivi AvM Avgiv GKUv Mvd (Qwe 2.4)
MvwowU KLb Kvb w`K wMqQ mUv GuK wbB Zvnj welqUv evSv mnR ne| Qwei Dci
Di `wY-c~e Ges cwg Kvb w`K `Lvbv nqQ Mvd AvuvKvi mgq BQ Ki Avgiv w`K
evSvbvi Rb x-y ewmqwQ| `LvB hvQ Di w`K nQ y (KvRB `wY w`K ne y) c~e
w`K nQ x (KvRB cwg w`K nQ x)
Qwe 2.4Gi Mvd _K Avgiv mivmwi `LwQ GUvi eZgvb Aevb x Gi gvb nQ 40 km
Ges y Gi, gvb nQ 20 km
Avgiv Mvd bv GuKI GUv ei KiZ cviZvg| MvwowU hLb c~e wKsev cwg MQ ZLb x Gi
gvbi cwieZb nqQ wK y Gi gvbi Kvbv cwieZb nqwb| Avevi MvwowU hLb Di wKsev
`wY wMqQ ZLb y Gi gvbi cwieZb nqQ wK x Gi gvbi Kvbv cwieZb nqwb| ZvB
Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :
20
30
10
40
(c~e w`K Mj abvZK ev cwRwUf cwg w`K
Mj FYvZK ev bMwUf eenvi KiwQ|)
30 20
10
20
(Di w`K Mj abvZK ev cwRwUf `wY w`K
Mj FbvZK ev bMwUf ai wbqwQ|)
KvRB Zvgvi zji mvc Mvwoi eZgvb Aevb , nQ 40 , 20
wKsev c~e
w`K 40 I Di w`K 20 km.
D`vniY 2.2: Qwe 2.5 G `Lvbv P Gi Aevb
Ges w`q cKvk Ki|
Di: Qwe 2.5 _K Avgiv `LZ cvwQ P Gi
Aevb nQ (2, 2)| Avgiv g~j we`y _K P
ch GKUv iLv UbwQ, GB iLvwUi `N nQ
r Ges GB iLvwU x Gi mvc h KvY
KiQ mUv nQ
Zvnj
2
2
2.83
KvRB
2
1
2
45
Gevi Avgiv GKUv QvU RwUjZv Zwi Kwi| aiv hvK P Gi Aevb nQ (-2, -2) (Qwe 2.6)
Gevi r Ges KZ ne?
MwZ27
Zvnj
Ges
KvRB
45
2.83
wKsev 2
2
2.83
2.83
0.707
Avevi
2
2.83
0.707
225 wKsev 315GLb Avgiv Rvwb KvbUv mwVK Di, Avgiv hw`
wbB ZvnjB
225 ai
Qwe 2.7: ,
A ,
Ges
A Gi gvb
hviv wKvbvwgwZ KiQ Zv`iK Avgiv gb Kwiq w`B Avgiv A _K gvcwQ Ges
mUv me mgq abvZK ev cwRwUf (Qwe 2.7) ai wbwQ A Gi gvb 90,
A 180,
MwZ
28
A 270 Ges cyivUv Nyi hLb Avevi x A wdi Avm ZLb GUv 360 Ges mUvK
Avevi k~b ai wbwQ|
D`vniY 2.3: Qwe 2.8 G `Lvbv P Ges Q Gi Aevb
w`q cKvk Ki|
5 Ges
Di: P Gi Rb
KvRB:
QGi Rb
Qwe 2.8:
A P I Q we`yi
Aevb I Gi gvb w`q cKvk Kiv
nqQ|
5
5
30
30
3 Ges
285
3
3
285
285
3
3
Ges
30
5
5
0.866
4.33
0.5
2.5
0.259
0.777
0.966
2.898
cwRwUf wK
Gi gvb bMwUf|
KvRB Zvgiv eySZ cviQ GKwU mgZj Kvbv GKwU AevbK wbw` KiZ Avgv`i `ywU
ivwk `iKvi| hw` mwU GK mgZj bv nq? hgb GKUv MvQi Wvj em _vKv GKUv KvK, wKsev
AvKvk DoZ _vKv GKUv cb? (Qwe 2.9)
eySZB cviQ ZLb `ywU ivwk w`q
Avi mwU cKvk Kiv hve bv, DPZvUvK
`Lvbvi Rb Avgv`i Aviv GKwU ivwk
`iKvi| , Gi ejvq welqUv cvwbi
gZv mvRv, Avgiv wgvwK GKUv vbvsK
KvVvgv (coordinate system) Zwi
Ki be, ZLb , Gi mv_ mv_ ZZxq
ivwk Gi hvM ne, 2.9 QweZ hgb
`Lvbv nqQ| hw` , w`q KiZ PvB?
mUvI me wK mUv Kgb Ki Kiv hvq
Zv Zvgv`i Ici Qo `qv njv|
(eySZB cviQ b~Zb AviKUv KvY hvM
KiZ ne wgvwK RMZ ZvB Nyi-wdi
wZbwU ivwkgvjvB `iKvi! Zvi ewkI bq, Qwe 2.9: GKwU cbi Aevb evSvbi Rb A
KgI bq|)
, I Gi gvb `iKvi nq|
MwZ29
Avgiv hnZy Aevbi welqUv eySwQ GLb wi ev wwZ Avi Pjgvb ev MwZ eySZ Kvbv mgmv
nevi K_v bq| mgqi mv_ Aevbi Kvbv cwieZb bv njB mUv wi, Avi hw` Aevbi
cwieZb nq ZvnjB mUv MwZkxj A_vr mUvi MwZ AvQ eySZ ne|
GLvb Aewk QvU GKUv RwUjZv AvQ Aevb cKvk KiZ nj GKUv g~j we`y
`iKvi, Avi mB g~j we`yUvB hw` wi bv nq ZLb Kx ne? GLb hUvK Avgiv wi fvewQ mUvB
hw` MwZkxj nq? mwZKvii wi g~j we`y cvIqv mvRv K_v bv| cw_exi c GKUv g~j we`y ai
wbj KD Avcw KiZB cvi, cw_exUv Zv wi bv mUv Zv wbRi Ai Ici NyiQ KvRB
cw_exi c me wKQz NyiQ! Avgiv eyw Ki ZLb ejZ cvwi cw_exi K`we`yywU nQ g~j we`y
wK ZLb KD GKRb Avcw Ki ejZ cvi mwUI Zv wi bq, mwU m~hi Pvwiw`K NyiQ|
Avgiv ZLb Aviv eywgvbi gZ ejZ cvwi Zvnj m~hi K`we`ywUB nvK Avgv`i g~j we`y
wK ZLb Ab KD Avcw Ki ejZB cvi, m~hI Zv wi bq, mUvI Zv Avgv`i Mvjvwi
(evsjvq bvgwU Qvqvc_, BsiwRZ MilkyWay) K`K wNi NyiQ| eySZB cviQ GLb mvnm
Ki KD Avi Mvjvwi K`K g~j we`y aie bv KviY Mvjvw wekv wi K ejQ?
Avmj GZ RwUjZvi Kvbv cqvRbI bB, Avgv`i KvR Pvjvbvi Rb Avgv`i KvQ
wi gb nq G iKg hKvbv we`yK g~j we`y ai me KvR Ki djZ cvie, ay ej `e mB
gvcRvK Kvb g~j we`y Gi mvc Kiv nqQ| wevbxiv cigvYyi fZi BjKUbi Aevb
_K i Ki gnvKvk cvVvbv DcMn ch me wKQzi gvcRvK Ki djQb, Kvbv mgmv
nqwb| mwZ K_v ejZ Kx hw` Avgv`i g~j we`ywU mgeM PjZ _vK Zvnj Avgiv Kvbvw`b
Rvi Ki ejZI cvie bv h GUv mgeM PjQ, bvKx GUv Avmj wi Ges Ab me wKQz
Dvw`K mgeM PjQ! _g _vKv Ub em cvki jvBbi Pj UbK `L wK Avgv`i
gb nq bv h IUv UbUvB wi, AvgivB PjwQ? KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi GKUv g~j we`yi
mvc hw` Kvbv ei Aevb mgqi mv_ mv_ cwieZb nq Zvnj mB ewU MwZkxj|
hnZz g~j we`ywU AvmjB wi wKbv mwU iZc~Y bq KviY Avmj me MwZB AvcwK|
Avgv`i Pvicvk Avgiv AbK aibi MwZ `LZ cvB, mePq mvRvwU nQ mij
iLvi MwZ| GKUv gvej Mwoq w`j mUv mvgbi w`K hvq MwZUv mij iLvi gvS mxgve
_vK KvRB GUvK iwLK MwZ (linearmotion) ej| GKUv ej Dci _K Qo w`j mUv
mvRv wbPi w`K co, mUvI iwLK MwZ|
Kvbv wKQy hw` GKUv we`yK wNi NyiZ _vK Zvnj mUv nQ N~Yb MwZ
(Rotation)| e`ywZK cvLv Nwoi KvUv GmeK N~Yb MwZi D`vniY wnmve ejv MjI Gi
gvS N~Yb MwZi PgKc` welqUv bB, N~Yb MwZi my`i D`vnib nQ Puv`| Puv`K Kvbv wKQz
w`q cw_exi mv_ eua ivLv bB Zey GUv cw_exK wNi NyiQ ay ZvB bq GUv AvKvk _K
Uzc Ki cw_exZ coI hvq bv!
hZ iKg MwZ AvQ Zvi gvS mePq PgKc` MwZ nQ `b MwZ (Simple
HarmonicMotion)| cKwZZ Avgiv GB MwZUvB gb nq mePq ewk `LZ cvB| hLb
30
MwZ
GKUv czjvgK `ywjq `qv nq ZLb Avgiv GB MwZ `LZ cvB, hLb Avgiv K_v ewj ZLb
evZvmi Aby GB MwZ w`q kK GwMq wbq hvq, hLb wMUvii Zvi Avgiv VvKv w`B ZLb
wMUvii Zvi GB `b MwZ `Lv hvq|
iwLK, N~Yb Avi `b QvovI MwZi aib `L Avgiv Aviv bvbvfve MwZK wewfb
bvg WvKZ cvwi wK GB gyn~Z Avgiv hv KiZ PvBwQ Zvi Rb Nyi wdi GB wZbwU w`qB
Avmj gvUvgywUfve cqvRbxq MwZjv evLv Ki me|
MwZ31
Zvgv`i GLvb hUzKz c`v_wevb
kLvbv ne mLvb Avmj mwZKvi A_
fii eenvii cqvRb ne bv, eo Rvi
KvbUv jvi KvbUv fi gvS gvS mUv
gb Kwiq `qv ne|
D`vniY 2.4: Qwe 2.11 Z `Lvbv A Ges B `ywU
Qwe 2.11:
nqQ
Qwe 2.12: I
cvIqv MQ
fi hvM Ki
fi
mgvb KZ?
MwZ
32
KvRB Avgiv D fi AvuKZ cvwi: Qwe
2.13
Avevi j Ki
K jLv hvq
KvRB AvMi evii gZv Avgiv ejZ
cvwi D fi hLvb kl nqQ mLvb
_K B fi i Kij Avgiv Afi
cq hve!
D`vniY 2.6:Di, `wY, c~e Ges cwg
w`K PviwU mggvb fii hvMdj KZ?
Di: 2.14 QweZ PviwU fi `Lvbv
nqQ| Avgiv BQ Kij Zv`i x Ask
jv Ges y Askjv Avjv`vfve hvM
Ki P~ov fiUv ei KiZ cvwi| Avgiv
Aviv mnR Dcvq AbfveI mUv KiZ
cvwi| fii hvM ei Kivi mgq Avgiv
`wLqwQ GKUv fi hLvb kl nqQ
mLvb _K AviKUv fi i Kiv nj
c_gUvi i Ges wZxqUvi kl nQ hvM
Kiv fi| KvRB PviUv fi GKUvi ci
AviKUv ewmq hZ cvwi| Avgiv mfve
Ki Mj `Le hvMdj k~b!!
andDisplacement)
eM ejZ Kx evSvbv nq Avgiv mevB mUv gvUvgywU Rvwb, Kvbv wKQz KZ `Z hvQ Zvi
cwigvcUv nQ eM| eM nQ fi ZvB KZ `Z hvQ ay mUv ejjB ne bv, mUv Kvb
w`K hvQ mUvI ej w`Z ne| c`v_wevb eMi cvkvcvwk Aviv GKUv ivwk eenvi Kiv
nq mUv nQ `wZ (Speed)| Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb K_v ejZ wMq eM Ges `wZ `yUvB
GKUvi cwieZ AviKUv eenvi Ki dwj wK c`v_wevbi ejvq mUv GKeviB Kiv hve
bv| hnZy eMi gvb nQ `wZ ZvB KD KD gb KiZ cvi `wZ ivwkwU Avjv`v fve Zix
bv KijI PjZ, hLb cqvRb nZv ZLb ej w`Zvg eMi gvb| wK mwU mwZ bq `wZ
ivwkwU Zwi bv Ki ay eM w`q KvR Pvjvbvi Pv Kij Kx mgmv nZv Zvi GKUv D`vniY
`qv hvK|
wevb wKsev c`v_wevb Mo GKUv Lye iZc~Y evcvi, wbLuyZfve wKQz cwigvc
KiZ nj AbKevi GKUv GcwigU KiZ nq Zvici djvdji Mo wbZ nq| AbK
MwZ33
RvqMvq cKZ gvbwU Rvbv me nq bv ZLb Mo gvb wbqB m _vKZ nq| ZvB evSvB hvQ
eMi gZv iZc~Y GKUv ivwkgvjviI wbqB AmsLevi Mo wbZ nZ cvi|
eM nQ Aevbi cwieZbi nvi A_vr GKK mgq Aevbi KZUzKz cwieZb nqQ
Zvi gvb| Aevbi cwieZbi AviKUv bvg AvQ, mUv nQ miY (Displacement), Aevb
hnZy fi ZvB miYI fi| ZvB hw` Avgv`i eM ei KiZ nq Zvnj wbw` mgq hUzKz
miY nqQ mUvK AwZv mgq w`q fvM w`Z ne| H mgqUzKyZ eM h me mgq mgvb
_vKe Zvi Kvbv MvivwU bB, KLbv ewk ev Kg nZ cvi ZvB Avgiv hw` LvwbKUv mgq
hUzKz miY nqQ mUv _K eM ei Kwi Zvnj Avmj ei ne mB mgqi Mo eM| Gevi
Avgiv c_g D`vniYUvZ wdi hvB: GKUv gvBjcv jLv AvQ XvKv knii `~iZ 9
wKjvwgUvi Ges Zzwg wZb NUvq nuU XvKv kni cuQ| Zvgvi eM KZ?
nqZv nuvUZ nuvUZ Zzwg KLbv wekvg wbqQ, KLbv Rvi nuUQ, KLb Av nuUQ
ZvB cwZ gyn~Zi eM Avgiv Rvwb bv| Avgiv aygv GB wZb Nvq Zvgvi Mo eM KZvUzKz
mUv ei KiZ cvwi| Mo eM ei Kivi Rb c_g `LZ ne KZUzKz miY nqQ| mUv LyeB
mvRv, KvKUv h c_ w`q Do GmQ mUvB miY A_vr kl h Aevb cuQQ mUv _K
c_g Aevbi cv_KUzKzB mib! KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi Zvgvi miY s nQ Di w`K 3 km.
3
(Di w`K)
miYi gvv L
eMi gvv LT
MwZ
34
Zvgv`i nZvk nevi Kvbv KviY bB, eMi Mo wbq RwUjZv `~i Kivi Rb `wZ
ivwkwU Zwi nqQ| `wZ fi bq, ZvB hLb Mo bqv nq ZLb GK Ask Ab AskK KvUvKvwU
KiZ cvi bv! KvRB wZb Nvq 9 km nuU Zzwg hLb XvKv cuQQ ZLb Zvgvi Mo `wZ
9
3
`wZi gvv LT
wVK Zzwg h iKg fewQj| zji Mvwoi ejvZI mUv mwZ, Zvi Mo `wZ
V
100
4
25
hUv gvUI k~b bq| (wbqB GUvI j KiQ `wZi ejvq Kvbv w`Ki K_v ejZ nj bv!)
D`vniY 2.7: eM Avi `wZi gvS
mKUv Aviv fvjv Ki evSvi
Rb Avgiv AviKUv D`vniY bB|
aiv hvK GKUv myZv w`q QvU GKUv
cv_iK eua Zzwg mUvK gv_vi
Dci NvivQ| cv_iUv wK mgeM
hvQ bvwK mg`wZZ hvQ? bvwK
mg`wZ Ges mgeM hvQ? (Qwe
2.15)
Di: GKUz wPv KijB Zzwg eySZ
cvie h cv_iUvi `wZi Kvbv
cwieZb nQ bv wK cwZ gyn~Z Qwe 2.15: m~Zvq ea GKwU cv_i Nvivbv nj
eMi cwieZb nQ! KviY cwZ `wZ GK _vKjI eMi cwieZb nq|
gyn~Z cv_iUvi MwZi w`K cv
hvQ| GwU hw` mvRv hZ Zvnj MwZi w`Ki cwieZb nZv bv wK hnZz NyiQ ZvB w`KUv
cv hvQ| KvRB GwU nQ mg`wZi D`vniY mgeMi bq! mgeM nj mg`wZ nZB
ne wK mg`wZ njB h mgeM nZ ne Zvi Kvbv MvivwU bB|
D`vniY 2.8: cv_iwUK nVvr Qo w`j ZLb wK mUv mgeM Ges mg`wZZ hve?
Di: cv_iwU nVvr Qo w`j GUv mvRv mgeM Ges mg`wZZ QzU hve evZvmi NlY
gvavKlY ej Gme hw` bv _vKZ Zvnj mgeM Ges mg`wZZ hZB _vKZ!
D`vniY 2.9: Qwe 2.16 Gi Mvd Kvbv GKUv ei mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZbUzKz
`Lvbv nqQ| KvbwU mgeM Ges KvbwU mgeM bq ej| Mvd mgqi mv_ eMi gvb
`LvI|
MwZ35
Di: ewU wi, mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZb nQ bv| ZvB Zvi eM k~b|
B ewU mgeM hvQ|
C wbqB ewUi eM eo hvQ|
c_g Mvd mgqi mv_ Aevbi cwieZbi Rb h eM ne wZxq Mvd mwU `Lvbv
nqQ| GKUz LyuwUq `L!
MwZ
36
D`vniY 2.10: Qwe 2.17 Gi Mvd Kvbv GKUv ei mgqi mv_ eMi cwieZb `Lvbv
nqQ| Kv_vq ZiY AvQ Kv_vq bB ej|
Di: A Z ZiY AvQ, B Z ZiY bB, C Z ZiY AvQ, D Z g`b ev bMwUf ZiY
AvQ|
kl eM - Avw` eM
AwZv mgq
Zvnj ZiY
nQ
ZiYi gvv LT
KvRB hw` ZiY a Rvbv _vK Zvnj Kvbv
ei Avw` eM u nj t mgq ci Zvi eM v
ei Kiv Lye mvRv| (Qwe 2.18)
MwZ37
D`vniY 2.11: GKUv Mvwoi eM 1 wgwbU wi Aev _K eo 60 km/hour nqQ,
MvwowUi ZiY KZ?
Di: Avgiv mgqi Rb wgwbU ev Nv eenvi bv Ki GLb _K mK (s) Ges `~iZi
Rb gvBj ev km eenvi bv Ki m eenvi Kie|
Mvwoi P~ov eM
60 1000
60 60
60
16.67
16.67
60
0.278
D`vniY 2.12:GKUv Mvwo 60mile/hour eM PjZ nVvr Zvi Bwb e nq hvq| MvwowU
_vgZ 5minute mgq bq| MvwowUi g`b KZ?
Di: ZiY _vKj eM evoZ _vK, Avi eM KgZ _vKvi A_ FYvZK ev bMwUf ZiY ev
g`b iqQ|
Avevi Avgiv mgqi Rb s Ges `~iZi Rb m eenvi Kie|
1 mile = 1.6 km=1600 m
MvwowUi Avw` eM
60
60
1.6 1000
60 60
MvwowUi kl eM
ZiY
26.8
60
0.089
0.089
26.8
Avgv`i Pvicvk Avgiv hv wKQz `wL Zvi gvS mgZiYi GKUv Lye PgKc` GKUv D`vniY
AvQ mwU nQ gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY hUvK jLv nq g w`q| cw_exi ci KvQvKvwQ Zvi
gvb nQ 9.8 m/s2. Avgiv hw` wKQz GKUv wi Aev _K Qo w`B Zvnj `LZ cvB Zvi
38
MwZ
MwZeM v = gt wnmve eo hvQ| MwZ mK Avgiv hv wKQz wkLe Zvi ewki fvM Avgiv GB
ZiYwU eenvi Ki cixv-wbixv Ki `LZ cvwi|
D`vniY 2.13: ZiY wbq GcwigU Kivi Rb Kvbv GKUv ei Ici wbw` mgq 1m/s2
ZiY cqvM KiZ PvB| Kxfve Kie?
Di: Avgiv hLb Kvbv wKQz Ici _K wi Aevq Qo w`B mUv ek eM wbP Gm
AvNvZ Ki hvi A_ Qo `qv eUvi ZiY nq| Avgiv hw` GB ZiYUv gvwc Zvnj `LZ
cve Zvi gvb nQ 9.8m/s2. GUvK ejv nq gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY, GUvK jLv nq g w`q|
(cii Aavq Avgiv gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY Kb nq Kxfve nq mUv wbq AvjvPbv Kie,
GLvb ai wbB GUv AvQ, Gi gvb 9.8m/s2 Ges GUv Lvov wbPi w`K|)
GB gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY g K eenvi Ki Avgiv h Kvbv gvbi ZiY Zwi KiZ cvwi|
Avgiv mevB `LwQ KvZ nq _vKv GKUv mgZji Ici wKQz GKUv ivLj mUv wbP Mwoq
co| hZ ewk KvZ Ki ivLv hvq wRwbmUv ZZ `Z wbP co| GUzKz RvbjB Avgiv
Avgv`i hUzKz cqvRb mBUzKz ZiY Zwi Ki djZ cvie| Avgiv `LwQ h Kvbv
fiK Avmj GKvwaK fii hvMdj wnmve jLv hvq ay Avgv`i j ivLZ nq hb
GKwU fi hLvb kl nq mLvb _K hb Ab fiUv i nq| GB QweZI g fiUvK
Avgiv `yUv fii hvMdj wnmve wjLwQ ay Ggb fve `yUv fi eQ wbqwQ hb
Zv`i gvS 90 GKUv
KvY _vK (Qwe 2.19)
GUv Kivi KviY GKUv
gRvi welq NUQ,
Avgiv ejZ cviwQ
wRwbmUvi Ici Avmj
`ywU ZiY KvR KiQ
GKwU mgZji w`K
AbwU mgZji mv_
Lvovfve
Zvgiv
MwZ39
Avgiv 1 /
0.102
5.86
A_vr Avgiv hw` GK UzKiv mgZj KvV 5.86 wWwM KvY ivwL Zvnj mB KvVi Ici hUvB
ivLe mUvi ZiY ne 1 / ! Gfve Avgiv h Kvbv wKQzi Ici 0 _K 9.8 / ch
h Kvbv ZiY cqvM KiZ cvie|
ay GKUv eve welq gb ivLZ ne, GKUv wRwbmi Dci AviKUv wRwbm ivLv nj `yUvi
fZi NlYi KviY Avgiv ZiY cqvMi djUv cyivcywi bvI `LZ cvwi| GRb
GcwigU Kivi Rb hv GKUv wKQz bv iL GKUv gvej wKsev GKUv Ljbv Mvwo ivLZ
cvwi Zvnj NlYUv Avi eo mgmv ne bv|
D`vniY 2.14: GKUv mgZj KvVi UzKiv 45 KvY ivLv nqQ| Ici _K GKUv gvej
Qo `qv nqQ| `yB mK ci gveji MwZeM KZ ne?
Di: 45 KvY ivLv KvVi Ici ZiYi gvb ne
45
9.8
0.707
6.93 /
hnZz gveji Avw`eM
0, KvRB 2 ci gveji MwZeM
0
6.93
2 /
13.86 /
MwZ
40
LT
Avwg Rvwb Zvgv`i AbKi KzPK DVQ AbKi PvL eoeo nq DVQ wK GUv mwZ!
`Le Avgiv GB QvU wbixn msvwU w`q weqKi me Kv Ki dje!
D`vniY 2.15: Puv`i ZiY KZ? (cw_ex _K Puv`i `~iZ 384,400 km)
Di: Puv` hnZy cw_exK wNi NyiQ ZvB cwZ gyn~Z Ges w`K cwieZb nQ ZvB Gi
wbqB GKUv ZiY iqQ| Avgiv Rvwb N~Ybi Rb ZiY nQ:
MwZ41
GKUy ewk mgq (29.5 w`b) bq| KvRB 29.5 w`b bv ai mwZKvii mgq 27 w`b ai
wbj:
2 384,400 1000
27 24 60 60
1035
2.78
10
MwZ
42
Mo eM
1
2
GwU gb ivLv fvjv AmsLevi GUv eenvi Kiv ne! MwZ-msv mgxKiY mejvB ei nq
MQ| Gevi QvU GKUz Lvwb GjReiv Ki ivwL hUv AvcvZZt wnmve-wbKvk Kivi KvR
jvMe, ci fZiKvi gRvi c`v_wevb ei Ki `Lvbv hve|
2
2
0
2
2
4
4
6
6
8
8
10
Di: Mo bqv Lye mvRv, mejv ivwk me hvM Ki gvU msLv w`q fvM w`Z nq| GLvb
cuvPwU eM AvQ KvRB Mo eM:
2
6
5
10
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
7
6
8
7
9
8
10
MwZ43
6
9
10
0
2
8
10
Zvnj Mo eM nZv :
2
10
Avevi GKB Di cqwQ| KvRB `Lv hvQ hw` mgZiY _vK Zvnj Mo eM ei Kiv
mvRv ay c_g I kl eM hvM Ki Zvi Mo wbjB nq|
Zvgiv GKUz j KijB eySZ cvie GB mgmvUvZ eMUv wQj G iKg
2
A_vr
2
2,
2.
mgq (s)
eM (m/s)
0
2
2
10
4
34
6
74
8
130
10
34 74
5
130
250
5
50
2 nj
MwZ
44
mgq (s)
eM (m/s)
0
2
1
4
2
10
3
20
4 5
34 52
6
74
7
8
100 130
10
20
34
52
74
100
130
426
9
47.33 /
0
2
130
2
8
130
66
1.5
1000
1.5
1000
0.2
10
100
1.69 /
2
XzKZ
MwZ45
D`vniY 2.19: GKUv 2 j^v mgZj KvVi UzKiv `qvji mv_ 30 KvY njvb w`q
ivLv AvQ (Qwe 2.22)| KvVi UzKivi Ici _K GKUv Ljbv Mvwo Qo w`j KZ eM
wbP bg Avme|
30
9.8
0.5
4.9
Avgiv Rvwb :
2 ,
GLvb
4.9
Ges
1
2
2
4
4.9 /
4
4.9
0.904
0
KvRB
4.9
0.904
4.43
2
/
4.9
19.6
Avgiv GKB Di cqwQ Ges Ljbv MvwowU KZY wbP bg GmQ mUv bv RbB eM
ei Ki djwQ|
Ljbv MvwowU KZb wbP wbg GmQ mUv BQ Kij Avgiv GLvb _K Ab fveI ei
KiZ cvwi|
AwZv `~iZ
Mo eM
Mo eM
0
mgq
mgq
2
2
2.215
4.43
2
0.903
2.215 /
MwZ
46
D`vniY 2.20: (Qwe 2.23) QweZ `Lvbv `ywU mgZj KvVi UzKiv 30 Ges 45 KvY
ivLv AvQ| 30 KvY ivLv KvVi Dci 1 dzU DPZv _K GKwU gvej Mwoq `qv njv|
wVK hLb wbP cuQve ZLb MwZeM KZ? 45 KvY ivLv KvVi UzKivZ mwU KZ DPZvq
cuQve?
Di: hLb Avgiv kw, kwi wbZZvi m~jv wkLe ZLb GB mgmvUv Lye mnR mgvavb
Kiv hve, AvcvZZ Avgiv Avgv`i kLv ZiY eM Avw`eM, P~ov eM AwZv `~iZ,
AwZv mgq Gme eenvi Ki mgmvwU mgvavb Kwi|
mgmvwU Gfve mgvavb Kiv ne : gvejwU wi Aev _K Qvov ne| 30 Z ivLv KvVi
UzKiv eq wbP bvgvi mgq Zvi eM evoZ _vKe KviY GLvb GKUv ZiY iqQ|
Qwe 2.23: 30 Ges 45 Z ivLv `yUv mgZj KvVi UzKivi GKUv gvej
Mwoq `qv nqQ|
1
0.5
wK Avgiv ft w`q mgmv mgvavb KiZ PvB bv SI cwZ eenvi KiZ PvB,
2
12
2.54
0.61
4.9
MwZ47
2
0, KvRB
Avw` eM
2
4.9
0.61
2.44 /
Gevi 45 Z ivLv KvVi UzKivi mgmvwU mgvavb KiZ cvwi| GUvi Rb g`b
45
6.93 /
Avgiv hnZz g`b ejwQ ZvB bMwUf wP bB| KvRB GUvi Rb Avw`eM
AwZv `~iZ
nj
kl eM
2
hnZz g`bwU eMi wecixZ w`K KvR KiQ ZvB Gevi GKwU bMwUf wP| Avgiv Rvwb
0 Ges
0.429
0.303
0.303
2.54
100
12
Zvgiv wK AevK nqQ h GUv 45 KvVi UzKivZ wVK 1ft DciB DVQ?
AevK nevi wKQz bB GUvB nIqvi K_v! KvVi UzKivwj 30 wKsev 45 bv nq h Kvbv
KvY nvK bv Kb Ges h Kvbv DPZv _KB Zzwg gvejUv Qvo bv Kb GUv wVK mB
GKB DPZvZ DVe! wekvm bv nj Ab Kvbv KvY Ges Ab Kvbv DPZv w`q wnmve
Ki `L| Gi GKUv KviYI AvQ mUvI Zvgiv Rvbe|
(GLvb GKUv wRwbm ej ivwL gvejUv hLb 30 Z ivLv KvVi UzKiv eq bg GmQ
ZLb eMi w`KwU hw`K wQj, 45 Z ivLv KvVi UzKiv eq IVvi mgq w`KwU wK Ab
w`K nqQ A_vr eMi cwieZb nqQ mB gyn~ZwUi Rb wfb GKUv ZiY KvR KiQ, KvV
`yUvi Aevb mB ZiYUv Zwi Ki w`qQ GB mgmvi Rb Avgv`i mUv wbq gv_v bv
MwZ
48
NvgvjI wZ bB| gvejwU hw` NyiZ NyiZ wbP bg Avm ZLb Nvivi Rb mwU GKUz
kw wbq bq| Avgiv mUvI weePbv KiwQ bv|)
2.8 co ei m~ (LawsofFallingBodies)
Avgiv mgZiYi D`vniY wnmve ev gvavKlYRwbZ ZiYi K_v ejwQjvg| MwZ mK
Avgiv h mgxKiYjv ei KiwQ mjvK Lye mnRB Avgiv co ei MwZ ei Kivi Rb
ei KiZ cvwi! AwZv `~iZi ejvq eenvi Kiv nqwQj, Gevi DPZv evSvbvi Rb
eenvi Kie ZiYi Rb bv wjL wjLe aygv G `yUvB ne cv_K!
1
2
2
MvwjwjIi co ei h wZbwU m~ AvQ mjv Avmj GB m~jv Qvov Avi wKQz bq!
D`vniY 2.21:wKUi GKRb fvjv cm evjvi Nvq 150
/
cvi| m hw` Lvov Dcii w`K ejUv Qzo ejUv KZ Dci DVe?
eM ej QzoZ
Di:
150
150 1000
60 60
41.67
ej Dci Qzoj gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY GB ejUvi Ici g`b wnmve KvR Kie| kl ch
ejwU _g hve| mB DPZvUvK h wnmve wjLj
2
0,
41.67
/ ,
9.8
KvRB
2
41.67
2 9.8
88.59
MwZ49
Di: wKU eji gZv ei Kivi Pv Kwi, ay Avw`eM 41.67
10,000 /
/ Gi e`j ne
KvRB
10,000
2 9.8
5,102,000
5,102
hw`I `L gb nQ Kv_vI Kvbv fzj nqwb wK Avmj DiUv mwVK bq! Zvi KviY nQ
Avgiv gvavKlYRwbZ ZiYi gvb aiwQ 9.8 / , cw_exi KvQvKvwQ `~iZi Rb GUv
mwVK wK hw` cw_ex _K AbK Dci DV hvIqv hvq Gi gvb KgZ _vKe! Avgiv hLb
2
mgxKiYwU ei KiwQ mLvb ai wbqwQ Gi gvbi cwieZb nQ bv| GB mgmvi ejvq
mUv mwZ bv| ZvB Avgiv GLb ch hUzKz wkLwQ mB we` w`q GUv mgvavb KiZ cvie
bv! KvRB Avgiv PvjvwK Ki Abfve cki Di w`B :
GZ Zxe MwZZ Kvbv wKQz Qyo w`j evZvmi mv_ NlY h Zvc mw ne mB Zvc GUv
Rj cyo kl nq hve!
MwZ
50
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. MwZ k~b wK ZiY k~b bq GwU wK me? me nj `LvI|
2. eMi cwieZb nQ wK `wZi cwieZb nQ bv| GUv wK me? me nj `LvI|
3. Puv` gvavKlY RwbZ ZiY cw_exi gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY _K 6 Y Kg| cw_exZ GKUv
cv_i GKUv DPZv _K Qo w`j GwU h eM wbP AvNvZ Kie, Puv` GKB DPZv _K
Qo w`j wK Qq Y Kg eM AvNvZ Kie? (aiv hvK cw_ex wKsev Pv` Kv_vI evZvmi
evav mgmv bq|)
4. cw_exZ wK Ggb Kvbv RvqMv AvQ hLvb _K Zzwg `wY w`K 1
wMq hw` c~e
w`K 1
hvI Ges ZLb Di w`K 1
Mj AvMi RvqvMvq cuQ hve?
5. mgZiYi ejvq wY mgq wK wY `~iZ AwZg Kwi?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. GKwU Mvwo Zvgvi zj _K 40
c~e w`K wMqQ, Zvici 40
Di w`K wMqQ
Zvici 30
cwg w`K wMqQ, Zvici 30
`wY w`K wMqQ, Zvici 20
c~e w`K wMqQ, Zvici 20
cwg w`K wMqQ,
Di w`K wMqQ, Zvici 10
Zvcici 10
`wY w`K wMqQ| MvwowU Zvgvi _K Kvb w`K KZ `~i AvQ?
2. Qwe 2.24 G
,
,
Ges
Z KLb eM Ges ZiY cwRwUf
bMwUf Ges k~b mwU `LvI|
3. Qwe 2.24 G A hw` eM bv nq
Aevb nZv Zvnj eM Ges ZiYi
gvb
,
,
Ges
Z Kx
nZv ej|
4. GKwU Mvwoi eM 30
/
,
1
ci MvwowUi MwZeM
mgZiY eo njv 50
/
.
GB mgq MvwowU KZ `~iZ AwZg
Qwe 2.24: eM I mgqi jLwP
KiQ?
5. Zzwg 10 / eM GKUv ej AvKvki w`K Qzo w`qQ| mUv KZY KZ DuPzZ DVe?
ZZxq Aavq
ej
(Force)
MvwjwjI Mvwjwj
MvwjwjI wQjb GKRb BZvwjI c`v_wevbx, MwYZwe`, RvwZwe`
Ges `vkwbK| ZuvK AvaywbK wevbi RbK ejv nq| wZwb c_g
Uwjvc eenvi Ki eenvwiK RvwZwevbi m~Pbv KiwQjb|
KvcvwbKvmi m~hKw`K mi RMZi evLvwU wZwb c_g mwZKvi
A_ evwbK RMZ cwiwPZ Kib| G KviY wZwb Kv_wjK PvPi
ivlvbj cob, Zuviv ZuvK `vlx mve Ki Ges ZuvK evwK Rxeb
Mnew` nq KvUvZ nq| Zuvi gZzi 366 eQi ci 2008 mvj
ivgvb Kv_wjK PvP wbR`i `vl ^xKvi Ki wbq ZuvK gv Ki!
GalileoGalilei(15641642)
52
ej
ej53
D
`
v
n
i
b
3
.
1
D`vniY 3.1: Qwe 3.1 Gi Mvd `ywUZ mgqi mv_ miY Ges eMi gvb `Lvbv nqQ,
Kv_vq KZY ej cqvM Kiv nqQ evLv Kiv|
Di: `ywU MvdB `LZ GKB iKg wK G`i gvS m~Y wfb Z_ iqQ|
(i) c_g Mvd 0 _K
wKsev
_K kl ch mgq `ywUZ Aevbi cwieZb nQ bv,
hvi A_ Kvb eM bB, KvRB eMi cwieZbi ckB Avm bv hvi A_ G `yUv mgq wbqB
Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv nQ bv|
_K mgq Aevbi cwieZb nQ wK hnZz mg
nvi cwieZb (iLvwU hnZz mij iLv) nQ Zvi A_ mgeM A_vr eMi Kvbv cwieZb
bB KvRB _K mgqI Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv nQ bv| aygv gyn~Z Kvbvfve
ej cqvM Ki wi ewUK mgeM MwZkxj Kiv nqQ| Avevi wVK gyn~Z ej cqvM Ki
MwZkxj ewUK _vwgq `qv nqQ, Ab Kv_vI Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv nqwb|
A_vr 0
aygv
,
Ges
Ges
Z Kvbv ej bB|
Z gyn~Zi Rb ej cqvM Kiv nqQ|
Ges
Kvbv ej bB|
Z ej cqvM Kiv nqQ|
54
ej
ej55
3.2.4 mej wbDKxq ej (StrongNuclearForce)
GwU nQ mw RMZi mePq kwkvjx ej, Zwor P^K ej _KI GKkY ewk kwkvjx
wK GUvI LyeB A `~iZ (10
) KvR Ki| cigvYyi K` h wbDwKqvm iqQ Zvi
fZiKvi cvUb Ges wbDUbi wbR`i gvS GB cP kwkvjx ej KvR Ki wbR`i AvUK
ivL| cP ej AvUK _vKvi KviY Gi gvS AbK kw Rgv _vK ZvB eo wbDwKqvmK
f wKsev QvU wbDwKqvmK Rvov w`q AbK kw Zwi Kiv me| wbDwKqvi evgv m Rb
GZ kwkvjx| m~h _K Avjv ZvcI GB ej _K Zwi nq|
wevbxiv aviYv Kib GB Pvi aibi eji g~j GK RvqMvq Ges Zviv mejvK GK
m~ w`q evLv Kivi Pv KiQb| Zwor P^K (we`yr P^Kxq) Ges `yej wbDwKqvi ejK Gi
gvS GKB m~ w`q evLv Kiv me nqQ Ges mwU ZvwK c`v_wevbi GKwU AvKvkQuvqv
mvdj! (KvRB Zzwg BQ Kij ejZ cvi ej wZb aibi: gnvKl, BjKUv DBK (Electro
weak) Ges wbDwKqvi KD GUvK fzj ejZ cvie b!) AbjvKI GK m~ Muv_vi Rb
wevbxiv KvR Ki hvQb|
Zvgiv hLb Zvgv`i `bw`b Rxeb bvbv KvR ej eenvi Kiv ZLb Zvgv`i gb
nZ cvi Kvbv Kvbv ej cqvM KiZ nj k KiZ nq (b w`q fvix wRwbm Zvjv,
Kvbv wKQzK avv `Iqv, wKsev PjZ PjZ NlYi Rb Pj ei _g hvIhv) Avevi Zvgiv
j KiQ Kvbv Kvbv ej cqvMi Rb k KiZ nq bv Kvbv wKQz Qo w`j gvavKlY
eji Rb wbP cov, Pz^Ki AvKlY!) KvRB Avgiv ejK k Ges Ak `yB aibi ej
fvM KiZ cvwi| wK Zvgiv wbqB eySZ cviQ Avgiv hLvb k KiwQ ej aviYv KiwQ,
mLvb wK ciii AYy-cigvYy, Zv`i wNi N~Yvqgvb BjKUb mivmwi k w`q bq Zv`i
Zwor P^K ej w`q GK Abi mv_ KvR KiQ! Ab K_vq ejv hvq Avgiv hw` cvigvYweK
chvq Pj hvB Zvnj me ejB AkK! GK cigvYy Ab cigvYyK AvKlY-weKlY Ki `~i
_K, Zv`iK AvwiK A_ k KiZ nq bv!
ej
56
wbDUbi wZxq m~: ei fieMi cwieZbi nvi Zvi Dci chy eji mvgvbycvwZK
Ges h w`K ej cqvM Kiv nq fieMi cwieZbUvI NU mw`K|
m~UvZ eMi cwieZbi nvi bv ej fieMi cwieZbi nvi K_vUv ejv nqQ| fi eM
mnR fve fi Ges eMi YdjK ejv nq| A_vr fi hw` nq , eM hw` nq Zvnj
fieM nQ
Gevi Avgiv wbDUbi wZxq m~ wdi hvB| aiv hvK Kvbv GKUv ei Avw`eM wQj
Ges mgq ci mB eM cwiewZZ nq (eo wKsev Kg) nqQ , KvRB fi eMi
cwieZb nQ :
ej57
hnZy GLvb ai wbqwQ fii Kvbv cwieZb nqwb ZvB Gfve wjLZ cvwi Avi Avgiv Rvwb
ZiY nQ
wK Avgiv m~UvK mgvbycvwZKfve wjLZ PvB bv, mgxKiY wnme wjLZ PvB!
