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01 Landslide Classification
01 Landslide Classification
Classification
Typological classification
Divide phenomena into repeating
patterns (types) characterized by
several descriptors.
Requirements:
1) Comprehensive definition
2) Type examples
3) References
Desirable qualities of a
typological classification system:
1. Simple, not too many classes
2. Respectful of previous usage
3. Flexible, with varying quality of data
4. Each class name to be supported by a
definition, examples and references
Rock slide
Rock avalanche
Framework:
Pre-failure movements
Post-failure movements
Principal
movement
types
Cruden and
Varnes, 1996
(dates back to
Balzer, 1875)
33 types
C o de: R A P ID , S L O W (IN M O S T C A S E S )
D E B R IS
(< 80% sand and finer)
D E B R IS F A L L
EARTH
(> 80% sand and finer)
EARTH FALL
FA L L S
ROCK FALL
TOPPLES
BLOCK TOPPLE
FL E X U R A L T O P P L E
BLOCK TOPPLE
S L ID E S
ROCK SLUM P
R O C K S L ID E
D E B R IS S L ID E
EARTH SLUM P
E A R T H S L ID E
SPREADS
ROCK SPREAD
EARTH SPREAD
FL O W S
ROCK CREEP
S L O P E S A G G IN G
D E B R IS F L O W
D E B R IS
AVALANCHE
S O IL C R E E P
S O L IFL U C T IO N
W E T S A N D A N D S IL T
FLOW
R A P ID E A R T H F L O W
LOESS FLOW
D R Y S A N D FL O W
E A R T H FL O W
COM PLEX
ROCK AVALANCHE
E A R T H S L U M P -E A R T H FL O W
R ef.: V arn es, D .J., 1978. Slope m ovem en t types an d processes. In L an dslides, A n alysis an d C on trol. Special
R eport 176, T ran sportation R esearch B oard, W ash in gton , pp. 11 -3 3 .
Velocity scale
L a ndslide ve lo c it y sca le (C ruden a nd V arnes, 1996).
V e lo c it y
c la ss
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
D escript io n
E xtrem e ly R ap id
-----------------------V ery R ap id
-----------------------R ap id
-----------------------M o derate
-----------------------S lo w
-----------------------V ery S lo w
-----------------------E xtrem e ly S lo w
V e lo c it y
(m m /sec)
5x10
5x10
5x10
-1
5x10
-3
5x10
-5
5 x10
-7
T yp ica l
ve lo c it y
H uman
respo nse
N il
5 m /sec
N il
3 m /m in
E vacuat io n
1.8 m /hr
E vacuat io n
13 m /m o nth
M a inte na nce
1.6 m /year
M a inte na nce
16 m m /ye ar
N il
R ef.: C ru d en , D .M . an d V arn es, D .J., 1 9 96 . L an d slid e typ es an d processes. In L an d slid es, In vestig ation an d
M itigation . Sp ecial R ep ort 2 47 , T ran sp ortation R esearch B oard, W ash in g ton , p p. 3 6 -7 5.
Material categories:
- Rock
- Debris (more than 20% coarse*)
- Earth (less than 20% coarse*)
* Gravel clasts and larger
1. Difficult to evaluate
2. Little relevance to slide behaviour
3. Incompatible with established systems
Geotechnical
classes
- plastic
- granular
Mixed materials
- plastic
- granular
(Mixed grain sizes,
diluted by water)
Geotechnical materials:
Clay, silt, sand, gravel, boulders
How to simplify?
Suggestion: use dominant component
with emphasis on mechanical
behaviour.
Example:
plastic clayey silt > clay
low plasticity clayey silt > silt
Debris mixture of
components, non-plastic
Mud - mixture of components,
plastic (clayey), liquid (IL>0.5)
Earth plastic, but not liquid
and may not be strongly mixed.
Summary
Rock block
topple
Chaco Canyon,
New Mexico
1980
1987
La Clapire, France
Compound sliding
Internal deformation
required
Graben
Vaiont (1963)
A compound slide
(Mencl, Hutchinson)
non-circular
view
section
random
joints
rupture
surface
Panama Canal
Clay, silt
compound slide
Sliding of a mass of soil on a
rupture surface consisting of
several planes, or a surface of
uneven curvature, so that
motion is kinematically possible
only if accompanied by
significant internal distortion of
the moving mass. Horst-andgraben features at the head and
many secondary shear surfaces
are observed. The basal
segment of the rupture surface
often follows a weak horizon in
the soil stratigraphy
Rock slope
spread
(or deformation?)
Crest sagging in
slopes formed from a
stronger layer (cap
rock) over weak rock.
Blocks of the stronger
rock spread and tilt by
deformation of the
underlying weak
material, without the
formation of a defined
rupture surface.
Extremely slow.
Turnagain
Heights Slide,
1964
St. Jude,
Quebec, 2010
Inverse sorting
Rock avalanche
Frank Slide,
1903
INITIATION
Debris flow:
CHANNEL
(GORGE)
DEBRIS
(COLLUVIAL)
FAN
Debris avalanche
Extremely rapid shallow
flow of partially or fully
saturated debris on a
steep slope, without
confinement in an
established channel.
Morphologically similar
to a snow avalanche)
Sharpe (1938)
Alberta
Debris flood:
Very rapid surging flow of water, heavily charged with
debris, in a steep channel. Peak discharge comparable
to that of a major water flood.
(Hungr et al., 2001)
(Qf = extreme
hydrological flood)
Discharge magnification
PIERSON, 1980
Mountain
slope
deformation
Large-scale
gravitational
deformation of steep,
high mountain slopes,
manifested by scarps,
benches, cracks and
bulges, but lacking a
fully defined rupture
surface. Extremely
slow, or unmeasurable
movement rates.
Mountain
slope
deformation
Nemcok, 1982
Weak rocks
Initial
Mature
Final
Surficial
ValPola, Italy
ValPola, Italy
Soil creep
Sharpe (1938)
Summary