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03 Herbicidi U Zastiti Ratarsko Povrtarskih Useva PDF
03 Herbicidi U Zastiti Ratarsko Povrtarskih Useva PDF
RATARSKO POVRTARSKIH
USEVA
Urednik
Prof.dr Sanja Lazi, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet
Sadraj
Predgovor .................................................................................................................... 4
1. FIZIKO HEMIJSKE OSOBINE HERBICIDA ............................................................ 6
Autori
Prof. dr Branko Konstantinovi, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet
dr Bojan Konstantinovi, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet
Recenzenti
Prof. dr Sanja Lazi, redovni profesor Poljoprivrednog fakulteta,
Univerziteta u Novom Sadu
Prof. dr Ljiljana Nikoli, vanredni profesor Poljoprivrednog fakulteta,
Univerziteta u Novom Sadu
Izdava:
Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet
Trg Dositeja Obradovia 8, 21 000 Novi Sad, Srbija
Dizajn i tampa
TFK SIGNUM, Novi Sad
Tira
40/100
ISBN 978-86-7520-293-6
Predgovor
Knjiga Herbicidi u zatiti ratarsko povrtarskih useva pripremljena je u okviru IPA
projekta Agriculture Contribution Towards Clean Environment and Healthy Food.
Namenjena je poljoprivrednim proizvoaima, savetodavnim strunim slubama,
studentima poljoprivrede i istraivakim institucijama, odnosno svima koji treba da se
upoznaju sa pravilnom primenom herbicida u proizvodnji zdravstveno bezbedne hrane,
uz ouvanje ivotne sredine.
U knjizi su opisana fiziko hemijska svojstva herbicida, od znaaja za njihovu primenu
i ponaanje u biljkama i zemljitu, nain delovanja herbicida, selektivnost i perzistentnost
herbicida. Kako autori knjige navode, intenzivna primena herbicida, dovela je i do nekih
negativnih efekata, redukovan je plodored, naputene su alternativne metode suzbijanja
korova te je intenzivna primena herbicida dovela do pojave rezistentnosti i do realnih
mogunosti kontaminacije zemljita, podzemnih voda i toksinosti.
Posebna poglavlja knjige posveena su ponaanju herbicida u zemljitu, ekonomski
najznaajnijim korovima i njihovom suzbijanju u usevima strnih ita, kukuruza, suncokreta,
eerne repe, soje, uljane repice, crnog i belog luka, korenastog povra i salate.
Urednik
Prof.dr Sanja Lazi
1. FIZIKO-HEMIJSKE
OSOBINE
HERBICIDA
Fiziko hemijske karakteristike herbicida definiu kretanje herbicida ka ciljnom
mestu, perzistentnost, pokretljivost u zemljitu i fotostabilnost. Stoga je mogue
predvideti koja jedinjenja mogu izazvati potencijalne probleme u efikasnosti ili ivotnoj
sredini. Postoji anegdota o hemiaru koji je sintetizovao jedinjenje koje je bilo deset
puta efikasnije u inhibiranju ne-cikline fotofosforilacije od diurona; bilo je aktivno
na na nomolarnim koncentracijama. Meutim, kada su njime tretirane biljke, bilo je
potpuno neefikasno. Hemiari koji se ovim bave nekada ne prihvataju da ovako aktivno
jedinjenje u testu in vitro moe da bude bez efekata in vivo. Ovo je bio tipian sluaj
kada apsolutni bioloki efekat nije kljuni faktor.
Isparljivost je takoe vana osobina pesticida. Isparljivost moe biti korisna
karakterisitka (jer omoguava redistribuciju unutar useva) ili problem kao u sluaju
zanoenja herbicida, npr. za mnoge amine 2,4 D. Sada je mogue odrediti uz red
magnitude isparljivost jedinjenja pre njegove sinteze. Ovaj nivo tanosti dozvoljava
da se ona jedinjenja koja e biti suvie isparljiva odbace pre nego to se nastavi
njihova proizvodnja. Slino rezonovanje moe se primeniti na jedinjenja u terminima
fotostabilnosti i perzistentnosti u podzemnim vodama i bilo gde u ivotnoj sredini.
