POWER SUPPLY

- GENERATION, TRANSMISSION
& DISTRIBUTION

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 How is electricity produced?
In many power plants:
– coal is burned in huge
furnaces
– steam from the coal turns
a jet engine-like turbine
– the turning turbine
generates electricity
– electricity leaves the plant Large steam turbine
through power lines

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Hydro Wind

Nuclear

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POWER SYSTEM

3 division:
- Generation (IPP KE TNB)
- Transmission
- Distribution

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AC Power Transmission usually consists of
multiples of wires

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Substations: Where Transmission Lines Interconnect

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 Voltages from generator to customer

STEP UP

STEP DOWN

Distribution
Power Transformer STEP DOWN
Line

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 Why Do We Use Alternating
Current (AC) for Electric Power?

COMPOSATE LOSS

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 What is a Three-phase System?

3-phase generator

Why Use 3-Phase?

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AC Generator

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ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
Rotating Machines
Secondary Cell

Relay CONTROL

Circuit Breaker 11
TRANSFER
 ELECTRIC CABLES
Common conductor
materials:
- Copper
- Aluminium
- Aluminium conductor steel
reinforced (ACSR)

Typical insulating materials:

- heat resistant rubber
- high temperature heat resistant rubber
- heat resistant thermoplastic
- heat resistant thermoplastic with nylon
covering
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BASIC ELECTRICAL TERMS

Common electrical terms used are :

Voltage - Volt According to

Current - Ampere Ohms Law,
Resistance - Ohm
Power - Watt, Var, Voltampere V=IR
Consumption - Watt-hour

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 Current and Power Flow
Fundamentals
In an AC electric power system, there are two components of power
to make possible the transfer of energy, that is, the real power P and
the reactive power Q.
The complex power, S is given by

S = P + jQ = V I*

P …. Watt
Q .... Var
S …. Voltampere

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 Power Supply System
There are two types of supply voltage, that is, direct (dc) voltage
and alternating (ac) voltage.

DC Voltage
- for use in electronic equipment
- portable power supply

AC Voltage
- for single phase and three phase systems.
- For single phase, voltage is 240 V with supply frequency of 50 Hz.

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Distribution Line

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Power Distribution System
Overhead vs Underground System
1. Overhead:
 Lower cost for conductor & associated switchgear &
transformer
 Easier and quicker detection and repair of a
breakdown to the system
 Much lower cost to upgrade because there is less
need to dig up finished streets, curbs and lawns.

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Overhead vs Underground System

2. Underground:
 Almost no exposure to storms, trees, automobile
accidents, insulator breakage, and insulator
contamination
 More aesthetically acceptable to the public
 A necessity around airports, or where local laws require
cable
 Long run across water as submarine cable
 Less public exposure to the possibility of electric shock
 Generally, a longer system life expectancy

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THREE PHASE THEORY
Requirements of a Balanced 3-Phase Set

1. All 3 variables have the same amplitude

2. All 3 variables have the same frequency
3. All 3 variables are 120o in phase

In terms of the time domain, a set of balance 3-phase voltages has

the following general form.
va = Vm cos ( t + )
vb = Vm cos ( t + - 120o )
vc = Vm cos ( t + - 240o )

Notice that we have assumed (abc) phase sequence

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BALANCED 3 PHASE VOLTAGES

Figure 1 illustrates the balanced 3-phase voltages in time domain.

In terms of phasors,
Va = Vm
Vb = Vm - 120o
Vc = Vm - 240o

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 BALANCED 3 PHASE PHASORS
Figure 2 below illustrates the balanced 3-phase phasors
graphically.

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 BALANCED 3 PHASE CIRCUIT
Figure 3 illustrates a balanced 3-phase circuit.

Phase describes or pertains to one element or device in a load, line, or source.

Line refers to the "transmission line" or wires that connect the source to the load.
Neutral the 4th wire in the 3-phase system.
Phase Voltages & Phase Currents the voltages and currents across and a single branch
(phase) of the circuit.
Line Currents the currents flowing in each of the lines (Ia, Ib, and Ic).
Line Voltages the voltages between any two of the lines (Vab, Vbc, and Vca).
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WYE and DELTA Connections

Wyes and Deltas

A summary of the characteristics of the two types of 3-phase circuit
connections are given below.
The Wye = Y = "Star" connection
The Delta = connection

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WYE Circuit
Figure 6: a Y Circuit

Phase voltages = Line to neutral voltages (Va, etc.)

Phase currents = Line currents (Ia, etc.)
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Delta Circuit
A DELTA Circuit

Neutral connects the 3 phases

Phase voltages = Line voltages (Vab, etc.)
Phase currents = currents from line to line (Iab, etc.)
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