Professional Documents
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1923-220kv 1966-735kv
1935-287kv 1969-765kv
1953-330kv 1990-1100kv
1938 All Thury system were dismantled due to safety and maintenance problem.
1954 First HVDC transmission between Sweden and Gotland island developed.
It was 70 km long.ac was not suitable therefore go to HVDC.
• LIMITATION OF HVAC TRANSMISSION
1. Reactive Power loss.
2. Stability.
3. Less Current carrying capacity.
4. Skin effect and Ferranti effect.
5. Power flow control is not possible.
• ADVANTAGES OF HVDC TRANSMISSION
No reactive power loss.
No stability problem.
No charging current.
No Skin and Ferranti effect.
Power control is possible.
Cheaper for long distance.
Asynchronous operation is possible.
No transmission of short circuit power.
Require less space compared to ac for same voltage rating and size.
Ground can be used as return conductor.
Less corona loss & radio interference.
No compensation is required.
Fast fault clearing time.
Why HVDC?
Module
Contains 6-10 high
power thyristors,
High power thyristors
1-10 kV
1-5 kA
Cooling
Constant circulation
of deionized water
Isolation
http://www.industrial-electronics.com/elec_pwr_3e_22.html Thyristors operating a
high potential relative
to ground the gate
signal needs to be
isolated
Continues…
• How to achieve required voltage and current ratings?
The current rating of converter stations can be increased by
putting
Valves in parallel
Thyristors in parallel
Bridges in parallel
Some combinations of above.
The voltage ratings of converter stations can be increased by
putting
Valves in series
Bridges in series
Combination of above.
Bridge converters are normally used in HVDC systems.
Main requirement of the Valves are:
• As its name, these reactors are used for smoothing the direct
current output in the DC line.
• It also limits the rate of rise of the fault current in the case of
DC line short circuit.
• Normally Partial or total air cored magnetically shielded
reactor are used.
• Disc coil type windings are used and braced to withstand the
short circuit current.
• The saturation inductance should not be too low.
Harmonic filters
• Harmonics generated by converters are of the order of np±1in AC side and
np is the DC side. Where p is number of pulses and n is integer.
• Filter are used to provide low impedance path to the ground for the
harmonics current.
• They are connected to the converter terminals so that harmonics should not
enter to AC system.
• However, it is not possible to protect all harmonics from entering into AC
system.
• Magnitudes of some harmonics are high and filters are used for them only.
• These filters are used to provide some reactive power compensation at the
terminals.
Overhead lines:
• As monopolar transmission scheme is most economical and the first
consideration is to use ground as return path for DC current.
• But use of ground as conductor is not permitted for longer use and a bipolar
arrangement is used with equal and opposite current in both poles.
• In case of failure in any poles, ground is used as a return path temporarily.
• The basic principle of design of DC overhead lines is almost same as AC
lines design such as configurations,towers,insulators etc.
• The number of insulators and clearances are determined based on DC
voltage.
• The choice of conductors depends mainly on corona and field effect
considerations.
Economics of power transmission:
• The cost of transmission line includes the investment and
operational costs.
Investment cost includes,
Right of way
Transmission towers
Conductors
Insulators
Terminal equipment
• The other factors that influence the line cost are the cost of
compensation and terminal equipment.
• In dc lines do not require compensation but the terminal
equipment costs are increased due to the presence of
converters and filters.
Reactive power source.
• As such converter does not consume reactive power but due
to phase displacement of current drawn by converter and the
voltage in AC system, reactive power is drawn. Reactive
power requirement at a converter station is about 50-60% of
real power transfer, which is supplied by filters, capacitors
and synchronous condensers.
• Synchronous condensers are not only supplying the reactive
power but also provide AC voltage for natural commutation
of the inverter.
Earth electrodes:
• The earth resistivity of at upper layer is higher (~4000 ohm-m) and
electrodes cannot be kept directly on the earth surface.
• The electrode are buried into the earth where the resistivity is around (3-10
ohm-m) to reduce transient over voltages during line faults and gives low
DC electric potential and potential gradient at the surface of the earth.
• The location of earth electrode is also important due to
Possible interference of DC current ripple to power lines, communication
systems of telephone and railway signals,etc.
Metallic corrosion of pipes, cable sheaths ,etc.
Public safety.
The electrode must have low resistance (Less than 0.1 ohm) and buried
upto 500 meters into the earth.
AC
DC
DC
HVDC BIPOLAR LINKS IN INDIA
RIHAND-DELHI -- 2*750 MW
CHANDRAPUR-PADGE – 2* 750 MW
NER
NER
TALCHER-KOLAR – 2*1000 NR
NR
MW
ER TO SR
SILERU-BARASORE - 100 MW
EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT
ER –SR
ER
ER
SR
SR
HVDC IN INDIA
Bipolar
HVDC LINK CONNECTING CAPACITY LINE
REGION (MW) LENGTH
ER
ER
SR
SR
HVDC IN INDIA
Back-to-Back
HVDC LINK CONNECTING CAPACITY
REGION (MW)
Vindyachal North – West 2 x 250
Chandrapur West – South 2 x 500
Vizag – I East – South 500
Sasaram East – North 500
Vizag – II East – South 500
Three Phase Full wave bridge converter
Line or phase Current
Analysis including commutation overlap
• Due to the inductance Lc of ac source, the phase
currents cannot change instantly. Therefore, the
transfer of current from one phase to another
requires finite time, called the commutation or
overlap time.
• It is denoted by µ. Typically the full load values of
µ are between 15˚ to 25˚.
• During commutation overlap, three valves
conduct at the same time
• Other wise only two valves conduct for period
(60˚-μ) with no firing angle delay.
Analysis including commutation overlap
Initially for rapid action firing angle control is used and than
followed by to tap changing transformer to restore the
converter quantities α & γ to their normal range.
Constant voltage mode compensates for the RI drop and thus its
characteristic shows constant V. This mode maintains γ to be
around18 degree. Thus this mode is less prone to commutation
failure.
The β control maintains constant β, so the voltage increases
slightly with increase in current. In this mode at lower load value
of μ is less, but at higher load it increases thus decreasing the
value of γ, so it can lead to commutation failure.
Maximum current limit:
The maximum current limit is limited to 1.2 to 1.3 times the normal full load
current to avoid damage to the valve.