Ukoliko jedinjenje treba da postane komercijalno uspeno mora da bude formulisano
na takav nain koji mu omoguava da bude primenjeno u polju. Skrining in vivo u ranoj
fazi uvek se preduzima uz jednostavne pripreme koje omoguavaju jedinjenju da bude
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2. NAIN
DELOVANJA
HERBICIDA
Kada herbicidni molekul jednom dospe na tretiranu biljku ili biva usvojen od korenom,
moe ispoljiti delovanje na sledee naine:
- penetracijom na biljku (prodiranjem u biljku),
- premetanjem sa take penetracije na mesto delovanja,
- interferencijom na biohemijske procese i fizioloke funkcije biljke.
Prodiranje u biljku ili penetracija Prodiranje u unutranjost biljke je razliito u
odnosu na to da li se apsorbcija vri preko lista ili korena.
Putem lista Apsorbcija preko lista se odvija kod tretmana posle nicanja. Kad
herbicid doe u kontakt sa povrinom lista, moe biti podvrgnut dvojakoj osnovnoj
pojavi: da se zadri na nadzemnim delovima ili da prodre u unutranjost biljke.
Zadravanje herbicida je vaan faktor ukoliko efikasnost tretiranja zavisi od koliine koja
ostane na biljci ukoliko se izuzme ono to se izgubi u prostoru spiranjem i isparavanjem.
Zadravanje ili retencija zavisi od vie faktora a to su po Lo Giudiece i Miravalle (1990):
- morfoloke karakteristike biljke koje ine: prostranost lisne povrine, poloaj lista (oni
horizontalni bolje zadravaju), prisustvo malja ili ceroznih slojeva (uvotenih),
- strukture biljnog pokrivaa; gustina biljaka (sklop) i njihov stadijum razvoja utiu na
ujednaeno upijanje herbicida,
- veliina kapljica: sitne kapi imaju odnos vazduh-zapremina na viem stepenu, dok
im je inertna sila nia, dakle manja je mogunost da kliznu sa lista, ali ako su manje
od odreene dimenzije podlone su brem isparavanju. Smatra se da je optimalna
dimenzija kapljica oko 200-250 mikrona u preniku;
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- povrinski napon kapi; ova karakteristika utie na ugao kontakta tenosti sa povrinom
lista tako to je manji povrinski napon, manji je ugao dodira i vea mogunost prianjanja
na list. Ovi faktori mogu da se modifikuju regulisanjem aparata za rasprivanje ili
formulacijom herbicida a sa posebnim dodacima za aktivni napon u rastvoru,
- klimatski uslovi; kie koje padnu odmah iza obavljenog tretmana spiraju sadraj sa
povrine lista i negativno utiu na njegovu efikasnost,
Prodiranje herbicida u list moe se obaviti preko stoma, kroz pokoicu ili eventualnu
ozledu. injenica da se stome nalaze prvenstveno sa nalija lista i da treba da budu
otvorene, ini da ovaj nain prodiranja ima sporadian rezultat, jer molekuli herbicida
prodiru prvenstveno kroz pokoicu.
Pokoica koja pokriva epiderm lista je sloj koji proputa vodu. Ona je formirana
od masnih supstanci iji su molekuli grupisane na polove (-COOH, -OH) koji ako se
razdvoje daju pokoici negativan naboj. Molekuli herbicida mogu na dva naina da
preu sa povrine pokoice do unutranjih ivih elija: putem tenosti (vodenim
putem) i putem lipida (masti).
Vodeni put Tretiranje se obavlja molekulima herbicida rastvorenim u vodi. Cerozni
ili lipidni sloj pokoice (kutikule) vri infiltraciju pektina, jedinjenja glucidnog porekla,
u porama, kroz koje prolazi. U atmosferi zasienoj vlagom, pore se napune vodom i
pektini su veoma hidrirani. U ovim uslovima, kap herbicida koja padne na list, u sistemu
kruenja vode, nailazi na otvoren put za svoje prodiranje.
Ukoliko je biljka u hidrinom stresu (nedostatak vlage) pre se napune vazduhom i u
tom sluaju vodeni put nije praktian za primenu. Ovakav tip prodiranja kroz kutikulu
odvija se sporo i kako je ve reeno, zahteva vlanu atmosferu i nizak povrinski napon
rastvora a herbicid mora naravno biti lako topiv u vodi.