Zvgiv mevB Rvb mgvb Ges mgvbycvwZK K_v `ywUi A_ Kx| GKwU ivwk h nvi evo ev
Kg AbwUI hw` mB nvi evo ev Kg Zvnj Avgiv ewj ivwk `ywU mgvbycvwZK| h Kvbv
GKwU ivwkK mwVK GKUv mvgvbycvwZK aeK w`q Y Ki `ywU mgvbycvwZK ivwkK mgvb Ki
djv hvq|
A_vr hw` , Gi mgvbycvwZK nq, A_vr
nq Zvnj GKUv mgvbycvwZK ae
LyuR ei Kiv me hLb Avgiv wjLZ cvie
wbDUbi wZxq m~wUi ejvq Gevi GKUv PgKc` evcvi NUvbv me| hnZy ej
welqUvB Gi AvM Kv_vI evLv Kiv nqwb, (wbDUbi c_g m~ w`q ay mUvi GKUv aviYv
`Iqv nqQ) wZxq m~ w`q mUvK c_gevi cwigvc Kiv ne ZvB Avgiv ejZ cvwi wbDUbi
wZxq m~ cqvM Kivi mgq mgvbycvwZK aeKK 1 aiv nj hUv cve mUvB nQ eji
cwigvc! Kx mnR mgvbycvwZK mKK mgxKiY evwbq djv hvq|
myZivs Avgiv wbDUbi wZxq m~UvK GKUv mgxKiY wnme wjLZ cvwi| ej hw` F
nq Ges mgvbycvwZK aeKK hw` 1 ai bB Zv nj
eji gvv:
GB QvU Ges mnR mgxKiYwU h c`v_wevbi RMZ Kx wece Ki w`Z cvi mwU wekvm Kiv
KwVb|
D`vniY 3.3: 3.2 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq GKwU
fii `yB cvk `ywU KwcKj eenvi Ki
10
Ges 5
fii `ywU IRb Szwjq `qv nqQ| fiwUi Dci KZ ej KvR KiQ?
ej
58
Di: 10
Ges 5
fi Kvbv ej bq,
Gjv fi KvRB GjvK c_g w`q Y
w`q ej cwiYZ Ki wbZ ne|
10
5
9.8 /
9.8 /
KvRB
fiwUi Dci evg w`K 98
Ges Wvb w`K 49 w`q Uvbv nQ|
98
49
w`q
D`vniY 3.4: 1
fii GKUv eK Qwe
3.3 G `Lvbv Dcvq Szwjq ivLv nqQ|
Ges eji gvb KZ?
Di: hnZz GLvb me wKQz wi Aevq
AvQ ZvB evSv hvQ we`yZ gvU eji
cwigvY k~b| 1 fiK c_g w`q Y
w`q ej cwiYZ Ki wbZ ne:
1
9.8 /
9.8
sin 45 KvRB
cos 45
cos 45
9.8
2
2
6.93
/2
cos 45
ej59
1
2 KvRB 2
6.93
D`vniY 3.5: 5
fii GKwU wi ei Ici 100 ej 10 ch cqvM Kiv njv|
(a) ej cqvM Kivi KviY ZiY KZ? (b) 10 ci eM KZ? (c) 20 ci eM KZ? (d)
20 mgq KZUzKz `~iZ AwZg KiQ? (e) eM Ges AwZv `~iZ Mvd GuK `LvI|
Di: (a) ZiY
100
5
20
(b) 10 ci eM
0
20
10 /
200
10
1000
1000
10
2000
2000
3000
ej
60
Di:
0
2
100
10
20
2
2 /
10
hvM Kwi:
1
ej61
`yBcvk eMg~j bB
1
Avgiv Rvwb
KvRB
hw`
0 nq
KvRB
Avgiv ej Kx mUv ejwQ (hUv ZiYi Rb `q) mUv Kgb Ki cwigvc KiZ nq mUvI
ejwQ (fi Avi ZiYi Ydj) wK GLbv Zvgv`iK mwZKvi Kvbv eji mv_ cwiPq
Kwiq w`Bwb| c`v_wevbi GKwU PgKc` ej nQ gnvKl ej, fi AvQ m iKg h Kvbv
e Ab eK gnvKl ej w`q AvKlY Ki| aiv hvK `ywU fi
Ges
Zv`i gvS `~iZ
Zvnj Zv`i gvS h ej mw ne mUvK hw` Avgiv ewj Zvnj
gvv:
GLvb
10
ej
62
GLvb gb ivLZ ne
fiwU
K wbRi
w`K ej AvKlY Ki Avevi
fiwU
K
wbRi w`K AvKlY Ki|
GB `yUv fii GKUv hw` Avgv`i cw_ex nq
Ges Avgiv hw` ai wbB Zvi fi , Ges cw_exi
Dci
fii Ab GKUv wRwbm ivLv nq Zvnj
cw_ex
fiK Zvi K`i w`K ej AvKlY
Kie
cw_exi fi
5.98
6.67
10
10
6.37
6.37
, cw_exi evmva
5.98
10
10
9.8
10
/
Avgiv Gi AvMi AavqB MwZi mgxKiY Gi GB gvb eenvi KiwQ, GLb Zvgiv RvbZ
cvij Kb Gi GB gvb eenvi Kiv nqwQj|
ej63
9.49
Gi gvb
nj
1
1.016
. mLvb
100
GLvb
nj
ej
64
2
Qwe3.7:cw_exK wNi N~Yvqgvb Puv`|
6.37
3.8
6.37
10
10
10
9.8
6.37
9.8
Ges
10
3.8
9.8
10
60
60
24
27
cw_ex _K gb nq Puv` eywS 29.5 w`b cw_exK c`wY Ki (D`vniY 2.15) Avmj
mgqUv 27 w`b|
Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ cw_exK wNi Puv`i c`wY KiZ KZ mgq jvM mUv ei KiZ
Avgv`i Kv_vI Puv`i fi eenvi KiZ nqwb| KvRB
2
m~Uv Avgiv cw_exK wNi NyiZ _vKv h Kvbv DcMni RbI eenvi KiZ cvie|
D`vniY 3.10: m~h _K wewfb Mni `~iZjv nQ (cw_exi `~iZi Zzjbvq)
ej65
Mn
`~iZ
eya
0.387
0.723
cw_ex
1
gj
1.524
enwZ
5.203
kwb
9.539
BDibvm
19.18
bcPzb
30.06
Mni fi Ges
GLvb
hnZz
ej
66
GLb Avgiv wfb Mni Rb Gi gvb ewmq mivmwi cw_exi Zzjbvq Abvb Mni m~hK wNi
AvmZ KZ mgq jvMe ei Ki djZ cvwi| hnZz cw_exi m~hK wNi Avmvi mgqUvK
Avgiv ermi ewj KvRB ZvwjKvUv ermi ei ne|
hgb eya Mni Rb
0.387
1
0.24
eya
0.24
0.614
cw_ex
1
gj
1.881
enwZ
11.86
kwb
29.46
BDibvm
84.00
bcPzb
164.81
ej67
Qwe3.8:cw_exi fZi GKwU MvjKi Dci Ges MvjKi evBii Ask fii KviY Zix nIqv g
cw_exi fi
Ges AvqvZb
myZivs
4
3
evmvai MvjKi fi
4
3
4
3
`~iZ ivLv
4
3
fii Ici gvavKlY ej nQ
`~iZ
ej
68
KvRB GKevi K` (
IRbnxb|
0)
3.5 wsqi ej
aiv hvK ^vfvweK Aevq GKUv wsqi `N GB wsUvK Uwej Bq ivLv nqQ Ges
aiv hvK GB wsqi GK gv_v GKwU `qvj jvMvbv Ab gv_vq GKUv fi
jvMvbv AvQ|
^fvweK Aevq fiwUi Ici wsqi KviY Kvbv ej bB| wsqi cyiv `N Rvbvi Pq
Zvi msKvPb wKsev cmviY RvbZ Avgiv ewk AvMnx ZvB wsqi ^vfvweK `N we`ywUK
Ai K`we`y wnme Kbv Ki wbqwQ| (Qwe3.10)
KvRB hw` Avgiv fiwUK Avyj w`q wsqi w`K Pc awi, A_vr ej cqvM Kwi
Zvnj wsUv msKzwPZ nq hve| Avgiv hw` Pvc w`q ai ivwL A_vr ej cqvM Kwi Zvnj
wbDUbi wZxq m~
Abyhvqx ZiY nIqvi K_v| wK hnZy fiwU wi Kvbv ZiY
nQ bv Zvi gvb wbqB Ab GKwU ej wecixZ w`K _K KvR KiQ Ges `ywU eji hvMdj
k~b nq hvIqvi KviY ewUi gvU ej k~b Ges ewUi ZiY bB| Zvgiv wbqB eySZ cviQ
wecixZ w`K _K ejwU AvmQ ws _K hvi A_ ws hw` msKzwPZ nq Zvnj mwU ej cqvM
ej69
Ki| cZKUv wsqiB GKUv ws aeK _vK Ges `Lv MQ wsK Zvi ^vfvweK Aev
_K wePzZ Kiv nj msKvPb A_ev cmviY GKUv ej c`vb Ki| wePzwZi cwigvY nj
GLvb GKwU bMwUf wP iqQ hvi A_ eji w`KwU wePywZi wecixZ w`K| A_vr
ws hw` msKzwPZ nq Zvnj Gi gvb bMwUf Ges m KviY cwRwUf A_vr Gi w`K
nQ Ai cwRwUf w`K QweZ hgb `Lvbv nqQ| Avevi hw` fiwUK Ub aiv nq Zvnj
wsUvi wePzwZ ne cwRwUf KvRB Gi gvb ne bMwUf A_vr ejUv ne Ai wbMwUf
w`K, QweZ hgb `Lvbv nqQ|
wsqi GB ejwU c`v_wevbi Lye
iZc~Y GKwU ej| Avgiv fiwUK Qo w`Bwb,
ZvB eji jw k~b Ges fiwUZ Kvbv ZiY
nqwb| wK wswUK msKzwPZ wKsev cmvwiZ Ki
Avgiv QoI w`Z cviZvg Zvnj ws _K
cqvM Kiv eji KviY fiUvi ZiY nZv, eM
eoZv Ges fiUv boZ i KiZ| GLvb ejwUi
gvb me mgq mgvb _vKe bv, eo hvIqv, Kg
hvIqv, cwRwUf wKsev bMwUf nIqvi KviY
ejwUI evoe Kge GgbwK w`KI cwieZb Kie,
KvRB ZiYUv ne ewPgq Ges fiwUi MwZ
Aviv ewk ewPgq|
wsqi KviY fiwUi eM Kgb nq mwU
Avgiv Avgv`i AwfZv _K Rvwb, mwU mvgb
wcQb KiZ _vKe Ges NlYi KviY GK mgq
Qwe3.10:^vfvweK Aev, msKzwPZ Ges cmvwiZ
_g hve| hw` NlY bv _vKZ fiwU Zvnj
xs|
AbKvj mvgb wcQb KiZ _vKZ|
D`vniY 3.12: 3.10 QweZ h fve `Lvbv nqQ mfve GKUv (NlYnxb) Uwej GKUv
fi ivLv AvQ| Kvbv wKQz Kiv bv nj wsUvi `N GLb wsUvK hw` `~iZ Ub wbq
Qo w`B Zvnj Kx ne?
Di: wsUv fiUvK
ej Uvbe A_vr ejUv fiUvK evg w`K Uvbe| GB eji
Rb fii ZiY ne Ges ZiYi Rb eM evoZ i Kie| eMi KviY fiUv evg w`K
boZ i Kie Ges Gi gvb KgZ _vKe A_vr ejUvI KgZ _vKe KvRB ZiYI
ej
70
KgZ _vKe| GUv nQ mgZiY bv Pjvi GKUv D`vniY| ZiY KgZ _vKjI hnZz ZiY
AvQ ZvB eM wK evoZ _vKe| hLb fiUv wsqi Avmj `N G cuQve ZLb
0 KvRB ej
0 Ges ZiY 0 A_vvr eM Avi ew cve bv| wK ew bv cjI
Gi gvS wK eM mevP gvb eo MQ KvRB GUvi _g hvevi Kvbv myhvM bB| GUv
wsUvK msKzwPZ KiB PjZ _vKe| hLb wsUvK msKvPb Kie ZLb wsUv Dvw`K
ej cqvM Ki fiUvK _vgvbvi Pv Kie| Abfve ejv hvq Gevi Dvw`K ZiY (ev
g`b) nZ i Kie Ges fiUvi MwZ KgZ i Kie| hLb Avevi `~iZ wsUvK
msKvPb Kie ZLb eM KgZ KgZ k~b nq hve|
wsUv hnZy msKywPZ nq AvQ mUv wK
fiUvK Wvb w`K ej cqvM KiB hvQ, KvRB
ZiY Zwi ne Ges Avevi eM evoZ _vKe,
Ze Gevi Dv w`K| Gfve cyiv cwqvUv
evievi NUZB _vKe| QweZ hiKg `Lvbv
nqQ|
D`vniY 3.13: cw_exi gvSLvb w`q hw` GKUv
dzUv Ki Zzwg Svc `vI (Qwe 3.12) Zvnj Kx
ne?
Di: wVK wsqi gZv GLvbI GKB evcvi
ne, iZ Zvgvi eM k~b Av Av mUv
evoZ _vKe K` mePq ewk, Zvici mUv
KgZ _vKe Ab cvk cuQvZ cuQvZ eM
k~b nq hve| Zvici w`Ki cwieZb ne, Avevi
GKB evcvi| Zvi gvb Zzwg GK w`K _K
Abw`K hZ AvmZ _vKe|
Zvgiv `LZB cvQ wsqi ejvq ejUv wQj
GLvb
hLvb
/
ej71
wbDUbi ZZxq m~ : hLb GKwU e Ab GKwU ei Ici ej cqvM Ki ZLb mB
ewUI c_g ewUi Ici wecixZ w`K mgvb ej cqvM Ki|
c`v_wevbi eBq mvaviYZ hfve wbDUbi ZZxq m~ jLv nq, cZKwU wqvi (action)
GKUv mgvb Ges wecixZ cwZwqv (reaction) _vK, Avgiv GLvb mfve wjwLwb| Avgv`i
GZY ej mK LvwbKUv aviYv nqQ nVvr
Ki ejK wqv wKsev cwZwqv ejj
wevw nZ cvi! Zvi PvBZ eo K_v hviv
b~Zb c`v_wevb kL Zv`i c_g ckB nq h
hw` mKj wqvi (Kvbv GKwU ej) GKwU
wecixZ cwZwqv (AviKwU ej) _vK Zvnj
wqv-cwZwqv GK AciK KvUvKvwU Ki k~b
nq hvq bv Kb! GRb ZZxq m~wUZ Lye
Ki wjL `qv `iKvi h ZZxq m~ ejQ h
hw` `ywU e Ges _vK Zvnj hLb
eji Dci ej cqvM Ki ZLb ej cqvM
Ki
Gi Ici! wecixZ `ywU ej wfb wfb
eZ KvR Ki KLbvB GK eZ bq| hw` Qwe3.12:cw_exi gvSLvb w`q Qo `qv GKRb
GKB eZ `ywU ej cqvM Kiv nZv ay gvbyl Dci wbP KiZ _vKe|
ZvnjB GK AbK KvUvKvwU KiZ cviZ|
GLvb KvUvKvwUi Kvbv myhvM bB|
KqKUv D`vniY w`j welqUv cwivi ne| aiv hvK Ici _K Avgiv fii GKUv
e Qo w`qwQ (Qwe 3.13)| Avgiv Rvwb cw_exi gvavKlY eji Rb
fi cw_exi w`K
GKUv ej Abyfe Kie:
ej
72
GLvb
KvRB
nQ cw_exi fi Ges
nQ cw_exi ZiY
hw` cw_exi fi
5.98 10
nq Zvnj Avgiv hw` 1
_K Qo w`B Zvi Rb cw_exi ZiY ne
1.6
10
ej73
ej
74
Kie Ges cv_iUvZ `ywU mgvb Ges wecixZ ej GK AbK KvUvKvwU Ki jw k~b Ki
`e| wVK GKBfve wsUvi Ab AskI gvwUK ej cqvM Kie, gvwUI wecixZ w`K ej
cqvM Kie! KvRB cZKUv eZB `yUv wecixZ ej GK AbK KvUvKvwU Ki wi Aevq
_vKe|
^vfvweK fveB Zvgiv ck KiZ cvi, Avgiv hLb gvwUZ GKUv cv_i ivwL wKsev hLb
GKUv Pqvi ewm ZLb Zv Avmj gvSLvb Kvbv ws _vK bv ZLb Kx nq? ws bv
_vKjI ws h `vwqZUv cvjb Ki KwVb e cqvRb GKUz weKZ, wePzZ, evuKv (deform)
nq mB KvRUzKz Ki dj! KvRB KwVb e wsqi gZvB cvv GKUv ej mieivn Ki|
D`vniY 3.14: (a) aiv hvK Zywg m~Y NlYnxb GKUv mgZj `uvwoq AvQ| Zvgvi IRb
50 Ges Zvgvi mvgb GKUv 100 fii cv_i| Zzwg wVK Kij Zzwg cv_iUvK 50
ej w`q avv w`q GK gv_v _K Ab gv_vq wbq hve| 10 ci cv_iUvi eM KZ ne?
(Qwe 3.16)
Di: Zzwg hLb cv_iUvK
50
ej w`q avv `e
cv_iUvI wK wbDUbi ZZxq
m~ Abyhvqx ZvgvK 50 ej
w`q avv `e| cv_iUvi ZiY
ne Wvb w`K
50
100
/
0.5
/
KvRB Zzwg Ges cv_i `ywU `yw`K mi hve! cv_iUvK avv w`q GK gv_v _K Ab gv_vq
Zzwg wbq hZ cvie bv! KviY cv_i Avi Zvgvi fZi GKUv `~iZ Zwi nq hve KvRB
Uvbv 10 cv_iUvK avv `qv me bv!
(b) aiv hvK Zzwg 2 cv_iUvK avv w`Z ciQ ZLb Kx ne?
Di : 2 G cv_iUvi eM eo ne:
ej75
0 0.5
Gici c_iUv 1 / mgeM hZ _vKe|
1 /
2 G Zvgvi eM ne :
0 1 2 /
Gi ci Zzwg 2 / mgeM wcQb mi hZ _vKe|
2 /
ej
76
`yUv Zj`ki gvS NlY nQ) AbK gmY gb nq wK AbyexY h w`q `Lj `Lv hve
(Qwe 3.18) me Zj`kB Geov_eov Ges GB Geov_eov Askjvi Askjv GK
AbK k Ki ev LuvRjv GK Abi mv_ AvUK hvq mUvi KviYB MwZ evavcv nq Ges
Avgiv ewj wecixZ w`K _K NlY eji Rb nqQ| hw` `yUv Zj`kK Aviv Pvc `qv nq
Zvnj Geov_eov Ask Aviv ewk GK AbK k Kie, GKwUi LuvR AbwUi Aviv Mfxi
LuvR XzK hve Ges NlY ej Aviv eo hve|
NlYi Rb Zvc mw nq| mUv AbK mgqB mgmv| hgb Mvwoi wmwjvi wcbK
IVvbvgv Kivi mgq mLvb NlYi Rb Zvci mw nq Avi mB Zvc wbqY Kivi Rb Mvwoi
BwbK kxZj ivLZ nq| ZvB mLvb NlY Kgvbvi Rb bvbv aibi eev bqv nq|
wK Zvgiv hb gb bv Kiv Avgiv me mgqB NlY ej KgvZ PvB| Zvgiv wbqB
KLbv bv KLbv Kv`vi gvS Kvbv Mvwo ev UvK AvUK hZ `LQ| ZLb Mvwoi PvKv NyijI
NlY Kg ej Kv`v _K Mvwo ev UvK DV AvmZ cvi bv, PvKv wcQwjq hvq| NlY evwoq
AbK K Ki Mvwo ev UvKK Zzj AvbZ nq| m Rb Mvwoi PvKvi hb ivvi mv_ NlY ej
AbK ewk nq Zvi Rb AbK Pv Kiv nq, Mvwoi Uvqvi AbK aibi LuvR KvUv nq| hviv
Mvwo Pvjvq Zviv me mgq j ivL Zv`i Uvqvii LuvR Kg gmY nq hvQ wK bv KviY ZLb
eK Kivi ciI Mvwo bv _g wcQj GwMq hve! wVK GKB KviY Avgv`i RyZvi Zjvq
AbK aibi LuvR _vK hb wcQj bv hvB|
AbK aibi NlY ej iqQ, c`v_wevb ei eM Ges MwZZ wwZ NlY Ges MwZ
NlY eo f~wgKv cvjb Ki| `yUv e GK Abi mvc wi _vKv Aevq h NlY ej _vK
mUv nQ wwZ NlY (staticfriction)| `yUv e GK Abi mvc Pjgvb nj mvaviYZ
NlY ej GKUy Kg hvq Ges mUvK ej MwZ NlY (DynamicFriction)
D`vniY 3.15:NlYnxb GKwU mgZj hw` Kvbv fi
Kb Zvi Dci ej cqvM Kiv nj Zvi ZiY ne
hw` ewk nq Zvnj ZiY ne Kg, hw` Kg nq ZiY ne ewk| fiwU h mgZj AvQ
mLvb hw` NlY _vK Zvnj `Lv hve ej cqvM KijB ZiY nQ bv, GKUv wbw` ej
cqvM Kiv nj nVvr Ki fiwU boZ i Ki| GB nQ NlYRwbZ ej| KvRB Kv_vI
hw` NlY _vK Zvnj Avgv`i wjLZ ne
hZ ewk ne NlY
ej77
hw` 10
fii GKUv eK 5
Di:
10
9.8
98
5
0.05
98
ej
78
Abykxjbx
ck :
1. Pj Ub _K bvgvi Pv Kij Zzwg Kb mvgbi w`K AvQvo Lq
co?
2. Qwe3.19G `Lvbv myZvq nuvPKv Uvb w`j myZvwU wQoe axi axi
Uvb w`j myZvwU wQoe| Kb?
3. ewk fii ei IRb ewk ev ej ewk ZvB Dci _K Qo w`j
Zvi ZiY ekx ne K_vwU wK mwZ?
4. Zzwg GKwU wjdUi fZi IRb gvcvi hi Ici `vuwoq AvQ|
wjdUi Kvej wQo Mj Zvgvi IRb KZ `Lve ?
5. cyivcywi NlYnxb GKUv c GKUv cv_iK `wo w`q eua Ub
wbRi w`K Avbvi Pv Kij Kx ne?
MvwYwZK mgmv :
1. Qwe3.20G `Lvbv 1
fii GKwU eMmgq jLwP ev Mvd `Lvbv nqQ| ej-mgq
jLwPwU AvuK|
2. wi Aevq _vKv 5
fii GKUv ei Ici 10 ej 2 KvR KiQ Zvi 5 ci
5 20 GKwU ej 3 KvR KiQ| ewU KZUzKz `~iZ AwZg KiQ?
3. wi Aevq _vKv 10
fii GKUv ei
Ici 10 ej KvR KiQ Zvi 10
ci 20 ej wecixZ w`K 5 KvR
KiQ| ewU KZUzKz `~iZ AwZg
KiQ?
4. GKwU bKv _K Zzwg 10 / eM Zxi
jvd w`qQ| Zvgvi fi 50 , bKvi
fi 100
nj bKvwU Kvb w`K KZ
eM hve?
5. gSZ ivLv GKwU KvVi UzKivi NlY
Qwe3.20: eM I mgqi GKwU jLwP
mnM Gi gvb 0.01, KvVi fi 10
nj mUvK bvovZ KZ ej cqvM KiZ ne? KvVi Dci 100
fii GKwU cv_i
ivLv nj KZv ej cqvM Ki bvovbv me? gS NlY nxb nj Kx nZv?
PZz_ Aavq
KvR, gZv I kw
(WorkPowerandEnergy)
AvBRvK wbDUb
IssacNewton(16421727)
80KvR, gZv I kw
cos
_K
Di: (a) Z KvR nqQ KviY eji w`K miY nqQ| (b) Z ej Ges miY wecixZgyLx
KvRB wbMwUf KvR nqQ A_vr cqvM Kiv ej KvR Kiwb, cqvM Kiv eji Ici KvR
nqQ (c) Z Kvbv KvR nqwb KviY ej Avi miY ciii Ici j^ (d) ej KvR
KiQ KviY miYi w`K GB eji GKUv Ask iqQ|
Ges miY
D`vniY 4.2: cw_exi gvavKlY eji Rb Puv` cw_exK wNi NyiQ, KZ KvR nQ?
Di: Kvbv KvRB nQ bv KviY Pv`i MwZ gvavKlY eji mv_ 90 0 KvY Ki _vK|
D`vniY 4.3: fvi DvjbKvix hLb GKwU fvix eviej Dci Zzj ai ivL (Qwe 4.3) ZLb
Kvbv KvR Kiv nQ bv, Zvnj cwikg nq Kb?
Di: Zvi KviY eviejUv GKevi wi _vK bv,
kixi, nvZ hZ KgB nvK Kb nq, fvix eviej GKUz
wbP bvg Avevi Dci ZzjZ nq ZvB cZKevi mB
A GKUz Dci ZzjZ wMq KvR KiZ nq|
D`vniY 4.4: Zvgvi fi 50
Zzwg 10 Zvjv
wewsqi Dci DVQ, Zzwg KZ KvR KiQ? (cwZ
Zvjvi DPZv 3 )
Di: Zvgvi fi 50
nj IRb 50 9.8
490 GB IRb GKUv ej, mUv wbPi w`K KvR
KiQ| Zzwg hw` Dci DVZ PvI Zvnj ZvgvK
GB eji mgvb GKUv ej Dcii w`K cqvM Ki
wbRK Dci ZzjZ ne|
14.7
82KvR, gZv I kw
Di: 10
fii IRb
10
9.8 /
980 (a) hw` GUvK
10
DuPzZ ZzjZ nq Zvnj Dcii w`K 980 ej cqvM KiZ ne| Kwc Kji
gvag GKRb mB 980 cqvM Ki fiUvK Dci ZzjQ|
ej Ges miY GKB w`K KvRB KvR
980
10
9800
(
b
)
n
Zz
f
i
U
v
Qwe 4.4: Lvovfve Ges 45 Kvb GKwU fiK Dci Ub Dci Zvjv nQ
45
KvYi XvjyZ ivLv AvQ KvRB GUvK Ub ZzjZ Kg ej cqvM Kiv me ne :
sin45
eji w`K `~iZ nQ
sin45
980
10
sin45
980
10
sin45
sin45
9800
Avgiv AvMi Aavq NlY eji K_v cowQ| NlY ej Kx cwigvY KvR Ki? aiv hvK
GKUv ei fi
Ges mUvi Ici ej cqvM Ki `~iZ bqv njv, KvRB ej viv
Kiv KvR
wK GB mgq NlY ej KvR KiQ Dv w`K ZvB miY ev AwZv `~iZ NUQ NlY ej
Gi wecixZ w`K| ZvB NlY ej w`q Kiv KvR nQ
KvR Kivi cwigvY bMwUf| Zvnj Avgiv `LwQ GKUv ej abvZK ev cwRwUf cwigvY KvR
KiZ cvi, Avevi FYvZK ev wbMwUf cwigvY KvRI KiZ cvi? cwRwUf Ges wbMwUf
cwigvY KvR Kivi A_ Kx?
GB welqUv evSvi AvM Avgv`i kw mK cwivi GKUv aviYv _vKZ ne|
4.2 kw (Energy)
Avgv`i `bw`b RxebI Avgiv kw kUv AbKfve eenvi Kwi wK c`v_wevbi fvlvZ
kw kUvi GKUv wbw` A_ AvQ| mvaviY gyLi fvlvq ej cqvM Kiv Avi kw cqvM Kivi
gvS Kvbv cv_K bB, wK c`v_wevbi fvlvq GB `ywU evKvsk m~Y wfb welq evSvq|
ej ejZ Kx evSvq mUv Avgiv AvMi Aavq co GmwQ, GB Aavq kw ejZ Kx evSvq
mUv wbq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
kw ejZ Kx evSvq Avgv`i mevi gvS Zvi GKUv fvmvfvmv aviYv AvQ, KviY Avgiv
K_vevZvq we`yr kw, Zvc kwi K_v ej _vwK| gvS gvS Avgiv ivmvqwbK kw ev wbDwKqvi
kwi K_vI b _vwK| AvjvK kw wnme mfve ejv bv njI Avgiv Abygvb KiZ cvwi
AvjvI nQ GK aibi kw| `bw`b K_vevZvq h kwUvi K_v Lye ewk ejv nq bv wK
c`v_wevb AmsLevi h kwi K_v ejv ne mUv nQ MwZ kw! KvRB Avgv`i aviYv nZ
cvi cKwZZ eywS AbK aibi kw AvQ, wK gRvi evcvi nQ me kwB wK GK Ges
Avgiv ay GK aibi kwK Ab aibi kwZ icvi Kwi! Zvnj kwUv Kx?
kw nQ KvR Kivi gZv! ay ZvB bv hLb Kvbv ei Ici Kvbv ej cqvM Ki
abvZK KvR Kiv nq ZLb mB ejwU Avmj ewUi gvS GKUv kw mw Ki| ewUi gvS
hUzKz kw mw nq ej cqvM Kivi mgq h ej cqvM KiQ ZvK wVK ZZUzKz kw w`Z nq!
`iKvi nj Zzwg GB evKUv Aviv KqKevi co KviY GUv c`v_wevbi Lye iZc~Y GKUv
welq!
84KvR, gZv I kw
^vfvweKfveB ck DVe Zvnj wbMwUf KvR gvb Kx? hLb Kvbv ej Kvbv wKQzi
Ici wbMwUf KvR Ki ZLb eySZ ne mB ejwU ewUi kw mwiq wbqQ! wKsev h ej
cqvM KiQ Zvi Kvbv kw w`Z ne bv Dv m LvwbKUv kw cq hve! NlYi mgq NlY
ej wbMwUf KvR Kivi A_ GLb wbqB eySZ cviQ, NlY ej eUvi LvwbKUv kw wbq wbQ
(hUv nqZv Zvc kwZ icvi nQ)| aiv hvK GKUv Mvwo Zvgvi w`K AvmQ, Zywg
MvwoUvK _vgvbvi Rb Dvw`K ej cqvM KiQ wK ZviciI MvwoUv ZvgvK `~iZ
Vj wbq Mj| KvRB MvwoUv Zvgvi `qv eji Dvw`K `~iZ AwZg KiQ| KvRi
cwigvY
, A_vr Zzwg MvwoUvK kw `vIwb, MvwoUvi kw wbq wbqQ| Zzwg hw` ej cqvM
bv KiZ Zvnj MwZ kw Aviv ewk nZv Zzwg kwUv Kwgq w`qQ|
D`vniY 4.6: GKUv cv_ii Ici 100 ej
cqvM Ki 10 wbq MQ NlY ej hw` wecixZ
w`K 10
nq Zvnj Zzwg KZUzKz KvR KiQ?
NlY ej KZUzKz KvR KiQ? (Qwe 4.5)
Di: Zzwg
100
1000
1 KvR KiQ|
NlY ej
10
100 KvR KiQ|
10
10
9.8
490
KvRB GB fiwUi Ici KvR Kiv nqQ Ges fiwU kw ARb KiQ|
9.8
490
A_vr GB fiwU _K 490 kw wbq bqv nQ| eySZB cvQ Wvb w`Ki fiwU _K 490
kw wbq evg w`Ki fiwUZ `qv nqQ|
10
10
KvRB 10 ci eM
1 /
10
10 /
1
2
10
10
500
1 /
1
2
10
20
20
2000
20 /
86KvR, gZv I kw
D`vniY 4.9: 10 fii GKwU eK ej cqvM Ki MwZkxj Kivq Zvi MwZ kw nqQ
80 , ewUi eM KZ?
Di: MwZkw
1
2
2
80
80
4 /
160
10
Avgiv AvM ejwQ KvR Kivi gZv nQ kw| Avgiv mevB Rvwb Kvbv e MwZkxj nj mUv
Ab eK avv w`q mUvKI MwZkxj Ki LvwbKUv `~iZ Vj wbq hZ cvi| Ab eK
MwZkxj Ki djvi A_ wbqB mLvb ej cqvM nqQ Ges mB eji Rb LvwbKUv `~iZ
hvIqvi A_ wbqB mLvb KvR nqQ! KvRB Avgiv wbwZfve ejZ cvwi MwZi Rb ei
h kw nq mUv wbqB GK aibi kw ev MwZ kw| Avgiv ivvNvU h fqsKi `yNUbv NUZ
_vwK mLvb h qwZ nq Zvi cavb KviY GB MwZ kw| GKUv evm-UvK ev Mvwo hLb cP
eM QzUZ _vK ZLb Zvi AbK eo MwZ kw _vK| AvKwmWUi mgq GB cyiv kwUv w`q
Mvwo fOPzi hvq, cP avvq gvbyl gviv hvq|
MwZ kwZ Gi eM iqQ hvi A_ hw` Kvb Mvwoi eM wY Ki djv nq Zvnj
kwi cwigvY wK wY nq bv, PviY nq| GRb Mvwoi MwZ evovbv GZ wecbK wec`wU
eM wnme evo|
Gevi Avgiv `wL Kb Kvb eZ KvR Kiv nj mLvb kw mw nq| aiv hvK ej
fii Ici cqvM Ki `~iZ wbq Mj| A_vr KvRi cwigvY :
GLvb
KvRB
ej cqvM Kivi AvM hw`
KvRB
wK Avgiv Rvwb
2
2
GUv `LvI|
Di: MwZ kwi m~jv ei Kivi mgq Avgiv `LwQ
2
`yB cvk
w`q Y `vI
1
2
GLvb
wKsev
wjL
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
wK
1
2
1
2
1
2
KvRB
Avgiv `LwQ ej cqvM Kiv nj fi eMi cwieZb nq| hw` GK ev GKvwaK e MwZkxj
_vK Ges evBi _K hw` Zv`i Ici Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv bv nq Zvnj Zv`i mwwjZ fi
eMi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv| hw` wbR`i gvS avv avw nq Zvnj GKwUi fieM eo
hZ cvi AbwUi Kg hZ cvi wK mwwjZfve Zv`i fieMi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv|
GUvi bvg fieMi wbZZv (momentumconservation) |
88KvR, gZv I kw
fieMi Rb hUv mwZ MwZkwi RbI mUv mwZ| hw` Kv_vI GK ev GKvwaK
Kvbv e MwZkxj _vK Zvnj Zv`i GKUv mwwjZ MwZ kw _vKe| hw` evBi _K Zv`i
Ici Kvbv ej cqvM Kiv bv nq Zvnj Zv`i GB mwwjZ MwZkwi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv|
GKwUi mv_ AbwUi avv avw nq wbR`i KvbvwUi MwZ kw eo hZ cvi KvbvwUi
Kg hZ cvi wK mwwjZ MwZkw AcwiewZZ _vKe| GUvi bvg kwi wbZZv (energy
conservation)
. . . . . (1)
. . . . . .(2)
wKsev
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
wKsev
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . (5)
A_vr
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)
GLb (6) K (4) w`q fvM w`B:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7)
(7) K
2
GLvb _K
ei Kiv hvq|
2
90KvR, gZv I kw
ei KiZ cvwi
2
Gi eM ei Kivi Rb
Gi eM0
G
Gi eM
ewmq:
msNli ci
Gi eM
Ges
2
0 ewmq:
A_vr hw` wi GKUv gvejK wZxq Ab GKUv (mgvb fii) gvej w`q VvKv `qv nq Zvnj
wZxq gvejUv wi nq hve, c_gUv mB eM wbq ei nq hve| welqUv mwZ wK bv Zvgiv
GLbB cixv Ki `LZ cvi|
MwZkxj nvjKv ei mv_ wi fvix ei msNl :
A_vr
Gi fi
_K GZ ewk h
wi (A_vr
0)
0 emvI
1
0
m2
= 0 emvI
m1
0 1
1 0
A_vr
fiwU h eM
G AvNvZ KiQ mB eM Dv w`K wdi Avme| Zzwg QvU
GKUv Uwbm ej `vwoq _vKv wekvj GKUv UvKi Mvq Qzo gviv, `Le Uwbm ejUv avv Lq
wVK Zvgvi w`K wdi Avme|
MwZkxj fvix ei mv_ nvjKv wi ei msNl :
A_vr
Gi fi
_K GZ ewk h
0)
wi (A_vr
Avevi
1
2
1
1
0 1
1 0
m2
= 0 emvI
m1
1 0
1 0
0
A_vr wekvj GKUv UvK ( ) hw` `uvwoq _vKv QvU GKUv mvBKjK ( ) AvNvZ Ki Zvnj
UvKi MwZi Kvbv cwieZb ne bv, wK mvBKjUv UvKi MwZi wY MwZZ wQUK hve!
Avgiv gv wZbwU D`vniY w`qwQ Zvgiv G iKg Aviv bvbv aibi D`vniY wbZ
cviv, GKUv fvix Ges GKUv nvjKv Mvwoi gyLvgywL msNl nj KvbUvi fieMi KZ cwieZb
nq ei KiZ cvq, mLvb _K KvbUvi ewk wZ nq mUvI Zzwg Abygvb KiZ cvie|
92KvR, gZv I kw
D`vniY 4.11: 50,000
50 , Zywg 30 /
ne?
50,000
Ges mvBKji fi
50 nj
50
0.001
50,000
GUvK k~b ai bqv hZ cvi| KvRB MwZkxj nvjKv ei mv_ wi fvix ei msNli
D`vniY _K ejZ cvwi UvKi eM v1 = 0 m s Ges mvBKji eM
v2 = 30 km hour
Di: UvKi fi
Ges mvBKji fi
KvRB
60
60,000
0.001
eM hZ hZ 60
60
120
50,000
, eM
60 1000
60 60
Mvwoi fi
nj|
16.67
1000 , eM
16.67 / hnZz wecixZ w`K _K AvmQ ZvB wbMwUf ai bqv
1000
50,000
0.02
GwU Lye QvU bq| KvRB GUvK k~b bv aiZ cvie bv|
1000
16.67
50,000
50,000 1000
15.36 /
1000
16.67
50,000
16.67
1000 50,000
50,000 1000
48.70
16.67
94KvR, gZv I kw
Avgiv hviv ws eenvi KiwQ Zviv Abygvb KiZ cviwQ h msKywPZ wsqi fZi
wbqB kwUzKz jywKq iqQ| KviY Avgiv Rvwb msKzwPZ wsUvi mvgb GKUv
fii e
iL wsUv Qo w`j wsUv fiUvi Ici ej cqvM Ki GKUv `~iZ AwZg KivZ cviZ
hvi A_ KvR KivZ cviZ| A_vr GwU GKwU kw, MwZkw bv njI GwU Ab GK aibi kw|
GB aibi mwZ kwK ej wefe kw (potentialenergy)|
Avgiv BQ Kij wefe kwi cwigvYUvI ei KiZ cvie| ej Ges `~iZi Ydj
nQ KvR, Avyj w`q hUzKz ej `qv nqQ mUv hw` me mgq mgvb nZv Zvnj KvRUv mnR
nZv, wK Avgiv Rvwb wsqi ejvq mUv mwZ bv| ws h ej cqvM Ki Zvi cwigvY nQ
A_vr ewk nj Gi gvb ewk, Kg nj Gi gvb Kg| (gvBbvm mvBb _vKvi KviY
Avgiv eySZ cviwQ hw`K msKzwPZ Kiv nq ejUv Zvi Dvw`K KvR Ki|) hnZz ejUv me
mgq mgvb bq ZvB Avgiv c_g GKUv Mo (average) ej
ai wbq KvRi cwigvYUv ei
KiZ cvwi| hnZz hw`K ej cqvM Kiv nqQ AwZv `~iZ mB w`K ZvB KvR
cwRwUf| hw` Avgiv
`~iZ ch msKvPb Kwi Zvnj
0
1
2
msKvPb
1
2
1
2
KvRB
10
500
500
2 500
100,000
1
100
0.1
Avgiv hLb Kvbv wKQyK Dci Zzwj ZLbv mUv wefe kw ARb Ki| GK UzKiv cv_i Ici
_K Qo w`j mUv wbP bvgvi mgq Zvi MwZ evoZ _vK ZvB mUvi gvS MwZ kwi Rb
nq| GwU me nq KviY cv_iUv hLb Dci wQj ZLb GB Dci Aevbi Rb Zvi gvS GK
aibi wefe kw Rgv nqwQj| GKUv cv_iK Dci Zvjv nj Zvi fZi Kx cwigvY wefe
kw Rgv nq GLb mUvI Avgiv ei KiZ cvwi| eySZB cviQ GKUv eK Dci ZzjZ nj
h cwigvY KvR KiZ nq mUvB wefe kw wnme cv_ii gvS Rgv nq hve| KvRi cwigvY
nj
GLvb nQ chy ej Ges nQ DPZv| ejwU Avgv`i cqvM KiZ nq Dcii w`K
Ges AwZv `~iZI Dcii w`K, KvRB
cwRwUf| Dci Zvjvi Rb h ej cqvM KiZ
nq Zvi gvb wsqi eji gZv cwieZb nq bv Ges GB ejwU cv_iwUi IRbi mgvb|
cv_iwUi IRb
nj
Ges
gb ivLZ ne, cv_iwUi IRb GKwU ej Ges mwU wbPi w`K KvR Ki| cv_iUvK Dci
ZzjZ nj GB IRbi mgvb GKUv ej Avgv`i Dcii w`K cqvM KiZ nq|
fii GKUv cv_iK DPZvq Zyj Zvi wfZi wefe kw mw Ki hw` cv_iUvK
Qo w`B Zvnj mUv hLb wbPi w`K `~iZ bg Avme ZLb Zvi fZi Kx cwigvY MwZ
kw Rb be?
kw Awebki, ZvB Zvi wefe kwi cyivUzKzB MwZ kwZ cwiYZ ne| Avgiv Rvwb
MwZ kw nQ
96KvR, gZv I kw
1
2
mwZ K_v ejZ Kx Avgiv co ei mgxKiY ei Kivi mgq e GB m~wU BZvga GKevi
ei KiwQjvg! kwi aviYv w`q w`q m~Y Abfve Avgiv Avevi GKB m~ ei KiwQ!
D`vniY 4.15: 10
Dci DVe?
