EE369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 3
Three Phase, Power System
Operation
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick
1

Reading and Homework

For lecture 3 read Chapters 1 and 2
For lectures 4 through 6 read Chapter 4
we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11,
and 4.12 in detail,
We will return to chapter 3 later.

HW 3 is Problems 2.43, 2.45, 2.46, 2.47,

2.49, 2.50, 2.51, 2.52, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7
and Chapter 4 case study questions A
through D; due Thursday 9/17.
2

Per Phase Analysis

Per phase analysis allows analysis of
balanced 3 systems with the same
effort as for a single phase system.
Balanced 3 Theorem: For a
balanced 3 system with:
All loads and sources Y connected,
No mutual Inductance between phases.

Per Phase Analysis, contd

Then
All neutrals are at the same potential,
All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled,
All system values are the same sequence
as sources. That is, peaks of phases occur in
the same order. The sequence order weve
been using (phase b lags phase a and phase
c lags phase b) is known as positive
sequence; in EE368L well discuss negative
and zero sequence systems.
4

Per Phase Analysis

Procedure

To do per phase analysis

1. Convert all load/sources to equivalent Ys.
2. Solve phase a independent of the other
phases
3. Total system power S = 3 Va Ia*
4. If desired, phase b and c values can be
determined by inspection (i.e., 120
degree phase shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to original circuit to
determine line-line values or internal
values.
5

Per Phase Example

Assume a 3, Y-connected generator
with Van = 10 volts supplies a connected load with Z = -j through
a transmission line with impedance of
j0.1 per phase. The load is also
connected to a -connected generator
with Vab = 10 through a second
transmission line which also has an
impedance of j0.1 per phase.
Find
1. The load voltage Vab
2. The total power supplied by each
generator, SY and S
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Per Phase Example, contd

+-

First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit
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Per Phase Example, contd

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

1
(Va' 10)( 10 j ) Va' (3 j ) (Va' j
3
8

Per Phase Example, contd

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'
1
(Va' 10)( 10 j ) Va' (3 j ) (Va' j
3
10
(10 j
60) Va' (10 j 3 j 10 j )
3
Va' 0.9 volts
Vc' 0.9 volts

Vb' 0.9 volts

Va'b' 1.56 volts

Per Phase Example, contd

*

Sygen

3Va I a*

Va Va '
Va
5.1 j 3.5 VA

j 0.1
*

Sgen

Va '' Va '
3Va ''
5.1 j 4.7 VA

j 0.1

What is real power into load?

Is this a reasonable dispatch of generators?
What is causing real power flow from Yconnected generator to -connected generator?
10

Power System Operations

Overview
Goal is to provide an intuitive feel
for power system operation
Emphasis will be on the impact of
the transmission system
Introduce basic power flow
concepts through small system
examples

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Power System Basics

All power systems have three major
components: Generation, Load and
Transmission/Distribution.
Generation: Creates electric power.
Load: Consumes electric power.
Transmission/Distribution: Moves electric
power from generation to load.
Lines/transformers operating at voltages
above 100 kV are usually called the
transmission system. The transmission
system is usually networked.
Lines/transformers operating at voltages
below 100 kV are usually called the
distribution system. The distribution system
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is usually radial except in urban areas.

Small PowerWorld Simulator

Case
Pie chart and numbers showClosed circuit breake
real and reactive power flowis shown as red box

Load with
green
Bus
arrows
204 MW
indicating 102 MVR
amount
of MW
150 MW AGC ON
116 MVR AVR ON
flow

Home Area

-20 MW
4 MVR

20 MW
-4 MVR

Bus 1
1.00 PU

1.00 PU
106 MW
0 MVR
-14 MW

-34 MW
10 MVR
34 MW
-10 MVR

Bus 3

4 MVR

100 MW

Voltage
shown in
normalize
per unit
values

14 MW
-4 MVR
1.00 PU

Note real
Used
150 MW AGC ON
and reactive
37 MVR AVR ON
to control
power
output of Direction of arrow on line is used to
balance at
generator Indicate direction of real power (MW) flow
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each bus
102 MW
51 MVR

Power Balance Constraints

Power flow refers to how the power is
moving through the system.
At all times in the simulation the total
power flowing into any bus MUST be zero!
This is due to Kirchhoffs current law. It can
not be repealed or modified!
Power is lost in the transmission system:
If losses are small, the sending and receiving
end power may appear the same when shown
to two significant figures.
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Basic Power Control

Opening a circuit breaker causes the power
flow to (nearly) instantaneously change.
Other ways to directly control power flow in
an AC transmission line require either
power electronics, or transformers, or both:
See phase shifting transformers in lecture 10.

By changing generation (or, in principle, by

changing load) we can indirectly change
this flow.
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Transmission Line Limits

Power flow in transmission line is limited by
heating considerations.
Losses (I2 R) heat up the line, causing it to sag.
Each line has a limit:
Simulator does not allow you to continually exceed
this limit.
Many transmission owners use winter/summer
limits.
Some transmission owners, eg Oncor, are moving to
dynamic ratings that consider temperature etc.

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Overloaded Transmission
Line
Bus 2
235 MW
117 MVR

192 MW
-29 MVR

129%

-188 MW
47 MVR

129%

Bus 1
1.00 PU

1.00 PU
-194 MW
82 MVR
-105 MW

502 MW OFF AGC 76 MW

-21 MVR
68 MVR AVR ON
-75 MW
24 MVR

Home Area

35 MVR

100 MW

107 MW
-29 MVR

Bus 3

1.00 PU
117 MW
59 MVR

150 MW AGC ON
54 MVR AVR ON

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