Putem lipida Ovaj put se vri molekulima koji se rastvaraju u lipidima. Njihova
primena u ovom sluaju zavisi od hemijske sadrine kutikule (lipidna priroda) i fizikohemijske karakteristike herbicida (rastvorivi u lipidima). U sluaju slabog negativnog
naelektrisanja sloja pokoice, mnogi herbicidi, meu kojima su organske kiseline (derivati
fenola i derivati acido benzola), lake prodiru ako su u neutralnoj nerazjedinjenoj
formi, i rezultiraju boljom rastvorljivou u lipidima, nego ona sa negativnim nabojem
(razjedinjena forma). Neutralna forma ovih herbicida ima preponderisani rezultat kada
je pH rastvora kiseo. Posebnim dodacima se moe pospeiti prodiranje modificirajui
pokoicu razlaganjem voska spoljneg sloja. Relativna uspenost dvaju puteva i vodenog
i lipidnog, zavisi meutim, od potencijala vode u biljci, da li je suva ili nakvaena, od
molekula herbicida koji se koriste, da li je rastvoriv u masti ili vodi i od njegovog sadraja
(formulacije). Molekuli herbicida su uvek rastvorivi ili u vodi ili u mastima mada u
razliitim proporcijama prema njihovoj molekularnoj strukturi, i prodiru u oba sluaja
u raznim koliinama.
Rastvorljivost herbicida u vodi je, meutim, osnov da bi herbicid prodro kroz pektinski
sloj, koji odvaja pokoicu od elija epidermisa kao to ini celularna pregrada. Obe imaju
hidrofilno glucidinu prirodu, te je brzina prodiranja herbicida u poetku visoka, zatim
se pomalo smanjuje sve dok se rastvor na povrini lista ne osui. Visoke temperature
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ubrzavaju irenje na pokoici dok poveana vlanost vazduha usporava proces suenja
kapi i odrava vlanim gornje slojeve povrine lista to ubrzava prodiranje. Kada
prodre u pokoicu, herbicid, zavisno od svojih fiziko-hemijskih karakteristika, moe
da se ponaa na dva naina: da ostane u masnom sloju pokoice (npr. u aromatinim
1. ili alifatinim uljima) ili da pree u prenosna tkiva i budu transportovan u zonama
udaljenim od take prodiranja.
Apsorbcija putem korena je sluaj sa herbicidima koji se distribuiraju pre setve,
pre nicanja ili pre rasaivanja. Molekuli herbicida koji se nalaze u vodenom rastvoru
bivaju apsorbovani putem korena sa hranljivim sastojcima. Za razliku od prodiranja
kroz pokoicu apsorbcija putem korena bie laka ako herbicid ima joniziranu formu,
molekuli prolaze kroz epiderm korena i ire se u slobodne intercelularne prostore tkiva
korena. Herbicid ne moe koristiti intercelularne prostore da bi stigao do centralnog
cilindra ukoliko je na nivou endoderma zaustavljen suberificiranim prstenovima
(Kasparijeva zadebljanja), koji su prisutni na elijama. U tom sluaju molekul herbicida
mora da prodre unutar elije endoderma u kontaktu sa elijskim tkivom i pree
barijeru smetajui se na citoplazu preko plazmoderma. Apsorbcija preko korena se
obavlja hilematinim transportom molekula herbicida tokom transpiracije biljke. Treba
pomenuti da neki rastvori mogu biti apsorbovani sa zemlje od strane Coleoptila i malih
biljica tek izniklih iz zemlje posle klijanja (pr. EPTC na Echinochloa crus-galli).
Prenoenje sa take penetracije na mesto delovanja - Da bi se razumeo nain
na koji se herbicidi prenose u unutranjost biljke, treba pomenuti pojednostavljenu
strukturu njenog sistema kanala: on je sainjen od ksilema i floema.