Di: GwU AvM MwZ m~ w`q Kiv nqQ| GLb kwi icvi w`q Kiv hZ cvi|
MwZkw :
1
1
10 100
50,000
2
2
ewU hLb h DPZvq cuQve ZLb hw` cyiv MwZkwwU wefe kwZ icvwiZ nq Zvnj,
50,000
50,000
10 9.8
50,000
510
Zvgv`i evSvbvi Rb GLvb 10 fi K_vwU ejv nqQ| GUv wK fii Dci wbfi
Ki bv| hKvb fiK 100 / eM Dci Qzo w`j Avgiv GB Di cve|
D`vniY 4.16: 5 fii GKUv eK 50 / eM Dcii w`K Qzo w`j Kvb DPZvq
Gi wefe kw Ges MwZ kw mgvb ne?
Di: ewUi cv_wgK MwZ kw
1
2
1
2
50
6,250
6250
2
6250
2 5 9.8
63.78
Zvgiv wbqB Abygvb KiQ GB mgmvwUI Avmj fii gvbi Dci wbfi Ki bv|
Qwe 4.9: GKwU fimshy xs msKywPZ Ges cmvwiZ nQ, MwZ kw Ges wefe kwi gvS kw
wewbgq nQ
98KvR, gZv I kw
KgZ _vK Ges MwZ kw evoZ _vK| gvwU k Kivi c~e gyn~Z cyiv kwUvB MwZ kwZ
icvwiZ nq| wK gvwUK k Kivi ci cv_iwU hLb _g hvq ZLb Zvi fZi wefekwI
_vK bv MwZ kwI _vK bv Zvnj kwUzKz Kv_vq hvq?
Zvgiv wbqB j KiQ cv_iUv hLb gSZ AvNvZ Ki ZLb mwU k Ki, hLvb
AvNvZ KiQ mLvb Zvci mw Ki A_vr MwZkwUzKz k kw ev Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nq
hvq|
wefe kw Ges MwZ kwi GK aibi kw _K Ab aibi kwZ icvii
D`vniYwU Lye PgKc` KviY wVK wVKfve eev Kiv nj GwU GKwU _K AbwUZ icvwiZ
nq kl nq hvq bv| wefe kw _K MwZ kw Avevi MwZ kw _K wefe kw GB icvi
Qwe 4.10:GKwU czjvg `yjQ, gvU kw MwZkw Ges wefe kwi gvS vb e`j KiQ|
cwqv PjZB _vK| Avgiv Gi gvSB Zvi GKwU D`vniY `LwQ, wsqi mv_ GKwU fiK
Ryo `qv| Qwe 4.9 G Kxfve fii MwZ kw Ges wsqi wefe kw GKwU _K AbwUZ
GKwU wsqi mv_ jvMvbv GKwU fiK msKzwPZ Ki Qo w`j AbKvj GwUi mvgb
wcQb hvevi K_v, wVK m iKg GKwU czjvg `ywjq Qo w`jI mwU AbKvj `yjZ _vKvi
K_v| eve mUv KLbvB NU bv, Av Av mUv _g hvq| Zvi KviY me mgqB NlY ej
_vK Ges GB NlY ej Avmj kwUzKz wbq mUvK Zvc kwZ icvwiZ Ki axi axi
kwUzKy LiP Ki dj| NlY h Zvc Zwi nq Avgiv wbRiv mUv Rvwb, kxZi w`b nvZ Nl
Avgiv mevB KLbv bv KLbv nvZK Mig KiwQ|
KvRB kwi icvi LyeB ^vfvweK GKUv cwqv| Avgiv wewfb aibi kwi icvii Aviv
KqKwU D`vniY w`B :
100KvR, gZv I kw
(ii) ivmvqwbK kw
kw icvii D`vniY wnme iZc~Y kw wbqB ivmvqwbK kw| Avgiv Avgv`i evmvq
ivbv Kivi Rb h Mvm eenvi Kwi mUv ivmvqwbK kwi Zvc kwZ icvii D`vniY| m
KviY Avgv`i evmvq e`ywZK kw mieivn Kivi mv_ mv_ MvmI mieivn Kiv nq|
ivmvqwbK kwK Zvc icvi Kivi KviY Avgiv AvjvI cq _vwK gvgevwZi Avjv Zvi
GKUv D`vniY| Mvm cUj wWRj ev G aibi Rvjvwb eenvi Ki Avgiv bvbviKg Bwb
hvwK kwZ icvwiZ nZ `wL hw`I fvjv Ki `Lj Avgiv `Le ivmvqwbK kw c_g
Zvc kw Ges mB Zvc kw hvwK kwZ icvwiZ nQ| Ze AvaywbK chywi hyM
ivmvqwbK kwi icvii mePq eo D`vniYwU nQ evUvwi hLvb GB kw e`ywZK kwZ
icvwiZ nq| gvevBj Uwjdvb _K i Ki Mvwo wKsev Nwo _K gnvKvkhvb Ggb Kvbv
RvqMv LuyR cvIqv hve bv hLvb evUvwi eenvi Ki ivmvqwbK kwK we`yr kwZ icvwiZ
Kiv nqwb| ivmvqwbK kwi mePq PgKc` D`vniY Aek Avgv`i ev Rxe cvYxi kixi
hLvb Lv` _K ivmvqwbK kw hvwK wKsev we`yr kwZ icvwiZ nq|
(iii) Zvc kw
cwigvYi w`K _K weePbv Kij wbtm`n cw_exZ mePq ewk kwi icvi nq Zvc kw
_K| hveZxq hi hveZxq Bwb Zvc kwK hvwK kwZ icvi Kiv nq| _vgvKvcj
(Thermocouple) (`ywU wfb avZe c`v_i mshvM j Zvc c`vb Kiv) mivmwi Zvc _K
we`yr Drcv`bi D`vniY _vKjI cKZ c cvq meB Zvc kw _K hvwK kw Ges
hvwK kw w`q we`yr kw Zwi Kiv nq| (cwiek iv Kivi Rb Avgiv AvRKvj kwi
AcPq KiZ PvB bv| ZvB Zvc w`q Avjv Zwi nq m iKg jvBU evj eenvi bv Ki AvRKvj
ewk we`yrmvkqx evj eenvi Kiv nq|) Avgiv gvgevwZ ev evji wdjvgU ZvcK AvjvK
kwZ icvwiZ nZ `wL|
(iv) hvwK kw
RbviUi hLb we`yr Zwi nq ZLb Avmj hvwK kw eenvi Ki Zvii KzzjxK P^K
Nywiq we`yr kwZ icvi Kiv nq| NlYi KviY me mgqB Zvc kw Zwi nQ,
mLvb Avmj hvwK kw Zvc kwZ icvwiZ nQ|
(v) AvjvK kw
Avjv nQ we`yr P^Kxq Zi Ges GB Zii GKUv wbw` gvvi Zi `N Avgiv PvL
`LZ cvB mUvK Avgiv Avjv ewj| Gi PvBZ ewk Ges Kg Zi `NI cKwZZ iqQ
Ges Avgiv bvbv fve ZwiI KiwQ| hgb gvBvIqf Ifb Avgiv GB we`yr P^Kxq
ZiK Zvc kwZ icvi Kwi| AvRKvj mvjvi mj eenvi Ki mivmwi Avjv _K we`yr
Zwi Kiv nq| GLb hw`I dUvMvwdK KvMR axi axi DV hvQ wK Avgiv mevB Rvwb AvjvK
mse`x dUvMvwdi wdj Avjvi DcwwZ ivmvqwbK kwi Rb `q|
(vi) fi
Zvgiv wbqB wewfb aibi kwi icvii gvS nVvr Ki fi kwU `L PgK DVQ|
Avgiv hLb kwK evSvB ZLb KLbv mivmwi fiK kw wnme Kbv Kwi bv wK
AvBbvBb Zvi AvcwK m~ w`q `wLqQb
Ges GB m~wU w`q fiK kwZ
icvii mvebvi K_v RvwbqQb| wbDwKqvi evgvZ fi _K kw icvi Kiv nqwQj,
mLvb cP Zvc Avjv Ges k kw wnivwkgv I bvMvwmwK kni asm Ki w`qwQj! kwi
icvii GB cwZwU ay evgvZ bq wbDwKqvi we`yrK`I eenvi Kiv nq| mivmwi Zvc
kw Zwi njI mB ZvcK eenvi Ki ev Ges evK eenvi Ki UvievBb Nywiq mB
UvievBb w`q RbviUi we`yr Zwi Kiv nq|
kwi GB aibi icvi Avgv`i Pvicvk NUZ _vKjI Avgv`i GKwU Lye iZc~Y
welq Rvbv `iKvi| kw _vKjB wK me mgq mB kw eenvi Kiv hvq bv| cw_exi mgy`
wekvj cwigvY Zvc kw iqQ mB kw Avgiv eenvi KiZ cvwi bv| (N~wYSo gvS gvS mB
kw bMi jvKvjq asm Ki `q!) Avevi hLbB kwK GKwU ic _K Ab ic cwieZb
Kiv nq ZLb LvwbKUv njI kwi AcPq nq| g~jZ GB AcPqUv nq Zvc kwZ Ges mUv
Avgiv eenvi Kivi Rb wdi cvB bv| kwi GB AcPqwU Avmj chywi mxgveZv bq GwU
c`v_wevbi eua `qv wbqg!
wevb kLvi c_wgK chvq AbKB GUv Rvb bv Ges Zviv GK kwK Ab kwZ
icvi Ki AbKvj Pjvi DchvMx GKUv gwkb Zwi Kivi Pv Ki (GKwU gvUi
RbviUiK Nywiq we`yr Zix KiQ mB we`yr w`qB Avevi gvUiwUK Nvivbv nQ GwU
AbKvj Pjvi GKwU gwkbi D`vniY hwU KLbvB KvR Kie bv!)
Avgiv AvMB `LwQ KvR Kivi A_ nQ kwi icvi| kwi hnZz asm bB ZvB KvR
Kivi gvS w`q kwi icvi Kiv nq gv ZvB BQ Kij Avgiv ejZ cvwi gZv nQ
kwi icvii nvi! KvR ev kw hnZz jvi ZvB gZvI jvi|
102KvR, gZv I kw
c`v_wevb wkLZ w`q Avgiv bvbv aibi ivwk mK RbwQ Zv`i GKKi bvg
RbwQ Ges Pv KiwQ cvq cZK mB ivwkwUi gvv mK RvbZ| gZv ivwkwU
Avgiv c_g RvbjI Gi GKKwU Avgv`i Lye cwiwPZ| hw` cwZ mK 1 Ryj KvR Kiv nq
Zvnj Avgiv ewj 1
(IqvU) KvR Kiv nqQ ev kwi icvi nqQ| Avgiv hw` 100
IqUi GKwU evwZ RvjvB Zvi A_ GB evwZZ cwZ mK 100
kw eq nQ| hLb
Avgiv Leii KvMR cwo `k 1000 gMvIqvUi wbDwKqvi we`yrK` Zwi nQ Zvi A_
GLvb cwZ mK 1000 10 we`yr kw Drcv`b Kiv ne|
D`vniY 4.18: Zvgvi fi 20
Zvgvi bv`ym by`ym ezi fi 30 . aiv hvK Zvgvi
zji wmuwo w`q 10 Dcii Qv` DVZ Zvgvi mgq jMQ 50 , Zvgvi ez Zvgvi
_K 10 ci Qv` DVQ| Zzwg AvM DVQ mwZ wK Kvi gZv ewk?
Di: Zvgvi fi 20
Zvgvi ezi fi 30
Zvgiv `yRbB 10
196
294
20 9.8
30 9.8
, KvRB IRb
KvRB Zvi IRb
196
10
294 10
1960
50
2940
50 10
1960
2940
39.2
49
KvRB ezK nvwiq w`qQ ej Zvgvi Avbw`Z nevi wKQz bB, Zvgvi ezi gZv Zvgvi
_K ewk!
D`vniY 4.19: gZv ejZ Avgiv Kx evSvB mUv fvjv Ki Abyfe Kivi Rb Avgiv GKUv
D`vniY wbB| aiv hvK Zzwg 1000 kg fii GKUv eo cv_iK Dci Zvjvi Rb GKUv b
fvov Ki GbQ| GB bwU h Kvbv eK mK 2 Ub wbZ cvi| aiv hvK
bwUi gZv 5
. Zywg wK cv_iwUK Dci ZzjZ cvie?
Qwe 4.11: GKwU b w`q Lvovfve Ges Kvb GKUv eK Dci Zvjvi
Pv Kiv nQ|
Di:
gZv
wK
hLvb
fii GKwU eK 2
1000
9.8
1.96
10
5
5
10
10
9.8
nq
1.96
10
1.96
10
104KvR, gZv I kw
5 10
1.96 10
0.255
A_vr
14.8
c` kw - kwi AcPq
c` kw
100%
fii eK
9.8 10
9,800
15,000
9,800
5,200
9,800
15,000
100%
65.3%
Zvgiv b AevK ne GKUv we`yrK` we`yr Drcv`b Kivi mgq cwZwU avcB kwi AcPq
nq Ges mejv AcPq wnme bqvi ci we`yrK`i Kg`Zv 30% G bg AvmZ cvi!
D`vniY 4.21: cZKwU avc 10% AcPq nj Pvi avc KZ Kg`Zv?
Di: 90%
65.6%
106KvR, gZv I kw
`yfvebvq bB, Zvi KviY gvbyl gvUvgywU wbwZfveB Rvb wevb Avi chyw eenvi Ki Gi
gvS Ab wKQy ei Ki djv ne hgb wbDwKqvi wdDmvb, hUv eenvi Ki m~h wKsev
biv Zv`i kw Zwi Ki| wdDmvbi Rb Rvjvwb Avm nvBWvRbi GKUv AvBmvUc
_K, Avi cvwbi cZKUv AYyZ `yUv Ki nvBWvRb, KvRB mUv dzwiq hvevi Kvbv Avkv
bB|
4.8.2 bevqbhvM kw (RenewableEnergy)
ay h fwelZ b~Zb aibi kwi Ici gvbyl fimv Ki AvQ Zv bq, GB gynZI Zviv
Ggb kwi Ici fimv Ki AvQ hjv KLbv dzwiq hve bv| mB kw Avm m~hi Avjv
_K, mgy`i Rvqvi-fvUv wKsev XD _K, Dby cvii evZvm _K, cw_exi Mfxii D
gvMgv _K wKsev b`xi engvb cvwb _K| Avgv`i eySZ Kvbv Amyweav nq bv h GB
kwjv ejZ Mj Adzi| GjvK ejv nq bevqbhvM (RenewableEnergy) kw
A_vr h kwK bevqb Kiv hvq, h KviY GUvi dzwiq hvevi Kvbv Avkv bB|
GB gynZ cw_exi me gvbyl h cwigvY kw eenvi Ki Zvi cuvP fvMi GK fvM nQ GB
bevqbhvM kw| hZ w`b hvQ gvbyl ZZB cwiek mPZb nQ ZvB G iKg kwi eenvi
Aviv eo hvQ| evZvm eenvi Ki h kw Zwi Kiv nq cwZeQi Zvi eenvi evoQ cvq
wZwik kZvsk, GB msLvwU wK Kvbv QvU msLv bq|
cw_exi cyiv kwi cuvP fvMi GK fvM nQ bevqbhvM kw| mB GK fvMi ewki fvM
nQ Rjwe`yr, b`xZ euva w`q we`yr Zwi Kiv| b`xi cvwb hnZz dzwiq hvq bv ZvB G iKg
we`yrK`i kwi DrmI dzwiq hvq bv GUv nQ cPwjZ aviYv| wK b`xZ euva `qv nj
cwieki AbK eo wZ nq m KviY cw_exi gvbyl AbK mZK nq MQ| hv`i GKUz
`yi`w AvQ Zviv G iKg Rjwe`yrK` Avi Zwi Ki bv| Rjwe`yZi ci mePq eo
bevqbhvM kw Avm evqvgvm (Biomass) _K, evqvgvm ejZ evSvbv nq jvKwo,
LoKzUv GmeK| cw_exi GKUv eo Aski gvbyli KvQ Zj, Mvm, we`yr bB, Zv`i `bw`b
Rxeb KvU jvKwo, LoKzUv Rvwjq| GB `wi` gvbyljvi eenvix kw cw_exi cyiv kwi
GKUv eo Ask| hw`I Kbv MvQ LoKzUv cywoq djj mUv kl nq hvq ZviciI
evqvgvmK bevqbhvM kwi Drm ejvi KviY b~Zb Ki Avevi MvQcvjv Rbvbv hvq| Zj,
Mvm ev Kqjvi gZv cw_ex _K GUv wPiw`bi Rb A`k nq hvq bv|
bevqbhvM kwi GB `ywU ic, Rjwe`yr Avi evqvgvmi ci iZc~Y kwi Drmjv nQ
mikw, evqykw, evqv dzqj Avi wRI_vgvj|
b AbKB AevK nq hve, gv GK eMwKjvwgUvi GjvKvq m~h _K Avjv Zvc wnme
cvq nvRvi gMvIqvU kw cvIqv hvq hUv GKUv wbDwKqvi kw K`i KvQvKvwQ| m~h _K
Avmv Avjv Avi Zvci GKUv Ask evqygj kvwlZ nq hvq, ivZi ejv mUv _vK bv, gN
ewi KviY mUv AwbqwZ| Zv QvovI kwUv Avm Zvc wKsev Avjv wnme we`yZ icvi
Kivi GKUv avc AwZg KiZ nq ZviciI ejv hvq GUv Avgv`i Lye wbfikxj GKUv kwi
Drm| m~hi ZvcK eenvi Ki mUv w`q we`yr Zwi Kiv hvq| Zvi PvBZ ewk Rbwcq cwZ
108KvR, gZv I kw
Abykxjbx
ck :
1. NlYRwbZ ej w`q Kiv KvR me mgqB
wbMwUf nq Kb?
2. GKUv wsK KU `yUzKiv Kij
UzKivjvi ws aeK
wK evoe bv
Kge?
3. cw_ex mPj ivLZ wK kwi cqvRb bvwK
gZvi cqvRb?
4. fiK wK kw wnme weePbv Kiv hvq?
5. eM 1 kZvsk evoj MwZ kw KZ kZvsk
evoe?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. GKUv ei Ici wewfb mgq wewfb ej cqvM Kivi KviY Zvi eMi cwieZb nq Ges mwU
4.13 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ|
, ,
Ges
Gi ga KLb cwRwUf KvR KLb
wbMwUf KvR ev KLb k~b KvR Kiv nqQ?
2. 50
fii GKwU gq 10 G wmuwo eq 5 Dci DVQ| m KZUzKz KvR KiQ?
Zvi gZv KZ?
3.
fii GKUv wi ei Ici 10 GKwU ej
cqvM Kivi ci Zvi MwZ kw nj 500 . Kx
cwigvY ej cqvM Kiv nqwQj?
4. GKwU KwcKji GKcvk 10
Ges Ab cvk
5
fii `ywU eK wVK 5 Dci wi Aevq
ai ivLv nqQ| Zzwg e `ywUK Qo w`j, ZLb
10
fiwU wbPi w`K Ges 5
fiwU Dcii
w`K DVZ i Kie| hLb 10
fiwU 1
1 wbP Ges 5
Dci DVQ
fiwU 1
cg Aavq
JamesClerkMaxwell(18311879)
9.8
490
980
16,333
`LZB cvQ q coj AbK Kg Pvc `qv nq| GRb gvbyl hLb PvivevwjZ co ZLb
wbRK euvPvbvi Rb me mgq q coZ nq hb m AbK Kg Pvc `q Ges PvivevwjZ
mnR Wze bv hvq|
Pvci GKKi AviKwU bvg cvj ( )| 1 ej 1
dji Dci cqvM
Kij 1 (cvj) Pvc cqvM Kiv nq|
5.2 NbZ (Density)
c`v_
evZvm
KK
KvV
gvbe `n
cvwb
KvP
jvnv
cvi`
mvbv
NbZ (gm/cc)
0.00127
0.25
0.40.5
0.995
1.00
2.60
7.80
13.6
19.30
nQ 1
KvRB
1
10
10
0.25
10
1.04
nQ 1000
KvRB 1
ev 10
GB mgy`i 1
1.24
10
1.24
1.24
10
cvwbi AvqvZb:
1
10
1.24
0.81
10
wKsev 0.81
D`vniY 5.4: wbDwKqvmi NbZ KZ? 1 Pv PvgyP wbDwKqvmi fi KZ?
Di: wbDwKqvm Zwi nq wbDUb Avi cvUb w`q| Zv`i GKUvi fi 1.67 10
,
Zv`i evmva AvbygvwbK 1.25
1.25 10
KvRB hw` wbDUb wKsev cvUbi
NbZ ei KiZ cvij mUvKB wbDwKqvmi NbZ wnme aiZ cvwi!
wbDwKqvmi NbZ
1.67
4
3
10
4
1.25
3
0.204
10
10
10
10
10
40
0.204 10
10
hw` ai bB ZvgvK GKUv QvU MvjK Zwi Kiv nqQ Zvnj Zvgvi emva
4
3
10
1.68
10
ne:
Ki| ej nQ fi ZvB Gi gvb Ges w`K `yUviB cqvRb AvQ| Pvc fi bq Zvi Kvbv
w`K bB ZvB h Kvbv RvqMvq Pvwiw`K mgvb| Zzwg hLvb GLb `vwoq wKsev em AvQ
Zvgvi Ici evZvm h Pvc cqvM KiQ, mUv Zvgvi Dci Wvb evg mvgb wcQb ev wbP
Pvwiw`KB mgvb| evZvm wKsev Zij c`v_i Rb GUv me mgqB
mwZ|
Qwe 5.3: (a) Z `Lvbv wKDewUi fZi _K cv Ki evZvm mwiq wbj hw` ay Dci _K Pvc w`Zv
Zvnj (b) Qwei gZ Pvv nq hZv| wK hnZz Pvwiw`K _K Pvc Avm ZvB (c) Qwei gZ msKzwPZ nq
cvZjv wUb ev Avjywgwbqvgi Zwi Kvbv wbwQ` wUb ev KUv hw` Kvbvfve evqyk~b
Kiv hvq Zvnj mUv `ygogyPo hve, Zvi KviY ^vfvweK Avevq evBii evZvmi PvcK
KUvi fZii evZvmi cvv Pvc w`q GKUv mgZv eRvq iLwQj| fZii evZvm cv Ki
mwiq bevi ci fZi evBii evZvmi Pvc cwZnZ Kivi gZv wKQz bB ZvB evBii evZvmi
Pvc wUb ev KUvUvK `ygogyPo w`e (Qwe 5.3)| Zvgiv h wRwbmUv j Kie mwU nQ
KUvUv ay Dci w`K _K `ygo gyPo hve bv Pvwiw`K _K `ygogyPo hve| Pvc hw` ay
Dci _K AvmZ Zvnj wUbUv ay Dci _K `ygo gyPo hZ Pvc hnZz Pvwiw`KB mgvb
ZvB wUbUv Pvwiw`K _KB AvmQ Ges Pvwiw`K _K `ygo gyPo hvQ| cw_ex c evZvmi
PvcwU AvmQ Gi Dcii wUi IRb _K| ZvB Avgiv hw` Dci DwV Zvnj Avgv`i Dcii
i DPZvUzKz Kg hve, IRbUvI Kg hve Ges mRb mLvb evZvmi PvcI Kg hve|
welqwU mwZ Ges 5.3QweZ Zvgv`i `Lvbv nqQ DPZvi mv_ mv_ evZvmi Pvc Kgb
Ki Kg hvq| h welqUv Zvgv`i Avjv`v Ki j Kivi K_v mwU nQ cuvP wKjvwgUvi
DPZvq cuQvbvi ci evZvmi Pvc AaK Kg wMqQ mvaviYfve gb nZ cvi Zvnj
cii cuvP wKjvwgUvi evwK AaK Kg mLvb evZvmi Pvc k~b nq hvQ bv Kb? Gi GKUv
mywbw` KviY AvQ| evZvm ev MvmK Pvc w`q msKzwPZ Kiv hvq ZvB cw_exi c, hLvb
evZvmi Pvc mePq ewk mLvb evZvm mePq ewk msKzwPZ nq AvQ A_vr evZvmi NbZ
8,848
Qwei Mvd _K `LwQ GB DPZvq evZmi Pvc cw_ex c evZvmi Pvci gv 35%
KvRB mLvb AwRbi cwigvYI cw_ex ci AwRbi cvq 1/3 ev GK-ZZxqvsk|
hviv cvwbZ SvcvSvwc KiQ Zviv mevB Rvb cvwbi Mfxi Mj GK aiYi Pvc AYyfe Kiv
hvq (hw`I evqygj Avgv`i Ici GKUv Pvc `q wK Avgiv mUv AYyfe Kwi bv KviY
Avgv`i kixiI mgvb cwigvY Pvc `q| cvwb wKsev Ab Kvbv Ziji Mfxi Mj wVK KZUzKz
Pvc Abyfe Kiv hve mwU BZvga Zvgv`i ejv nqQ Zvgvi Dci Ziji h UzKz
_vKe Zvi IRb _KB Zvgvi Dcii Pvc wbYq KiZ ne| aiv hvK Zzwg Ziji MfxiZvq
Pvc wbYq KiZ PvBQ| mLvb dji GKwU c Kbv Ki bvI (5.6 Qwe)| Zvi Dci
Ziji h UzKz ne mLvbKvi ZijUzKzi IRb c ej cqvM Kie|
ci Dcii ZijUzKzi AvqZb
Ziji NbZ hw` nq Zvnj GB Ziji
IRb ev ej
KvRB Pvc :
2,100
10 /
210
5.4.1 AvwKwgwWmi m~
Zvgiv mevB AvwKwgwWmi m~ Ges mB
m~i cQbi MwU Rvb! m~wU mnR,
Kvbv e Zij wbgwZ Kij ewU h
cwigvY Zij AcmviY Ki mBUzKz Ziji
IRbi mgvb IRb nvivq| Avgiv GLb GB
m~wU ei Kie|
cvki QweZ `Lvbv nqQ
LvwbKUv Zij c`v_ GKUv wmwjvi
Wvevbv iqwQ| (GwU wmwjvi bv nq Ab
h Kvbv AvKwZi e nZ cviZ, Avgiv
wnmvei myweavi Rb wmwjvi wbqwQ|) aiv
hvK wmwjvii DPZv
Ges Dcii I
wbPi cQ`i dj
Avgiv Kbv
Ges
Ki wbB wmwjviwU Ggbfve Zij Wzweq ivLv nqQ hb Zvi Dcii cwUi MfxiZv
wbPi ci MfxiZv .
Avgiv AbKevi Zvgv`i ejwQ h Zij (wKsev evqexq) c`v_ Pvc Kvbv wbw` w`K
KvR Ki bv GwU me w`K KvR Ki| KvRB wmwjvii Dcii c wbPi w`K h Pvc KvR
Ki Zvi cwigvb
KvRB wmwjvi Dci c wbPi w`K Ges wbPi c Dcii w`K cqvM Kiv ej h_vg :
33
G1
ev 1
Pvc eo Mj 330
330
10 /
MfxiZvq
33
Kivwmbi Rb
0.50
800
cvwbi Rb
0.50
1000
cvi`i Rb
0.50
13,600
9.8
3,920
9.8
4,900
9.8
666,400
Gi mgvb
13.6
1034
10.34
1.25
12.92
0.5 10
/
10
/
50%
2
KvVi NbZ
1
0.5 10
2
mgy`i cvwbZ
0.5 10
1.03 10
/
/
48.5%
NbZ nj
9.4
9.4
0.6
10
10
10
0.6
/
10
10
0.6 10
Ges cvwbZ
9.4
0.6
0.6
10
16,666
5.4.3 cvji m~
GB Aavq Avgiv AbKevi `wLqwQ h Zij c`v_i Pvc cqvM Kij mUv Pvwiw`K mvwjZ
nq| Zvgiv GKUz wPv KijB eySZ cvie GUvB ^fvweK| Zvi KviY GB PvcUzKz hw` cyiv
GLb GB Pvc GB Ziji gvag Pvwiw`K mvwjZ ne Ges wZxq wmwjvii cQ`I cqvM
Kie|
KvRB wZxq wmwjvi cqvM Kiv eji cwigvY ne
KvRB Zzwg PgrKZ nq `LZ cvQ hw` ( ) Gi gvb 100 nq Zvnj Zzwg c_g wmwjvi h
cwigvY ej cqvM KiQ wZxq wmwjvi Zvi _K 100 Y ewk ej cq hvQ!
GB cwZwU Lye KvhKi, eo eo KjKviLvbv wKsev wegvbi wbqY GB cwZ eenvi
Kiv nq| Ze Zvgiv GKUv wRwbl Rb ivLv GUv ejewKiY bxwZ GB cwZZ kw wK
gvUI evovbv hvq bv Zzwg c_g wmwjvi h cwigvY kw cqvM Kie wZxq wmwjvi wVK
mB cwigvY kw wdi cve!
hnZz QvU wcb AcmvwiZ ZijUzKz eo wcbUzKzK l2 `~iZ Vj wbq hvq, KvRB
eo wcb AwZv `~iZ:
c`v_
ievi
nvo
KvV
KvP
Avjywgwbqvg
Zvgv
jvnv
nxiv
GPa
0.010.1
9
10
5090
69
117
200
1220
(GLvb
AiwU eenvi Kiv nq Ubkb Tention kwUi Rb| mvaviYZ hLb Kvbv ZviK
Uvbv nq ZLb Zvi fZi h ej KvR Ki Zvi bvg Ubkb!) KvRB cxob nQ
nQ
Ges weKwZ
KvRB
wKsev
GLvb nQ GKUv aeK GB aeKi bvg Bqvsm gWzjvm (Youngs Modulus)| hnZz
. Uwej 5.2 G KqKwU c`v_i Bqvsm
weKwZi Kvbv GKK bB ZvB Gi GKK nQ
gWzjvm `qv njv|
D`vniY 5.13: Bqvsm gWzjvmi gvb ewk nj c`v_ Kxfve `N cwieZb Ki|
Di: `Ni cwieZbi nvi
Pvc `qvi
GLvb
Gi GKK nQ
Zvgiv wbqB Rvb weki mewKQz Zwi nqQ AYy w`q! (Aewk AYy gwjK KYv bq, AYy Zwi
nqQ cigvYy w`q, cigvYy Zwi nqQ BjKUb Ges wbDwKqvm w`q wbDwKqvm Zwi nqQ
cvUb Ges wbDUb w`q, cvUb Ges wbDUb Zwi nqQ KvqvK w`q Ges wevbxiv aviYv
KiQb BjKUb wKsev
KvqvK Zwi nqQ
ws w`q!) hnZz
GKUv c`v_i ag Zvi
AYyZ eRvq _vK ZvB
Avgiv AYyKB c`v_i
mePq QvU GKK
AvKvi bB| KwVb c`v_i AYyjv cvq Mvq Mvq jM _vK ZvB Zv`i wbw` AvqZb Ges
wbqwgZ AvKvi AvQ|
Mvm AYyjv gyfve QvUvQzwU KiZ cvi, Zij AYyjv Kuvc Ges GKUvi cvk
w`q AbwU Pj hZ cvi, KwVb c`v_ AYyjv wbR Aevb _K KvucjI vb cwieZb
KiZ cvi bv|
GgwbZ Avgiv KwVb Zij ev Mvm KvbvwUiB AYyK `LZ cvB bv, GUvK KwVb Zij
ev Mvm wnme `wL| Dci AYyjvi h ewki K_v ejv nqQ, Zv`i KwVb Zij ev Mvmxq
AevZI mUv cKvk cvq| hgb :
Mvm:
AvbweK ag
Abyjv GKUv AviKUvi cvk QzUZ cvi
Abyjvi gvS `~iZ ewk duvKv RvqMv iqQ
GKUz AYy Ab AYyi mvc QzUZ cvi
Zij:
AvbweK ag
AYyjv GKUv AviKUvi cvk w`q hZ cvi
AYyjv KvQvKvwQ ej duvKv RvqMv bB
KwVb:
AvbweK ag
AYyjv wbR Aevb `p
AYyjvi gvS `~iZ bB
AYyjv wbR Aevb AvUKv co _vK
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. GK Mvm cvwbZ GK UzKiv eid fvmQ, eidwU
Mj hvevi ci Mvm cvwbi DPZv wK eo hve
bvwK mgvb _vKe?
2. GKUv Av wekvj RvnvRK gv KqK evjwZ
cvwbi gvS fvwmq ivLv me| Kxfve?
3. GKUv myBgscyj GKUv QvU bKvi gvS Zzwg
GKUv eo cv_i wbq em AvQ| cv_iUv bKvi
fZi _K wbq myBwgscyji cvwbZ dj
MvwYwZK mgmv :
1. evZvmi NbZ 0.0012 /
, mvbvi NbZ
19.30 /
, GKUv wbwZ 1
mvbv gvcv
nj Zvi cKZ fi KZ?
2. cvi`i cwieZ Kivwmb w`q evivwgUvi Zwi Kij
Zvi DPZv KZ ne? Kivwmbi NbZ 0.8 /
)
3. mvbvi gyKzU Ges Zvi IRbi mgvb LvwU mvbv GKwU
`i `yB cvk Szwjq mUv cvwbZ Wvevbv nj (Qwe
5.14) hw` `Lv hvq cvwbi wbP mvbvi gyKzUi IRb
Kg Zvnj Zywg gyKzUwU mK Kx eje? LuvwU bv Lv`
gkvbv? Kb?
4. cvwbfwZ `ywU wmwjvi GKwU bj w`q jvMvbv| wmwjvi Qwe 5.14: mvbvi gyKzU I LuvwU mvbv
`ywUi cQ` 1
Ges 1
Ges wbwQ`fve `ywU cvwbZ Wzevbv nQ|
wcb jvMvbi
AvQ| eo wcbi Dci 70
IRbi GKRb
gvby~l em AvQ, ZvK Ici ZzjZ QvU wcb
ZvgvK KZ ej cqvM KiZ ne?
5. Dci _K Svjvbv 0.5 j^v Ges 0.01
c Q`i GKUv avZe `i wbP GKwU 10
fi Svjvbvi ci Zvi `N nqQ 0.501 . GB
avZe `wUi Bqvsm gWzjvm KZ?
l Aavq
LudwigBoltzman(18441906)
132
AvtAvYweK ej iqQ AYyjv mB ejK Qvwoq gy nq hve| ZLb Avgiv mUvK ewj
Zij| ZLb AYyjv Gjvgjvfve GK Abi fZi w`q QvUvQzwU KiZ _vK Zv`i
GKUv MwZ _vK, KvRB MwZ kw _vK| hZ D Kiv nq AYyjv ZZ Rvi QvUvQzwU Ki|
hw` Aviv D Kiv nq ZLb AYyjv AvYweK eb _K cyivcywi gy nq hZ cvi Avgiv
ZLb mUvK ewj Mvm| GKUv MvmK hZ D Kiv ne AYyjv ZZ Rvi QvUvQzwU Kie|
MwZ hZ ewk ne MwZ kw ZZ ewk ne|
hnZy Lvwj PvL Avgiv AYyjvK `wL bv Zv`i QvUvQzwU `wL bv ZvB Avgiv
civfve cyiv wRwbmUv evSvi Pv Kwi, Avgiv mUvK Zvc kw bvg w`B Ges Zvcgvv
ej c`v_i Aev evLv Kivi Pv Kwi| KvRB Avgiv ejZ cvwi c`v_i AYyjvi Kb ev
MwZi KviY h kw cvIqv hvq mUv nQ Zvc| hnZy GUv kw ZvB ^vfvweKfve Ab kwi
gZvB Zvi GKK nQ Ryj ( ). Zvci Aviv GKwU GKK AvQ, Zvi bvg Kvjvwi ( )
1
cvwbi Zvcgvv 1 evoZ nj h cwigvY Zvci `iKvi mUv nQ 1 Kvjvwi|
Kvjvwi nQ 4.2 Gi mgvb|
Zvgiv nqZv Lvevii Rb Kvjvwi kwU eenvi KiZ bQ dzW Kvjvwi ejZ
Avmj evSvbv nq gvbyl wbw` Lvevi _K Kx cwigvY kw cvq Ges GUvi Rb GKK Avmj
ev 1000 Kvjvwi| Ze mUv wbq Avgiv gv_v Nvgve bv GLvb Avgiv Lvevi _K
cvIqv kw bq Zvc kw wbqB AvjvPbv Kie|
134
mjwmqvm hLb Zvcgvvi j Zwi KiwQjb ZLb k~b wWwM aiwQjb dzU cvwbi Zvcgv,
100 wWwM aiwQjb eid Mjbi Zvcgvv eZgvb ji wVK Dv!
Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Avgiv mvaviYZ mjwmqvm j eenvi KijI AvRv wZK
GKKwUi bvg nQ Kjwfb ( )| mjwmqvm ji mv_ 273.15 hvM KijB Kjwfb
j cvIhv hvq| hw` aygv Zvcgvvi cv_K wbq gv_v NvgvB Zvnj mjwmqvm j Avi
Kjwfb j Kvbv cv_K bB A_vr Zvcgvv 10 eoQ ejv h K_v Zvcgvv 10
eoQ ejv mB GKB K_v| wK hw` wRm Kiv nq GB Nii Zvcgvv KZ, Zvnj hw` mUv
nq 30 Zvnj Kjwfb j mUv ne (30 + 273.5 =) 303.15 Zvgv`i gb nZ
cvi `yUv j e GKB iKg aygv 273.15 cv_K Gi wcQb KviYwU Kx?
GwU Kivi wcQbi KviYwU LyeB PgKc`| mvaviYfve Avgv`i gb nZ cvi Avgiv
eywS hZ ewk ev hZ Kg Zvcgvv Kbv KiZ cvie, wK Avmj mwU mwZ bq| Zvcgv hZ
BQ ewk Kbv KiZ mgmv bB wK hZ BQ Kg Kbv Kiv me bq, mePq Kg GKUv
Zvcgvv AvQ Ges Zvcgvv Gi _K Kg nIqv hvq bv| ay ZvB bq Avgiv GB Zvcgvvi
KvQvKvwQ hZ cvwi wK KLbvB GB Zvcgvvq cQvZ cvie bv| GB ZvcgvvK cig k~b ev
absolute zero ejv nq| mjwmqvm j GB Zvcgvvi gvb 273.15 KvRB Kjwfb
j Gi gvb nQ k~b wWwM| Abfve ejv hvq Kjwfb jwU Zwi nqQ Pig k~b
ZvcgvvK k~b wWwM ai|
Zvcgvvi h Kvbv j Zwi KiZ nj `yUv wbw` Zvcgvv (ev wiv) `iKvi|
Kjwfb j GKwU nQ Pig k~b hUvK k~b wWwM aiv nqQ| AbwU nQ cvwbi a we`y
ev triple point. GB Zvcgvvq GKUv wbw` Pvc 0.0060373
eid cvwb Ges Rjxq
ev GK mv_ _vKZ cvi ej ZvcgvvK AbK ewk m~fve wbw` Kiv hvq|
mjwmqvm j Gi gvb 0.01 , Ges GB ji mv_ wgj ivLvi Rb Kjwfb j Gi gvb
273.16.
Kjwfb Ges mjwmqvm ji cvkvcvwk dvibnvBU j ejI GKUv j AvQ
hLvb eid Mjb Ges cvwbi evxfebi Zvcgvv h_vg 32 Ges 212 , 6.2 QweZ
wZbwU jK Zzjbv Kivi Rb `Lvbv njv, Kjwfb j 0 Zvcgvv 273.15 njI
Avgiv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb AbK mgqB GUvK 273
ai wbB `bw`b wnme mUv
Kvbv iZ&i mgmv Ki bv|
9
Ges
5
9
5
32
5
32
mgvb nj:
4
A_vr h Zvcgvv
40
32
40
160
40
`Lvq|
Ges
mgvb nq:
Avi
136
4
9 273.15
574.59
32
KvRB
98.4 nj
(A_vr 37 Gi KvQvKvwQ)
5
9
5
98.4
9
32
32
36.89
Qwe6.4: Zvc cqvM Kij KwVb c`v_i `N, cQ` Ges AvqZb eo hvq|
Zvc cqvM Kij KwVb ei `N c I DPZv wZb w`KB mgvbfve cmvwiZ nq|
c`v_i GB cmviYK weklY Kivi Rb `N, dj Avi AvqZb cmviY mnM bvg wZbwU
ivwk Zwi Kiv nqQ|
Zvcgvvq Kvbv ei `N hw`
nq Ges Zvcgvv ew Ki mwU
Kivi ci
nq Zvnj `N cmviY mnM nQ:
hw` `N ew cq mwU
/
KvRB
GKBfve
Zvcgvvq Kvbv ei dj hw`
nq Ges Zvcgvv ew Ki
nq Zvnj dj cmviY mnM nQ:
djI hw` eo
Kivi ci
138
KvRB
wVK GKBfve
Zvcgvvq hw` AvqZb
nq Ges Zvcgvv ew Ki
AvqZb eo nq Zvnj AvqZb cmviY mnM nQ:
Kivi ci hw`
KvRB
GLvb
10
10.0167
120
2 0
10.0167
10 120
10
100
16.7
10
Zvgiv Dcii D`vniY jv _K `LQ KwVb c`v_i cmviY mnMi gvb Avmj LyeB
Kg| m Kvib , Ges
GB wZbwU wfb wfb mnMi wK cqvRb wQj bv Avgiv KvR
Pvjvbvi Rb ay `N mnMwU evLv Ki wbjB cviZvg| hgb aiv hvK dj cmviYi
evcviwU| Avgiv `LwQ:
wKsev
2
wK
KvRB
Avgiv `LwQ Gi gvb LyeB QvU, KvRB Gi gvb AviI QvU, mwZ K_v ejZ Kx GwU
GZ QvU h Dcii mgxKiY mn cyiv AskUzKz Avgiv hw` cyivcywi ev` w`B Avgv`i
weklY ev wnmve Ggb wKQz wZ ew ne bv| ZvB Avgiv wjLZ cvwi:
2
wK Avgiv Rvwb
KvRB wbqB:
2
`N, c, DPZv wbq GKUv wKDe Kbv KiZ cvwi
wVK GKBfve Avgiv
Zvcgvvq hvi AvqZb Ges Zvc gvv evwoq Kivi ci hvi AvqZb nqQ , KvRB
GKB hywZ GLvbI hw` Ges mn AskjvK ev` w`B Avgv`i weklY ev wnmvei
Ggb Kvbv wZew ne bv| KvRB ay c_g `ywU Ask _vKe A_vr
3
wK Avgiv Rvwb
A_vr
3
KvRB
140
KvRB wbqB:
3
eve Rxeb Avgv`i KwVb c`v_i cmviYi welqUv me mgqB gb ivLZ nq|
Zvgiv wbqB ijjvBbi gvS dvuKvwU `LQ Zvcgvvi cmviYK gb iL GUv Kiv nqQ
cmviYi GB myhvMwU bv w`j D w`b ijjvBb AuvKv euvKv nq hZ cviZ! ewk wgw Lq
Ges wbqwgZ `uvZ evk bv Ki Zvgv`i hv`i `uvZ KwfwU nqQ Zviv hLb WwUi KvQ
wMqQ Zviv nqZv j KiQ GKUv wekl c`v_ w`q `vuZi MZwU eyuR `qv nqQ| GB
c`v_wUi cmviY mnM AbK hZ Ki `uvZi cmviY mnMi mgvb Kiv nqQ| hw` cmviY mnM
`vuZ _K Kg nZv Zvnj Mig wKQz LvIqvi mgq GUv `uvZi mgvb cmvwiZ bv nq Lyj AvmZ|
Avevi cmviY mnM ewk nj Vvv wKQz LvIqvi mgq ewk QvU nq `uvZ _K Lyj AvmZ!
c`v_wevb bv coI AbK mvaviY gvbylI Zvcgvvq cmviYi welqUv Rvb| Zvgiv j Ki
`Le Kvbv KUvi gyL AvUK Mj mUvZ Mig cvwb Xvjv nq hb GUv cmvwiZ nq mnR
Lyj Avm|
D`vniY 6.5: KvPi Mvm Mig cvwb Xvjj Mvm dU hvq Kb?
