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HVDC TRANSMISSION
Presented by
Semester – VII
Guided by
In 1886 - Limitation of DC
High losses and Voltage Drop Transformation of Voltage required.
• Transformer and AC distribution (150 lamps) developed by William
Stanley of Westing house.
• Before that in the year of 1888-N.Tesla developed Poly Phase system and
had patents of Generator,Motor,Transformer, transmission lines. Later
Westing House bought it.
Features :
DC series generators were used.
Constant control current mode.
Continues……..
In1920-Transverter(Mechanicalconverter-polyphase transformer)were
developed. Again AC system dominated.
Again AC revolution back till 1950. In the year of 1950, Mercury arc valves
(Bulky converter) it was possible to convert AC to DC.
In 1954, first HVDC System between Sweden and Gotland island was
commissioned by cable. Conversion carried out by Mercury arc rectifier.
• The advantage of HVDC is the ability to transmit large amounts of power over
long distances with lower capital costs and with lower losses than AC.
• HVDC transmission allows efficient use of energy sources remote from load
centers. Depending on voltage level and construction details, losses are quoted
as about 3% per 1,000 km.
Line Cost AC
Line Cost DC
Terminal Cost DC
Terminal Cost AC
• HVDC can carry more power per conductor because, for a given power rating,
the constant voltage in a DC line is lower than the peak voltage in an AC line.
COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS
• The towers of the dc lines are narrower, simpler and cheaper compared to the
towers of the ac lines.
COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS
Asynchronous link
HVDC Principle
What is HVDC ?
Basic Image : DC vs. AC Transmission
+ R
DC AC
1-Phase (±) S
3-Phase
–
T
TERMINAL A DC TERMINAL B
AC 1 (Converter) LINE (Converter) AC 2
Id
Ld Ld
Pd = Vd Id
Vd
F
FILTER FILTER
PROBLEMS OF AC INTERCONNECTION
HVDC is the better option for above cited purposes while compare with
its AC system.
BASIC HVDC Single Line Diagram
Thyristor Thyristor
Valves
Valves DC Filter: DC Filter:
Converter Converter
Transformer Transformer
DC Filter: DC Filter:
AC Bus AC Bus
AC Filters AC Filters
COMPONENTS OF HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
1. Converters
2. Smoothing reactors
3. Harmonic filters
4. Reactive power supplies
5. Electrodes
6. DC lines
7. AC circuit breakers
Components of HVDC
Components of HVDC Transmission Systems….
Converters
• They perform AC/DC and DC/AC conversion
• They consist of valve bridges and transformers
• Valve bridge consists of high voltage valves connected in a 6-pulse or 12-pulse
arrangement
• The transformers are ungrounded such that the DC system will be able to
establish its own reference to ground
Smoothing reactors
• They are high reactors with inductance as high as 1 H in series with each pole
• They serve the following:
– They decrease harmonics in voltages and currents in DC lines
– They prevent commutation failures in inverters
– Prevent current from being discontinuous for light loads
Harmonic filters
• Converters generate harmonics in voltages and currents. These harmonics may
cause overheating of capacitors and nearby generators and interference with
telecommunication systems
• Harmonic filters are used to mitigate these harmonics
Components of HVDC Transmission Systems….
Upto
600MW
50 Hz 60 Hz
HVDC is the unique solution to interconnect Asynchronous systems or grids with different
frequencies.
Application based HVDC Transmission Types
Upto
3000 MW
HVDC represents the most economical solution to transmit electrical energy over distances
greater than approx. 600 km
Application based HVDC Transmission Types
HVDC is an alternative for submarine transmission. Economical even for shorter distances such as a few
10km/miles
Application based HVDC Transmission Types
HVDC SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS
HVDC links
can be broadly
classified into:
• Monopolar links
• Bipolar links
• Homopolar links
• Back to back links
• Multi-terminal links
Monopolar Links
AC1 AC2
Multi Terminal System
• Three or more terminals connected in parallel, some feed
power and some receive power from HVDC Bus.
+
Va T1 T3 T5
Vc Vb Vo
T4 T6 T2
-
The operating principle of the circuit is that, the pair of SCR connected between the
lines having highest amount of line-to-line voltage will conduct provided that the
gate signal is applied to SCRs at that instant.
The converters are called Line Commutated converters or current source converter.