Drvenasta graa ksilema je formirana od provodnih kanala, nainjenih od neivih
drvenastih elemenata, koji osiguravaju prenos apsorbovanog materijala iz korena u
ostale delove. Floem je formiran od kanala reetkaste konstrukcije nainjene od ivih
elija produenih membranama, na dnu povezanih malim otvorima na nain da stvaraju
povezani sistem koji omoguava lagani prenos asimilanata sa mesta sinteze (listovi)
do mesta gde se koriste (grane, mlado lie u rastu) ili do mesta akumulacije (voke,
tuberkuli, korenje), a da pritom ne prelaze preko citoplazmatine membrane. Ustvari,
herbicidi poto prodru u biljku, mogu biti na dva naina transportovani ili da ostanu
imobilizirani. Mogu da ostanu u poetku na zidovima elija i zatim budu transportovani
preko ksilema sa materijama dobijenim transpiracijom. Zatim da masovno prou kroz
elijsku membranu, prou citoplazmatine membrane i da se akumuliraju u citoplazmi.
Meutim, mogu da ostanu imobilisani preko raznih kompleksnih mehanizama koji jo
nisu ispitani. Da bi se bolje odredio nain prenosa molekula herbicida u unutranjost
biljke treba odrediti poloaj gde e se on koncentrisati u najveem obimu. Na primer
neki herbicidi, kao to je triazin ili uree sa karbamatima, poto su apsorbovane putem
korena ili lista, lokalizuju se uglavnom na rubovima lista, moe se pretpostaviti da ove
molekule budu transportovane putem ksilema tokovima transpiracije to se odvija
prilino brzo. Za herbicide koji se apsorbuju putem korena ili lista moe se zakljuiti da
se transfer vri na oba naina.
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3. Selektivnost herbicida
u prostoru se realizuje i tretiranjem u prisustvu gajene biljke ili posle sejanja (pre i posle
nicanja) a moe se postii na nekoliko naina:
- lokalizovanjem herbicida na delove zemljita koji nisu u dodiru sa korenovim
sistemom useva. Poznato je da se aktivne materije aplikacijom na povrinu zemljita
progresivno premetaju na dublje prostore u korenov sistem korova, koji moe znatnije
biti izloen delovanju herbicida u odnosu na onaj od gajene biljke.
3. SELEKTIVNOST
HERBICIDA
Selektivnost herbicida prema odreenoj biljnoj vrsti je nemogunost da se uoe
na toj vrsti, evidentni simptomi fitotoksinosti. Ne moe se govoriti o selektivnosti u
apsolutnom smislu jer ona zavisi od mnogih faktora kao to su: upotrebljena koliina
herbicida, formulacija herbicida, nain aplikacije, klimatski faktori, vegetativno stanje
biljke i stadijum razvoja korova i useva. Bez obzira na nain upotrebe herbicida uvek
postoji rizik da se delimino oteti i usev koji se tretira. Moemo razlikovati nekoliko
tipova selektivnosti:
- selektivnost distribucije ili pozicije
- selektivnost retencije ili apsorbcije
- selektivnost premetanja
- fizioloka selektivnost
Selektivnost distribucije ili pozicije Selektivnost pozicije se postie koristei
odvojenost, useva od korova (u vremenu i prostoru). Ova odvojenost dozvoljava
herbicidu da stigne samo do korova, bez da oteti gajenu biljku. Odvojenost u vremenu
se ogleda u tome to nicanje korova predhodi nicanju useva. Tada se mogu koristiti
neselektivni herbicidi, sa apsorbcijom preko lista, sa aktivnou na kontakt, ali samo
pre nicanja ili pre rasaivanja useva. U tom sluaju selektivnost je osigurana samim tim
to, poto usev nije prisutan, nema bojazni da doe u dodir sa herbicidom. Odvojenost
12
3. Selektivnost herbicida
14
4. PERZISTENTNOST
HERBICIDA
Sa agronomskog stanovita idealan herbicid bi bio onaj ija bi perzistentnost bila
tolika da kroz potreban period usev oslobodi od korova, a da istovremeno u zemljitu
ne ostavlja rezidue koje bi mogle tetiti narednom usevu.