Di: Kvbv Kvbv Ask nVvr Ki Zvcgvv eo hvIqvq Kv_vI cmviY ewk nq, m
KviY Mvm dU hvq|
D`vniY 6.6: mvbvi NbZ 19.30
/
Zvcgvv 100 evovj NbZ KZ ne?
, Gi `N cmviY mnM 14
10
Gi
Di: NbZ
14
1
4.2
10
100
10
4.2
10
0.9958
0.9958
0.9958
19.30
19.22
D`vniY 6.7: Zvcgvv hw` Aviv 1000 evovbv nq Zvnj NbZ KZ ne?
Di: mvbvi MjbvsK 1064 KvRB GB Zvcgvvq mvbv Mj hve!
142
wbq be! GKB cwigvY Mvm wfb wfb AvqvZbi cv XvKvbv nj Zvi Pvc nq wfb KvRB
Avgiv wVK Ki wbZ cvwi Avgiv hw` Mvmi AvqZb ew gvcZ PvB Zvnj j ivLZ ne Zvi
Pvci hb cwieZb bv nq 6.6 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ| GKUv wmwjvii wcbi Ici
wbw` IRbi wKQz GKUv ivLv nqQ hb GUv me mgqB wmwjvii Ave MvmK mgvb Pvc
`q|
Zij wKsev KwVb c`v_K Pvc w`q Lye ewk msKzwPZ Kiv hvq bv wK MvmK Lye
mnR msKzwPZ Kiv hvq ZvB c_gB Avgv`i Mvmi
Pvc Avi AvqvZbi gvS mKUv Rvbv `iKvi GUvK
ej Av`k Mvmi m~ Ges GUv nQ
(8.314
) Ges
nQ Kjwfb j
Qwe 6.6:Zvc cqvM Kij evZvmi
Zvcgvv|
AvqZb eo hvq|
GLb Avgiv Mvmi Rb cmviY mnM ei KiZ
cvwi| GKUv wbw` Pvc hw` Zvcgvvq Mvmi AvqZb nq
Ges
Zvcgvvq Mvmi
AvqZb nq Zvnj Mvmi AvqZb cmviY mnM nQ:
/
Avgiv Rvwb
KvRB
evg cvk
KvRB
1
/
A_vr
KvRB `LZB cvQ Mvmi cmviYi mnM gvUB Kvbv ae msLv bq GUv Zvcgvvi
wecixZ A_vr Zvcgvv hZ Kg ne Mvmi cmviY ne ZZ ewk! Abfve ejv hvq Zvcgvv
hZ Kg ne MvmK ZZ ewk msKzwPZ Kiv hve|
Zvgiv hviv Mvwoi WvBfvi`i wm.Gb.wR. kb _K wmwvi Mvm fiZ `LQ Zviv
nqZv Rb _vKe kxZKvj Zvcgvv Kg ej Mvmi cmviY Ges msKvPb ewk ZvB ZLb
Zviv GKB Pvc Mvm wbqI ewk Mvm fiZ cvi|
Zvgiv BZvga Rb MQ me c`v_ AYy w`q Zwi Ges KwVb c`v_ AYyjv wbw` Aevb
_K GK AbK AvUK ivL| Zvc `qv nj Gjvi Kb eo hvq Ges AvYweK eb
wkw_j nq GK Abi Ici MovMwo Lq boZ i Ki Ges GUvK Avgiv ewj Zij|
Zvcgvv hw` Aviv eo hvq ZLb AYyjv gy nq QvUvQzwU i Ki ZvK Avgiv ewj Mvm|
GB evcviwU Avgiv GLb AviKUz Mfxi fve `Le Ges c`v_i Aevi cwieZbi mv_ mK
AvQ G iKg wewfb ivwki mv_ cwiwPZ ne|
GKUv KwVb c`v_K hLb Zvc `qv nq ZLb Zvi Zvcgvv evoZ _vK| (Kx nvi
Zvcgvv evoe Ges mUv wKmi Ici wbfi Ki mUv Avgiv GKUz coB Rb hve|) Zvcgvv
(GKUv wbw` Pvc) GKUv wbw` gvb cuQvj KwVb c`v_wU MjZ i Ki GB cwqvUvi bvg
Mjb Ges h Zvcgvvq Mjb i nq mUvK ej Mjbv| Avgiv hw` KwVb c`v_i Zvcgvv
gvcZ _vwK Zvnj GKUz AevK nq j Kie hLb Mjb i nqQ ZLb Zvc `qv mI
LvwbKUv KwVb LvwbKUv Ziji GB wgkYi Zvcgvv Avi evoQ bv, (6.7 QweZ h iKg
144
`Lvbv nqQ) GB mgqwUZ Zvc KwVb c`v_i AYyjvi fZiKvi AvtAvYweK ebK wkw_j
KiZ eq nq ZvB AYyjvK Aviv MwZkxj KiZ cvi bv ej Zvcgvv evoZ cvi bv| Mjb
PjvKvjxb mgq wbw` MjbvsK h cwigvY Zvc w`q cyiv KwVb c`v_K Zij icvi KiZ
nq mB ZvcK ejv nq Mjbi myZvc|
GKevi cyiv KwVb c`v_wU Zij icvwiZ nIqvi ci Zvcgvv Avevi evoZ i Ki
(6.8 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ) Zvcgvv evoZ evoZ GK mgq Zij c`v_wU Mvm
cwieZb nZ i Ki GB cwqvwUi bvg evxfeb Ges h Zvcgvvq evxfeb NU mUvK
ej zUvbv| Avevi mevBK gb Kwiq `qv nQ GB zUbv Pvci Ici wbfi Ki|
hLb evxfeb cwqv i nq ZLb Ziji AYyjv Zvc kw wbq ciii mv_ h
AvYweK eb AvQ mUv _K gy nZ i Ki| Mjbi gZv GLvbI hw`I Zvc `qv nQ
wK Ziji Zvcgvv wK evo bv| ZijK evxf~Z Kivi mgq h cwigvY Zvc w`q cyiv
Zij c`v_K Mvm cwiYZ Kiv nq mB ZvcK ejv nq evxfebi myZvc|
cyiv ZijUv Mvm icvi Kivi ci Zvc w`Z _vKj Mvmi Zvcgvv Avevi evoZ _vK|
Zvcgvv gvUvgywU AwPbxq chvq wbZ cvij AYyjv AvqwbZ nZ i Kie Gevs cvRgv
bvg c`v_i PZz_ Aev i ne wK mwU Ab evcvi!
Zvc w`q KwVb _K Zij Ges Zij _K Mvm icvii GB cwqv AZ GKwU
D`vniYwU Avgiv mevB `LwQ mwU nQ eid cvwb Ges ev| Avgiv hw`I mivmwi Mjbi
myZvc wKsev evxfebi myZvc `wL bv wK Zvi GKUv cfve AbK mgq Abyfe KiwQ|
AbK wfo wKsev Ave RvqMvq Mig QUdU Ki Avgiv hw` nVvr Lvjv RvqMvq wKsev evZvm
Avwm ZLb kixi kxZj nq Rywoq hvq| Zvi KviY Lvjv RvqMvq Avmvi ci kixi _K Nvg
evxf~Z nIqvi mgq evxfebi myZvcUzKz kixi _K wbq bq Ges kixiUvK kxZj Ki
`q|
Zvc w`q KwVb _K Zij, Zij _K Mvm h iKg icvi Kiv nq Zvi Dv
cwqvwUI wK NU| Zvc mwiq wbj GKUv Mvm c_g Zij, Zvici KwVb nZ cvi|
Avgiv c`v_i Aevbi cwieZbi mgq ejwQ KwVb _K Zij wKsev Zij _K
Mvm icvii Rb GKwU wbw` Zvcgvvq cuQvZ nq| wK mB Zvcgvvq bv cuQI wK
KwVb _K Zij, Zij _K Mvm wKsev mivmwi KwVb _K Mvm icvi nZ cvi| Avgiv
hw` c`v_i AvYweK gWj wdi hvB Zvnj welqUv evSv gvUI KwVb bq| GKUv AYy hw`
Kvbvfve h_ kw cq hvq Ges Zvi KviY hw` Zvi MwZkw h_ eo hvq h mwU
KwVb c`v_ wKsev Zij c`v_i c`k _K ei nq AvmZ cvi| KwVb wKsev Ziji
c`k hnZz evBii evZvm _K AmsL AYy gvMZ AvNvZ KiQ ZvB Zv`i AvNvZ KLbv
KLbv KwVb wKsev Ziji Kvbv Kvbv AYygy nq hvevi gZv kw cq hZ cvi| ZvB
Zvc Zvcgvv Ges Gi mv_ mK iqQ G iKg AbKjv welq wbq AvjvPbv Kiv njI,
GKUv ei Zvcgvv KZUzKz evoZ nj mLvb KZUzKz Zvc w`Z ne mwU GLvbv AvjvPbv
Kiv nqwb| Zvgiv nqZv j Ki _vKe LvwbKUv cvwbK D KiZ ek AbY Pzjvi Ici
iL mUvZ Zvc w`Z nq| cvq mg cwigvY avZe Kvbv eK mB GKB Zvcgvvq D
KiZ wK gvUI ewk mgq D KiZ nq bv| Gi KviY cvwbi AvcwK Zvc ewk mB
Zzjbvq avZe c`v_i AvcwK Zvc AbK Kg| 1
c`v_i Zvcgvv 1 evovZ h cwigvY
Zvci cqvRb mwU nQ H c`v_i AvcwK Zvc| A_vr hw`
fii Kvbv
c`v_K _K Zvcgvvq wbZ Zvci cqvRb nq Zvnj AvcwK Zvc nQ:
146
230
2300
4200
42,000
cvq 20 Y ewk|
Zvi A_ mvbv wKsev Ab Kvbv avZzK PU Ki D Kiv hvq wK cvwbK GZ mnR D Kiv
hvq bv|
30
30
30
4.2 10
0.1 334
1 0.1 4.2 10
cvwbi fi
cvwbZ 20
10
20
Zvcgvvi 1
cvwbi Zvcgvv 75
cvwbi Zvcgvv 20
cvwb hvM
_K Kg mwU
_K eo
Z
148
2
cvwbi fi
cvwbi AvcwK Zvc
2
4.2
10
75
75
20
20
75
2
2
20
1
56.6
Zvcgvvq D 10
IRbi GK UzKiv jvnv GKUv cv
cvwbZ Qo `qv njv| cvwbi Zvcgvv KZ ne?
jvnvi fi
0.01
cvwbi fi
1
jvnvi AvcwK Zvc
cvwbi AvcwK Zvc
0.45 10 /
4.2 10 /
jvnvi UzKiv hZUzKz Zvc nvive cvwb wVK ZZUzKz Zvc MnY Kie| KvRB
jvnvi P~ov Zvcgvv njv
120
120
30
30
120
0.01 0.45
0.01 0.45
10
10
30 1
1 4.2
4.2
10
10
30.1
150
Abykxjbx
ck :
1. GKwU KvPi cv cvi` iL D Kiv nj c_g cvi`i DPZv Kg Zvici evoZ
_vKe| Kb?
2. gnvk~b hLvb Kvbv AYy-cigvYy bB mLvb wK Zvcgvvi Aw AvQ?
3. AbK wfoi fZi fvcmv Mig _K Lvjv RvqMvq Gj kxZj Abyfe Kwi Kb?
4. KvPi Mvm cvwbZ eid w`j Mvmi Mvq we`y we`y cvwb Rg Kb?
5. ckvi KzKvi ZvovZvwo ivbv Kiv hvq Kb?
MvwYwZK ck :
1. wevbx mjwmqvm h _vgvwgUvi ceZb KiwQjb mB _vgvwgUvi eidi MjbvsK wQj
100 , cvwbi evxfeb wQj 0 ! mB _vgvwgUvii Kvb Zvcgvvq mjwmqvm Ges
dvibnvBU Zvcgvvi mgvb?
2. Kvb Zvcgvvq mvbvi NbZ 0.001% Kg hve?
3. GKUv D 1
IRbi jvnvi UzKiv 30 Zvcgvvq 1
cvwbZ Qo `qvi ci
cvwbi Zvcgvv 15 eo Mj| jvnvi UzKivwUi Zvcgvv KZ wQj?
4. 0 Zvcgvvi 1
eid cwZ mK 10 Ki Zvc c`vb Kiv nj KZY ci cyivwU
evxf~Z ne?
5. GKwU wbwQ` wmwjvi Ave Mvmi Zvcgvv 30 _K evwoq 100 Kiv nj Mvmi
Pvc KZ kZvsk eo hve?
mg Aavq
Zi I k
(WavesandSound)
gix Kzwi
gix Kzwi GKRb cvwjk c`v_wevbx Ges imvqbwe` wQjb| Zuvi Lye
kL wbR `k KvR Kieb wK gwnjv ej wbR `k Kvbv KvR LyuR
cvbwb ZvB dv Zvi ^vgx wcqvi Kzwii mv_ KgRxeb KvwUq
w`qQb| ZRqZvi Ici Zuvi KvR ZuvK c`v_wevb Ges imvqb
`ywU bvej cyivi Gb `q| wZwb GKB mv_ wQjb c_g gwnjv
bvej cyivi weRqx| Zvi Rxeb wQj NUbvej Ges agv gvbyliv
ZvK bvwK ejI bvbv fve hYv w`qwQj| ZRqZv wbq KvR
Kivi KviY wZwb ivMvv nq gZzeiY Kib|
MarieCurie(18671934)
152Zi I k
Avi
2
(bv Kvbv fzj nqwb Zzwg GKUv nvjKv fiB SvjvI Avi fvix fiB SvjvI `vjb Kvj GKB
_vKe GUv fii Ici wbfi Ki bv|) Zvi Pq eo K_v GKUv myZvq GKUv fi Szwjq `ywjq
w`qwQ Zvi `vjb Kvj Ab me wKQz AvmZ cvi wK Kv_v _K Pj Gj? Kb Gj?
D`vniY 5.1: 1
Kvj KZ?
Di:
2
1
9.8
2.0
cv_iUvi IRb 10
bv nq Ab wKQz njI `vjbKvj GKB _vKZ| BQ Kij Zzwg
GLbB `vjb Kvj gc Zzwg mLvb _K Gi gvb ei KiZ cvie Pv Ki `Lv!
GKUv wsqi wbP GKUv fi jvwMq iL w`j fiUv wsUvK Ub GKUz j^v Ki mB
Aevb wi nq _vK| wsqi GB `NUvK ejv hvq mvg Aev (Qwe 7.10)|
GLb hw` fiUvK Ub GKUz wbP `~iZ bvwgq Gb Qo w`B (Qwe 7.11) Zvnj
fiUv Dcii w`K DVZ _vKe, mvg Aev cvi nq GUv Dci `~iZ DV hve Zvici Avevi
wbP bvgZ _vKe mvg Aev cvi nq wbP bg hve Ges GUv PjZB _vKe|
fiUv hLb 2 3 4 1 Aevb kl Ki h Aevb i KiwQj wVK GKB
Aevb (2) GKBfve (Dcii w`K eM MwZkxj) wdi Avm ZLb Avgiv ewj GKUv c~Y
Zi I k153
`b nqQ| gb ivLZ ne 2 3 4 njI wK h Aevb _K i KiQ mB
Aevb wdi Avme wK GUv c~Y `b bq KviY c_g 2 wUZ Dcii w`K hvQ Ges cii
4 wUZ wbPi w`K hvQ, KvRB GK Aevb GKBfve wdi Avmv njv bv|
mij w`Z MwZ weklY KiZ nj Avgv`i KqKUv ivwk evLv Ki bqv fvjv|
c_gwU nZ cvi chvq Kvj ev `vjb Kvj | GKUv c~Y `b nZ h mgq bq mUv nQ
chvqKvj ev `vjb Kvj | Kv
Qwe 7.1:(0) nQ mvg Aev| Ub (1) Aevb wbq Qo `evi ci wswU mij w`Z eM `yjQ|
chvqKvj
Gi GKK nQ nvUR (
mij w`Z MwZZ wevi nQ mvgvev _K mePq ewk Dci IVv (wKsev wbP
bvgv) `~iZ| 7.1 QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mLvb wevi nQ .
Gi cii ivwkwU nQ `kv (Phase), wsq jMvbv fiwU hLb IVvbvgv KiQ, ZLb
Kvbv GK gyn~Z hw` fiwUi w`K ZvKvB Zvnj Avgiv `Le mwU mvgvev _K Kvbv GKwU
`~iZ _vKe mB AevbwU nQ Zvi `kv| mij `b MwZZ fi Ges wsqi GB wbw`
AevwU e GKBfve wdi Avme Avevi wVK GKchvq Kvj ci| c`v_wevbi fvlvq ejv
hvq mij w`Z MwZZ Kvbv GK gyn~Z h `kv nq GK `vjb Kvj ci Avevi mB `kv wdi
Avm|
154Zi I k
7.2 Zi (Wave)
Avgiv mevB Zi `LwQ, GKUv cvwbZ wXj Qzo w`j mB we`y _K cvwbi Zi Pvwiw`K
Qwoq co| Ni evwZ Rvjvj h Avjv Ni Qwoq co mUvI Zi| Avgiv hLb K_v ewj Avi
kUv hLb GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq cuQ hvq mUvI Zi| GKUv wsK msKzwPZ Ki
Qo w`j Zvi fZi w`q h wePzwZwU QzU hvq mUvI Zi, GKUv Uvb Ki ivLv `woi gvS
SuvKzwb w`j h wePzwZwU `wo w`q QzU hvq mUvI Zi| GK K_vq ejv hvq ZiwU Kx Avgiv
mUv Abyfe KiZ cvwi, wK hw` Zvi Rb c`v_wevbi fvlvq GKUv my`i msv w`Z PvB
Zvnj Kx eje?
mnR fvlvq ejv hvq Zi nQ, GKUv gvagi fZi w`q GK RvqMv _K Ab
RvqMvq kw cvVvbvi GKUv cwqv, hLvb gvagi KYvjv Zvi wbRi Aevb w`Z nZ
cvi wK mLvb _K mi hve bv|
Avgiv Gevi hvPvB Ki `LZ cvwi Avgv`i GB msvwU Avgv`i AwfZvi mv_
gj wK bv| b`xi gvSLvb w`q GKUv j hvevi mgq h XD Zwi Ki mB XD b`xi K~j
Gm AvNvZ Ki, KvRB wbwZfve ejv hvq GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq kw cvVvbv
nqQ| mB mgq b`xi cvwbZ fvmgvb Kvbv KPzwi cvbvi w`K ZvKvj Avgiv `Le hLb
XDwU hvQ mB gyn~Z KPzwi cvbvwU Dci DVQ Ges wbP bgQ Ges XD Pj hvevi ci
Avevi AvMi gZv wi nq MQ Ges gvUI XDqi mv_ mv_ Zxi Gm AvQo cowb|
mij `b MwZi mv_ Zii mKUv GLb wbqB Zvgiv eySZ cviQ| GKUv
gvagi Kvbv GKUv wbw` we`yi w`K hw` Avgiv ZvwKq _vwK Zvnj hLb Zvi fZi w`q
GKUv Zi hZ _vK ZLb mB we`ywUi mij `b MwZ nq| KPzwi cvbvi ejvq hUv
NUwQj, hZY Zvi fZi w`q cvwbi ZiUv wMqQ ZZY mLvb mij `b MwZ nqQ|
mij `b MwZi gvS Zi bB, wK Zii cZKUv we`y GKUv GKUv mij `b MwZ|
KvRB Zii Rb Avgv`i `qv msvwU mwVK| Ze gb ivLZ ne Aviv AbK
aibi Zi AvQ hvi Rb GB msvwU cyivcywi mwVK bvI nZ cvi| Avgiv Zi hvevi Rb
GKUv gvagi K_v ejwQ wK m~h _K Avjv hLb cw_exZ cuQvq ZLb Zvi Rb Kvbv
gvagi cqvRb nq bv| Avjv nQ we`yr P^Kxq Zi mUv wbq beg Aavq Avgiv
AvjvPbv Kie| MvwfwU Iqf bvg GK aibi Zii K_v wevbxiv ejQb, mwU GLbv `Lv
me nqwb wK Zvi RbI Kvbv gvagi cqvRb bB| c`v_wevbi PgKc` kvLv KvqvUvg
gKvwb Iqf dvskb ej Ab GK aibi Zii K_v ejv nq mwU Aviv wewP, mLvb
mivmwi ZiwU `Lv hvq bv ay Zvi cwZwqv Abyfe Kiv hvq|
Zi I k155
KvRB Avgiv AvcvZZ Avgv`i AvjvPbv mxgve ivLe ay mB me Zii gvS hvi
Rb KwVb Zij ev Mvmi gZv gvagi `iKvi nq| GB aibi Zii bvg hvwK Zi|
7.2.1 Zii ewk
Zi wbq AvjvPbv Kivi mgq Zvi KqK aibi ewki K_v DV GmQ, GLvb Avgiv
Zii, wekl Ki hvwK Zii me ewk wbq AvjvPbv Kie|
(i) hvwK Zii Rb gvagi `iKvi nq| cvwbZ XD nq, GKUv wsq Zi cvVvbv hvq,
GKUv `woZ Zi mw Kiv hvq| Avgiv h k wb mUvI GKUv Zi Ges Zvi gvag nQ
evZvm|
(ii) GKUv gvagi fZi w`q hLb Zi hZ
_vK ZLb KYvjv wbR Aevb _K w`Z
nq (Kvuc wKsev Ici-bxP hvq) wK KYvjv
wbR Zii mv_ mv_ mi hvq bv|
(iii) Zii fZi w`q kw GKvb _K Ab
vb hZ cvi| kw hZ ewk nq Zii wevi
ZZ ewk nq| kw Zii wevii eMi
mgvbycvwZK A_vr wevi hw` wY nq kw nq
Pvi Y|
156Zi I k
(vi) Zii hZjv ewk AvQ, Zvi gvS mePq iZc~Y ewk nQ DcwicvZb, hw`I
Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb mUv Avgv`i Lye ewk PvL cobv| aiv hvK `ywU wfb wfb RvqMv
Qwe 7.3: `ywU Zi hvM nq Aviv eo Zi nZ cvi, Avevi GKwU AbwUK wbtklI Ki w`Z cvi|
Zi I k157
j^| GiKg Zii bvg Abyc Zi (transverse wave)| cvwbi XD nQ Gi GKwU
D`vniY|
7.2.3 Zi mswk ivwk
mij w`Z MwZZ Avgiv h mKj ivwki K_v ejwQ Zvi mejvB Avmj Zii ejvq
eenvi KiZ cvie| GKUv ZiiI c~Y `b nq, Zvi chvqKvj AvQ, Kv AvQ Ges
wevi AvQ| Avgiv `LwQ Kvbv GKUv Zi hvevi mgq Avgiv hw` gvagi Kvbv GKUv
KYvi w`K ZvwKq _vwK Zvnj `Le mB KYvwUi mij w`Z Kb nQ! Zii ejvq
Avgiv b~Zb `ywU ivwki K_v ejZ cvwi hvi GKUv nQ Zi `N| Zii h Kvbv GKwU `kv
_K Zvi cieZx GKB `kvi gvS `~iZ nQ Zi `N| (Qwe 7.4) A_vr GKchvq Kvj GKUv
Zi hUzKz `~iZ AwZg Ki mUvB nQ Zi `N|
Zii gvS wZxq Aviv GKwU ivwk iqQ hUv mij w`Z Kb bB, mwU nQ
Zii eM| cwZ mK GKUv Zi hUzKz `~iZ AwZg Ki mUvB nQ Zii eM| cwZ
mK h KqwU chvq Kvj _vK mwU nQ KvsK, Kv hw` Ges Zi `N hw` nq
Zvnj eM
158Zi I k
ei KiZ cvwi
Zi I k159
5 /
7.3 k Zi (SoundWave)
k Zi Zwi KiZ Zvi GKUv Drmi `iKvi, mUvK cvVvbvi Rb GKUv gvagi `iKvi
Ges mB k MnY Kivi Rb Kvbv GK aibi wiwmfvi `iKvi| Avgv`i Pvicvk AmsL
ki Drm iqQ| AekB mePq cwiwPZ Drm Avgv`i K, mLvb h fvKvj KW AvQ
Avgiv Zvi fZi w`q evZvm ei Kivi mgq mLvb h Kb nq mUv w`q k Zwi nq| K_v
ejvi mgq Avgiv hw` Mjvq k Kwi Zvnj Avgiv mB KbUv Abyfe KiZ cvie| Avgv`i
K QvovI wKvi ki Drm wnme KvR Ki, mLvb h cvZjv Wvqvdvg iqQ mwUK
mywbw`fve Kvuwcq k Zwi Kiv nq| zji Nvi gvS AvNvZ Kij mwU KvucZ i Ki
k Zwi Ki Ges ZLb nvZ w`q mUvK Pc ai Kb e Ki djv hvq mv_ mv_ kI
e nq hve| wMUvii Zvi VvKv w`j mwU KvucZ _vK Ges k Zwi Ki| jveiUwiZ myi
kjvKv w`q wbw` Kb k Zwi Kiv hvq|
Kb w`q k Zwi Kivi ci mwUK GK RvqMvq _K Ab RvqMvq cvVvbvi Rb
GKUv gvagi `iKvi nq| k Zij wKsev KwVb c`v_i fZi w`qI cvVvbv hvq wK Avgiv
evZvmK gvag wnme eenvi KiB k b Af| gvag Qvov h k hZ cvi bv mwU
`Lvbvi Rb jveiUwiZ 7.9 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq GKUv Kwjs ej iL mUvK evBi
_K we`yr mieivn Ki evRvbv hZ cvi| Zvici GKUv cv w`q axi axi evqyk~b Kiv
i Kij Kwjs eji k g`y nZ i Kie| ejRviwU cyivcywi evqyk~b Kiv nj fZi
Kwjs ejwU evRZ _vKjI evBi _K gvb ne mwU Kvbv k Zwi KiQ bv|
160Zi I k
D`vniY 7.6: 1
Kbi GKwU myi kjvKv ev wUDwbs dK w`q k Zwi Ki mwU
evZvm cvwbZ Ges jvnvi fZi w`q cevwnZ nZ w`q Zvi eM wbYq Ki `Lv MQ
ki eM evZvm 334 / , cvwbZ 1493 / Ges jvnvi fZi 5130 / Kvb
gvag Zi `N KZ?
Di: Zii eM
1000 . KvRB
evZvm
334
10
0.3
1493
10
1.49
5130
10
5.13
cvwbZ
jvnvq
Kb| GLvb Kb 1
ev
Zi I k161
7.3.1 cwZawb
k hnZz GK aibi Zi ZvB Zvi cwZdjb nZ cvi| mvaviYZ eo duvKv `vjvbi fZi
K_v ejj GK aibi MgMg AvIqvR nq mwU cwZdjb Qvov Avi wKQz bq| `vjvbi fZi `~iZ
ewk bq ej kUv Avjv`vfve bZ cvB bv| Avgiv hLb wKQz wb Zvi Abyf~wZUv 0.1 ch
_K hvq ZvB `ywU k Avjv`vfve bZ nj `ywU ki gvS Kgc 0.1 Gi GKUv eeavb
_vKv `iKvi| ki eM 330 / KvR 0.1 Gi eeavb Zwi KiZ kK Kgc
33 `~iZ AwZg KiZ nq| GKwU eo `qvj, `vjvb wKsev Lvov cvnvoi mvgb Kgc
GB `~iZi AaK `~iZ (16.5 ) `uvovj kwU wMq cwZdwjZ nq wdi AvmZ 0.1 mgq
jvMe Ges Avgiv ki cwZawb bZ cve|
ev`yii PvL AvQ Ges mB PvL ek fvjv `LZ cvq ZviciI Zviv Iovi mgq
ki cwZawb eenvi Ki| ev`yi Iovi mgq Zvi K _K k Zwi Ki, mvgb Kvbv wKQz
_vKj kwU mLvb cwZdwjZ nq wdi Avm, KZY ci kwU wdi GmQ mLvb _K ev`yi
`~iZUv Abygvb KiZ cvi| G Rb AKviI ev`yi Kv_vI avv bv Lq Do hZ cvi|
ev`yii Zwi GB k Avgiv bZ cvB bv KviY kwU AvjUv-mvD A_vr Avgv`i kvbvi
evBii Kvi k|
7.3.2 ki eMi cv_K :
evZvm ki eM Zvcgvvi eMg~ji e
AvbycvwZK| A_vr
162Zi I k
evZvm _K ewk Ges KwVb c`v_ ki eM Zij _KI ewk| Uwej 5.1G wewfb gvag
ki eM `Lvbv nqQ|
D`vniY 7.7: Kvbv RvqMvq kxZKvj Zvcgvv 10
MxKvj Zvcgvv eo 30 nj ki eM KZ?
Di:
Ges ki eM 332
/ ,
332
273
273
30
10
343.5
7.3.3 ki eenvi
AvjUvmbvMvwd: ki cPwjZ eenvii K_v wbqB Avi
KvDK Avjv`v Ki ejZ ne bv, Avgiv K_v ewj, Mvb
wb, Wvviiv ``b kvbb, Bwwbqviiv hcvwZi
k kvbb BZvw` BZvw`| ki Aviv wKQz eenvi
AvQ, hvi K_v Zvgiv nqZv kvbvwb| mvbmev gvqi
Mf h beRvZKwU eo nq evBi _K ZvK `Lvi Kvbv
Dcvq wQj bv, GLb AvjUv mbvMvwd bvg GKwU cwqvq
gvqi Mf AvjUvmvD cvVvbv nq, wki kixi _K
cwZdwjZ nq hUzKz wdi Avm mUvK eenvi Ki wki
Zi I k163
AvjUvmvD wKbvi: jveiUwiZ hLb QvULvUv hcvwZ wbLuyZfve cwivi KiZ nq ZLb
AvjUvmvD wKbvi eenvi Kiv nq| GLvb Kvbv GKwU Zij QvULvUv hcvwZ Wzweq iL
Zvi fZi AvvmvD cvVvbv nq, Zvi Kb hcvwZi me gqjv ei nq Avm|
7.3.4 myihy k
Avgv`i Pvcvk bvbv aibi k iqQ
Zvi gvS wKQz wKQz k bZ Avgv`i
fvjv jvM Avevi wKQz wKQz bZ
Avgv`i weiw nq| h mKj k bZ
Avgv`i fvjv jvM Zvi gvS mePq
cavb nQ wewfb ev`hi k| 7.12
QweZ ek KqKwU ev`hi ki
Zi `Lvbv nqQ| Zvgiv `LZB
cvQ Gi mejvB chve Kb|
Qwe 7.12: wfb wfb ev`hi k Zi|
myikjvKv ev wUDwbsdK _K wbLuyZ GKwU
Kbi k ei nq wK myihy k
ay GKwU Zi _vK bv GKvwaK Zi ciii Ici Dcvcb Ki kUvK myyijv Ki
Zvj| myijv kK evLv Kivi Rb AbKjv ewk msvwqZ Kiv nqQ| mjv nQ:
164Zi I k
7.3.5 ki `~lY
k Avgv`i Rxebi Lye cqvRbxq
GKwU welq, wK Gi evovevwo Avgv`i
RxebK Amnbxq Ki ZzjZ cvi|
Avgiv hviv kni _vwK, wekl Ki hviv
eo GKwU ivvi cvk _vwK Zviv wbqB
j KiwQ ivvq evm, Mvwo UvKi
Bwbi k Ges AbeiZ nbi k cvq
mgqB mnbkxj mn mxgvi evBi Pj hvq| `xNw`b GB k `~lY _vKZ _vKZ Avgiv AbK
mgq ZvZ Af nq hvB ZLb hw` k `~lY bB m iKg Kvbv wbwiwewj RvqMvq hvIqvi
Zi I k165
mfvM nq ZLb nVvr Ki k `~lY Qvov Rxebi AbKUzKzi iZUzKz aiZ cvwi| wewfb
aibi ki cwigvY 7.2 Uwej `Lvbv nqQ|
GwU ejvi Acv ivL bv k `~lYi KviY Avgv`i kvbvi gZvi AbK wZ nq|
mgmvwwUK evwoq Zvjvi Rb Avgv`i AbK AcqvRbI Kvb nWdvb jvwMq Mvb kvb|
k `~lY Kgvbvi Rb c_g cqvRb `k Gi wei AvBb Zwi Kiv hb KD k
`~lY KiZ bv cvi Ges Kiv nj Zvi wei AvBwb eev bqv hvq| Gi ci cqvRb
RbmPZbv| mevBK welqwU evSvZ ne, h_vme Kg nb eenvi Ki PjvPj, KjKviLvbvq
k kvlYi h Pvjy, gvBKi eenvi Kwgq Ksev e Ki `qv, Kg ki hvbevnb eenvi
BZvw`| GKB mv_ knii dvuKv RvqMvq cPzi MvQ jvwMq kK kvlY Kivi gZv eevI
bqv DwPZ|
166Zi I k
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. `LvI h GKwU Zi kwK GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq wbZ cvi|
2. kxl w`j k nq Kb?
3. Zi cevwnZ nIqvi mgq gvag cevwnZ nq bv, wbR Aevb Zvi mij Qw`Z `b nq
mZ bv wg_v?
4. eRcvZ nj k nq Kb?
5. Iovi mgq AvjUv-mvD k Zwi bv Ki Bbdv-mvD k Zwi Kij ev`yoi Kx mgmv
nZv?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. 7.13QweZ Aevb Ges mgqi mvc GKwU Zi `Lvbv nqQ| ZiwUi eM KZ?
10 log
RU Bwbi k Ges
Ag Aavq
Avjvi cwZdjb
(ReflectionofLight)
Avib iv`vidvW
ErnestRutherford(18711937)
mve wekvj Zi `Ni QvU GKUv Ask Avgiv `LZ cvB, Zi `N Gi _K ewk njI
Avgiv `LZ cvB bv Avevi Gi _K QvU njI Avgiv `LZ cvBbv| Zi `N 400nm
_K 700nm Gi wfZi nj Avgiv we`yr P^Kxq Zi `LZ cvB Ges mUvK Avgiv ewj
Avjv| Avgiv h PvL bvbv is `LZ cvB mjvI Avmj wewfb Zi `Ni Avjv| Zi
Qwe 8.1: Avjvi KUvg Ges wfb wfb isq PvL mse`bkxjZv
`N hLb QvU nq mUv nq ebx| hLb Zi `N evoZ _vK ZLb mUv bxj meyR njy`
Kgjv jvj nq PvLi KvQ A`k nq hvq! gvbyli PvL GB evwi Gi evBi Zi `N
`LZ cvq bv wK cvKv gvKo ev Abvb AbK cvYx Gi evBiI `LZ cvq! wewfb AvjvZ
gvbyli PvLi mse`bkxjZv 8.1 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ|
8.1 QweZ Avjvi wewfb Zi `Ni bvgjv `Lvbv nqQ| Zi `N hw` `kgvb
Avjvi mePq QvU Zi `N _KI QvU nq mUvK Avgiv ewj AvjUv fvqvjU Avjv,
Aviv QvU nj G i Aviv QvU nj Mvgv i hUv ZRq wbDwKqvm _K ei nq| Avevi
Zi `N hw` `kgvb Avjvi mePq eo Zi `N _KI eo nq mUvK Avgiv ewj
Avjvi cwZdjb
169
8.2.1 cwZdjbi m~
cwZdjbi m~ evSvi AvM Avgv`i
KqKUv welqK msvwqZ Ki bqv
`iKvi| hLb GK gvag _K Ab gvag
Avjv Gm co Avgiv AvcvZZ ai wbB
mwU nQ GKUv mgZj| welqwU evSvi
Rb Avgiv ai wbB h AvjvUv cwZdwjZ
ne mUv GKUv AvjvK iLv ev AvjvK
iwk| hLb GKUv AvjvK iwk GK gvag
_K Ab gvagi Ici GKUv we`yZ Gm
co c_gB mB we`y _K GKUv j^
Kbv Ki wbZ ne| h AvjvK iwkwU Qwe 8.3: c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag Avjvi
cwZdjb|
Gm mB we`ywUZ coQ Ges h j^wU
Kbv KiQ mB `ywU iLvK wbq GKwU mgZj Kbv Ki bvI| (Qwe 8.3)
h iwkwU c_g gvag _K wZxq gvag XvKvi Rb GKUv we`yZ AvcwZZ nqQ
Avgiv mUvK eje, AvcvZb iwk ( )| h iwkwU cwZdwjZ nqQ ( ) mUv nQ
cwZdwjZ iwk (evSvB hvQ hUv wZxq gvag XzK hve mUv cwZmwiZ iwk GB Aavq
mUv wbq Avgiv AvjvPbv Kie bv|) AvcwZZ iwk j^i mv_ h KvY Kie mUvK eje
AvcvZb KvY , cwZdwjZ iwk j^i mv_ h KvY ( ) Kie mUvK eje cwZdwjZ
Kvb| GLb Avgiv cwZdjbi m~ `ywU ejZ cvwi :
c_g m~: AvcvZb iwk Ges j^ w`q Avgiv h mgZjwU Kbv Ki wbqwQjvg
cwZdwjZ iwkwU mB mgZjB _vKe|
wZxq m~: cwZdjb KvYwU ne AvcvZb KvYi mgvb|
D`vniY 8.1:8.4 QweZ `Lvbv Aevq `ywU Avqbv ivLv AvQ| gvSLvb
gvgevwZ ivLv nqQ| gvgevwZi cwZwe^ Kv_vq ne?
we`yZ GKwU
Di: Avqvbvq cwZwe^ `Lv hve| mB cwZwe^i cwZwe^wUI Avqbv `ywUZ `Lv hve Gfve
PjZB _vKe| KvRB QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mfve AmsL cwZwe^ `Lv hve|
Avjvi cwZdjb
171
cwZdjbi `ywU m~ ejv njB cwZdjb wbq me wKQz ejv nqwb, mwZ K_v ejZ Kx cwZdjbi
mePq iZc~Y welqUvB ejv nqwb, KZUzKz cwZdjb ne? cwZdjbi Rb hw` Avqbv eenvi
Kiv nq Zvnj cvq cyivUvB cwZdwjZ nq, wK cwZdjb K_vwU Zv ay Avqbvi Rb Zwi Kiv
nqwb GUv Zv h Kvbv `yUv gvagi gvS nZ cvi| KZUzKz cwZdjb ne mUvi Rb
m~wUi bvg dbji (Fresnel) m~| m~Uv Zvgiv AviKUz eo nq wkLe, GLb GUvi g~j
welqUv Rb ay ivL AvcvZb KvY hZ ewk ne cwZdjbI ne ZZ ewk| Zvgiv `LQ
mvaviY GK UzKiv KuvP cwZdjb nq Kg gv 4% _K 5%, evKxUv fZi w`q cwZmvwiZ
nq hvq| wK cwZdjb KvY hw` ewk nq 80 wKsev 90 Gi KvQvKvwQ, Zvnj cwZdwjZ
Avjv AbK ewk eo hvq| Rvbvjvi KvPi cvk `uvwoq Zvgiv GLbB mUv cixv Ki
`LZ cvi|
8.2.2 cwZkvlY
Avgv`i Pvicvki RMZi
m`hi eo GKUv Ask Avm
wewfb is _K| wK iswU Avm
Kgb Ki? Avgiv hLb meyR
cvZvi gvS GKUv jvj Mvjvc
dzj `wL, mwU Kb jvj wKsev
Qwe 8.5: AvcvZb KvY ewk nj cwZdjb AbK ewk nq
Zvi cvZvwU Kb meyR? welqUv
Aviv weqKi gb nZ cvi
hLb Zvgiv `Le meyR AvjvZ jvj dzjUvKB `Lve KzPKzP Kvjv wKsev jvj AvjvZ
meyR cvZvK `Lve KzPKzP Kvjv!
welqUv Avmj mnR mvaviY AvjvZ (AbK mgq ej mv`v Avjv), Avmj mejv
Zi `NB _vK, is hnZz Zi `Ni Ici wbfi Ki ZvB ejv hZ cvi mLvb me isqi
Avjv iqQ| hLb mejv is _vK ZLb mLvb Avjv`vfve Kvb is `Lv hvq bv ZLb
AvjvUvK Avgiv ewj eYnxb wKsev mv`v Avjv| GB AvjvUv hLb GKUv jvj Mvjvc dzj co
ZLb Mvjvc dzjUv jvj is Qvov Ab mejv is kvlY Ki bq ZvB h AvjvUv cwZdwjZ
nq Avgv`i PvL co mLvb jvj Qvov Avi Kvbv is _vK bv Ges Mvjvc dzjUvK gb nq
jvj| wVK m iKg meyR cvZvUvZ me
is Gm co Ges cvZvUv meyR Qvov Ab
me is kvlY Ki bq ZLb h isUv
cwZdwjZ nq mUvZ meyR Qvov Ab
Kvbv isqi Avjv _vK bv ej
cvZvUvK `Lvq meyR| (Qwe 8.6)
hw` m~Y jvj AvjvZ GB
Mvjvc dzj Ges cvZvUvK `Lv nZv
Zvnj dzjUvK wVKB jvj `Lv hZ
KviY GUv jvj is kvlY Ki bv wK
Avjvi cwZdjb
173
Ges
Avjvi cwZdjb
175
Avjvi cwZdjb
177
mgvivj Avjv djv nj AvjvwU Pvwiw`K Qwoq hve, Qwoq hvIqv AvjvK iwkjv hw`
Avqbvi K`i w`K ewaZ Kwi Zvnj gb ne mUv eywS GKUv we`y _K Qwoq MQ| H
we`ywUK ej dvKvm we`y| Dj Avqbvi h c _K cwZdjb nq Zvi K` we`ywUK ej
gi we`y Ges GB we`y _K dvKvm
we`yi `~iZwUK ej dvKvm `~iZ
|
D`vniY 8.7: mgZj
AvqbvK hw` Avgiv
Mvjxq Dj Avqbv
wnme Kbv Kwi Zvnj
Zvi dvKvm `~iZ KZ?