Every 60º one Thyristor from +ve limb and one Thyristor from –ve limb is triggered
SIX PULSE RECTIFIER WAVEFORMS
IG
T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Vo(ωt)
Vcb Vab Vac Vbc Vba Vca
Id
ωt
-Id
OPERATION OF SIX PULSE RECTIFIER
1
-0.5
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
(rad)
= /6
100
60
40
20
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660
Frequency Hz
Specturm at alpha=pi/6
EFFECT OF CONTROL ANGEL
1
3 α= firing Angle
u u u μ= Commutation Interval
C
A Vd
B
2
DC TERMINAL VOLTAGE
RECTIFICATION
INVERSION
E . 2
0.866 E . 2 LL
LL
Y
Give π/6 phase shift with
respect to Y
Continuous
pow ergui i
+ -
D3
D1 D5
C urrent Measurement
A a
B b
C c Scope1
Three-Phase
+ i
-
Cu Transformer
(Two Windings) D2 D4
D6
+
v
-
Voltage Measurement
Vb Vc Scope
Va
R Specturm
D7 D9 D11 Specturm
A a
B b
C c
Three-Phase
Transformer
(Two Windings)1
D8 D10 D12
• From Voltage spectrum it can be seen that by using 12 pulse, nearly harmonic
free DC output is obtained.
80
0.7583 0.9755 0.7397
60
0.6391 0.9677 0.6185
60
0 40
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660
Frequency
20
0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660
Frequency Hz
Id Id
V1 V3 V5 V1 V3 V5
Phase A Phase A
Phase B Ud Phase B Ud
Phase C Phase C
V4 V6 V2 V4 V6 V2
+Ud
Rectifier
Operation
160
0
5 30 60 90 120 150 180
Inverter
Operation
-Ud
Relationship of DC Voltage and Firing Angle α
Rect. Limit
Rectifier
+Ud Operation
160
0
5 30 60 90 120 150 180
Inverter
Operation
-Ud
Inv Limit
= 0o = 30o = 60o
Ud
Ud
wt
wt
-Ud
Decrease voltage at station B or increase voltage at station A. power flows from A B Normal
direction
Decrease voltage at station B or increase voltage at station A. power flows from A B Normal
direction
VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER 300MW
Can generate and absorb reactive power. Power flow is changed by shift voltage waveform (
changing power angle)
U ciU si sin( i ci )
P=
X li
• The cost of the inverters may not be offset by reductions in line construction
cost and lower line loss.
• High voltage DC circuit breakers are difficult to build because some mechanism
must be included in the circuit breaker to force current to zero, otherwise
arcing and contact wear would be too great to allow reliable switching.
• HVDC is less reliable and has lower availability than AC systems, mainly due to
the extra conversion equipment.
CONTROL OF HVDC SYSTEMS
Pdr = Vdr I d
• Power at the inverter terminal
Pdi = Vdi I d = Pdr RL I d
2
• Internal voltages Vdor cos and Vdoi cos can used be controlled to
control the voltages at any point on the line and the current flow
(power).
• Power control
To transmit a scheduled power, the corresponding current order
is determined by:
• Master Control
It coordinates the conversion of current order to a firing angle
order, tap changer control and other protection sequences.
CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION
C C C cC C - - C Cc C C C
Brect Binv phi = 80 deg. 3rd harm.
phi = 80 deg. 3rd harm. Rectifier Inverter
DC Fault
A
B
C
C
AC filters AC filters A-G Fault
60 Hz 50 Hz
600 Mvar 600 Mvar
Master Control
A 1000 MW (500 kV, 2 kA) DC interconnection is used to transmit power from a 500 kV,
5000 MVA, 60 Hz system to a 345 kV, 10000 MVA, 50 Hz system.
The rectifier and the inverter are 12-pulse converters
Control Implementation
• The converters are interconnected through a 300-km line and 0.5 H smoothing
reactors
• Two circuit breakers are used to apply faults: one on the rectifier DC side and
the other on the inverter AC side..
CONCLUSION
• Very large investments in e.g in China and India shows that high-voltage direct
current will very important in the future, especially in big, new-industries
countries
• The data collected from 31 utilities says that forced unavailability of energy
due to the converter station is 1.62%.
• To keep the losses to a minimum, the control system shall be designed to keep
as high voltage as possible.