Qwe 8.16: Dj Avqbvi dvKvm `~iZ MvjKi evmvai AaK
Di: Amxg!
GKUv Mvjxq AvqbvK Avgiv me mgqB GKUv MvjKi Ask wnme Kbv KiZ cvwi| H
MvjKwUi emva hw`
KviY
Ges
wfyRi
hnZy
evmva
KvRB
Kwi|
iwkwU h iKg j^fve
cwZdwjZ nq
Gi w`K wdi
Qwe 8.18: Dj Avqbvq GKwU e
dvKvm `~iZi
fZi ivLv nj cwZwe^wU
eo `Lvq|
wMqwQj GB iwkwUI wVK GKBfve
we`yZ cwZdwjZ nq
Gi w`K
wdi hve| wZxq iwkwU
Gi mv_ mgvivjfve AvuKv hZ cvi mUv Dj Avqbvi
we`yZ k Kij gb ne hb we`y _K Qwoq hvQ KvRB Avgiv
K hy Ki
Gi w`K evwoq w`Z cvwi|
iLvUv
iLvK
we`yZ Q` KiQ hvi A_
we`yi cwZwe^wU ne
we`yi cwZdjbwU AvmQ
we`y _K|
_K
we`yZ| hnZz Avgv`i gb ne
iLvi Ici j^ Uvbj mUv
we`yZ Q` KiQ KvRB
ne
Gi cwZwe^| `LvB
hvQ
me mgq
_K QvU Ges
Dj Avqbv _K hZ `~i _vKe
ne
Avjvi cwZdjb
179
ZZ QvU! cwZdjbi wbqg eenvi Ki Dj wKsev AeZj Avqbvq cwZwe^ AvuKvi GB cwZwU
fvjv Ki Rb ivLv `iKvi, GwU c`v_wevbi Lye cqvRbxq GKUv cwZ|
evSvB hvQ
_K Avmj mwZKvii Avjv weQzwiZ nQ bv, Avgv`i gb nQ
eywS cwZwe^wU GLvb AvQ! KvRB GUv Aeve cwZwe^| mvaviY Avqbvi cwZwe^i mv_ Zzjbv
Ki Avgiv ejZ cvwi
(a) GB cwZwe^wUi Aevb ne dvKvm we`y Ges gi we`yi gvSLvb| ewU hZ `~i
_vKe cwZwe^wU dvKvm we`yi ZZ KvQ Zwi ne|
(b) GB cwZwe^wU Aeve
(c) GwU mvRv
(d) GUv QvU, ewU Avqbv _K hZ `~i hve cwZwe^wU ZZ QvU nZ _vKe|
Avjvi cwZdjb
181
Di: RvwgwZ _K Avgiv `LvZ cvwi AeZj AvqbvwU MvjK bv nq QweZ `Lvbv
AvKwZi nj AvjvK iwk GK we`yZ K`xf~Z ne| GKUv Mvd ccvi mgvivj iwk GuK
mUvK GK we`yZ wgwjZ Kivbvi Rb mB we`y _K iwk GuK Zvgiv Dvfve AMmi
nq GB wekl e AvqbvwU AuvKZ cvie| Pv Ki `L|
KviY Avgiv Gi gvS Rb MwQ mgvivj iwk cwZdjbi ci dvKvm we`y w`q hvq| KvRB
GUv we`yZ AvcwZZ nq cwZdwjZ nq we`y w`q Pj hve|
we`y _K ei nIqv `ywU iwk cwZdjbi ci
Ges
w`K hve Ges `LvB
hvQ GB iwk `yUv wgwjZ nevi Kvbv myhvM bB! KvRB Wvb cvk Kvbv cwZwe^ Zwi nZ
cvie bv| wK hw` Wvb cvk _K evg cvk ZvKvbv hvq Zvnj gvb ne
iLv Ges
iLv `ywU eywS
we`yZ wgwjZ nqQ KvRB
ne Gi cwZwe^| GB we`y _K
Ai Ici GKwU j^ AvKjB Avgiv
Gi cyiv cwZwe^
cq hve|
_K
mwZKvi fve Kvbv Avjv hvQ bv, ay Avgv`i gb nQ GLvb eywS cwZwe^wU Zwi nqQ|
KvRB GB cwZwe^wU Aeve cwZwe^| Qwe _K `Lv hvQ cwZwe^wU g~j e _K eo| ay
Zv-B bq Avgiv ewUK hZB dvKvm we`yi KvQ Avbe cwZwe^wU ZZB eo ne| (hw` GUvK
wVK dvKvm we`yZ emvbv nq Zvnj cwZdwjZ AvjvK iwk Avmj mgvivj nq hve A_vr
cwZwe^ Zwi Kivi Rb AvjvK iwk Avi wgwjZ nZ cvie bv|) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvm
`~iZi fZi Kvbv wKQz ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^wU Kgb ne mwU `L bqv hvK :
(a) cwZwe^wUi Aevb Kv_vq ne mwU wbfi Kie Avmj ewUi Aevbi Ici|
ewU hZB dvKvmi KvQ ivLv ne cwZwe^i AevbwU ne ZZ `~i|
(b) GwU Aeve
(c) mvRv
(d) cwZwe^wUi `NI wbfi
Kie Zvi Aevbi
Ici, hZ dvKvm we`yi
KvQ hve Zvi `NI
ZZ eo hve|
dvKvm `~iZ _K ewk `~iZ:
Avgiv GLb ch hZ cwZwe^ `LwQ
Zvi gvS GB cwZwe^wU mePq
PgKc` KviY GB c_gevi Avgiv
GKwU eve cwZwe^ `Le A_vr
hLvb cwZwe^wU Zwi ne mLvb
mwZ mwZ Avjv K`xf~Z ne|
Avjvi cwZdjb
183
mwZKvii ewU nQ
Ges
we`yi cwZwe^wU Abevii gZv wbqB
iLvi Dci _vKe| we`ywUi cwZwe^ ei
Kivi Rb Avgv`i `ywU iwk AvuKZ ne
GKwU ne Ai mv_ mgvivj
Ges
cwZdwjZ nq GwU wbqB dvKvm we`y
Gi wfZi w`q
wnme hve| wZxq
iwkwU Avgiv
we`yi wfZi w`q AvuKZ
cvwi GwU AeZj Avqbvq cwZdwjZ nq
wnme mgvivj nq hve, KviY mgvivj
iLvi Avjv AeZj AvqbvZ cwZdwjZ nq Qwe 8.24: AeZj Avqbvq GKwU e dvKvj `~iZi
wb `~iZI evBi ivLj cwZwe^wU Dv Ges QvU
h iKg dvKvm we`yi wfZi w`q hvq wVK
nq|
m iKg Zvi DvUvI mwZ, Avjv me
mgqB Zvi MwZc_ Dv c_ cyivcywi AbymiY Ki|
Ges
iLv `ywU
we`yZ Q`
KiQ Ges
we`ywU nQ
we`yi cwZwe^| KvRB
we`y _K
iLvi Ici j^wU
we`yZ Q` KiQ Ges
nQ
Gi cwZwe^| `LZB cvQ GB cwZwe^wU GLb
ch `Lv Abvb cwZwe^ _K wfb|
8.24 QweZ e GKB welq `Lvbv nqQ aygv
ewU dvKvj `~iZi wY
_K ekx `~iZ ivLv nqQ| Gevi ewUi cwZwe^wU nqQ QvU| ewU hw` wVK dvKvj
`~iZi wY `~iZ ivLv nZv Zvnj Zvi cwZwe^wUI nZv GB GKB we`yZ, 8.25 QweZ hgb
`Lvbv nqQ| ay ZvB bq cwZwe^wUi AvKvi nZv wVK ewUi mgvb| dvKvj `~iZi evBi
ivLv GB wZbwU wfb wfb evcvi Gevi wQq jLv hZ cvi| dvKvj `~iZi evBi Kvbv
eK ivLv nj Zvi cwZwe^ ne G iKg :
(a) cwZwe^i AevbUv wbfi Kie ewU Kv_vq AvQ Zvi Ici| hZY ch ewU
dvKvm we`y Ges AeZj Avqbvi K`i gvSLvb AvQ cwZwe^i AevbUv ne
K`i eBi| ewU hw` AeZj Avqbvi eZvi K` _K evBi _vK Zvnj Zvi
cwZwe^ ne K`i wfZi| hw` ewU wVK K`i Ici _vK Zvnj cwZwe^i
AevbUvI ne K`|
(b) cwZwe^wU eve| ZvB eUvK w`q Zvi cwZwe^ h iKg ei KiZ cvwi wVK m
iKg cwZwe^UvK e aiv nj eUvB ne Zvi cwZwe^!
Avgiv hnZy `LZ cqwQ h GKUv cwZwe^ KLbv cKZ e _K QvU nq KLbv eo nq
ZvB weeab ej GKUv k eenvi Kiv hZ cvi| cwZwe^wU g~j e _K KZ eo mUvK
weeab ejv nq| hw` GKUv ei AvKvi nq Ges Zvi cwZwe^i AvKvi nq Zvnj weeab
nQ:
Avjvi cwZdjb
185
Avgiv hLb Uwjvc Kvbv emZzK `wL Lvwj PvL `Lj mUvK hZ eo `Lvbvi K_v
Uwjvc `Lj mUvK m Zzjbvq hZ eo `Lve mUvB nQ Uwjvci weeab|
8.8.2 Dj Avqbv
Qwe 8.26: mvaviY Avqbvq cwZwe^ Wvb Ges evg cv hvq, cwZwe^
Dj Avqbvq hnZz mvRv Ges evg Wvb AweKZ ivLZ nj `ywU AvqbvK mgKvb ivLZ ne
QvU cwZwe^ Zwi Kiv hvq ZvB
eo Kvbv `kK QvU RvqMvq `LZ nj Dj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq| Mvwoi ` WvBfviiv
Mvwo Pvjvbvi mgq me mgq wcQb Kx nQ `Lvi Pv Kib m Rb Mvoxi WvBfvii mvgb
wiqvi wfD wgii _vK GB wgiijvZ Dj Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq hb QvU GKUv Avqbv
w`qB Mvwoi WvBfviiv wcQbi eo GKUv RvqMv `LZ cvb|
Avjvi cwZdjb
187
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. PvLi mse`bkxjZvi cwigvcwU Kgb Ki
wbYq Kiv nZ cvi?
2. gvbyli PvL mePq ewk `LZ cvq njy`vf
meyR is Zvnj wec`msKZ me mgq jvj w`q
Kb Kiv nq?
3. AvqbvZ Wvb evg D hvq, Ici wbP Ivq bv
Kb?
4. RvQbvi AvjvZ is `Lv hvq bv Kb?
5. RvwZwe``i eo Uwjvc me mgq AeZj
Avqbv eenvi Kiv nq Kb?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. 8.28 Qwei gZv Ki Avqbv ivLv AvQ| QweZ `Lvbv AvjvK iwkwU Kvb w`K hve
`LvI|
2. Dj Avqbvq
ewUi Rb (Qwe 8.29a) AvjvK iwkjv GuK cwZwe^wU Kv_vq ne
`LvI|
Qwe 8.29: (a) Dj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi fZi ivLv GKwU e| (b) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi
fZi ivLv GKwU e|
3. AeZj Avqbvq
`LvI|
4. AeZj Avqbvq
`LvI|
Qwe 8.30:(a) AeZj Avqbvq dvKvj `~iZi evBi ivLv GKwU e| (b) AeZj Avqbvq wY dvKvj
`~iZi evBi ivLv GKwU e|
5. AeZj Avqbvq
`LvI|
beg Aavq
Avjvi cwZmiY
(Refractionoflight)
AvjevU AvBbvBb
AvBbvBbi Rb RvgvvwbZ| Rxebi iZ wZwb GKwU cUU
Awdmi Kivwb wnme KvR i KijI kl eqm cw_exi k
wevbx wnme cwiwPZ nb| Zuvi mePq eo Ae`vb Rbvij
w_Iwi Ad wijwUwfwU Ges Zuvi E mc mgxKiYwU cw_exi
mePq PgKc` mgxKiY wnme weePbv Kiv nq| wZxq gnvhyyi
AvM RvgvwbZ _vKv Zuvi Rb KwVb nq coj wZwb AvgwiKvZ
Pj Avmb Ges evwK Rxeb mLvb KvwUq `b| gZzi ci Zuvi
cwieviK bv Rvwbq GKRb wPwKrmK Zuvi gwwU KU mwiq
dj Ges cieZxZ mwU AbK KZ~nji Rb `q!
AlbertEinstein(18791955)
190Avjvi cwZmiY
gvagB Avjvi eM wfb Ges Kvb gvag Avjvi eM KZ mwU wbw` Ki w`jB Avgiv
cwZmiYi me wKQz ei Ki djZ cvie|
cZKwU gvagKB Avmj Zvi fZi Avjvi Uwej 9.1: wfb wfb gvag Avjvi
eM cKZ Avjvi eM _K KZY Kg mUv w`q cwZmvivsK
k~b gvag
1.00
wbw` Ki `qv nq Ges ZvK ejv nq mB gvagi
evZvm
1.00029
cwZmvivsK | k~b gvag Avjvi eM , Ges ZvB
cvwb
1.33
Kvbv gvag Avjvi eM nj gvagwUi cwZmvivsK
mvaviY KvP
1.52
nQ:
nxiv
2.42
GKwU msLv gv Ges Gi Kvbv GKK bB
Ges hnZz Avjvi mevP eM nQ , KvRB Gi gvb me mgqB 1 _K ewk| KvRB
hLb Avgiv ewj cvwbi cwZmvivsK 1.33, ZLb
Avmj Avgiv evSvB cvwbZ Avjvi eM:
3
10
/1.33
2.26
10
dvBevi AcwUK Kveji KvPi Zi cwZmvivsK
1.5 KvRB dvBevii fZi w`q Avjv
2 10 / eM hvq| 9.1 Uwej wKQz
Qwe 9.1: KvPi cwZmivsK Zi `Ni Dci
wbfi Ki|
c`v_i cwZmvivsK `qv nqQ| k~b gvag
^vfvweK fveB Gi gvb ne 1, evZvm GwU 1 Gi GZ KvQvKvwQ h Avgiv GUvK 1 aiB
Avgv`i wnmve Kie|
D`vniY 9.1: 9.1 Uwej `Lvbv gvagjvZ Avjvi eM KZ ei Ki|
Di: Kvb gvag Avjvi eM
k~b gvag
3 10
evZvm
3 10
/1.00
/1.00029
3 10
3 10
Avjvi cwZmiY191
cvwbZ
3
mvaviY KvP
nxivZ
3
10
/1.33
2.26 10
3 10
/1.52
2 10
10
/2.42
1.24 10
192Avjvi cwZmiY
GB AwZ mnR m~wU gb ivLj Zzwg cwZmiY-msv me mgmvi mgvavb Ki djZ cvie|
hw` c_g gvagwU evZvm nq Zvnj
1 ai wjLZ cvwi (Qwe 9.3)
sin
sin
hnZy
Gi gvb _K ewk ZvB
A_vr cwZmiYi ci
AvjvK iwkwU j^i w`K euK
hve| ewk nj Avgiv AbK mgq
ZvK Nb gvag ewj gb ivLZ ne
GLvb gvagi fii KviY Nb ejwQ
bv| GUvK Nb ejZ evSvbv nQ
Gi
ewk| KvRB cwZmiYi
wZxq m~ _K Avgiv ejZ cvwi
Avjv nvjKv gvag _K Nb gvag
hvevi mgq cwZmvwiZ iwk j^i w`K
Qwe 9.4: AvcZb Kvb ewk nj Avjv ewk cwZdwjZ nq|
euK hve| Avevi Nb gvag _K
nvjKv gvag hvevi mgq mwU j^ _K `~i mi hve| (Qwe 9.3)
cwZmiY wbq AvjvPbv Kiv nQ ej GLvb ay gv AvcvZb iwk Ges cwZmvwiZ iwk
AvuKv nqQ wK mevBK gb ivLZ ne hLbB GKwU AvjvK iwk GK gvag _K Ab
gvag cek Ki ZLb me mgqB LvwbKUv Avjv cwZdwjZ nq| `yUv gvagi gvS KZLvwb
cwZdwjZ ne Ges KZLvwb cwZmvwiZ ne mUv wbfi Ki AvcvZb KvYi Ici| AvcvZb
KvY evoZ _vKj me mgqB cwZdjb evoZ _vK| KvRB Dcii `yUv Qwe wVK Ki AvuKZ
nj 9.4 Qwei gZv Ki AvuKZ ne|
D`vniY 9.2: GKwU Kvci gvS
GKUv gy`v iL mUvK mvgb
Ggbfve ivLv hb mwU `Lv bv
hvq| gy`vwU Kxfve `Lv me?
Avjvi cwZmiY193
D`vniY 9.3:9.6 QweZ `Lvbv cvkvcvwk ivLv KqKwU wfb gvagi evBii c Avjv
Kvb AvcwZZ nqQ| Gi gvb KZ?
Di:
sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
KvRB
sin
sin
hnZz
sin
0.44
26
D`vniY 9.5: 9.7b QweZ GKwU iwk 60 Z evZvm _K GKwU gvag cek Ki
45 KvY wZxq gvag cwZmwiZ nQ| wZxq gvagwUi cwZmvivsK KZ?
Di: Avgviv Rvwb
194Avjvi cwZmiY
sin
1
sin60
sin 60
sin 45
sin
sin 45
1.22
9.1.2 wcRg
Kvbv ^Q gvagi `yB c mgvivj bv nj ZvK wcRg ej| ^Q mgvivj gvag h w`K
Avjv cek Ki mB w`Ki mv_ mgvivj nq AvjvK iwk ei nq hvq| w`K AcwiewZZ
_vKjI Avjvi iwk g~j iwk _K LvwbKUv mi
hvq| wcRgi ejvq AvjvK iwki w`K cv
hvq| (Qwe 9.8) c_g c w`q AvjvK iwkwU
cek Kivi mgq j^i w`K euK hvq hnZy
wZxq cwU mgvivj bq ZvB mB c w`q Avjv
ei nevi mgq j^ _K mi MjI mwU Avi
g~j w`K Nyi hZ cvi bv|
wcRg Avjvi w`K cv hvevi NUbv
NUjI mwU Ab GKwU KviY Aviv ewk Qwe 9.8: wcRgi AvjvK iwk w`K wcRgi
iZc~Y| wcRg GKwU AvjvK iwk cek Kivi fzwgi w`K eK hvq|
ci mwU g~j w`K _K KZUzKz euK hve mwU wcRgi cwZmvivsKi Ici wbfi Ki| Avgiv
AvMB ejwQ cwZmvivsK Avmj Avjvi Zi `N ev isqi Ici wbfi Ki| ZvB wfb wfb
isqi Rb cwZmvivsK wfb, KvRB GKB AvjvK iwkZ wfb wfb is _vKj wcRgi fZi
w`q hvevi mgq mB isqi Avjvjv wfb wfb KvY w`K cwieZb Kie KvRB Avgiv `Le
wcRg _K Avjv ei nevi mgq Zvi isjv Avjv`v nq MQ, wbDUb hwU c_g `wLqwQjb
(Qwe 1.2) !
9.1.3 AvcwK cwZmvivsK
Avgiv ejwQ Kvbv gvagi cwZmvivsK memgq 1
_K ewk nq| KviY cwZmvivsK hnZy k~b gvag
mv_ mB gvag Avjvi eMi Zzjbv GUv 1 _K ewk
ne| gvS gvS GK gvagi cwZmvivsKi Zzjbvq Ab
gvagi cwZmvivsK cKvk Kiv nq ZLb KvbwUi mv_
Avjvi cwZmiY195
KvbwUi Zzjbv Kiv nqQ Zvi Ici wbfi Ki mUv 1 _K Kg nZ cvi|
hgb cvwbK c_g gvag Ges KuvPK wZxq gvag aij (Qwe9.9)
sin
sin
1.33
1.52
cvwbi Zzjbvq KvPi cwZmvivsK
sin
1.14
sin
hwU 1 _K ewk|
Avevi KvPi Zzjbvq cvwbi cwZmvivsK
sin
0.88
sin
hwU 1 _K Kg|
A_vr h gvagi cwZmvivsK ei KiZ PvBQ mwUK hvi Zzjbvq ei KiZ PvBQ mB
msLv w`q fvM w`Z ne|
cvwbi Zyjbvq nxiv: 1.82
nxivi Zzjbvq cvwb: 0.55
KvPi Zzjbvq nxiv: 1.59
nxivi Zzjbvq KvP: 0.63
(Ze c`v_wevb mvaviYZ `ywUi Zzjbv wnme cwZmvivsK eenvi bv Ki wbw` ei
cwZmvivsK wnmeB eenvi Kiv nq|)
196Avjvi cwZmiY
cwqv, GLvb cwZmiYi wbqg eenvi Ki AvjvK iwkwU Nb gvag _K nvjKv gvag
cvVvZ nq gv!
Avgiv Gi gvS Rb MwQ (Ges AbKevi eenvi KiwQ), cwZmiYi m~ nQ
sin
sin
A_vr hw`
_K
eo nq Zvnj _K eo ne| aiv hvK Zzwg GKwU Nb gvag
( ) _K GKwU AvjvK iwk nvjKv gvagi ( ) w`K cvVvQ (Qwe 9.10), cwZmiY Ges
Qwe 9.10: Nb gvag _K nvjKv gvag hvevi mgq Avjvi c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb nZ cvi|
cwZdjbi wbqg Abyhvqx LvwbKUv Avjv cwZdwjZ ne Ges LvwbKUv cwZmvwiZ ne| hnZz
_K eo ne KvRB
90 _vKZB
90 nq hve Ges Gi ci _K
Avjvi cwZmvwiZ nevi Avi Kvbv myhvM _vKe bv! A_vr hLb
90 ne ZLb _K
cyiv AvjvKB cwZdwjZ nZ ne| Gi h gvbi Rb
90 nq mB KvYK vw
KvY ej|
A_vr
sin90
sin
sin
Avjvi cwZmiY197
KvPi
.
.
0.88
61.6
AvcvZb KvY hnZz 45, vwKvY _K Kg ZvB c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb ne bv|
D`vniY 9.7: 1.45 cwZmvivsKi GKwU gvagi fZi _K Avjv 75 Z AvcwZZ
nqQ| (Qwe 9.12) gvagwUi Ab cvk evZvm _vKj AvjvwU KZ wWwM KvY ei nq
Avme|
Di: Avgviv Rvwb
sin
sin
1.45
sin75
sin
1.40
sin
198Avjvi cwZmiY
cwZmvwiZ bv nq c~Y AvfixY cwZdwjZ nqQ KvRB hLbB Nb gvag _K nvjKv
gvag Avjvi cwZmiY `LZ nq ZLb c_g vw KvYwU ei Ki bqv fvjv, GB vw
KvY _K Kg KvY Avjv AvcwZZ nj aygv cwZmiY nIqv me|
GB vw KvY nj
1
0.69
1.45
43.6
KvRB 75 Z Avjv AvcwZZ nj mwU
cwZmwiZ bv nq c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb
ne|
9.2.1 isaby
Zvgiv hviv fveQ h Zvgiv mwZ mwZ KLbv c~Y Qwe 9.13: m~hi Avjv cvwbi Kbvi
fZi c~Y AvfixY cwZdwjZ nq wfb
AvfixY cwZdjb `Lwb Zv`iK gb Kwiq
wfb isq fvM nq hvq ej Avgiv isaby
`qv hvq h hviv isaby `LQ ZvivB c~Y AvfixY `LZ cvB|
cwZdjb `LQ! isaby Zwi nq cvwbi c~Y
AvfixY cwZdjb w`q| ay ZvB bq, hviv wcRgi Afve mv`v AvjvK Zvi isjvZ fvM
Ki `LZ cviwb ZvivI GB evcviwU isabyZ NUZ `LQ|
Avgv`i mevi KvQ wcRg bv _vKjI mv`v Avjvi isjv Avjv`v nIqvi NUbv Avgiv
mevB `LwQ| ew nevi cici hw` iv` DV Zvnj
Avgiv isaby `wL| Zvi KviY ZLb evZvm cvwbi KYv
_vK Ges cvwbi KYvq mB Avjv c~Y AvfixY
cwZdwjZ nevi mgq wfb wfb isqi Avjv wfb wfb
cwigvY euK hvq| (Qwe 9.13) GB Avjvi iwkjv
w`q isabyi wewfb wfb isqi ev (band) Zwi
nq|
Zvgiv hviv isaby `LQ Zviv wbqB
Avwevi KiQ GwU me mgqB m~hi wecixZ AvKvk
`Lv hvq Ges KviYwU wbqB eySZ cviQ|
9.2.2 cwivc
Avgiv mevB Rvwb mvegwib cwivc _vK Ges
mB cwivc w`q cvwbi wbP _K cvwbi Dcii
Avjvi cwZmiY199
`k `Lv me| mvaviY Avqbv w`q h aibi cwivc Zwi Kiv hvq Zvi _K AbK ewk
KvhKi cwivc Zwi Kiv nq wcRg Ges Zvi c~Y AvfixY cwZdjb w`q| (Qwe 9.14)
9.2.3 gwiPxKv
Avgiv mevB gixwPKv kwUi mv_ cwiwPZ, Kvbv wKQz cvIqvi Avkv Ki kl ch bv cj
mUvK gixwPKv ejv nq| g~j kwU GmQ gif~wgZ Dvci KviY eZvmi NbZi cwieZb
_K| hw`I Avgiv Rvwb D evZvm nvjKv ej Dci Pj hvq wK gif~wgi D evjyi KviY
Zvi KvQvKvwQ evZvm Dcii evZvm _K D _vKZ cvi| KvRB gif~wgi evZvmK wbPi
9.15 Qwei gZv Ki Kbv Ki wbZ cvwi|
mnRfve evSvbvi Rb GLvb gv KqKwU i `Lvbv nqQ| Dcii i evZvmi
NbZ ewk ZvB cwZmvivsK ewk| wbPi i evZvm D ZvB NbZ Kg Ges cwZmvivsKI Kg|
MvQ _K Avjv cwZwU
i cwZmvwiZ nevi mgq
cwZmiY KvY eo hve
Ges GKevi wbPi i
Gm
c~Y
AvfixY
cwZdjb nq hZ cvi|
ewk cwZmvivsK _K Kg
cwZmvivsKi gvag hvevi
mgq `~i _K `Lv nj
AvcvZb KvYi gvb ewk
nIqvi
KviY
vw
Qwe 9.15: gifywgZ evZvmi NbZi cv_Ki KviY gixwPKv `Lv hvq| KvYK AwZg Kivi
mvebv ewk _vK ZvB
gixwPKvK `~i _K `Lv hvq KvQ Gj `Lv hvq bv| hnZy Kvbv gvbyl `~ii GKwU MvQi
w`K ZvKvj mivmwi MvQwU `LZ cve Ges c~Y AvfixY cwZdjbi KviY MvQi GKwU
cwZwe^ MvQi wbPI `LZ cve gb ne wbP cvwb _vKvi KviY mLvb MvQi cwZwe^ `Lv
hvQ| KvQ Mj `Lv hve Kvbv cvwb bB!
Migi w`b D ivvq Mvwo Pvwjq hvevi mgq GKB KviY `~i KvjP fRv ivv
`Lv hvq mLvb cuQvbvi ci `Lv hvq ivvwU LULU Kbv GUvI GK aibi gixwPKv|
200Avjvi cwZmiY
0.238
dvBevi Ki h wmMbvj cvVvbv nq mwU Aejvj Avjv mwUI we`yr P^Kxq Zi Zvi
MwZeMI 3 10 / , wK hLb dvBevii fZi w`q hvq ZLb Zvi MwZeM
3
cw_exi Ab ci `~iZ , (
10 /
1.5
6,371
10
Avjvi cwZmiY201
6,371 10
2 10
0.1
GLvb
1.50
1.45
1.45
1.50
0.97
75
KvRB KvRB AvjvK iwkK 75 wKsev Zvi Pq ewk KvY AvcwZZ nZ ne|
Qwe 9.18:GKwU Dj I
GKwU AeZj ji
cQ`
202Avjvi cwZmiY
(Zvi KviY Pkgvi KvPjv Avmj GK aibi j)| Zvgv`i gvS hviv Pkgv eenvi Kiv
wKsev hviv Ab`i Pkgv eenvi KiZ `LQ Zviv wbwZfveB j KiQ h Pkgvi jK
Qwe 9.19: Dj Ges AeZj jK `ywU MvjKi Ask wnme Kbv Kiv hvq
`yBfvM fvM Kiv hvq GK aibi j w`q QvU wRwbmK eo `Lv hvq (mvavibZ eq`i
Pkgvi j G iKg nq|) Avevi Ab aibi j w`q
eo wRwbmK QvU `Lv hvq (mvaviYZ Kg eqmx`i
Pkgvi j G iKg nq)| h j w`q QvU wRwbmK eo
`Lv hvq mjvK Dj (convex) wKsev (K`vwPr)
Awfmvix j ej| h j w`q eo wRwbmK QvU `Lv
hvq mB jjvK AeZj j (Concave) wKsev
(K`vwPr )Acmvix j ej| h j w`q QvU wRwbmK
eo `Lv hvq A_vr Dj jjvi gvSLvbi Ask cv Qwe 9.20: cyi KvPi fZi w`q hvevi
_K cyi nq| Avi AeZj jjvi gvSLvbi Ask mgq cwZmiYi KviY g~j iwk _K
cv _K mi nq 9.18 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ| AvjvK iwk wePzZ nq|
ji cQ`i w`K ZvKvjB Avgiv eySZ cvwi Dj
wKsev AeZj ji `ywUB `ywU Mvjxq
e w`q mxgve| GB `ywU Mvjxq
ei emva mgvbI nZ cvi wfbI
nZ cvi| GB ejvi K`K
eZvi K` ej| 9.19QweZ
eZvi K`|
Ge
`bw`b Rxeb ev wevbi
Qwe 9.21: cyi j K` w`q hvIqv AvjvK iwk mgvivj
fve ei njI GKUz mi hvq, cvZjv j K` w`q hvIqv bvbv welq bvbv aibi j eenvi
AvjvK iwk Zvi w`K cwieZb bv Ki mvRvmywR ei nq hvq
Kiv nq Ze Avgiv Avgv`i GB
Avjvi cwZmiY203
eBq Avgv`i AvjvPbv cvZjv ji gvS mxgve ivLe| cvZjv j Ges cyi ji cv_K
bvgKiY _KB evSv MjI Avgiv cv_KUzKz AviKUz cwivi Ki wbB| ji cQ`i
w`K ZvKvj Avgiv `LZ cvB hw`I ji c`ki GK aibi eZv AvQ wK wVK
gvSvgvwS RvqMvq `ywU c cvq mgvivj| Avgiv Rvwb mgvivj c w`q Avjv hvevi mgq
cwZmiYi KviY AvjvK iwkwU g~j w`K _K LvwbKUv wePzr nq hvq (Qwe 9.20)| mgvivj
c `ywU hZ cyi ne AvjvK iwkwU g~j
iwki w`K _K ZZ ewk mi hve| hw`
mgvivj c `ywU Lye KvQvKvwQ nq Zvnj
Avgiv ai wbZ cvwi g~j AvjvK iwk h
w`K w`q GmQ gvUvgywU mw`K w`qB
ei nqQ Zvi Kvb wePzwZ nqwb| hme
ji ejvq Zvi K` w`q AvjvK iwk
hvevi mgq ai bqv hvq h iwkwUi w`K
AcwiewZZ AvQ mB me jK cvZjv
j ej (Qwe 9.21)|
Qwe 9.22: AeZj ji fZi w`q hvevi mgq
204Avjvi cwZmiY
Avjvi cwZmiY205
206Avjvi cwZmiY
we`ywUi cwZwe^
Avjvi cwZmiY207
GLvbI wZbwU wfb wfb welq nZ cvi| (i) ewU dvKvm `~iZi evBi wK wY dvKvj
`~iZi wfZi (ii) ewU wY dvKvj `~iZi evBi Ges (iii) ewU wVK wY dvKvj `~iZ|
GKwU GKwU Ki `Lv hvK|
c_g Avgiv ewUK dvKvm `~iZi evBi wK dvKvm `~iZi wY `Ni fZi
ivLv ne| 9.28 QweZ
ewUi
we`yi cwZwe^wU
iLvi Dci ne ZvB AvMi
gZv Avgiv ay we`ywUi cwZwe^ ei Kwi| we`y _K Ai mv_ mgvivj iwkwU dvKvj
we`y Gi fZi w`q hve| ji K`we`y w`q Ab GKwU iwk
mij iLvq hve `ywU
iLv hLvb Q` Kie mB we`ywU nQ Gi cwZwe^| _K A
iLvi Ici j^
AvuKv nj
we`ywU ne Gi cwZwe^i Aevb| KvRB
nQ
Gi cwZwe^| A_vr
GB cwZwe^i Rb Avgiv ejZ cvwi:
(a) cwZwe^wUi Aevb ne dvKvj `~iZi wY `~iZi evBi
(b) eve
(c) Dv
(d) Ges ei AvKvi _K eo
ewU hw` wVK dvKvm `~iZi wY `~iZ (Qwe 9.29) ivLv
nq Zvnj cwZwe^wUi AvKvi ne
ewUi mgvb Ges cwZwe^wUi
Aevb ne ji K` _K
wVK mgvb `~iZ| ewU hZB
dvKvj we`yi KvQvKvwQ Avbv nZ
_vKe cwZwe^wU ZZB `~i Zwi
ne Ges Zvi AvKvi eo nZ
_vKe| hnZz GB cwZwe^i
fZi w`q mwZKvi AvjvK iwk
208Avjvi cwZmiY
Avjvi cwZmiY209
Di: Avjvi iwki w`K cwieZb Kij GKwU AbwUZ cwiewZZ nq!
9.3.4 ji gZv
ji mePq cPwjZ eenvi Avgiv
`wL Pkgvi gvS| Zvgiv hw` wewfb
gvbyli Pkgvi j cixv Ki `L
Zvnj `Le Kviv Kviv Pkgvi j
Zwi nq Dj j w`q Kviv Kviv
Pkgvi j Zwi nq AeZj j w`q|
Avgiv jjvK cvq mgqB cvIqvi
w`q evLv Kwi Zvgiv wbqB ejQ
wKsev ejZ bQ, AgyKi Pkgvi
cvIqvi AbK ewk| cvIqvi K_vwU w`q
Avgiv Kx evSvbvi Pv Kwi?
cvIqvii aviYvwU GmQ j
w`q eo Ges QvU `Lvi evcviwU _K|
`ywU Dj ji wcQb wRwbmwU KvQvKvwQ
GKB `~iZ hw` Kvbv wKQz ivwL Ges
210Avjvi cwZmiY
9.4.1 Pkgv
ji mePq cPwjZ eenvi nQ
Pkgv| Avgv`i PvL GKwU Dj
j iqQ Ges GB Dj ji
KviY PvLi Aw MvjKi wcQb
`~ii Kvbv ei GKwU cwZwe^
Zwi nq| Avw MvjKi wcQb
Avjvi cwZmiY211
_vK iwUbv mLvb AvjvKmse`x Kvl _vK| (Qwe 9.33) GB Kvljv _K h wmMbvj
Zwi nq mB wmMbvj AcwUKvj bvf Ki gw cvVvbv nq Ges gw mB wmMbvj _K
Avgv`i `Lvi Abyf~wZ `q| PvLi fZi Avjvi cwigvY evovbv wKsev Kgvbvi Rb iqQ
AvBwik| Zvgiv hviv AvM KLbv j Kiwb Zviv PvLi Ici UPjvBUi Avjv dj `LZ
cviv AvBwikUv Kx PgrKvifve msKzwPZ nq wcDwcjUvK QvU Ki dj|
Zvgiv wbqB eySZ cviQ Kvbv wKQzK Ki `LZ nj PvLi iwUvbvq
GKUv cwZwe^ Zwi nIqv `iKvi| Zvgiv j mK hUzKz RbQ mLvb _K aviYv KiZ
cvi hnZz GKUv ji dvKvj `~iZ wbw` Kiv _vK ZvB meZ GKUv wbw` `~iZi eB
PvL `Lv hve| ewU hw` GKUz `~i nq wKsev KvQ nq Zvnj cwZwe^wU iwUbvi Dci
bv nq Aviv mvgb wKsev Aviv wcQb Zwi ne|
Qwe 9.34: PvLi j iwUbvi mwVK RvqMvq cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ bv cvij j eenvi Ki mB mgmv gUvbv
me
212Avjvi cwZmiY
`Lvi Pv Ki| `Le hLb AvyjwU Ki `Le ZLb `~ii wRwbmwU Svcmv `Lve Avevi
`~ii wRwbmwU hLb `Lve ZLb AvyjwU Suvcmv `Lve|
Kvbv gvbyl hLb Zvi PvL w`q ewkifvM mgq KvQi wRwbm `L ZLb Zvi gw
KvRwU mnR Kivi Rb PvLi jK vqxfve gvUv Ki Zvi dvKvj `~iZ Kwgq djZ
cvi| ZLb KvQi wRwbm `LZ mgmv bv njI `~ii wRwbm `LZ mgmv nq hvq| PvLi
GB wUi bvg gvqvwcqv (myopia) G iKg mgmv nj PvLi ji dvKvj `~iZ evovbvi
Rb Zvi mvgb AviKwU AeZj j ivLZ nq| (Qwe 9.34a) A_vr Zvi bMwUf cvIqvii
Pkgv coZ nq|
gvqvwcqvi wecixZ PvLi wUi bvg nvBcvigUvwcqv (hypermetropia)ZLb wVK
Dv evcviwU NU| PvLi ji dvKvj `~iZ eo hvq, ZLb cvKvcvwKfve ay `~ii wRwbm
`LZ cvi KviY iwUbvi Ici jwU ay `~ii wRwbmi cwZwe^ mwVKfve Zwi KiZ
cvi| ZLb KvQi wRwbmi cwZwe^ Zwi nq Aviv `~i| G iKg Aevq PvLi mvgb GKwU
Dj j iL mwwjZ dvKvj `~iZ Kwgq mwVKfve iwUbvZ cwZwe^ Zwi KiZ nq|
(Qwe 9.34b)
PvL AZ PgKc` welq, GwU wbq Avgiv AbKwKQz wkLZ cvwi| AvcvZZ `w wbq
Aviv mnR KqKUv welq Rb wbB|
(a) PvLi iwUbvZ AvjvKmse`x iW Ges KvY GB `yB aibi Kvl iqQ| iW Kg
AvjvZ Ges KvY ewk AvjvZ KvR Ki| KvY Kvl is mse`x ZvB ay ewk AvjvZ
Avgiv is `LZ cvB| A AvjvZ iW KvR Ki Ges mLvb isqi Abyf~wZ nq bv| mRb
RvQbvq me wKQzK Kvgj `Lvq wK RvQbvi AvjvZ Avgiv is `LZ cvB bv|
(b) Avgv`i `ywU PvL mvgb
(cvwL`i gZv `yB cvk bq Ze
cuvPvi K_v Avjv`v, cuvPvi PvL gvbyli
gZv mvgb) ZvB Avgiv GKB mv_ `yB
PvL `ywU cwZwe^ `wL| Avgv`i
Avjvi cwZmiY213
iwUbvZ h cwZwe^ co mwU _K Avjvi msKZ AcwUK bvf Ki gw hvq , gw
mUvK weklY Ki Avgv`iK `Lvi Abyf~wZ `q|
D`vniY 9.11: iwUbvi h Ask AcwUK bvf mshy nqQ mB AskwU `Lvi Abyf~wZ Zwi
Ki bv, ZvB GUvK ej evB U| Zzwg wK mUv cixv KiZ PvI?
Di: evg PvL e Ki Wvb PvL w`q 9.35 QweZ evg w`Ki m wPwUi w`K ZvwKq
gv_vUv QwewUi w`K bvwgq Avbv, hLb Wvb w`Ki Kvjv ewUi cwZwe^ wUK AcwUK bvfi
mshvM j evB U coe ZLb nVvr Ki mwU A`k nq hve|
Qwe 9.36: `ywU Dj j eenvi Ki Zwi GKwU Uwjvc Dv cwZwe^ `Lv hvq| UwjvcwUi `N
nq `ywU ji dvKvj `~iZi mgvb|
214Avjvi cwZmiY
Uwjvc cwZwe^wU `Lv hvq mvRv Ges Uwjvci `N nq AeRwf Ges AvBwcmi
dvKvm `Ni weqvM dji mgvb| (Qwe 9.37)
Qwe 9.37: GKwU Dj Ges GKwU AeZj j eenvi Ki Zix GKwU Uwjvc mvRv cwZwe^ `Lv hvq|
UwjvcwUi `N nq `ywU ji dvKvj `~iZi cv_Ki mgvb|
Avjvi cwZmiY215
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. PvLi j iwUbvZ Dv cwZwe^ Zwi Ki, Zvnj Avgiv me wKQz Dv `wL bv Kb?
2. PvLi mv_ Kvgivi GKUv iZc~Y cv_Ki K_v ej|
3. Nb gvag Avjvi eM Kg, G iKg Aevq Kvbv wKQz Kx Avjv _K `Z hZ cvie?
4. fi `ycyi isaby `Lv hvq bv Kb?
5. cvwbi duvUv ji gZv KvR KiZ cvi, GB ji dvKvj `~iZ KZ nZ cvi?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
Qwe 9.39: AvcwZZ we`yZ wfbcwZmivsKi GK dvUv Zij ivLv nj c~Y Avfixb Kvb cwiewZZ nq
hve|
216Avjvi cwZmiY
4.
Qwe 9.41: (a)Dj ji dvKvj `~iZi fZi ivLv GKwU e (b) Dj ji dvKvj `~iZi evBi
ivLv GKwU e
`kg Aavq
wi we`yr
(StaticElectricity)
GWDBb nvej
GWDBb nvej GKRb gvwKb RvwZwe`| wZwb c_g
`wLqwQjb h wekv gvMZ cmvwiZ nQ Ges GwU
wekv mwi weM evs w_Iwii mc GKwU eo Avwevi
wnme weePbv Kiv nq| cheY Ki mi RMr wKsev
Qvqvc_i evBi gnvRvMwZK RvwZwe`vq Zuvi Ae`vbK
hyMvKvix ej aviYv Kiv nq| Zuvi evev ZuvK GKRb AvBbwe`
Zwi KiZ PqwQjb Ges wZwb mfve AvBb wbq covkvbvI
KiwQjb wK kl RvwZwe` wnmeB wbRK Mo Zvjb|
Zuvi gZzi ci Kvbv Awwqv nqwb Ges Kv_vq ZuvK Kei
`qv nqQ mUv KD Rvb bv!
EdwinHubble(18891953)
218 wi we`yr
Avgiv mevB Rvwb mewKQz AYy-cigvYy w`q Zwi| cw_exZ 109 wU cigvYy AvQ Gi
gvS gv 83 wU UKmB, gv GB KqwU cigvYy w`q j j wfb AYy Zwi nqQ| GKUv
AwRb cigvYyi mv_ `yUv nvBWvRb cigvYy w`q cvwb, GKUv mvwWqvg cigvYyi mv_ GKUv
Kvwib cigvYy w`q jeY GKUv Kveb cigvYyi mv_ PviUv nvBWvRb cigvYy w`q ivbv Kivi
Mvm BZvw` BZvw`| (AevK nevi wKQz bB evsjvq gv PwjkUv eYgvjv mB eYgvjv w`q nvRvi
nvRvi k Zwi nqQ!)
cigvYy nQ me wKQzi wews eK (Building Block) GB cigvYyi K` _vK QvU
GKUv wbDwKqvm, ZvK wNi NyiZ _vK BjKUb| wbDwKqvm Zwi nq cvUb Avi wbDUb w`q|
Gi fZi cvUbi PvR nQ abvZK ev cwRwUf (wbDUbi Kvbv PvR bB) Avi BjKUbi
PvR FYvZK ev bMwUf| cvUb Avi BjKUbi PvR mgvb wK wecixZ A_vr Zvi gvb
(1.6 10
) wK GKUv cwRwUf AbUv bMwUf| GKUv cigvYyi wbDKwqvm h
KqUv cvUb _vK Zvi evBi wVK mB KqUv BjKUb NyiZ _vK ZvB cigvYyi mwwjZ PvR
k~b, A_vZ cigvYy nQ we`yr wbic ev wbwor
ev wbDUvj| mePq mnR cigvYy nQ
nvBWvRb, Zvi wbDwKqvmUv nQ ay GKUv
cvUb ZvK wNi NyiQ GKUv BjKUb| Gi
cii cigvYy nQ wnwjqvg, wbDwKqvm `yBUv
cvUb (Ges PvRwenxb `yBUv wbDUb) Avi evBi
`yBUv BjKUb| Gfve Av Av Aviv eo eo
cigvYy Zwi nqQ, cwiwk-2 G mjv GKUvi
ci AviKUv `Lvbv nqQ| nvBWvRbK hw`
ev` w`B Zvnj ejv hvq wbDwKqvm hZjv
cvUb _vK Kgc ZZjv Ges mvaviYZ
Qwe 10.1: GKwU jvnvi cigvby| GK Kc_
Aviv ewk wbDUb _vK|
c~Y Ki Bjb cii Kc_ hvq|
wbDwKqvmi evBi BjKUbjv me
GKB Kc_ _vK bv, 10.1 QweZ hfve
`Lvbv nqQ mfve GKUv Kc_ c~Y Ki cii Kc_ hZ _vK| fZii Kc_i
BjKUbjv AbK kfve AvUK _vK, Ze evBii Kc_i BjKUbjvK GKUz Pv
Kij Avjv`v Kiv hvq| BjKUb Avjv`v Kivi GKUv Dcvq nQ NlY!
GgwbZ cigvYyjv PvR wbic A_vr cZK cigvYyZ mgvb msLK cvUb Avi
BjKUb wK Kvbv KviY hw` evBii Kc_i GKUv BjKUb mwiq bqv nq Zvnj
wi
we`yr
219
BjKUbi Zzjbvq cvUbi msLv eo hvq A_vr cigvYyUv Avi we`yr wbic ev wbDUvj _vK
bv, Zvi fZi cwRwUf PvRi cwigvY eo hvq| GKUv BjKUb mwiq wbj cigvYyUv GKwU
cwRwUf PvR nq, `ywU mwiq wbj `ywU cwRwUf PvR nq| Avgiv ZLb ewj cigvYywU AvqvwbZ ev
Qwe 10.2: KvPK wm w`q Ges cvwKK dvbj w`q Nl cwRwUf I bMwUf PvR MVb Kiv hvq|
AvwnZ nqQ| GKUv cigvYy h iKg cwRwUffve AvqvwbZ nZ cvi wVK m iKg bMwUf
fveI AvqvwbZ nZ cvi A_vr ZLb wewQb GKwU ev `ywU BjKUb cigvYyi mv_ hy nq
hvq ZLb cigvYyi gvU PvR nq bMwUf|
cigvYyjvi BjKUbjv Zvi Kc_ NyiZ _vK, Gjv Kxfve mvRvbv ne Zvi
mywbw` wbqg AvQ| GLb Zvi Mfxi Avgiv hve bv ay ej ivwL KLbv KLbv kl Kc_
GKwU `ywU BjKUb cvq gy Aevq _vK, G iKg c`v_ BjKUbjv Lye mnR cyiv c`v_i
gvS QvUvQzwU KiZ cvi| G iKg c`v_K Avgiv ewj we`yr cwievnx| Avevi wKQz wKQz c`v_
QvUvQzwU Kivi gZv BjKUb bB, h KqwU AvQ Lye kfve Ave mjv nQ we`yr
Acwievnx| avZe c`v_ hgb mvbv, icv, Zvgv nQ we`yr mycwievnx| KvV, cvwK, KvP, ievi
Gme nQ we`yr Acwievnx|
cigvYyi MVb mK GLb ch hv hv ejv nqQ Avgiv hw` mjv eyS _vwK Zvnj
wi we`yZi cii welqjv gb ne LyeB mnR|
220 wi we`yr
Avevi hw` GK UzKiv cvwKK dvbj (ev ckwg Kvco) w`q Nlv nq Zvnj dvbj _K
BjKUb Pj Avme cvwKi UzKivZ Zvi KviY BjKUbi Rb cvwKi AvKlY dvbj
_K ewk|
Gevi Avgiv GKUv GcwigU KiZ cvwi| aiv hvK KvP Ges wm eeenvi Ki
Avgiv `yB UzKiv KvPK cwRwUf PvR w`q AvwnZ KiwQ| GLb GKUvK hw` mveavb GKUv
we`yr Acwievwn
wmi myZv w`q
Szwjq w`q Zvi
KvQ AbUv wbq
Avwm
Zvnj
`Le
Szj
KvPi
UzKivwU
weKwlZ nq mi
Qwe 10.3: GK PvR weKlY Ki Ges wecixZ PvR AvKlY Ki|
hvQ|
(Qwe
10.3)
Avgiv hw` GKBfve `yB UzKiv cvwKK bMwUf PvR w`q AvwnZ Ki GKUvK
wmi myZv w`q eua Szwjq w`B Ges AbUv Zvi KvQ wbq Avwm Zvnj Avgiv GKB evcvi
`Le, GKUv AviKUvK weKlY KiQ| Gevi hw` cvwKi `Uv hLb Szj AvQ ZLb Zvi
KvQ cwRwUf PvR AvwnZ KvPi `Uv wbq Avwm ZLb `Le GKUv AviKUvK AvKlY KiQ|
Avgiv hLb gnvKl ej cowQ ZLb `LwQ mLvb ay GK iKg fi ZvB gv GK iKg
ej mwU nQ AvKlY| GLb Avgiv `LwQ GLvb `yB iKg PvR Ges ejwUI `yB iKg, KLbv
AvKlY, KLbv weKlY| GcwigUUv hw` wVKfve Ki _vwK Zvnj `LZ cve GKB aibi
PvR GK AbK weKlY Ki Ges wfb wfb PvR GK AbK AvKlY Ki|
GB Aavqi iZ ejv nqQ wPiwb w`q Pzj AvPovbvi ci mB wPiwbwU hLb QvU QvU
KvMRi KvQ Avbv nq ZLb KvMRjv jvwdq wPiwbi KvQ Pj Avm evSv hvq wPiwbUv
KvMRi UzKivjvK AvKlY KiQ| Avgiv GLb Rvwb wPiwbUvZ bMwUf PvR Rgv nqQ
Ges m KviYB wPiwbUv KvMRi UzKivjvK AvKlY KiQ wK GLvb GKUv QvU RwUjZv
AvQ| Avgiv `LwQ wecixZ PvR AvKlY Ki, ZvB KMRjvK AvKlY KiZ nj mjvK
wi
we`yr
221
AekB wPiwbi wecixiZ PvR nZ ne wK Avgiv Rvwb KvMRi UzKivjvZ Kvbv PvRB
bB Zvnj wPiwb Kb GjvK
AvKlY KiQ?
evcviUv NU e`ywZK Avek
bvgi GKUv cwqvi Rb| KvP wKsev
cvwK PvR Rgv Ki mUvK hw`
PvRnxb Kvbv wKQzi KvQ Avbv nq
Zvnj mB PvRnxb eUvi gvS GK
aibi PvR Rb bq| welqUv
evSvbvi Rb 10.4 QweZ GKUv
avZe MvjK `Lvbv nqQ, GUvK
ivLv nqQ we`yr Acwievnx vi Qwe 10.4:PvRwenxb eI KvQ PvR mn e Avbv nj wecixZ
Ici| GLb GKUv KvPK wm w`q PvR AvewkZ nq|
Lye fvjv Ki Nl Zvi gvS PvR
Rgv Ki wbq mUv avZe MvjKi KvQ wbq Gj avZe MvjKi bMwUf PvRjv AvKwlZ
nq KvQ Pj Avme Ges MvjKi wcQb w`K cwRwUf PvRjv mi hve| GLb KvP `
cwRwUf PvRhy, KvP `i KvQvKvwQ MvjKi AskUzKz bMwUf PvRhy KvRB Giv ciiK
AvKlY Kie!
Gevi Avgiv wPiwb w`q KvMRi
UzKivK AvKlY Kivi evcviUv eySZ cvie|
hLb KvMRi UzKivi KvQvKwQ bMwUf PvRhy
wPiwbUv Avbv nq ZLb KvMRi UzKivi h Ask
KvQvKvwQ mLvb cwRwUf PvR AvewkZ nq Avi
mv_ mv_ h Ask `~i mLvb bMwUf PvR
Rgv nq| KvMRi UzKivi cwRwUf PvRi
AskUzKz wPiwbi AvKlY Abyfe Ki Avi
KvMRi UzKivi bMwUf AskUzKz wPiwbi
weKlY Abyfe Ki| wK hnZz cwRwUf PvRi
AskUzKz wPiwbi KvQ ZvB AvKlYUzKz weKlY
_K ewk mRb KvMRi UzKiv AvKwlZ nq
Qwe 10.5: kxZKvj wPiwb w`q Pzj AvPo QvU
KvMRi KvQ aij mjv AvKlY Abyfe Ki| jvwdq wPiwbi KvQ Pj hvq| (Qwe 10.5)
222 wi we`yr
Qwe 10.6: `ywU avZe MvjKK GKmv_ iL Zv`i fZI wfb PvR AvewkZ Kiv me|
Di: nuv 10.6 QweZ hfve `Lvbv nqQ mfve `yUv MvjK wfb PvR AvewkZ Ki
Avjv`v Kiv me|
GB Aavqi iZ Avgiv wZbwU wfb wfb NUbvi K_v ejwQjvg GZY mjv Kb
NUQ Zvgiv wbqB mUv eyS MQ! wPiwbi welqUv evLv Kiv nqQ| QvU wki nvgvwo
`qvi welqUvI evSv KwVb bq KvcU Nl Nl hvevi Rb Zvi kixi PvRi Rgv nq, mviv
kixii mv_ mv_ PzjI mB PvR Qwoq co| me Pzj GKB PvR Avgiv Rvwb GK aibi PvR
weKlY Ki ZvB GKUv Pzj Ab PyjK weKlY Ki Lvov nq Qwoq co! GLb Avgiv eRcvZi
welqUvI evLv KiZ cvie| gNi mv_ gNi NlY mLvb PvR Avjv`v nq hvq| AvKvki
gN hLb wecyj cwigvY PvR Rgv nq ZLb mUv wbP wecixZ PvRi Avek Zwi Ki Ges gvS
wi
we`yr
223
224 wi we`yr
c_g BjKUvvci PvKwZZ cwiwPZ Kvbv PvR w`Z ne| aiv hvK KvPK wm w`q Nl
cwRwUf PvR Zwi Ki Avgiv mUvK PvKwZZ k Kij hw` mvbvi cvZ `ywUi duvK Kg hvq
Zvnj eySZ ne Gi gvS bMwUf PvR| hw` duvKwU Aviv eo hvq Zvnj eySZ ne PvRwU
wbqB cwRwUf|
PvRi Avek
Kvbv GKUv eZ PvR AvQ wK bv mUv PvKwZK k bv KiB evSv me| aiv hvK cwRwUf
PvR AvQ G iKg GKUv `K PvKwZi KvQ Avbv nqQ, Zvnj PvKwZi gvS bMwUf PvRi
Avek ne| (Qwe 10.8) GB bMwUf PvRi Avek Kivi Rb BjKUvvci Abvb Ask
_K bMwUf PvRK PvKwZi gvS Pj AvmZ ne, m KviY mvbvi cvZ `ywUZI cwRwUf
PvR Zwi ne mB cwRwUf PvR mvbvi cvZ `yUvi gvS GKUv dvuK Zwi Kie|
hw` cwRwUf PvR `qv Kvbv wKQy bv Gb bMwUf PvR `qv wKQz Avwb ZvnjI Avgiv
`Le mvbvi cvZ `yUv duvK nq hvQ Ze Gevi mwU
ne mLvb bMwUf PvR Rgv nIqvi KviY|
Avgiv GKUz AvMB `LwQ wecixZ PvR GK AbK Qwe 10.9: `ywU PvR q1 Ges q2 Gi fZi
AvKlY Ki wK GK aibi PvR GK AbK weKlY ej F, AvKlY Ges weKlY `yBB nZ
Ki| Ze Avgiv GLbv Rvwb bv wVK KZLvwb AvKlY cvi|
wKsev weKlY Ki, mUv eySZ nj Avgv`i Kzj^i
m~wU GKUzLvwb `LZ ne| wevbx Kzj^ `ywU PvRi gvS KZLvwb ej KvR Ki mUv ei
KiwQjb| G iKg GKUv eji m~ Avgiv Gi gvS GKUv `L djwQ mUv nQ wbDUbi
gvavKlY eji m~| mwU wQj G iKg:
wi
we`yr
225
GLvb
Avi Gi GKK nQ Kzj^ Ges ev `~iZi GKK nQ
/ hb Gi GKK nq
Avgiv ejZ cvwi
Gi gvb:
9 10
/
KvRB
Gi GKK
Kzj^ nQ PvRi GKK, Avgiv cii AavqB `Le PvRi cevn nQ e`ywZK cevn ev KviU
Ges KviUi GKK nQ Gwqvi| GK mK evwc GK Gwqvi KviU cevn Kiv nj h
cwigvY PvR cevwnZ nq mUv nQ GK Kzj^ ( )|
Ze Kzj^ evSvi mePq LuvwU cwZ nQ BjKUb ev cvUbi PvRi cwigvYwU evSv|
Zvi cwigvY
BjKUbi PvR: 1.6 10
cvUbi PvR: 1.6 10
Ges
`ywUB hw` cwRwUf ev bMwUf nq Zvnj Gi gvb ne
Zvgiv `LZB cvQ
cwRwUf Ges ZLb GKwU AbwUK weKlY Ki| hw` GKUv cwRwUf Avi AbwU bMwUf nq
Zvnj
Gi gvb ne bMwUf, hvi A_ eji w`K cwieZb njv A_vr PvR `ywU GKUv
AviKwUK AvKlY Kie| Avgiv AvMB mUv `LwQjvg, my _KI mUv AvmQ|
Qwe 10.10:(a)10cm `~i AewZ +1C Ges -1C PvR (b)1 wgUvi `~i AewZ +5C Ges +3C PvR
D`vniY 10.1: GKwU 1 Kzj^ PvR Ges GKwU
`yUv PvRi fZi ej KZUzKz?
1 Kzj^ PvR 10
226 wi we`yr
Di: `yUv wecixZ PvR GK AbK AvKlY Kie| Zv`i fZiKvi ej: (Qwe 10.10a)
GLvb
1
1
10
0.10
9 10
/
9
10
1
0.10
10
D`vniY 10.2: GKwU 5 Ges 3 PvR 1 `~i ivLv nqQ| GLb ZZxq GKwU PvR
Ggbfve `ywU PvRi gvSLvb ivL hb mwU Kvbv ej Abyfe bv Ki| (Qwe 10.10b)
Di:
PvRwU 5 Wvb w`K Vj `e Ges 3 evg w`K Vj `e| `ywU PvR hLb
GKB ej Vje ZLb
PvRwU Kvbv ej Abyfe Kie bv|
KvRB
5
3
1
5 1
3
10
2
10
100
4
0
40
wi
we`yr
227
Di:
GLvb
1.6
1.6
0.5
10
10
10
9
10
KvRB
9
10
1.6
10
0.5 10
1.6
10
9.22
10
D`vniY 10.4: cw_exZ Ges Pvu` Kx cwigvY PvR Rgv ivLj gnvKl ej k~b nq Pvu`
Kc_ _K QzU ei nq hve?
Di: cw_ex Ges Pvu`i gvS gvavKlY ej:
GLvb
6.67 10
7.35 10
5.97 10
3.84 10
KvRB
6.67
10
7.35 10
3.84 10
5.97
10
10
9 10
3.84 10
1.98
10
228 wi we`yr
3.24
5.69
10
10
10
10
3.56
10
10
324
A_vr cw_ex c Ges Pvu` gv 324kg BjKUb iL w`Z cvij Puv` Kc_ _K QzU ei
nq hve| (GKUv gvSvwi Mii fii mgvb!)
`ywU PvRi fZiKvi ej Avgiv Kzj^i m~ w`q ei KiZ cvwi| Zvgv`i wbqB gb AvQ
gvavKlY eji Rb cZKeviB Avjv`v Ki gnvKlY ej _K i bv Ki Avgiv
gvavKlYRwbZ ZiY ei Ki wbqwQjvg| mUvi m fi Y w`jB ej ei nq hZ|
Zwor eji ejvZI Avgiv mUv KiZ cvwi Avgiv Zwor ej GKUv b~Zb ivwk
msvwqZ KiZ cvwi, Zvi mv_ PvR Y KijB Avgiv mB PvRi Ici AvivwcZ ej
cq hve| A_vr h Kvbv PvR Zvi Pvcvk GKUv Zwor Zwi Ki, mB Zwor
nQ
eji
/ Zvgiv
wi
we`yr
229
Zwor `Lv hvq bv wK KvDK evSvbi Rb AbK mgq Zwor ej iLv bvg
cyivcywi KvwbK GK aibi iLv GK `Lvbv nq (gvBKj dvivW c_g mUv KiwQjb|)
Avgv`i cwiwPZ RMr
wgvwK
KvRB
ej
iLvjv Pvwi`KB Qwoq
coe Zvgv`i `Lvbvi
Rb mjv GKUv mgZj
GK `Lvbv nqQ| (Qwe
10.11)
ej iLv AvuKvi
Qwe 10.11: cwRwUf PvR _K ejiLv Pvwiw`K Qwoq co Ges
mgq wKQz wbqg gb Pjv
wbMwUf PvRi w`K ejiLv K`xfzZ nq|
nq| hgb
(a) cwRwUf PvRi ejvq ej iLv PvR _K ei ne bMwUf PvRi ejvq ej
iLv PvR Gm K`xf~Z ne| GKUv wbw` we`yZ ej iLvi w`K nQ Zwor
i w`K|
(b) PvRi cwigvY hZ ewk ne ej iLvi msLv ZZ ewk ne|
(c) ej iLvjv hZ KvQvKvwQ _vKe Zwor ZZ ewk ne|
(d) GKwU PvRi ej iLv KLbv Ab PvRi ej iLvi Ici w`q hve bv|
10.12 a QweZ `yUv wecixZ
PvRi Rb ej iLv `Lvbv
nqQ Ges Zvgiv `LZ cvQ
GK PvRi ej iLv Ab PvR
wMq mgv nqQ| hLvb Zwor
ewk mLvb ej iLvi
msLvI ewk ay ZvB bq QwewU
`Lj `yUv PvR GKUv
AviKUvK UvbQ G iKg GKUv
Abyf~wZ nq! 10.12 b QweZ
`yUvB cwRwUf PvR `Lvbv
230 wi we`yr
nqQ Ges Qwe `LB `yUv PvR GKwU AviKwUK Vj w`Q G iKg Abyf~wZ nQ| ay ZvB
bq `yUv PvRi gvSvgvwS Ask GKwU PvRi Zwor Ab PvRi Zwor K KvUvKvwU Ki
dj Pj mLvb ej iLv Kg Ges Gi gvSLvb GKwU we`y iqQ hLvb Zwor i gvb
k~b| hw` `yUvB bMwUf PvR nZv Zvnj ay gv ej iLvi w`K cwieZb nZv ZvQvov Ab
mewKQz AvMi gZvB nZv|
D`vniY 10.5: 5 PvRi Rb 10
Di:
GLvb
5
1.6
10
9 10
10
/
KvRB
9
10
10
4.5
10
Di:
KvRB
GLvb
10
3
KvRB
10
3
3.33 /
D`vniY 10.7: PvR Ges Zvi wY cwigvY wecixZ PvR _vKj Zvi ej iLv Kgb nq|
Di: 10.13 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ|
wi
we`yr
231
232 wi we`yr
/
hLvb
9 10
KvRB hw`
Ges
evmvai `yUv avZe MvjK _vK Ges `yUv MvjKB mgvb
cwigvY PvR `qv nq Zvnj h MvjKi evmva Kg ne mLvb cUbwkqvj ev wefe ewk
ne| hw` GKwUv Zvi w`q `yUv MvjKK Ryo `qv nq Zvnj QvU MvjK _K eo MvjK
PvR hZ _vKe hZb ch bv `yUv MvjKi cUbwkqvj mgvb nq| (Qwe 10.14)
cUbwkqvji GKKwU mK Avgiv mevB cwiwPZ GUv nQ fv| Gevi Avgiv Rvbvi
Pv Kwi cUbwkqvj ejZ Avgiv Avmj Kx evSvB?
Avgiv wefe ev cUbwkqvjK cvwbi ci DPZv wKsev Zvcgvvi mv_ Zzjbv KiwQ,
PvRi cevn Kvb w`K ne mUv evSvi Rb GB ZzjbvwU wVK AvQ wK Avgiv hw` AvwiK
fve mUv wekvm Ki wbB Zvnj wK ne bv, Zvi KviY cUbwkqvj ev wefe wK Aviv AbK
iZc~Y GKUv ivwk|
hgb aiv hvK hw` Kvbv GKUv avZe MvjK cwRwUf PvR `qv nqQ Zvnj Zvi
c`ki wefe ev cUbwkqvj nQ
c `ki evBi Zvi cUbwkqvj KZ? GwU wK gvUI k~b bq MvjKi Pvicvk Kv_vq KZ
wefe mUvI ei Kiv me|
Zvgiv Rvb GKUv MvjK PvR _vKvi KviY Zvi Pvicvk BjKwUK wd
AvQ,
KvRB mLvb hw` GKUv PvR Avbv nq mB PvRwU GKUv ej Abyfe Kie hLvb
hnZz MvjK PvR cwRwUf Ges MvjKi evBi ivLv PvRUvI cwRwUf KvRB mUv weKlY
Abyfe Kie Ges Avgiv hw` PvRUvK hw` Qo w`B Zvnj mB eji Rb Zvi ZiY ne,
MwZ evoe BZvw` BZvw`! Avevi PvRUvK hw` Avgiv MvjKi KvQ Avbvi Pv Ki (Kbv
Ki bvI avZe MvjKUv k Ki Kv_vI jvMvbv PvR mUvK Vj mivZ cvie bv) Zvnj
eji wei KvR KiZ ne KvRB hZB Avgiv MvjKi KvQ Avbe ZZB Zvi fZi wwZ
kw nZ _vKe!
wi
we`yr
233
wefe nQ GKK PvRK (A_vr Gi gvb ) Kvbv GKUv RvqMvq nvwRi KiZ (ai
bvI i KQ AbK `~i _K hLvb BjKwUK wd Lye Kg, KvRB ej ejZ Mj bB)
hUzKz KvR KiZ nq Zvi cwigvY! Avkcvk hw` Kvbv PvR bv _vK, Zvnj Kvbv BjKwUK
wd I _vKe bv, PvRUv Kvbv ejI Abyfe Kie bv ZvB GKK PvRUvK AvbZ Kbv KvRI
KiZ ne bv, ZvB Avgiv eje Kvbv wefe bB|
wK hw` PvR _vK Zvnj GKK PvRUvK AvbZ KvR KiZ ne, Ges wVK hUyKz KvR
KiZ nqQ Zvi cwigvYUv nQ wefe| A_vr PvRK AvbZ hw`
KvR nq Zvnj wefe
nQ
MvjKi PvRUv hw` bMwUf nq Zvnj Dv evcvi NUe, PvRUvK Qo w`j mUv
MvjKi PvRi AvKlY Zvi w`K QzU hZ PvBe| ZvB AbK `~i _K GB PvRUvK hw`
Kvbv iKg ZiY Zwi bv Ki Kvbv evowZ MwZkw bv w`q axi axi AvbZ hvB Zvnj
mvivYB PvRUvi AvKlY ejUvK mvgjvbvi gZv GKUv ej w`q KvQ AvbZ ne A_vr Avgiv
hw`K ej w`Q Zvi wecixZ w`K PvRUv hvQ KvRB Avgv`i `qv ej bMwUf KvR KiQ
A_vr Avgiv GB PvRi LvwbKUv kw mwiq wbwQ!
Ze GeviI wefe nQ
ay gb ivLZ ne
Gi gvb bMwUf!
234 wi we`yr
D`vniY 10.8: GKwU cwRwUf Ges GKUv bMwUf PvRi cvk cUbwkqvj Kgb ne?
Di: wecixZ mgvb PvRi Rb mg cUbwkqvj iLvjv 10.15 QweZ `Lvbv nqQ| evg
cvk cUbwkqvj cwRwUf mg cwigvb Kg Kg Wvb cvk bMwUf nqQ| wVK gvSLvb
cUbwkqvj k~Y|
wi
we`yr
235
cw_exK k~b wefe ai wbB| cw_exUv GZ wekvj h Gi gvS LvwbKUv PvR w`jI mUv MnY
KiZ cvi Zvi Rb Zvi wefe eo hvq bv Avevi LvwbKUv PvR wbq MjI Zvi wefe eo
hvq bv! ZvB mUvK k~b wefe ai me wKQz Zvi mvc gvcv nq| Zvgiv wbqB j Ki
_vKe fvix e`ywZK hcvwZ me mgq Lye fvjv Ki f~wgi mv_ jvMvbv (Earthing) nq hvi
A_ Kvbv `~NUbvq nVvr Ki Kvbv KviY hw` cPzi PvR Pj Avm Zvnj mUv hb `Z Ges
wbivc` cw_exi gvwUZ Pj hZ cvi hviv Avkcvk AvQ Zv`i hb Kvbv wZ bv nq|
10.6.2 eR wbivaK
eR cvZi mgq gN _K wekvj cwigvY PvR cw_exZ bg Avm evZvmi fZi w`q hvevi
mgq mUv evZvmK AvqvwbZ Ki dj ZLb mLvb cP Zvc Avi Avjv Zwi nq k Zwi
nq, GB wekvj cwigvY PvR hLvb nvwRi nq mLvb fqsKi wZ nZ cvi| eRcvZi wZ
_K iv cvevi Rb eR wbivaK ` jvMvbv nq| eR wbivaK ` nQ GKUv avZe ` hUvi
wbPi cv gvwUi Mfxi Pj MQ, Dcii AskUzKz GKUv wewsqi gZ Dci me nj Lvjv
AvKvki w`K ZvK Ki ivLv nq Pv Kiv nq mLvb GK ev GKvwaK m~Pvjv kjvKv _vK|
mvaviYZ Rjxqev Dci IVvi mgq NlY BjKUbjv Avjv`v nq wbP _K hvq Ges Dci
cwRwUf Avqbjv _vK| gNi wbPi BjKUbjv hLb nVvr Ki evZvm f` Ki gvwVZ
bg Avm Avgiv mUvK ZLb eRcvZ ewj| Avgiv AvMB `LwQ PvR hy Kvbv wKQz PvRnxb
Kvbv wKQzi KvQ Avbj mLvb wecixZ PvR AvewkZ nq| ZvB eRcvZ nevi Dcg nj eR
kjvKvZ cwRwUf PvR Rgv nq Ges m~Pvjv kjvKv _vKvi KviY mLvb Zxe BjKwUK wd
Zwi Ki| mB BjKwUK wdi KviY Avkcvk _vKv evZvm, Rjxq ev AvqvwbZ nq hvq
Ges AvKvki w`K DV gNi bMwUf PvRK PvRnxb Ki eRcvZi AvksKvK Kwgq `q|
AbK DuPz wewsq hLb eR kjvKv ivLv nq mwU cvq mgqB mwZKvi eRcvZ MnY Ki Avi
wekvj cwigvY PvRK mB ` wbivc` gvwUi fZi wbq hvq|
hLb eRcvZ nq ZLb GZ wekvj cwigvY PvR cevwnZ nq h evZvmi Zvcgvv 20
_K 30 nvRvi wWwM mjwmqvm ch nZ cvi hUv m~h ci Zvcgvv _K ewk! mLvb
ZLb GKUv bxjvf mv`v Avjvi SjKvwb `wL cP Zvc evZvm hLb wQUK mi hvq ZLb
MMbwe`vix GKUv k nq| Avjvi SjKvbx Ges k GKB mv_ Zwi njI Avgiv AvjvwUK
c_g `wL Avjvi MwZeM GZ ewk h mUv cvq mv_ mv_ cuQ hvq| ki MwZ
330 / G gZv A_vr GK wKjvwgUvi hZ cvq 3 mgq bq| KvRB Avjvi KZ mK
ci kUv kvbv MQ mLvb _K Avgiv eRcvZUv KZ `~i nqQ mUv Abygvb KiZ cvwi|
AvbygvwbK fve cwZ wZb mKi Rb GK wKjvwgUvi|
236 wi we`yr
nQ
Ze mePq cwiwPZ mnR Ges KvhKi aviK Zwi Kiv nq `yUv avZe cvZ cvkvcvwk
iL| avZe cvZi GKwUK hw` cwRwUf AbwUZ bMwUf PvR ivLv nq Zvnj `ywU cvZi
gvSLvb BjKwUK wd Zwi nq Ges mB BjKwUK wd kw mwZ _vK| GKUv
KvcvwmUii aviKZ hw` Ges fvR nq Zvnj Zvi fZi h kw (Energy) Rgv
_vK mwU nQ
1
Energy
2
D`vniY 9.9: GKUv 20 KvcvwmUi 10 e`ywZK cUbwkqvj `q nq Zvnj mLvb
wK cwigvY kw mwZ _vKe?
Di: kw :
20
10
10
10
wi
we`yr
237
238 wi we`yr
Abykxjbx
ck
G iKg wK fii GKwU z`Zg
1. PvRi z`Zg GKwU gvb AvQ, mwU nQ 1.6 10
gvb AvQ?
2. elvKvj wi we`yZi cixvjv wVK Ki KvR Ki bv Kb?
3. `yUv GK AvKvii avZe MvjKK k bv Ki Zv`i gvS mgvb Ges wecixZ PvR w`Z
cvie?
4. aviKZ ev capacitance K hw` GKUv cvi mv_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvnj cUbwkqvjwU
wKmi mv_ Zzjbv Kie?
5. Kvbv we`yZ cUbwkqvj k~b wK BjKwUK wd k~b bq, GwU wK me?
MvwYwZK mgmv
1. 4 Ges 1 PvR 1 `~i ivLv AvQ| PvR `ywUi mshy iLvi Kv_vq BjKwUK wd
k~b?
2. nvBWvRb cigvYyZ GKwU BjKUb Kzj^ eji KviY GKwU cvUbK wNi NyiZ _vK|
BjKUbi fi 9.11 10
Ges cvUbi fi 1.67 10
GB fii
KviY Zv`i fZi wbqB GKwU gvavKlY ejI AvQ| `ywU eji fZi KvbwU eo Ges
KZ eo?
3. 1 b^i cki PvR `ywUi Rb BjKwUK wdi ej iLv wj GuK `LvI|
4.10.15 QweZ PvRi Rb mg cUbwkqvj iLv `Lvbv nqQ, mLvb _K Zzwg BjKwUK
wd `LvI|
5.10.13 Qwe `ywU PvRi Rb BjKwUK wd `Lvbv AvQ, cUbwkqvj GuK `LvI|
GKv`k Aavq
Pj we`yr
(Electricity)
mZb evm
mZ` bv_ evmi Rb KjKvZvq, wZwb GKRb evOvwj
c`v_wevbx| XvKv wekwe`vjqi GKRb wkK _vKv Aevq
wZwb evm AvBbvBb vwUw Dveb Kib| Zuvi GB
RMwLvZ ccviwU Rvbvj QvcvZ A^xKvi Kivq wZwb mwU
AvBbvBbi KvQ cvVvb Ges Rvgvb fvlvq Abyev` Ki Rvbvj
Qvcvbvi Abyiva Kib| ZiY GB wevbxi Abyiva iv Ki
AvBbvBb mwU Qvcvbvi eev KiwQjb| GB Avwevii
KviY wekvi `yB aibi KYvi GKwUK evRb bvg
AwfwnZ Kiv nq| c`v_wevb QvovI Zuvi MwYZ, imvqb,
Rxewevb, `kb GgbwK mvwnZI AvMn wQj| evsjv fvlvq
wevbPPvi Rb wZwb AbK KvR KiwQjb|
.SatyendraNathBose(18941974)
240Pj we`yr
cv_K KgZ _vKe Ges gyn~Zi gvS `ywU wefe mgvb nq hve! `yyUv mgvivj avZe cvZi
gvR PvR Rgv Ki hw` wefei cv_K Zwi Kiv nq, Zvnj mB `yUv GKUv Zvi w`q Ryo
w`jI gyn~Zi gvS cyiv PvR cevwnZ nq Zv`i wefe mgvb nq hve| KvRB eySZB cviQ
Avgiv hw` eenvi Kivi gZv mvewYK we`yr PvB Zvnj Ab Kvbv cwZ `iKvi hUv Ggb
GKUv wefe cv_K Zwi Ki `e hb PvR cevwnZ njI Zvi cv_K Kg bv hvq|
Zvgiv mevB m iKg cwZ `LQ, Gjv nQ evUvwi Ges RbviUi| evUvwii
fZi ivmvqwbK wewqv Ki wefe cv_K Zwi Kiv nq, mLvb _K PvR cevn Kiv nj
ivmvqwbK `ejv LiP nZ _vK, hLb ivmvqwbK `ejv kl nq hvq ZLb evUvwi Avi we`yr
cevn KiZ cvi bv| Avgiv mvaviY h evUvwi `wL mjvi wefe cv_K nQ 1.5 fv|
Zvgv`i zj wKsev evmvq h BjKwUwmwU AvQ mLvb Zvgiv mevB `LQ we`yrK
eenvi Kivi Rb `yUv cqU _vK, Zvi GKUvZ _vK Kg wefe AbUvZ ewk wefe, GB
cv_KUv eRvq ivL RbviUi, hwU gvMZ wefe cv_K Zwi KiZ _vK! GKUv evUvwi ev
GKUv RbviUi gvMZ we`yr cevni Rb gvMZ PvRK Kg wefe _K ewk wefe nvwRi
Ki ivLZ nq Ges Gi Rb kwi cqvRb nq| hw` Kvbv evUvwiZ PvRK Kg wefe _K
ewk wefe AvbZ
cwigvY KvR KiZ nqZvnj GB evUvwii Zwor PvjK kw ev B.Gg.Gd
evUvwi ev RbviUi, hjv we`yr kw mieivn Ki Zvi Zwor PvjK kw ev B.Gg.Gd _vK|
hLb Kvbv evUvwi ev RbviUiK Kvbv mvwKU jvMvbv nq ZLb GB Zwor PvjK kwB
PvRK cyiv mvwKUi fZi w`q Nywiq Avb| GKUv evUvwi h cwigvY cUbwkqvj Zwi Ki
mUvB nQ Zvi Zwor PvjK kw ev B.Gg.Gd BsiwRZ GUvK ejv nQ dvm ev ej
esjvq ejwQ kw wK cKZ c B. Gg. Gd. ev Zwor PvjK kw ejI bq kwI bq|
Zvgv`i ejv nqQ c`v_wevb ej kw GB welqjv LyeB mywbw`, BQ gZb GKUvi
RvqMvq AbUv eenvi Kiv hve bv wK `yfvMg GLvb Kiv nq MQ! Zvgv`i wev
nIqvi Kvbv KviY bB KviY hnZz GKUv evUvwi ev RbviUi h cwigvY cUbwkqvj Zwi
Ki mUvB nQ Zvi B.Gg.Gd. ZvB Avgiv mLvb _KB i Kie, cUbwkqvj K_vwU w`qB
me KvR Ki dje `Le Kvbv mgmv ne bv|
Avgiv AvMB ejwQ cUwkqvji gvbwU iZc~Y bq, Zvi cv_KUzKz iZc~Y| ZvB
`Le AbK mgq GKUv evUvwii GK gv_vi cUbwkqvj wfb Ki djv me, wK cv_KUv me
mgqB mgvb _vKe|
Pj we`yr
241
Ges PvRi GKK hw` Kzj^ Ges mgqi GKK mK nj we`yr cevni GKK nQ
Avwqvi | gRvi evcvi nQ, Avgiv wK PvRi GKK ei Kivi Rb ejwQjvg GK
mK GK Avwqvi we`yr cevn KiZ h cwigvY PvR cevwnZ nq mUvB nQ Kzj^!
11.1.1 we`yr cevni w`K
Avgiv hw` c`v_i MVbUv fvjv Ki eyS _vwK Zvnj GKUv welq Lye fvjv Ki RbwQ| KwVb
c`v_ Zvi AYy-cigvYy k Ki wbRi RvqMvq em _vK Zvcgvv evoj Zviv wbRi RvqvMvq
KvucvKuvwc KiZ cvi wK mLvb _K mi Ab RvqMvq Pj hvq bv| Kvbv Kvbv c`v_i
cigvYyi wKQz BjKUb cvq gy Aevq _vK mjv GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq hZ cvi
242Pj we`yr
Ges Avgiv mjvK ewj cwievnx c`v_| cwievnx c`v_ w`q PvRK vbvi Kiv nq Ze me
mgq gb ivLZ ne GB vbvi nq BjKUb w`q, we`yZi cevn nq BjKUb w`q, bMwUf
PvRi BjKUb|
Zvgv`i KD KD wbqB GLb GKUz fvebvi gvS coQ, KviY Avgiv hLb PvRi
cevn w`q `ywU wfb wefei gvS mgZv Avbvi K_v ejwQ ZLb wK GKeviI ewjwb GUv aygv
bMwUf PvRi Rb mwZ, KviY ay bMwUf PvRi BjKUbB GK RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq
hZ cvi| cwRwUf
PvRi ejvq Zvnj
Kx nq? cwRwUf Avqb
Zv LyeB kfve
wbRi RvqMvq AvUK
_vK, Zvnj Kgb
Ki cwRwUf PvR GK
Qwe 11.3: PvR mshy MvjK _K PvRnxb MvjK we`yZ cevn|
RvqMv _K Ab
RvqMvq hvq?
Zvgiv wbqB Kx NU mUv Abygvb Ki djQ BjKUbi Afve nQ cwRwUf PvR|
ZvB BjKUbK mwiq Afve Aviv evwoq `qvi A_ nQ cwRwUf PvR mieivn Kiv! KvRB
hw` ejv nq _K Z cwRwUf PvR wMqQ (Qwe 11.3) Zvi cKZ A_ nQ _K Z
BjKUb wMqQ!
KviU ev we`yr cevn nQ PvR cevni nvi, Kvbv wKQz bMwUf nj mUv Avjv`v Ki
ej w`Z nq, Avgiv hnZz Avjv`v Ki ej w`B wb ZvB ai wbZB ne _K Z hw`
Avwqvi KviU cevwnZ nq Zvi A_
_K
Pj we`yr
243
mwU wbq wKQz ejv nqwb| ay ZvB bq GKUv mvbvi cwievnx Zvi w`q Ryo w`j hUzKz we`yr
cevwnZ ne GKUv jvnvi Zvi Ryo w`jI Kx mgvb cwigvY we`yr cevwnZ ne?
welqUv `Lvi Rb Avgiv GKUv GcwigU KiZ cvwi| wefe gvcvi Rb h hwU
eenvi Kiv nq Zvi bvg fv wgUvi, we`yr cevn ev KviU gvcvi Rb h h eenvi Kiv nq
mUvi bvg GwgUvi| (Avmj GKB hi myBP Nywiq GUvK KLbv fv wgUvi ev KLbv
GwgUvi wnme eenvi Kiv hvq) Avgiv KqKUv evUvwi wbZ cvwi, GKUv evUvwii Rb 1.5
nj `ywU evUvwii Rb 2 1.5 3 , wZbwUi Rb 3 1.5 4.5 Gfve wfb wfb
wefe cv_K cqvM KiZ cvwi| ay ZvB bv Avgiv evUvwi jv D w`q wefe cv_Ki w`KI
cwieZb Ki w`Z cvwi| KvRB Avgiv hw` GKUv Zvi ev Ab Kvbv cwievnxi `yB cvk GKUv
wewfb cwRwUf Ges bMwUf wefe cv_K cqvM Ki KZv Lvwb we`yr cevwnZ nqQ mUv
gvcvi Pv Kwi Zvnj `Le
(a) hZv ewk wefe cv_K ZZ ewk we`yr cevn
(b) wefe cv_K bMwUf nj we`yr cevnI w`K cwieZb KiQ|
Mvd GcwigUi djvdj emvbv nj
mUv 11.4(a) Qwei gZv `Lve:
A_vr
Avgiv hw` Ab Kvbv Dcv`vbi Zwi
GKUv Zvi w`q GKB cixvwU Kwi Zvnj
GKB aibi djvdj cve Ze mij iLvi
XvjUv nqZv Ab iKg ne (Qwe 11.4
b)| GLb GB `ywU cixvi djvdj hw`
weklY Kwi Zvnj eySZ cvie c_g
GKUv wbw` wefe cv_K hZUzKz we`yr
Qwe 11.4: iwRv Gi KviY we`yZ cevni mvc
wefe cv_K|
cevwnZ nqQ wZxq ei Rb mB GKB
wefe cv_K we`yr cevn nQ Kg| c_gwUZ hb we`yr cevn Zzjbvg~jKfve mnR, wZxqwUZ
hb we`yr cevni evav GKUz ewk| welqUv evLv Kivi Rb we`yr cevni evav (Resistance)
244Pj we`yr
ev mwZ mwZ iva bvgi GKUv ivwk Zwi Kiv nqQ| Avgiv `LZ cvwi wefe cv_K Ges
we`yr cevni mKwU GKUv m~ wnme jLv hvq
A_vr iva ewk nj we`yr cevn ne Kg| iva Kg nj we`yr cevn ne ewk|
GB iva ev Resistance Gi GKK nQ ohm GUvK wMK Ai (wmMgv) w`q
cKvk Kiv nq| Kvbv e`ywZK mvwKU 1 wefe cv_K `qvi ci hw` `Lv hvq 1 we`yr
cevwnZ nQ Zvnj eySZ ne mB mvwKUi iva
D`vniY 11.1: gRv Kivi Rb Igi m~wUK AbfveI wjLZ cvi
Qwe 11.5: Igmi m~ GB QwewU w`q eenvi Kiv me| Avyj w`q XvKv ivwkwUi gvb
evKx `ywU ivwk w`q cKvk Kiv me|
Di: 11.5 QweZ welqwU Ki `Lvbv nqQ!
iva nQ we`yr cevni evav, ZvB Kvbv c`v_i `N ( ) hZ ewk ne Zvi evav ZZ ewk
ne A_vr ivaI ewk ne|
Avevi mi GKUv c_ w`q hZ mnR we`yr cevwnZ nZ cvie, PIov GKUv c_ w`q Zvi _K
AbK mnR we`yr cevwnZ nZ cvie A_vr cQ` ( ) hZ ewk ne iva ZZ Kg ne|
Pj we`yr
245
GB `ywU welqK Avgiv hw` GKmv_ AvbycvwZK bv wjL mgxKiY wnme wjLZ PvB Zvnj
GKUv aeK eenvi KiZ ne| A_vr iva nQ
hLvb ayeK nQ
1.30 10
evZvm
Gi GKK nQ
GLvb GKUv welq gb ivLZ ne Kvbv c`v_i iva nQ BjKUb cevni evav,
AYy-cigvYyjv hZ ewk KvucvKuvwc Ki GKUv BjKUb Zv`i fZi w`q hZ ZZ ewk
evavM nq, wKsev Zvi iva ZZ ewk| Zvcgvv evwoq w`j hnZz AYy-cigvYyjv ewk
KuvcvKuvwc Ki ZvB me mgqB Zvcgvv evovj c`v_i AvcwK iva eo hvq| mRb hLb
246Pj we`yr
Kvbv c`v_i iva ev AvcwK iva cKvk KiZ nq ZLb Zvi Rb ZvcgvvUv wbw` Ki
ej w`Z nq|
D`vniY 11.4: icv, Zvgv, Uvsb I bvBvg Zvii ivaKZ h_vg 1.6 10 ,
1.7 10 , 5.5 10 , 100 10 GBjv eenvi Ki 1 iva Zwi
Ki|
Di: Avgiv Rvwb iva
icvi Rb :
Zvgvi Rb :
Uvsbi Rb :
1
1.6 10
6.25
10
1
1.7 10
5.9
10
1
5.5 10
1.8
10
bvBvgi Rb :
1
100
10
10
`LZB cvQ gv 1 iva Zwi Kivi Rb AbK `xN (cvq j wKjvwgUvi) c`v_ wbZ
nq| eve
1 KLbvB nq bv| AbK mi Zvi eenvi Kiv nq| hw` 0.1
cQ` wbw` Ki w`B Zvnj 1 iva Zwi KiZ KZv `xN Zvii cqvRb?
Avgiv Rvwb
10
3.14
icvi Rb:
Zvgvi Rb :
3.14 10
1.6 10
1.96
10
Pj we`yr
247
3.14 10
1.7 10
1.84
3.14 10
5.5 10
0.57
3.14
100
0.03
Uvsbi Rb :
bvBvgi Rb :
10
10
11.2.1 mvwKU
Avgiv hw` Igi m~ eyS _vwK Zvnj Avgiv GLb mvwKU weklY KiZ cvwi| mUv Kivi AvM
mvwKU eenvi Kiv nq G iKg KqKwU cZxKi mv_ AvM cwiwPZ nq wbB: (Qwe 11.6)
me c`v_iB wKQz bv wKQz iva AvQ wK Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb mvwKU eenvii mgq
e`ywZK Zvii ivaK Avgiv aZei gvS wbB bv| hLb iva cqvRb nq ZLb Avgiv
weklfve Zwi wewfb gvbi iva eenvi Kwi| KLbv KLbv wekl cqvRb Ggb iva
eenvi Kiv nq hLvb Zvi gvbwU cwieZbI Kiv hvq, GjvK cwieZbkxj iva ej|
248Pj we`yr
Kvbv mvwKU weklY KiZ nj wbPi KqKUv mvRv welq gb ivLvB h_:
(a) we`yZi Drmi (evUvwi RbviUi hvB nvK) DuPz cUbwkqvj _K h cwigvY
we`yr ei nq cyiv mvwKUi fZi w`q cevwnZ nq wVK mB cwigvY we`yr Kg
cUbwkqvj wdi Avm|
(b) mvwKUi h Kvbv RvqMvq h Kvbv we`yZ h cwigvY we`yr XvK wVK mB
cwigvY we`yr ei nq hvq, mvwKUi fZi we`yZi Kvbv asm bB|
(c) mvwKUi fZi h Kvbv Aski `yB we`yZ Igi m~ me mgq mwZ ne, A_vr
mB `yB Aski h cwigvY wefe cv_K iqQ ZvK mB Aski iva w`q fvM
w`jB Zvi fZi w`q cevwnZ we`yr ei nq hve!
Avgiv GLb h Kvbv mvwKU weklY KiZ cZ
! GKUv mvwKUi h Kvbv Ask w`q
KZUzKz we`yr cevwnZ nQ Ges h Kvbv Aski wefe KZ mUv RvbjB Avgiv ai be
mvwKUUv
Avgiv
cyivcywi eyS MwQ|
GKUv mvwKU evUvwi,
iva,
KvcvwmUi,
WvqvW,
UvbwRi
AbK wKQz _vKZ
cvi Ze Avgiv
AvcvZZ ay evUvwi
Pj we`yr
249
Avgiv ejZ cvie evUvwii wbP cvwUi wefe nQ k~b| ZvB evUvwii Dcii cvi wefe
Ges
Ask GKUv iva, ivai `yB cvk wefe cv_K
0
KvRB iva hw`
A_vr wVK AvMi gvb, hUvB nIqvi K_v| j Ki cUbwkqvji gvb cwieZb nqQ cv_K
cwieZb nqwb|
D`vniY 11.5:11.8(a) mvwKU , ,
_K
1.0
250Pj we`yr
1
KvRB
we`yi fvR 3
1
1
Ges
we`yZ fR 0
we`yZ fvR 6
5
KvRB
_K
Z fvRi cv_K :
6
10
15
1
5
Pj we`yr
251
1
5
5
KvRB
6
we`yZ fvR 6 nj
6
we`yZI fvR
. wVK GKBfve
1
5
10
KvRB we`yi fvR
5
2
3
we`yi fvR
Ges
0, wVK h
Gi gvb KZ?
2
3
iwRvi fZi w`q KviU
2
1
6
3
gvU KviU
2
3
1
5
1
3
252Pj we`yr
Gi Rb wjLZ cvwi
0
KvRB
KvRB
Pj we`yr
Avgiv
253
Ges
hw` GLvb `ywU bv nq wZb-PviwU ev Aviv ewk iva _vKZ (Qwe 11.11) ZvnjI Avgiv
`LvZ cviZvg h mjvK mwwjZfve GKwU iva Kbv KiZ cvwi hwU mejv ivai
Qwe 11.11: AbKwj chvqg iwRvK GKwU Zzj iwRv wnme Kbv Kiv hvq|
mvwKU
`ywU
iva
254Pj we`yr
GB mvwKU Avgiv wewfb we`yK , , , , Ges bvg w`qwQ| QwewU `LB evSv
hvQ , Ges we`y f~wgmsjM nIqvq GB we`yjvi wefe k~b| KvRB , Ges
we`yZ wefe .
evUvwi _K KviU ei nqQ GB we`yr we`yZ `yB fvM fvM nq
Ges
ivai wfZi w`q h_vg
Ges
wnme cevwnZ nq we`yZ GKwZ nq wnme
evUvwiZ w`q hvQ| Avgiv AvMB ejwQ mvwKU evUvwi _K we`yr ei nq mvwKU Nyi
Avevi evUvwiZ wdi hvq cyiv mvwKU Gi evBi Kvbv we`yZi Rb nZ cvi bv Avevi q
nZ cvi bv| ZvB
Qwe 11.13: AbKwj mgvivj iwRvK GKwU Zzj iwRv wnme Kbv Kiv hvq|
Gevi Avgiv
Ges
KZ ne ei KiZ cvwi
0
KvRB
1
Pj we`yr
255
GLvb hw` `yUv bv nq Aviv ewk iva _vK (Qwe 11.13) ZvnjI Avgiv `LZ cvwi: Z~j
iva nQ
1
1
1
1
1
gZv
Zvnj
wKsev
mgq
256Pj we`yr
KvRB
GKwU ivai fZi hw` mgq we`yr cevwnZ Kiv nq Zvnj Zvi fZi
kw `qv nq GB
kwwU Kv_vq hvq? Zvgiv hLb mvwKU GKwU iva eenvi Kie ZLb `Le Zvi fZi w`q
h_ we`yr cevn Kij me mgqB mUv D nq IV A_vr kwUzKz Zvc kw wnme ei nq
Avm|
wdjvgU `qv evjjvi cPjb axi axi Kg AvmQ KviY GUv w`q Avjv Zwi Kivi
Rb wdjvgUK D KiZ nq, we`yr kwi eo Ask Zvc wnme LiP nq hvq ej GLvb
kwi AcPq nq| GB aibi evjjv nvZ w`q k KijB `Lv hvq GLvb Kx cwigvY Zvc
kw Zwi nq Ges GB Zvc kw Zwi nq
wKsev *** wnme|
D`vniY 11.8: 100
jLv KvRB
A_vr
220
100
484
0.45
100
220
0.45
Pj we`yr
257
220
258Pj we`yr
e`ywZK kw hnZz
wnme hvq ZvB hw` cUbwkqvj `kY evwoq `qv nq Zvnj `kY
wnme AcPq
Kg KviU mgvb kw ciY Kiv me| wK cwZ mK Zvc kw hnZz
nq ZvB `kY Kg KviU cevwnZ nj 100 Y Kg Zvc kwi AcPq ne KviY Zvii iva
Gi gvb `yBeviB mgvb|
GLvb Zvgv`i gb nZ cvi Zvc kwi AcPq
ewk fvR bqv nj 100 Y ewk Zvc kwi AcPq Kb ne bv? gb ivLZ ne Avgiv
hLb cwZ mK Zvc kwi AcPq wnme
ei KiwQjvg ZLb
wefe cv_K| GLvb Avgiv hLb ejwQ mwU e`ywZK Zvii `yB cvki wefe cv_K bq GwU
e`ywZK Zvii wefei gvb! e`ywZK Zvii `yB cvk wefe cvq GKB mgvb mB cv_K
aZei gvS bq|
Pj we`yr
259
we`yr cevn KiZ cvi| hLb KD fRv gvwUZ fRv cv wbq `uvovbv Aevq we`yr nq
mwU nq mePq wecbK|
hLb KD nVvr Ki we`yr nq ZLb kixii fZi w`q we`yr cevni KviY nvZ cv
bvovZ cvi bv, ZvB wecbK cwiwwZ _K wbRK mwiq Avbvi K_v eySZ cvijI mLvb
_K mi AvmZ cvi bv|
Avgiv h we`yr eenvi Kwi mwU h_ wecbK nZ cvi wK mvaviY mZKZv KeRvq
ivLjB wbivc` we`yr eenvi Kiv hvq Ges mviv cw_exZ KvwU KvwU gvbyl cwZ gyn~Z
wbivc` we`yr eenvi KiQ| we`yZi wbivc` eenvi Kivi Rb wbPi KqKUv welq Rvbv _vKv
cqvRb:
(a) we`yr AcwienK AviY
we`yZi Lvjv Zvi wecbK ZvB memgqB mUv cvwK ev Ab Kvbv aibi we`yr Acwievnx
GKUv AviY w`q XvKv _vK| hw` Kvbv KviY kU mvwKU nq A_vr mivmwi Kvbv iva QvovB
cwRwUf Ges bMwUf k Ki dj ZLb Igi m~ Abyhvqx AbK ewk we`yr cevn nq, Zvi
Mig nq hvq, cvwK cyo wMq Avb ch ai hvq| ZvB me mgqB mZK _vKZ nq hb
e`ywZK Zvii Ici Acwievnx AviUYUv AweKZ Ges AZ _vK|
(b) fvjv mshvM
hLb Kvbv e`ywZK hcvwZ eenvi Kivi mgq AbK we`yr eenvi nq ZLb e`ywZK mshvM
jv Lye fvjv nZ nq| e`ywZK mshvM fvjv bv nj mLvb evowZ iva Zwi nq Ges
wnme mUv D nq hZ cvi, D nq Acwievnx AviY cyo hZ cvi, e`ywZK
mshvM wZM nZ cvi|
(c) Av`Zv
cvwb we`yr cwievnx, KvRB Kvbv e`ywZK mvwKU cvwb XzK Mj mLvb kU mvwKU nq
wecbK Aev nZ cvi| nqvi Wvqvi ev Bwi gZv wRwbm cvwbi KvQvKvwQ eenvi Kiv Lye
wecbK, nVvr Ki cvwbZ co Mj Ges mB cvwb KD k Kij e`ywZK kK Lq
AbK eo wec` nZ cvi|
260Pj we`yr
Pj we`yr
261
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. KvcvwmUiK wK evUvwi wnme eenvi Kiv
me?
2. wdjvgU hy jvBU evji wdjvgU Igi
m~ gvbQ wK bv cixv Kiv KwVb Kb?
3. we`yr cevn nQ BjKUb cevn, hLb we`yr
cevn nq ZLb BjKUbjvi MwZ wK
Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg _vK| wK we`yr
gyn~Zi gvS cevwnZ nq Kxfve?
4. mgvb wefe cv_K ewk iva ewk Zvc Qwe 11.15: 1 wgUvi Ges 10 m. wg. eMi `ywU
Zwi Ki bvwK Kg iva ewk Zvc Zwi eMvKwZi `ywU iwRi
Ki?
5. e`ywZK Zvi KvK ev cvwLK gviv hZ `Lv hvq bv wK eo ev`yo cvqB gviv hvq KviY
Kx?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. Amxg msLK 1 iwRvii mejv eenvi Ki 2 iwRvi Zwi Kiv|
2. Zvgvi ez 1
cyi bvBvgi cvZ w`q 1
1 eMi (Qwe 11.15) GKwU
iwRi Zwi KiQ| Zzwg 1
1
eMi GKwU iwRi Zwi KiQ| Zvgvi ezi
Zwi iwRii gvb KZ? Zvgvi iwRii gvb KZ?
262Pj we`yr
v`k Aavq
GbwiKv dviwg
GbwiKv dviwg GKRb BZvwjqvb c`v_wevbx| wZwb cw_exi c_g
wbDwKqvi wi-Avi wkKvMv-cvBj 1 Zwi KiwQjb| Zuvi KvqvUvg
w_Iwi, wbDwKqvi Ges cvwUKj w_IwiZ AbK eo Ae`vb iqQ| wZwb
gv 37 eQi eqm c`v_wevb bvej cyivi cqwQjb| wZxq
gnvhyi mgq Rvgvwbi AvMvmbi wei cZ _vKvi Rb AvgwiKvZ
h wbDwKqvi evgv Zwi Kiv nq wZwb mLvb AbK eo f~wgKv
iLwQjb| Ze Zuvi bvgwU evRbi cvkvcvwk wekvi Ab KYv
dviwgIbi gvS euP _vKe|
EnricoFermi(19011954)
12.1Pz^K (Magnet)
Zvgiv mevB wbqB Pz^K `LQ, GKUv Pz^K jvnv RvZxq c`v_i KvQ Avbj mUv jvnvK
AvKlY Ki| Pz^K Ges jvnvi gvSLvb wKQy bB wK GKUv A`k kw mUvK Ub AvbQ
mwU c_gevi `Lvi ci meviB GK aibi weq nq| hviv `ywU Pz^K nvZ wbq bvovPvov Kivi
myhvM cqQ Zviv wbqB j KiQ (Qwe 12.1) h Pz^Ki `ywU gi Ges gi `ywU GK aibi
nq _vK Zvnj mUv weKlY Ki Avi gi `ywU hw` wfb aibi nq Zvnj AvKlY Ki|
Pz^Ki gi `ywUK Di Avi `wY gi bvg `qv nqQ KviY `Lv MQ GKUv Pz^KK Szwjq
w`j mUv Di-`wY eivei _vK, h AskUzKy Di w`K _vK mUvi bvg Di gi hUv
hviv mvaviYfve Pz^K nvZ wbq bvovPvov KiQ Zvi wbqB KbvI KiZ cvie bv h GwU
we`yr _K Avjv`v wKQz bq Ges we`yZi cevn w`q Pz^K Zwi Kiv hvq| GKUv PvR _vKj Zvi
cvk hgb Zwor _vK wVK m iKg GKUv Zvii fZi w`q we`yr cevwnZ nj mB
Zvii Pvi cvk P^K Zwi nq| aiv hvK Zywg GKUv KvWevWi gvSLvb w`q GKUv Zvi
XywKqQ Ges KvWi Ici AbKjv QvU QvU Kvm iLQ (Qwe 12.2)| Kvmjv AekB
265
D`vniY 12.1:12.4 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq we`yr eBqi fZi _K Dcii w`K hvQ,
P^K KvbwU mwVK?
Di: evg w`KiwU mwVK|
12.2.1 Kqj
GKUv Zvi hw` mvRv _vK Ges Zvi fZi w`q we`yr
cevn nj P^K iLv Kgb nq mUv 12.3 QweZ
`Lvbv nqwQj| hw` ZviUv mvRv bv nq evKvi nq
Zvnj P^K iLv Kgb ne? 12.5 QweZ mUv
`Lvbv nqQ| eySZB cviQ we`yr cevn hZ ewk ne
P^K wU ZZ Qwe 12.5: jyci fZi w`q we`yr
kwkvjx ne| GKUv cevni KviY Zwi P^K |
Zvii fZi w`q
KZLvwb we`yr cevwnZ Kiv hvq Zvi GKUv mxgv AvQ, ZviUv
wnme Mig nq hvq ZvQvovI mePq ewk KZvLvwb
we`yr cevn `qv me mUv we`yZi Drmi Ici wbfi Ki|
ZvB hw` kwkvjx P^K Zwi KiZ nq Zvnj GKUv gv
267
269
Qwe 12.12: P^K we`yr cevnx Zvi ivLv nj mwU GKwU ej Abyfe Ki|
cevwnZ Kiv nq Zvnj ZviwU P^K Zix Kivi KviY GKwU ej Abyfe Ki| 12.12
QweZ GKUv Py^Ki Di gi _K `wY giZ hvIqv P^K iLv Ges Zvi gvS GKUv
ZviK `Lvbv nqQ, ZviwU KvMRi fZi _K Dcii w`K ei nq GmQ| Zvii fZi
w`q wbP _K Dci we`yr cevn nj GwU ZvK wNi evKvi P^K Zwi Kie Ges
Di gi _K `wY hvIqv P^K i mv_ hy nq P^K iLvK cybwebvm Kie|
Zvii wbP ekx msLK P^K iLv Ges Dci Kg msLK P^K iLvi Zwi ne hwU
ZviwUK Dcii w`K Vj w`e|
hw` ZviwUZ we`yr cevni w`K cwieZb Kiv nq Zvnj ZviK wNi evKvi P^K
i w`K cv hve Ges ZLb Zvii Dci P^K iLvi NbZ eo hve hwU ZviwUK wbPi
w`K Vj w`e|
Qwe 12.13: e`ywZK gvUi GKwU Zwor Pz^Ki fZi w`q Ggbfve we`yr cevn Kivbv nq hb me mgqB
GwU NyiZ _vK
271
A NyiZ `qv nq Zvnj GwU cii Qwei gZv Aevb hvevi Pv Kie|
hw` Kvbv wekl Aev Zwi Ki cii Aevb hvevi mv_ mv_ Kqji we`yr
cevni w`K cwieZb Ki `qv hvq Zvnj mLvb cuQvbvi mv_ mv_ Kqj w`q Zwi `
Pz^KwUi Di gi `wY giZ Avi `wY gi Di giZ cv hve ZvB Avevi mwU mi
hvevi Pv Kie A_vr GwU GKwU N~Yb ej Abyfe Kie! GwU Pv Kie cii vqx Aevb
cuQvZ wK mLvb cuQvbvi mv_ mv_ GUvi we`yZi w`K cwieZb Ki w`j GwU mLvb
_g hve bv Avevi NyiZ i Kie| ZvB hLbB GUv GKUv vqx Aevb cuQve ZLbB hw`
GUvZ Ggbfve we`yr cevn Kivbv nq h GwU GKwU NyYb ej Abyfe Ki Zvnj GwU NyiZB
_vKe|
we`yZi w`K cwieZb Kivi Rb LvwbKUv hvwK Kkj eenvi KiZ nq, g~j Kqj h
A NyiZ _vK mB N~Yvqgvb AwUi `yB cvk Kqji `ywU Zvi Ggbfve emvbv nq hb
mwU g~j we`yr cevni UvwgbvjK k Ki _vK mUv hLbB k Ki ZLbB Ggbfve
we`yr cevwnZ Kie hb me mgqB mwU KqjwUK mwiq `Iqvi Pv Ki|
Zvgv`iK evSvbvi Rb (Qwe 12.14) GUvK mnRfve `Lvbv nqQ| mwZKvi
gvUi AvgPviK wNi ek AbKjv Kqj _vKZ cvi Ges cZKUv Kqj Zviv wbRi
gZv Ki KwgDUvi _K we`yr cevn cvq Ges AvgPviwU NyiZ _vK|
12.3.3 Gwm gvUi
wWwm gvUi AvgPvi Ges Kqji N~Ybi Rb cwZ N~YbB we`yZi mshvM KU b~Zb Ki
w`Z nq hb we`yr cevni w`K cwieZb nq| Gwm gvUi mUv cqvRb nq bv Zvi KviY
Zvgiv Rvb| Gwm BjKwUK mvcvBq mK cvkevi wefe w`K cwieZb Ki| ZvB
AvgPviwU wbR wbRB Zvi Pz^Ki w`K cwieZb Ki ! N~YbwU Ggbfve mvRvbv nq hb hLbB
Pz^Ki w`K cwieZb nq ZLb hb mwU Ggb GKwU P^K _vK hLvb P^K wU
AvgPviK mwiq w`q Nyivbvi Pv Kie|
273
12.4.1 RbviUi
gvUi Kxfve KvR Ki mUv hLb Avgiv evSvi Pv KiwQjvg ZLb `LwQ mLvb GKUv
P^K i gvS GKUv Kqj we`yr cevn Kivbv nq h KviY mUv Nyi| Gevi evcviUv
GKUz Abfve wPv Kiv hvK, gvUii Kqj hw` Avgiv evUvwii mshvM bv w`q mLvb GKUv
GwgUvi jvwMq KqjUv NvivB Zvnj Kx ne ?
AekB ZLb Kqji gvS P^K i cwieZb ne KvRB Kzyjxi fZi w`q
we`yr cevn ne| A_vr we`yr cevn Kwiq h gvUii KqjK Avgiv NywiqwQ, mB KqjwUK
Nvivj wVK Zvi Dv evcviUv NU we`yr Zwi nq| GfveB RbviUi Zwi nq| A_vr wWwm
gvUii AvgPviK Nvivj mUv wWwm we`yr cevn `q, Gwm gvUiK Nvivj wVK mfve Gwm
we`yr cevn `q|
12.4.2 Uvdgvi
P^K i cwieZb nj we`yr Zwi nq GwU eenvi Ki Uvdgvi Zwi Kiv nq| Uvdgvi
Kxfve KvR Ki evSvi Rb 12.16 QweZ GKUv AvqZvKvi jvnvi gv ev Kvi `Lvbv
nqQ| GB Kvii `yB cvk cwievnx Zvi cuvPvbv nqQ AekB GB cwievnx Zvii Ici
Acwievnx AviY iqQ hb GU avZe Kvbv wKQzK k KijI kU mvwKU bv nq| QweZ
`Lvbv nqQ Kvii evg cvk GKUv Gwm fvRi Drm jvMvbv nqQ| ZviwU hnZy
jvnvi KviK wNi jvMvbv nqQ ZvB hLb we`yr cevwnZ ne ZLb jvnvi fZi P^KZ
Zwi ne Ges mB P^K ej iLv AvqZvKvi jvnvi fZi w`q hve|
Avgiv hnZz Gwm fvRi Drm
jvwMqwQ ZvB jvnvi Kvi P^KZ evoe
Kge Ges w`K cwieZb Kie, A_vr
gvMZ P^K i cwieZb ne|
jvnvi Kvii Ab cvkI Zvi cuvPvbv
AvQ (AekB Acwievnx AveiY XvKv)
mB Kqji gvS jvnvi Kvii fZi
w`q P^K wUi gvMZ cwieZb nZ
Qwe 12.16: Uvdgvii cvBgvix Kqj Gwm
_vKe Ges GB cwieZb Wvb cvki Kqj cUbwkqvj cevn Kiv nj mKvix Kqj mwU
GKUv ZwoPvjK kw ev
Zwi cUbwkqvj Zix Ki|
Kie GKUv fv wgUvi Avgiv mUv
BQ Kij `LZI cvie| GB cwZZ mivmwi e`yywZK mshvM QvovB GKwU Kqj _K Ab
Kqj we`yr cvVvbvi cwqvK ej Uvdgvi|
GB Uvdgvi w`q Avgiv AZ PgKc` wKQz welq KiZ cvwi| `yB cvk Kqji
cuvP msLv hw` mgvb nq Zvnj evg w`K Avgiv h Gwm fvR cqvM Kie Wvb w`K wVK
mB Gwm fvR diZ cve| Wvbw`K cuvPi msLv hw` `k Y ewk nq Zvnj fvR `k
Y ewk ne| cuvPi msLv hw` `kY Kg nq Zvnj fvR `kY Kg ne| evg w`Ki
Kqj hLvb Gwm fvR cqvM Kiv nq Zvi bvg cvBgvwi Kqj Ges Wvb w`K hLvb _K
fvR diZ bqv nq Zvi bvg mKvwi Kqj|
Zvgiv nqZv gb KiZ cvi hw` mwZ GUv NUvbv me nq Zvnj Avgiv cvBgvwiZ
A msLK cuvP w`q nvjKv fvR cqvM Ki, mKvwi Kqj AbK ewk cuvP w`q
wekvj GKUv fvR ei Ki Adzi e`ywZK kwi eev Ki dwj bv Kb? GLvb GKwU
welq gb ivLZ ne cwZ mK KZUzKz e`ywZK kw cqvM Kiv nQ mUv cwigvc Kiv nq
w`q, GKUv Uvdgvi cvBgvwiZ h cwigvY
cqvM Kiv nq mKvwi Kqj _K wVK
mB cwigvY
dir cvIqv hvq| KvRB mKvwiZ hw` fvR `kY evwoq bqv hvq
Zvnj mLvb we`yr `kY Kg hve|
Zvgv`iK eySvbvi Rb AvqZvKvi GKwU Kvi `Lvbv nqQ| mwZKvii Uvdgvi
GKUy Abfve Zwi nq, mLvb cvBgvwii DciB mKvwi Kqj cuvPvbv nq Ges KviUvI
GKUz Ab iKg nq|
cvBgvwi Kqj cuvP msLv hw` Ges mKvwi Kqji cuvP msLv
nq Zvnj
cvBgvwi Kqj hw` Gwm
fvR cqvM Kiv nq Zvnj mKvwi Kqj h Gwm fvR
cvIqv hve Zvi cwigvY ne
ne
D`vniY 12.3: GKwU Uvdgvii cvBgvwi Kqji cuvP msLv 100, mKvwi Kqji
cuvP msLv 1000, cvBgvwi Kqj w`q 10
`qv nj| mKvwi Kqj fvR KZ?
275
1000
100
12
120
D`vniY 12.5: Dcii UvwgUvi cvBgvwi Kqj w`q 1 we`yr cevwnZ nj mKvwi
Kqj mevP KZ KviU cevwnZ nZ cvie?
Di:
12
120
0.1
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. Zvgvi Nii GK gv_v _K Ab gv_vq BjKUbi
exg cvVvZ wMq hw` `L mUv Dci DV hvQ
Zvnj Zzwg Kx evLv `e?
2. e`ywZK Pz^K evbvbvi mgq GK UzKiv jvnvi Ici
we`yr Acwievnx AveiY XvKv Zvi cuvPvbv nKq|
gvUv Zvi w`q GKwU cuvP `qv fvjv bvwK mi Zvi
w`q AbKjv cuvP `qv fvjv? Kb?
3. `yUv jvnvi ` Gi gvS GKwU Pz^K AbwU bq, bv
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. Acwievnx AveiY XvKv GKwU Zvi w`q 10 cuvPi GKwU Kqj Zwi Ki Zvi fZi w`q
cwigvY we`yr cevn Kivi KviY P^K Zwi nqQ| cuvPi msLv 100 Kiv nj
P^K KZ ne?
2. Dcii cuvP msLv Avi 50 ew KiZ wMq fyj Dv w`K 50 cvP `qvi KviY
P^K KZ ne?
3. GKwU MwZkxj BjKUb P^K w`q hvevi KviY
ej
Abyfe KiQ|
BjKUbi MwZkw wY Ki `qv nj eji cwigvY KZ ne?
4. 12.18 QwewU `L ej Kvb Zvii fZi w`q Kvb w`K we`yr cevwnZ nQ?
5. GKwU Uvdgvii cvBgvwi Kqj cuvP msLv 100. GLvb 15
w`q mKvwi Kqj
105
cvIqv MQ mKvwi Kqj cuvP msLv KZ?
qv`k Aavq
WernerHeisenberg(19011976)
GLb ck nQ Zvnj Avjv wK Zi bvwK KYv? Avevi GKB mv_ BjKUbi RbI
GKB ck KiZ cvwi| BjKUb wK KYv bvwK Zi? Zvgiv DiUv bj nKPwKq hve Zvi
KviY Di nQ: `yUvB! A_vr Avjv GKB mv_ Zi Ges KYv Ges BjKUbI GKB mv_ KYv
Ges Zi| Zvgiv nqZv fveQ GwU Kgb Ki me wK Rb ivLv mwZB GUv me|
ay h BjKUbK Zi wnme `Lv hvq Zv bq wevbx wW eMwj c_g ejwQjb h
hKvb c`v_ ev KYvi mv_ GKUv Zi _vK, ay ZvB bq mB Zii Zi `N KZ ne
mUvI wZwb ej w`qwQjb| Kvbv KYvi fieM hw` nq Zvnj Zvi Zi `N ne
6.634
Zvgvi fi hw` 50
10
KvRB Zvgvi Zi `N
6.634
10
100
6.634
10
279
ZvgvK wRm Kwi Kvb Zi KYvwUi Aevb mywbw` Ki ejv mnR? AekB Zzwg eje c_g
KYvwUZ KviY GLvb ZiwU QvU GKUv RvqMvq KvRB KYvwU wbqB mLvb AvQ|
Gevi Avwg hw` wRm Kwi Kvb ZiwUZ KYvwUi fieM wbw` Ki ejv hve? Avgiv
GKUz AvM `LwQ wW eMjxi m~ Abyhvqx fieM nQ
/2
hLvb nQ Aevbi AwbqZv ( Kg nIqv gvb Aevb AwbqZv Kg, A_vr
AevbUv fvjv Ki Rvwb), nQ fieMi AwbqZv ( ewk nIqv gvb AwbqZv ewk
A_vr fieM KZ Rvwb bv)| KD hbv gb bv Ki GUv wevbx`i AgZv GKmgq hLb
wevb Aviv weKwkZ ne, Avgv`i KvQ hLb Aviv fvjv hcvwZ _vKe ZLb Avgiv eywS
wbLuyZfve GKB mv_ Aevb Avi fieM gc dje| Rb ivL GUv KLbvB ne bv!
wevb GB AwbqZv m~i GKUv my`~icmvix cfve AvQ, eo nq Zvgiv hviv
c`v_wevb wbq jLvcov Kie Zviv `Le GB AwbqZvi m~ _K BjKUb-cvUb, AbycigvYyi gZv z` KYv`i wewP GKUv RMr Zwi nq hUvK ejv nq KvqvUvg gKvwb!
D`vniY 13.1: BjKUb Kb wbDwKqvmi fZi co hvq bv?
Di : AwbqZvi m~i Rb!
/
hLvb
nQ Avjvi eM|
ZzwgI wVK Kij Zzwg kb `uvwoq Pj Ubi fZi ZvwKq wKKjv gvce|
UbwU hnZz eM hvQ ZvB Zzwg AekB `Le Zvgvi Nwoi c_g wKKwU hLb NUQ
mB mgq Dcii AvqbvwU
`~iZ mi MQ Ges wZxq wKKi mgq Aviv
`~iZ mi
MQ| KvRB Zvgvi KvQ gb ne Nwoi wKK nIqvi mgq Avjv h `~iZ AwZg KiQ
wc_vMvivmi m~vbyhvqx mUv nQ:
281
wK Avgiv Rvwb
KvRB
1
A_vr
1
GB wbixn mgxKiYwU cw_exi mePq inmgq mgxKiYi GKwU Ges GwU Avgv`i
cwiwPZ RMrwU cyiv cywi IjU-cvjU Ki w`qQ| Avevi gb Kwiq w`B, nQ Zvgvi Nwoi
mgq Avi nQ Zvgvi ezi Nwoi mgq| Zzwg wi `vwoq AvQ Ges Zvgvi ez eM hvQ,
GUyKzB cv_K| Gi gvb Kg nj Ges
Gi gvS Kvbv cv_K bB wK hw` Avjvi
eMi KvQvKvwQ nq Zvnj wK m~Y Ab ecvi| hgb hw`
0.99 nq Zvnj
0.99
0.0199
283
hvi A_ c`v_i fi Avmj kw| hw` KD fiK kwZ icvi KiZ cvi Zvnj
GKUzLvwb fi _K AwPbxq cwigvY kw Zwi KiZ cvie| wbDwKqvi kw K` wVK GB
evcviUvB Kiv nq, fiK kwZ icvi Kiv nq| Avgv`i m~hi fZiI GB cwZZ kw
Zwi nq ZvB nVvr Ki me Rvjvbx dzwiq m~hi wbf hvevi Kvbv AvksKv bB| gvbeRvwZi
AbK eo `yfvM wbDwKqvi evgvZI wVK Gfve fiK kwZ icvwiZ Ki Awekvm
asmjxjv Pvjvbv nq!
Avgiv mevB Rvwb cigvYyi K` _vK wbDwKqvm Ges wbDwKqvmK wNi BjKUb NyiZ _vK|
mePq QvU cigvYy nQ nvBWvRb, Zvi K` _vK GKUv gv cvUb Ges ZvK wNi Nyi
gv GKUv BjKUb| cvUbi fi BjKUb _K cvq 1800 Y ewk, ZvB GKUv cigvYyi fi
Avmj g~jZ Zvi wbDwKqvmi fi| Avgiv Gi gvS AbKevi `LwQ cvUbi PvR cwRwUf Ges
BjKUbi PvR bMwUf| ZvB bMwUf PvRi BjKUb cvUbi cwRwUf PvRi Kyj^ eji
AvKlY ZvK wNi NyiZ _vK|
nvBWRbi cii cigvYy nQ wnwjqvg| wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm `ywU cvUb Ges ZvK
wNi NyiQ `ywU BjKUb| wbDwKqvmi AvqvZb LyeB QvU 10
Gi KvQvKvwQ GZ KvQvKvwQ
`yUv cvUb ivLv nj Zv`i cej Kyj^ weKlY Zviv wQUK hve Ges mUv hb bv NU mRb
wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm `yUv cvUbi cvkvcvwk `yUv PvRnxb wbDUbI _vK| Gfve Zwi
wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm Lye k Ges wwZkxj wbDwKqvm|
wnwjqvgi ci wjw_qvg,Zvici ewiqvg Gfve GKUvi ci GKUv cigvYyi K_v ejZ cvwi,
hLvb wbDwKqvm GKUv GKUv Ki cvUbi msLv eoQ Ges evBi GKUvi ci GKUv
BjKUbI eoQ| (cwiwk 2)
wbDwKqvmK wwZkxj ivLvi Rb Zvi fZi hLbB GKUv cvUb eoQ ZLbB Zvi
fZi evowZ wbDUbK RvqMv Ki w`Z nqQ| AbK wbDwKqvm AvQ hv`i cvUbi msLv
mgvb wK wbDUbi msLv wfb| Zv`iK ej AvBmvUvc| hgb nvBWvRbi gZv mnR
cigvYyiI wZbwU AvBmvUvc iqQ: nvBWvRb, wWDUwiqvg Ges wUwUqvg| nvBWvRb ay
GKwU cvUb, wWDUwiqvg GKUv cvUb GKUv wbDUb Ges wUwUqvg GKUv cvUb Ges `yBUv
wbDUb| nvBWvRbi wZbUv AvBmvUvci Avjv`v Avjv`v bvg `q AvQ, mvaviYZ Ab
cigvYyi ejvq mUv mwZ bq| AvBmvUvcjvK Zv`i wbDUb msLv w`q Avjv`v Kiv nq|
hgb aiv hvK Kvebi K_v, Gi AvBmvUvci msLv wZb, mjv nQ :
: wbDwKqvm 6 Uv cvUb 6 Uv wbDUb
: wbDwKqvm 6 Uv cvUb 7 Uv wbDUb
: wbDwKqvm 6 Uv cvUb 8 Uv wbDUb
G 12 msLvwU nQ wbDwKIb msLv ev mwwjZ wbDUb Ges cvUbi msLv| m iKg
I
G 13 I 14 nQ wbDwKIb msLv|
,
I
Gi gvS
wbDwKqvmwU ZRwq ev AwwZkxj A_vr
AbKvj
wnme _vKZ cvi bv GUv Ab Kvbv wbDwKqvm cwiewZZ nq hvq| GB cwieZbi Rb
wbDwKqvmi fZi _K Kvbv GKUv KYv ei nq Avm| hUv ei nq Avm Avgiv mUvK
ewj ZRwq iwk|
ZRwqZvi h g~j wZbwU cwqv AvQ mjv nQ Avjvdv, weUv Ges Mvgv iwk| c_g
hLb ZRwq wbDwKqvm _K Gjv ei nq GmwQj ZLb mwVKfve Zvi cwiPq Rvbv wQj bv
ej G iKg bvg `qv nqwQj GLb Avgiv cwivi fve Gi cwiPq Rvwb wK bvgjv GLbv
iq MQ|
13.3.1 Avjdv KYv
Avjdv KYv Avmj wnwjqvg wbDwKqvm! Avgiv Rvwb wnwjqvg wbDwKqvm _vK `ywU cvUb Avi
`yUv wbDUb| KvRB Kvbv wbDwKqvm _K hw` GKUv Avjdv KYv ei nq Avm Zvnj mB
cigvYyi cvigvYweK msLv Kge `yB Ni, wbDwKIb msLv Kge Pvi Ni| GKUv wbDwKqvmi
fZi _K hLb GKUv Avjdv KYv ei nq Avm ZLb Zvi h_ kw _vK Ges mUv
evZvmK Zxe fve AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi| A_vr GUv hLb evZvmi fZi w`q hvq ZLb
evZvmi AYy-cigvYyi mv_ h msNl nq mB msNl mjvK AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi| Avjdv
KYvi MwZc_ nq mij iLvi gZv mvRvmywR GwMq hvq|
285
Ze Avjdv KYv hnZy wnwjqvgi wbDwKqvm ZvB GUv c`v_i fZi w`q ewk`~i hZ cvi
bv GUvK _vwgq `qv mnR| (GKUv KvMR ev Avjywgwbqvg dqj w`qB Avjdv KYvK _vwgq
`qv hvq|) Kv_vI AvNvZ Kij f AbK wZ KijI Avjdv KYv ewk `~i hvevi AvMB
_g hvq|
Avjdv KYv hvevi mgq AbK BjKUb Ges Avqb Zwi Ki, mjv bvbvfve Detect
Kiv hvq| eZgvb BjKUwbi AbK DbwZ nIqvq GB aibi Avjdv KYvi DcwwZ ei Kiv
Aviv mnR nq MQ|
13.3.2 weUv KYv
weUv KYv Avmj BjKUb! Zvgiv AevK nq fveZ cvi wbDwKqvmi fZi _vK ay wbDUb
Avi cvUb mLvb _K BjKUb Kgb Ki ei nq? wbDwKqvmi h wbDUb iqQ mLvb _K
BjKUbUv ei nq, PvRK wVK ivLvi Rb wbDUbUv ZLb cvUb cv hvq|
Dcii mgxKiY wbDUbK cvUb Ges BjKUb cv hvevi mv_ mv_ Aviv GKwU KYv
jLv nqQ, mwU Kx? GwU nQ wbDwUbv bvgi GKwU KYvi cwZ c`v_ GwU wbDwUbv! inmgq
GB KYv wbq MelYvi Kvbv kl bB Zvgiv hLb c`v_wevb wbq Aviv jLvcov Kie
ZLb wbDwUbvi mv_ Aviv fvjvfve cwiwPZ ne| weUv KYv ei nevi ci wbDwUKqvmi
wbDwKIb msLv mgvb _vK wK cvigvYweK msLv eo hvq|
wbDwKqvm _K hLb Avjdv KYv ei nq ZLb m cwZeviB GKUv wbw` kw wbq ei
nq| weUv KYv ei nevi mgq Zvi kwUv GwU wbDwUbvi mv_ fvMvfvwM Ki bq (cvUb hnZz
wbDwKqvmi fZiB _vK ZvK kw w`Z nq bv) ZvB weUv KYvi kw wbw` _vK bv (GwU
wbDwUbv KZvUzKz kw be Zvi Ici wbfi Ki weUv KYvi kw ewk wKsev Kg nZ cvi|)
weUv KYv hnZz Bjb ZvB GUv c`v_i fZi w`q hvevi mgq NlYi KviY c`v_K
AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi| weUv KYv Kvbv wKQyi AbK fZi XyK hZ cvi| Avjdv KYv h
iKg mvRvmywR GwMq wMq GK mgq _g hvq weUv KYv (A_vr BjKUb) m iKg bq, wewfb
Aby cigvYyZ VvKv Lq Gi MwZc_ AvuKveuvKv nq hvq|
gRvi evcvi nQ, wbDwKqvm _K ay h BjKUb ei nZ cvi Zv bq, mLvb _K
BjKUbi cwZc`v_ cwRUbI ei nZ cvi| Avgiv mUvKI weUv wewKiY ewj| cwRUbi PvR
cwRwUf KvRB mUv Zwi nq cvUb _K:
BjKUbi cwZ c`v_ ZvB GUv Pvicvki Kvbv GKUv BjKUbi msk Avmv gv kwZ
icvwiZ nq A`k nq hvq|
Zvgiv wbqB AevK nq fveQ, cwZevi hLb weUv weKxiY nq ZLb wbDwUbv wKsev GwU
wbDwUbv ei nq, Zvnj ay Avjdv eUv Mvgv iwki K_v ejwQ Kb? wbDwUbv iwki K_v Kb
ewj bv? Zvi KviY wbDwUbvi PvR bB, fi ejZ Mj bB Ges c`v_i mv_ GwU GZ Kg
wewqv Ki h Avgiv mUv `LZ cvB bv| Zvgiv bj AevK nq hve h Gi wewqv GZ
Kg h KqK AvjvK el `xN kxmvi cvZ w`qI GKUv wbDwUbvK _vgvbv hvq bv! mRb
mewKQz _K wbDwUbv ev GwUwbDwUbv ei njI ZRwq iwk wnme GUvK weePbv KiZ
nq bv|
13.3.3 Mvgv iwk
Mvgv iwk Avmj we`yr P^Kxq Zi| Zvgiv Rvb Gi fi ev PvR bB| ZvB hLb GKUv
wbDwKqvm _K Mvgv iwk ei nq wbDwKqvmUvi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv| mvaviYZ hLb Kvbv
wbDwKqvm _K Avvjdv ev weUv KYv ei nq ZLb wbDwKqvmUv DwRZ Aevq _vK ZLb
evowZ kw Mvgv iwk wnme ei Ki w`q GwU wbiR nq|
Mvgv iwki hnZz PvR bB ZvB mUv AYy-cigvYyK mivmwi AvqvwbZ KiZ cvi bv
ZvB c`v_i AbK fZi XyKZ cvi Mvgv iwk mivmwi AvqvwbZ KiZ bv cvijI GwU Ab
Kvbvfve Kvbv cigvYy _K BjKUb gy Ki Zvi kw q Ki mB BjKUb ZLb weUv
KYvi gZv AYy-cigvYyK AvqvwbZ Ki|
ZRwq iwk `Lv wKsev Zvi cixv Kivi Rb Avmj PgKc` hcvwZ Zwi nqQ|
cw_exi eo eo GcwigU mB hcvwZ eenvi Ki c`v_wevbi b~Zb b~Zb RMr DbvwPZ
Kiv nQ|
13.3.4 Aavq~
AYy-cigvYyi eenvi evSvi Rb KvqvUvg gKvwb eenvi KiZ nq Ges KvqvUvg gKvwb
_K Avgiv Rvwb GB KYvjvi eenvi KLbvB mywbw`fve ejv me bq, Avgiv aygv wKQy
GKUv NUvi mvebvUzKz ejZ cvwi| ZRwqZvi ejvZI GwU mwZ, hwZ Kvbv GKwU
wbDwKqvm ZRwq nq Zvnj Avgiv Rvwb Zvi fZi _K Avjdv weUv ev Mvgv ei nq Avme
wK wVK Kvb gyn~Z mjv ei ne mUv KD ejZ cvi bv! ZRwqZvi cwigvc Kivi Rb
Avgiv ZRwq wbDwKqvmi Aavq~ ej GKUv K_v eenvi Kwi| hw` AbKjv wbDwKqvm _vK
h mgq Zvi AaK wbDwKqvm _K ZRwq KYv ei nq mwU nQ mB wbDwKqvmi Aavq~|
h mg wbDwKqvm wwZkxj Zv`i Aavq~ Amxg, KviY mjv _K KLbvB ZRwq KYv ei
ne bv| Avgiv
Gi K_v ejwQjvg, Zvi Aavq~ 50 nvRvi eQi, A_vr Kv_vI hw`
AbKjv
_vK 50 nvRvi eQi ci Zvi AaK wbDwKqvm _K ZRwq KYv ei Kie|
h wbDwKqvmi Aavq~ hZ Kg mB wbDwKqvm ZZ `Z ZRwq KYv ei Ki w`q Zvi
ZRwq gZv nvive| GLvb GKUv welq Zvgv`i gb ivLZ ne, ZRwqZvi KviY
287
KvqvK
jcUb
Avc KvqvK
WvDb KvqvK
BjKUb
BjKUb wbDwUbv
wbDUb Ges cvUb Zwi nq Avc I WvDb KvqvK w`q (D`vniY 13.4)| GUv gvUI AZzw bq
h, Avgv`i cwiwPZ `kgvb RMZi cyivUvB Zwi nqQ , Ges (Avc KvqvK, WvDb
KvqvK Ges BjKUb) GB wZbwU gv KYv w`q| e (BjKUb wbDwUbv) Gi AwZ iqQ Ze
AvMB ejv nqQ mwU mvaviY gvbyli PvL `kgvb bq wK cyivcywi mwVKfve ejvi Rb
Avgv`i GUvKI MnY KiZ ne| GUv gvUvgywUfve GKUv Awekvm evcvi h, cwiwPZ cyiv
wekev , , Ges e GB PviwU KYv w`qB evLv Kiv me|
Ze ay h GB PviwU KYv iqQ Zv bq, Gi mv_ mv_ GB KYvjvi cwZ c`v_I
iqQ| KvRB Avgv`i ZvwjKvwU c~Yv KiZ nj dvwgIbi GB cwievi Zv`i cwZ
c`v_jvI hvM KiZ ne| KvRB ZvwjKvwU ne G iKg:
Uwej 13.2: dvwgIb I cwZ c`v_
c`v_
cwZ c`v_
KvqvK
jcUb
289
Dcii KYvjv nQ eKYv, G`i fZi ej ev kwi wewbgq Kivi Rb Avgv`I Ab wKQz
KYvi `iKvi Ges GB KYvjvi bvg nQ evRb| GB KYvjv nQ:
Uwej 13.3: evRb
KvqvK I BjKUbi fZi
dvUb
kw wewbgq
wR bU
mKj dvwgIbi fZi kw
WvewjD cvm/WvewjD gvBbvm
wewbgq
ay KvqvKi fZi kw
Myqvb
wewbgq
msMZ KviYB gb nZ cvi GB evRb KYvi cwZ c`v_jv Avgv`i ZvwjKvq bIqv `iKvi|
wK gRvi evcvi nQ eKYvi fZi ej ev kw Av`vb-c`vbKvix GB evRb KYvjv
wbRivB wbR`i cwZ c`v_| GLvb Avgiv Avgv`i cwiwPZ dvUb ev Avjvi KYvK wbqB
`LwQ, Abjvi AwZ Lye fvjvfveB AvQ wK LuvwU c`v_wevbx Qvov Abiv nqZv Zv`i
Lei ivL bv|
KvRB GKRb gvUvgywU GB fe Avb` cZ cviZ h, gv PviwU dvwgIb Ges cuvPwU
evRb w`qB GB gnvweki mKj c`v_i MVb evLv Kiv me, wK Avmj evcviwU kl ch
GZ mnR _vKwb| `Lv Mj dvwgIbi h cwieviwUi K_v ejv nqQ mUv h_ bq| wVK G
iKg AviI `yUv cwievi `iKvi| , , , Gi cwieviwUK c_g cRb ej Avgiv e G
iKg AviI `ywU cRb cZ KiZ cvwi| mjv nQ: , , , Ges , , ,
Uwej 13.4: wZxq cRb
KvqvK
jcUb
Pvg
wgDIb
wgDIb wbDwUbv
Uc
eUg
UvI
UvI wbDwUbv
Ges AekB Zvi mv_ mv_ iqQ Zv`i cZKwUi cwZ c`v_|
Avgiv hw` cwZ c`v_jv Avjv`vfve bv wjwL Zvnj QvU GKUv QKB wekevi mKj
gjKYv wjLZ cvwi| Kx PgrKvi! mUv ne G iKg:
Uwej 13.5: wekevi mKj gjKYv
dvwgIb
c_g
wZxq
ZZxq
cRb
cRb
cRb
KvqvK
jcUb
evRb
GB mKj eenvi Ki c`v_wevbi h gWj w`q cKwZK evLv Kiv nq mUvK ejv nq
vvW gWj| h KYvjv `Lvbv nqQ Zv`i fi wbaviY Kivi Rb wnMm evRb (Higgs
Boson) bvg Aviv GKwU evRbi AwZ Abygvb Kiv nqwQj|
2013 mvj kl ch wevbxiv Gi AwZ mK wbwZ nqwQjb GwU wQj ZvwK
c`v_wevbi GKUv AbK eo weRq| Kvbv GKwU wewP KviY wnMm evRbK Cki KYv ejv
nq!
D`vniY 13.4: KvqvKi PvR
Ges KvqvKi PvR
wbDUb Ges cvUb I KvqvK w`q Kxfve Zwi nq?
Di: wbDUb:
gvU PvR k~b
cvUb :
gvU PvR 1
D`vniY 13.5: KvqvKi PvR hw`
bq?
Kb
291
cKvk Ki msLvUv cvVvZ nq| msLvi Rb wWwRU kUv eenvi Kiv nq ej wWwRUvj kUv
GmQ| Avgiv `kwgK msLv `L Af hLvb msLv cvVvbvi Rb
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 GB `kUv wP `iKvi| msLvK `kwfwK nZ ne K ejQ?
lvj wfwK msLv Hexadecimal Anin eenvi Kiv nq hLvb lvjUv wP `iKvi:
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , , , , , ) Avevi AvU wfwK msLvI
AvQ hLvb `iKvi AvUUv Symbol (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)| gRvi K_v nQ Avgiv BQ
Kij `yB wfwK msLvI
Zwi KiZ cvwi hLvb
`iKvi gv `ywU wP 0
Ges 1. GUvK ej
evBbvwi msLv| Zvgiv
hLb `kwgK msLv wkLQ
mLvb Zvgiv `LQ
Wvb w`K _K c_g
msLvwU GKK (A_vr gvb
nQ
10
1),
wZxqwU `kK (A_vr gvb
10), ZZxqwU
10
kZK
(A_vr
gvb
10
100) BZvw`
BZvw`| wVK GKB fve
Qwe 13.5: GKwU K^iK bUIqvKI gvag Ab Kv_vI ciY Kiv|
evBbvwi msLvq Wvb w`K
_K c_gwUi gvb nQ 2
1, wZxqwUi gvb nQ 2
2, ZZxqwUi gvb nQ 2
4
BZvw`| 13.4 QweZ GKB msLv `kwgK Ges evBbvwiZ cKvk Ki `Lvbv nqQ|
hnZz h Kvbv msLvK Avgiv evBbvwi msLvq cKvk KiZ cvwi ZvB AvbvjM
wmMbvji gvbUv evBbvwi msLvq cKvk Ki wbjB GUvK BjKUwb wmMbvj wnme GK
RvqMv _K Ab RvqMvq cvVvbv hvq| hLb wmMbvjUvi gvb ewk ne mUv eySve 1, hLb
gvbUv Kg ne mUv eySve k~b! cvVvbvi mgq Aviv wKQz wbqgKvbyb `qv nq hb wmMbvjUv
wbq KD Mvjgvj cvwKq bv dj, Kv_vq i Kv_vq kl evSv hvq|
Avgv`i Rxeb Avgiv hLb wKQz GKUv eenvi Kwi mUv cvq mgqB nq AvbvjM,
mUvK wWwRUvj cwieZb Ki cvVvbv nq, cwqv Kiv nq| cuQvbvi ci mUvK Avevi
AvbvjM cwieZb Ki eenvi Kiv nq| AvbvjM wmMbvjK wWwRUvj cwieZb Kivi Rb
wKsev wWwRUvj wmMbvjK AvbvjM cwieZb Kivi Rb wekl aibi AvB wm (Integrated
Circuit) eenvi Kiv nq Zv`iK Analog to Digitla Converter (msc ADC) ev
293
Zvgiv eySZB cviQ AvbvjM wmMbvjK wWwRUvj wmMbvj icvi Kivi mgq Avgiv mUv
AbKfve KiZ cvwi, mgqi Slot KZUzKy ne Ges mevP gvb KZv ai be Zvi Dci wbfi
Ki wWwRUvj WvUvi cwigvY| AZ m~fve Kivi cqvRb nj Zvi cwigvY AbK ewk nq
hZ cvi| Zvi Rb wWwRUvj BjKUwb RwUj nZ cvi Ggb wK mgq mvcI nZ cvi|
wK ZviciI AvaywbK RMr Lye `Z mewKQzK wWwRUvj wmMbvj wnme cwieZb Ki mUvK
cwqv Kivi w`K GwMq hvQ| wWwRUvj wmMbvjK ay 0 Ges 1 wnme ciY KiZ nq
ej Gi gvS AbvKvwZ Mvjgvj Kg Ges AbK mgqB AvbvjM AskUzKz PvLi Avovj
iL me wKQzB mivmwi Avgv`i KvQ wWwRUvj wnme Pj AvmQ|
13.5.1 mwgKvi
AvaywbK RMr Ges AvaywbK mfZv
cyivUvB BjKUwbi Dci Mo
DVQ Ges GB BjKUwbi Rb
Avgiv hw` Kvbv GK aibi c`v_i
cwZ KZZv cKvk KiZ PvB Zvnj
mB c`v_wU ne mwgKvi| Avgiv
Gi AvMI cwievnx Ges Acwievnx Ges
Aa-cwievnx ev mwgKvii bvgwU
DPviY KiwQ GLb evcviUvi
GKUzLvwb Mfxi hZ cvwi|
Qwe 13.6: wmwjKb wvj| Wvb w`K wmwjKb wvji
13.6 QweZ mwgKvii
wgvwK ic|
AbKjv cigvYyK cvkvcvwk `Lvbv
nqQ| cigvYi MVbi KviY Zv`i kl K c_ hw` AvUwU BjKUb _vK Zvnj mwU Kvb
GK A_ cwic~Y nq Ges AbK wwZkxj nq| cigvYyjv memgqB Pv Ki Zv`i kl
Kc_ AvUwU BjKUb ivLZ| wmwjKb nQ mePq ewk eeZ mwgKvi Zvi kl
Kc_ BjKUbi msLv Pvi, wK hLb Avgiv wmwjKb wvji w`K ZvKvB ZLb AevK nq
Avwevi Kwi cZKwU cigvYyB fveQ Zvi kl Kc_ AvUUv BjKUb! GUv NUQ KviY
cZKUv cigvYyB Pviw`K wfb PviUv cigvYyi mv_ hy Ges mevB wbRi BjKUbjv cvki
cigvYyi mv_ fvMvfvwM Ki eenvi KiQ| (Avgiv QweUv GKwQ GK mgZj, mwZKvi wmwjKb
cigvYyjv wgvwK, QweZ h iKg `Lvbv nqQ wK cZKUv cigvYyB Avmj Ab PviwU
cigvYyK k Ki _vK|)
GgwbZ mwgKvi BjKUbjv cigvYyi mv_ AvUK _vK, Zvcgvv evovj nqZv
GKUv `yUv BjKUb gy nZ cvi| cwievnK gy BjKUb _vK ZvB ZLb mwgKviUv
LvwbKUv cwievnKi gZv KvR KiZ cvi| c`v_wevbi `wfwZ GUv PgrKvi GKUv
evcvi, wK eenvii Rb GUv ZZUv DchvMx bv| GUvK mwZKvi A_ eenvi Kivi Rb
LyeB gRvi GKUv KvR Kiv nq| wmwjKb wvji mv_ Ggb GKUv cigvYy (hgb dmdivm)
wgwkq `qv nq hvi kl Kc_ cvuPwU BjKUb| ZLb Avgiv nVvr KiB Avwevi Kwi hnZz
cZKUv cigvYy Ab cigvYyi mv_ wbRi BjKUb fvMvfvwM Ki GKUv kLjvi gvS AvQ
Ges dmdivmi GB cg BjKUbwU evowZ (cvq AweKZ) GKUv BjKUb Kvbv cigvYyiB
Zvi cqvRb bB ZvB m me cigvYyi gvSB cvq gyfve NyivNywi KiZ cvi! GUvK
dmdivmi cigvYyi gvS _vKZ ne Ggb Kvbv K_v bB dmdivmK cwRwUf Avqb evwbq
GB BjKUbwU gy BjKUbi gZv eenvi Ki| ejv hZ cvi dmdivm gkvbv G iKg
mwgKvi AbUvB cwievnx, KviY PvR cwienbi Rb gy GLvb wKQz BjKUb _vK|
dmdivmi gZv cg BjKUbmn cigvYyi hvM Ki mwgKviK gvUvgywU cwievnK Zwi
Ki djv GB mwgKviK ej aibi mwgKvi|
Gevi Zvgiv Aviv PgKc` GKUv welq kvbvi Rb cZ nI| kl Kc_ evowZ
cg BjKUb Ggb cigvYy bv w`q hw` Avgiv Dv KvRwU Kwi, kl Kc_ GKwU Kg A_vr
wZbwU BjKUb (evib) `qv wKQz cigvYy wgwkq `qv nq Zvnj Kx ne? AekB evSv hvQ
evibi cigvYyi Kc_ GKUv RvqMvq BjKUbi Rb GKUv duvKv RvqMv _vKe Ges
cigvYywU mB duvKv RvqMvUv cvki GKUv BjKUb Gb fivU Ki djZ cvi ZLb cvki
cigvYyZ GKUv duvKv RvqMv nq hve, mB duvKv RvqMvwU Avevi Zvi cvki cigvYyi GKUv
BjKUb Gm fivU Ki djZ cvi ZLb mLvb GKUv duvKv RvqMv ne| Abfve ejv hvq
Avgv`i KvQ gb ne GKUv BjKUbi Afvehy GKUv duvKv RvqMv eywS cigvYy _K
cigvYyZ Nyi eovQ! gb nZ cvi GUv eywS Avmj GK aibi KYv Ges Zvi PvR eywS
cwRwUf! GUvK ejv nq nvj (Hole)| A_vr Avgiv ejZB cvwi evib cigvYyK bMwUf
Avqb wnme iL Zvi nvjwU wmwjKb wvji fZi Nyi eovZ cvi| A_vr GB
mwgKviwU cvq cwievnK wnme KvR Ki Ges Zvi fZi w`q we`yr cwienb Ki cwRwUe
PvRhy nvj! wZbwU BjKUb wgwkq GKUv mwgKviK hLb cwievnK Ki djv nq ZLb
ZvK ej aibi mwgKvi|
295
Qwe 13.7: Ges hy Ki Zwi Kiv WvqvW| evUvwii GK mshvM Kvbv we`yr cevn nq bv, Ab
mshvM we`yr cevn nq|
PgrKvi fve we`yr cevn nQ| Ges aiYi mwgKvi Zwi GB RvskbK ej WvqvW|
WvqvW Ggb GKwU BjUwb wWfvBm hLvb evUvwii GK aiYi mshvM we`yr cevn nq Dv
mshvM nq bv!
WvqvWi eenvii Kvbv kl bB, mvaviY WvqvW Zv AvQB mwZ ejZ Kx Zvgiv
me mgq h jvj bxj meyR njy` QvU QvU Avjvjv `Lv mjv me LED ev Light
Emitting Diode WvqvWi
Aviv GKUv gRvi eenvi nQ
AC wmMbvj DC Zwi Kiv|
13.8 QweZ `Lvbv Dcvq
Avgiv hw` WvqvWi fZi AC
fvR w`B Ab cvk
bMwUf AskUzKz KU ay
cwRwUf AskUzKz ei nq
Qwe 13.8: WvqvW eenvi Ki Gwm wmMbvji bMwUf Ask
Avme|
AcmviY Ki djv hvq|
13.5.2 UvbwRi
hviv wevbi BwZnvm Rvb Zv`iK hw` wRm Kiv nq chywi mePq eo Avwevi Kx,
meZ Zviv UvbwRii K_v eje| UvbwRi Ges aibi mwgKvi w`q Zwi GK
aibi wWfvBm, hUv Zvi fZi w`q we`yZi
cevn wbqY KiZ cvi|
Ges
`yB
aibi UvbwRi AvQ| QweZ Zvgv`i
aibi UvbwRi `Lvbv nqQ| GUvK AbKUv
cvwbi Uvci mv_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq, cvwbi Uvc
297
Kiv Av GKwU mvwKU QvU GKUv RvqMvi gvS XywKq `qv i njv Ges Zvi bvg `qv njv
BwUMUW mvwKU| GKUv BwUMUW mvwKU nqZv GKUv bLi mgvb Zvi fZi c_g nvRvi
nvRvi UvbwRi w`q Zwi mvwKU XyKvbv i nq Ges `LZ `LZ GKUv AvBwmi fZi
wewjIb UvbwRi ch emvbv me nq DVZ _vK! GKwU QvU wPci wfZi wewjIb UvbwRi
XvKvbvi GB cwqvK ejv nq VLSI ev Very Large Scale Integration. GB cwqvwU
GLbv _g bB Ges wPci wfZi Aviv UvbwRi XywKq Aviv RwUj mvwKU Zwi Kivi cwqv
GLbv PjQ|
GKwU QvU wPci wfZi wewjIb UvbwRi XywKq AZ RwUj mvwKU Zwi Kivi KviY
Avgiv KwDUvi, jvcUc, KvjKzjUi, PgKc` gvevBj Uwjdvb BZvw` AmsL b~Zb b~Zb
BjKUwb hcvwZ eenvi KiZ cviwQ| GK mgq BjKUwbi h KvRwU KiZ KqKwU Ni
wKsev GKUv Av wewsqi cqvRb nZv GLb mUv GKUv QvU wPci fZi XywKq `qv me
nQ Ges mjv w`q Zwi bvbv aibi h Avgiv GLb cKU wbq Nyi eovZ cvwi !
13.5.3 Gd wc wR G (FPGA,FiedProgammableGateArray)
BjKUwbi RMZi mekl mshvRb nQ Gd wc wR AvB| GK mgq GKUv AvB wmi jKvwU UvbwRi w`q Zwi mvwKU GKUv wekl KvR Kivi Rb eeZ nZv| GLb m~Y b~Zb
aibi AvB wm Zwi nqQ hLvb j-KvwU QvU QvU mvwKU (ev MU) mvRvbv _vK wK
Zv`i fZi Kvbv KvbKkb `qv _vK bv| h GUv eenvi KiZ Pvq m GB AvB wm wUK
cvMvg Ki fZii KvbKkb w`q mUvK h iKg BQ m iKg GKUv mvwKU Zwi Ki
bq| ay ZvB bq hw` GB mvwKUUv cQ` bv nq Zvnj mUv cwieZb Ki b~Zb GKUv mvwKU
cv w`Z cvi| mUv hLvb BQ mLvbB Kiv hvq ej bvg `qv nqQ wd cvMvgej ev
Kg cvMvg Kivi DchvMx| MU Gi (GateArray) K_vwU GmQ AmsL mvwRq _vKv
MU Gi KviY| wbtm`n ejv hvq hZB mgq hZ _vKe BjKUwbi RMZ GB Gd wc wR
G ZZB iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ ii Kie| GKwU mgq wQj hLb cyibv mvwKU w`q Zwi GKUv
h eenvii AbychvMx nq mUv dj w`q mLvb b~Zb GKwU mvwKU emvZ nZv| GLb
wKQyB KiZ nq bv aygv Gd wc wR G wPci fZi cyivZb mvwKUi cvMvgUv mwiq b~Zb
mvwKUi cvMvgwU PvjvZ nq| GK mgq cvMvwgs Ges BjKUwb m~Y wfb `ywU welq wQj wK
GLb `ywUi gvS GKUv m~Y b~Zb aibi mg^q NUQ|
13.5.4 KwDUvi
Zvgiv mevB KwDUvi eenvi KiQ| hviv GKUz BZZ KiQ Zv`iK ejv hZ cvi
KwDUvi ejZB hv`i PvLi mvgb GKUv gwbUi GKUv wmwcBD ev wK-evW wKsev jvcUci
Qwe fm IV ay mjvB KwDUvi bq| Avgiv h gvevBj Uwjdvb eenvi Kwi Zvi
gvSI QvU QvU Ges c~Yv KwDUvi iqQ|
AvaywbK RMZ KwDUvii iZwU wekvj Zvi KviY GwU Ab `kwU hi gZv bq|
Ab h Kvbv h ev Uzj (tool) me mgqB GKUv wbw` KvR KiZ cvi| GKUv z WvBfvi
w`q evwk evRvbv me bq Avevi euvwk w`q z
Lvjv hvq bv| wK KwDUvi Ggb GKUv h,
hUv w`q mve mKj KvR Kiv hvq Ges Kx Kx
Kiv hve Zvi mxgviLv gv GKwU Ges mwU nQ
gvbyli mRbkxjZv! GKRb gvbyl hZ mRbkxj
m KwDUvii ZZ ewk eenvi ei KiZ
cvie! ZvB KwDUvi w`q Avgiv h iKg wnmve
(Compute) KiZ cvwi wVK m iKg Mvb bZ
cvwi, Qwe AvuKZ cvwi, Z_ Av`vb-c`vb KiZ
cvwi, hcvwZ wbqY KiZ cvwi GgbKx hviv
Nv Acivax Zviv GUv eenvi Ki gvbylK
cZviYv ch Ki dj!
299
Abykxjbx
ck:
1. Gi gvb Lye Kg ej Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb AwbqZvi m~ Kvbv cfve dj bv| hw`
Gi AbK eo nZv Avgv`i `bw`b Rxeb Kx mgmv nZv?
2. fi _K hw` kw Zwi Kiv hvq, Zvnj wK kw _K fi Zwi Kiv me ne?
3. wbDUb hw` weUv KYv ei Ki cvUb cwiewZZ nZ cvi Zvnj wbDwKqvmi fZi me
wbDUb axi axi cvUb cwiewZZ nq hvq bv Kb?
4. Avgv`i cwiwPZ RMrUzKz ay gv wZbwU dvwgIb KYv w`qB evLv Kiv me| mB wZbwU
dvwgIb Kx Kx?
5. Zvcgvv evovj iwRii iva eo hvq wK mwgKvi Kg Kb?
MvwYwZK mgmv:
1. GKwU BjKUb 10 m/s eM hvQ Zvi wW eMwj Zi `N KZ? GKwU cvUb GKB eM
Mj Zvi Zi `N KZ? (meyR Avjvi Zi `N 5 10 m/s)
2. GKUv BjKUbK GKUv cvUbi mgvb fi cZ nj ZvK KZv eM hZ ne?
3. 1 fiK kwZ icvwiZ Kiv nj mwU Kx cwigvY kw `e?
4. GKwU RxevkZ h cwigvY C _vKvi K_v Zvi _K 16 Y Kg AvQ| RxevkwU KZ
cyivZb?
5. 317 msLvwUK evBbvwi, Avj Ges nv-Wwmgj cKvk Kiv|
PZy`k Aavq
gvbyli Rb c`v_wevb
(PhysicsforHumanity)
wiPvW dvBbgvb
wiPvW dvBbgvb GKRb AvgwiKvb ZvwK c`v_wevbx, KvqvUvg
BjKUv wWbvwg Ae`vbi Rb ZuvK bvej cyivi `qv nq|
c`v_wevbi RwUj mgmv mgvavbi Rb wZwb GK aibi Qwe eenvi
Ki MvwYwZK wnmvei GKwU b~Zb cwZ Zwi Kib, hwU dvBbgvb
WvqvMvg wnmve cwiwPZ| m kvUj `yNUbvi ci ZuvK Z` Kwgkb
ivLv nq Ges wZwb `yNUbvi KviYwU mwVKfve wPwZ KiZ ciwQjb|
wZwb Zuvi wekwe`vjq KvjUK AZ Rbwcq GKRb wkK wQjb|
Kvvi gZzeiY Kivi AvM ch wZwb Zuvi wcq wekwe`vjq KvjUK
wQjb|
RichardFeynman(19181988)
ARvbvK Rvbvi Rb gvbyli GKUv Zxe AvKvv _vK Ges m Rb wevbx MelKiv wevbi
bvbv inm DbvPb Ki hvQb| c`v_wevbi AmsL PgKc` Avwevi Avgv`iK nZevK Ki
`q wK gRvi evcvi nQ, GKB mv_ GB PgKc` AvwevijvK eenvi Ki gvbyyli
RxebK Aviv mnR, Ab`gq Ges A_c~Y Kiv me nqQ| Rxebi bvbv eenvi Kiv
wevbi G iKg PgrKvi KqKUv Avwevii K_v GLvb ejv njv:
Kiv nj Aviv wekvj nq hvq, hvi v_ A GKUz fiK kwZ icvi KiZ cvij Avgiv
wekvj kw cq hve, wbDwKqvi kwK` wVK GB evcviwUB Kiv nq|
wbDwKqvi kwK` hme Rvjvwb eenvi Kiv nq Zvi GKwU nQ BDiwbqvg 235
GLvb 92 wU cvUb Ges 143 wU wbDUb iqQ| cKwZZ Gi cwigvY Lye Kg, gv 0.7%, Gi
Aavq~ 703,800,000 (704 wgwjqb) ermi| GB BDiwbqvg 235 wbDwKqvm Lye mnRB
AviKUv wbDUbK MnY KiZ cvi (hw` m wbDUbi MwZ Kg nq) ZLb BDiwbqvg 235
cyivcywi AwwZkxj nq hvq GUv ZLb
Ges
GB `yUv QvU wbDwKqvm fvM nq
hvq Zvi mv_ mv_ Aviv wZbUv wbDUb ei nq Avm (Qwe 14.1) hUv wbPi mgxKiY `Lvbv
nqQ| KB hw` mgxKiYi evg cvk hv AvQ Zvi fi ei Ki Ges mUvK Wvb cvk hv AvQ
Zvi fii mv_ Zzjbv Ki Zvnj `Le Wvb cvk fi Kg, hUzKz fi Kg mUzKz Avmj
Gi kw wnme ei nq GmQ!
GB wewqvq h wZbwU wbDUb ei nq GmQ, Zviv Avmj cP MwZZ ei nq Avm ZvB Lye
mnR Ab BDiwbqvg (U235) mMyjv ai ivLZ cvi bv| Kvbvfve hw` Gjvi MwZ kw
Kgvbv hvq Zvnj mjv Ab
BDiwbqvg (U235) wbDwKqvm
AvUKv co mUvKI f w`q
Aviv wKQz kw Ges Aviv
wZbwU b~Zb wbDUb ei Kie!
mB wbDUbjv Avevi Ab
wbDwKqvmK f `e Ges
303
Aviv `ywU AvjvK KYv weQzwiZ Ki| GB PviwU ZLb Ab PviwU _K weQzwiZ Ki Ges gyn~Z
mejv _K Avjv weQzwiZ nq Zxe kwkvjx AvjvK iwki Rb `q! Avgiv mB AvjvK
ewj LASER hwU Avmj Light Emission by Stimulated Emission or Radiation
K_vwUi cZKwU ki c_g Ai!
me cigvYyZB kw cqvM Ki
DP kwi bq hvq, wK Avmj h
Kvbv cigvYy w`q jRvi Zwi Kiv hvq
bv cigvYyi kwi ijvi Ab
ewkI _vKZ nq| KvRB mwVK kw
i cvws mnR cwZ BZvw` AbKjv
cqvRbxq welq _vKjB mUvK jRvi
evbvbv hvq| 14.3 QweZ GKUv AviMb
Avqb jRvii Qwe `Lvbv nqQ|
Qwe 14.3: GKwU AvMb Avqb jRvi
14.3cb (Plane)
Zvgiv mevB AvKvk cbK Do hZ `LQ Ges GUv wbqB Zvgv`i gb cki Rb
w`qQ h Kgb Ki GZ eo Ges fvix GKUv cb AvKvk Do hZ cvi Ges DoZ DoZ
Kb GUv wbP co hvq bv! Gi DiUvI Avmj c`v_wevbi GKUv m~i gvS jywKq AvQ!
m~wUK ejv nq evbywji m~| Kv_vI hw` evZvmi cevn nq Zvnj mB cevnwUK weePbvq
iL kwi wbZZvi m~wUK Gfve jLv hvq: hw` evZvmi Pvc nq , NbZ eM Ges
DPZv nq, Zvnj
1
2
Gi gvb AcwiewZZ _vK !
Avgiv GB m~wU eenvi Ki
`LvZ cvwi Kb cb AvKvk DVZ
cvi! Lvwj PvL cvLvi cQ`i
Kvbv ewk bB gb njI Avmj
wK Gi mywbw` ewk iqQ; Gi
wbPi Ask mvRv wK Dcii Ask
euvKv| 14.4 QweZ h iKg `Lvbv
nqQ mfve cvLvi wbPi i _K
kl ch `~iZ Kg, wK cvLvi Dci
i _K kl ch `~iZ
305
Zzjbvg~jKfve ewk|
GKUv cb hLb mvgbi w`K GwMq hvq ZLb cvLvi Dci Ges wbP w`q evZvm eq
hvq| Avgiv evcviwUK mnRfve evSvi Rb Kbv Ki wbB h cvLvwU wi eis evZvmi iwU
cbi MwZZ cvLvi wbP Ges Dci w`q AwZg KiQ|
aiv hvK cvLvi wbP w`q h evZvm AwZg KiQ Zvi eM , Zvnj cvLvi Dci w`q
h evZvm AwZg KiQ Zvi MwZeM hw`
nq Zvnj
wbqB
_K ewk ne| KviY
cvLvi Dcii Aski `~iZ wbPi Ask _K ewk Ges GKB mgq mB ewk `~iZ AwZg
KiZ nj Zvi eM
ewk nZB ne| GLb cvLvi wbPi Ask evZvmi Pvc Ges Dcii
Aski Pvc hw`
nq Zvnj Avgiv wjLZ cvwi :
1
PvcK dj w`q Y Kij ej cvIqv hvq| cvLvi Dci Ges wbP DPZv mgvb ai wbj
1
2
A_vr
Gi Pvc
_K
ewk|
c`v_ wevbi meP PgKc` GKwU welq nQ cwZc`v_| cZKwU c`v_iB GKwU cwZ c`v_
_vK Ges hw` c`v_ Ges cwZc`v_ GK Abi msk Avm Zvnj Zviv GK AciK A`k
Ki kwZ icvwiZ nq hvq| AbKi aviYv nZ cvi GwU eywS c`v_wevbi GKwU ZvwK
2
PET bvg kixii fZiKvi mwq Aski Qwe Zvjvi GB hwU GB `ywU Mvgv iwkK detect
Ki Ges wbLuyZ wnmve Ki Mvgv iwk `ywU wVK Kv_v ei nq GmQ mwU ei Ki dj| mB
Z_jv w`q Kv_vq Kv_vq kixii Kvl ewk mwq mwU ei Kiv nq|
Position Emission Tomography eenvi Ki gwi fZi Kvb Ask ewk
mwq mwUI ei Kiv hvq| GKRb gvbyl hLb wfb wfb welq wbq wPv Ki ZLb Kvb welq
wbq wPv Kivi mgq gwi Kvb Ask mwq nq DV mLvb _K gwi KvhKjvci
GKwU b~Zb w`M ei nq AvmZ i KiQ|
GwU nqZv Lye ewk `wi bB hLb GKRb gvbyli gwi mwqZv `LB Avgiv mB
gvbyli gbi K_v ej w`Z cvie|
gvbyli KjvYi Rb c`v_wevb eenvi Ki Aviv Kx Kx Avwevi Kiv nqQ Zvi
ZvwjKv KLbv kl nevi bq| GB eBq GB PviwU gv D`vniY `qv nj Zvgiv wbqB G iKg
Aviv AmsL D`vniY LuyR ei KiZ cvie!
307
Abykxjbx
ck
1. wbDwKqvi kw cvIqvi `yUv cwZ, GKwU wdkvb AbwU wdDmvb| wdkvb cwZZ wbDwKqvi
kwK` kw cvIqv hvq| wdDmvb cwZZ kw cvIqv hvq G iKg GKwU D`vniY `vI|
2. ZRwq wbDwKqvm eenvi Ki mivmwi kw Zwi Kiv wK me?
3. ay wekl wekl AYy-cigvYy w`q jRvi Zwi Kiv me, h Kvbv AYy ev cigvYy w`q Kb
jRvi Zwi Kiv hvq bv?
4. wegvb AbK DuPzZ DoZ cvi, nwjKvi cvi bv| Kb?
5. wekv mgvb cwigvY c`v_ Ges cwZc`v_ _vKZ cvi wK?
MvwYwZK mgmv
1. cwZwU wdkvb wewqvZ 1 MnY Ki
wZbwU wbDUb cwiZvM Ki| GB wZbwU
wbDwKqvmi wdkvb KiZ cvie|
wbDUbK hw` wbqY Kiv hvq Ges Aviv wZbwU
Gfve 20 avc KZjv
wdkvb KiZ cvie?
2. GKwU AvMb Avqb jRvii gZv wY Kiv nj AvjvK iwki wevi KZvY ew cve?
3. evZvmi NbZ 1.0124 / , wegvbi cvLvi Dci w`q 500 /
, wbP w`q
eM, evZvm cevwnZ nQ, cbi cvLvi AvKvi 100
nj mwU KZv
400 /
fii cbK DovZ cvie?
4. GKwU BjKUb Ges GKwU cwRUb ciiK A`k Ki kwZ icvwiZ nj Kx cwigvY
kw `e?
5. Kx cwigvY kw `qv nj GKwU cvUb Ges GKwU GwU cvUb Zwi Kiv me?
cwiwk 309
cwiwk - 1
A1.1 Nb KvY
Avgiv RvwgwZ covi mgq h KvY AuvwK, mUv me mgq GKUv mgZj AuvKv nq| mB KvYwj
wgvwK| wK wgvwK KvYI nZ cvi (Qwe A.1), mB KvYwUK ej Nb KvY, Zvi cwigvY
A
r2
310cwiwk
cwiwk 311
cwiwk - 2
cigvbyi ZvwjKv (ListofElements)
(c_g Kjvg cvigvbweK msLv, wZxq Kjvg cigvbyi bvg, ZZxq Kjvg cigvbyi cZxK| ZRwq gjwj ZviKv
w`q `Lvbv nqQ|)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium*
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Cesium
Barium
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba
312cwiwk
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium*
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Polonium*
Astatine*
Radon*
Francium*
Radium*
Actinium*
Thorium*
Protactinium*
Uranium*
Neptunium*
Plutonium*
Americium*
Curium*
Berkelium*
Californium*
Einsteinium*
Fermium*
Mendelevium*
Nobelium*
Lawrencium*
Rutherfordium*
Dubnium*
Seaborgium*
Bohrium*
Hassium*
Meitnerium*
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
cwiwk 313
cwiwk - 3
gwjK ae mg~n (FundamentalConstants)
bvg
cZxK
gvb
Avjvi eM
2.9979258
10
cvsKi aeK
6.62660755
10
gnvKlxq aeK
evRgvb aeK
Mvm aeK
8.3144621 /
AvfvMvWvi msLv
NA
6.0221
Bjbi PvR
1.6021733
Kzj^i aeK
Bjbi fi
cvUbi fi
wbDUbi fi
evZvmi Pvc
6.67259
10
1.380658
8.987552
10
10 /
10
10
9.1093897
10
1.6726231
10
1.6749286
10
atm
10132.5Pa