Perzistentnost je vremenski period u kome neki herbicidi ostaju u zemljitu u
aktivnom obliku, a njegove rezidue su, nepromenjene u zemljitu preostale, koliine,
koje mogu, ali i ne moraju biti dostupne biljci. Obzirom da je stepen perzistentnosti
zemljinih herbicida rezultat interakcije izmeu herbicida zemljita i klime, a klima
je iz godine u godinu veoma promenljiva, zemljite od lokacije do lokacije razliito, to
e i perzistentnost nekog herbicida biti veoma razliita. Zbog toga je za svaki herbicid
od posebne vanosti da se utvrdi pod kojim pedoklimatskim uslovima je vie izloen
procesima koji uzrokuju gubitke, a pod kojim razgradnje.
tete od perzistentnosti herbicida mogu nastati na vie naina, a najee su: kad
oteen ili propao i, herbicidom prethodno tretiran usev, treba u istoj sezoni presejati s
drugim osetljivim usevom; kada gajenu biljku kratke vegetacije tretiranu perzistentnim
herbicidom u istoj sezoni smenjuje osetljiva gajena biljka kad usev tretiran herbicidom
perzistentnijim od godine dana, naredne sezone smenjuje osetljiv usev; kad na povrinu
tretiranu perzistentnim herbicidom u jesen, posejemo osetljivu gajenu biljku u prolee;
kad zbog nepovoljnih klimatskih prilika proces razgradnje tee sporije od oekivanog.
Perzistentnost ostataka herbicida u zemljitu moe se umanjiti primenom razliitih
agrotehnikih mera kao i svakim zahvatom koji podstie mikrobioloku aktivnost u
zemljitu. Rezidue u zemljitu mogu se smanjiti na vie naina a to su:
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4. Perzistentnost herbicida
4. Perzistentnost herbicida
5. REZIDENTNOST I
TOLERANTNOST
Slika 1. Ispitivanje rezistentnosti
Slika 2. Ispitivanje rezistentnosti
Amaranthus retroflexus L. na nikosulfuron Chenopodium album L. na nikosulfuron
(Laboratorija za herbologiju Poljoprivredni fakultet u Novom Sadu)
17
5. Rezidentnost i tolerantnost
5. Rezidentnost i tolerantnost
5. Rezidentnost i tolerantnost
5. Rezidentnost i tolerantnost
Slika 6. Distribucija rezistentnih korovskih vrsta na svetu u odnosu na inhibitore ACCaze (Dr. Jan Heap 01/12/2014)
Slika 7. Distribucija rezistentnih korovskih vrsta na svetu u odnosu na ALS inhibitore (Dr.
Jan Heap 01/12/2014)
21
5. Rezidentnost i tolerantnost
Slika 8. Distribucija
rezistentnih korovskih
vrsta na svetu u
odnosu na inhibitore
foto-sistema II
(Dr. Jan Heap
01/12/2014)
Slika 9. Distribucija
rezistentnih korovskih
vrsta na svetu u
odnosu na glicine
(a.m.glifosat)
(Dr. Jan Heap
01/12/2014)
6. HERBICIDI
I ZEMLJITE
Molekuli herbicida dolaze u dodir sa zemljom kada se distribuiraju tretiranjem pre
setve, pre rasaivanja i pre nicanja, ili ako stignu do zemljita prilikom tretmana posle
setve ili posle rasaivanja. Ponaanje jednog herbicida u zemljitu je od bitne vanosti
kada odreuje bioloku aktivnost prema korovu, prema usevima trenutno prisutnim
i onim u plodoredu, toksinost prema organizmima koji nisu bili predmet tretmana i
mogunost da dopru do podzemnih voda.
Herbicid na i u zemljitu postaje bioloki aktivan prema osetljivim vrstama samo
ako ga one apsorbuju odnosno samo ako se nae u uslovima translokacije. Ne dospe
sva koliina herbicida sa zemljita u uslove translokacije, odnosno, aktivna materija ima
tendenciju da se rairi u vrstoj fazi (adsorbovan herbicid), tenoj (herbicid u transportu)
i u gasovitoj (herbicid u vazduhu). Takoe, deavaju se i drugi procesi koji rezultiraju
smanjenjem koncentracije herbicida u zemljitu i njihovu mobilizaciju i degradaciju
(razlaganje); prvi je fizike prirode i odnosi se na prenoenje aktivne materije, dok je
drugi hemijski i dovodi do alteracije molekulske strukture.
Adsorbcija je jedan od osnovnih procesa koji determiniu distribuciju herbicida u
raznim fazama na zemlji. Koloidi na tlu (glinasti minerali, oksidi i hidroksidi, organske
materije i dr.) imaju sposobnost da apsorbuju molekule herbicida ukljuujui ga u cirkulirajue rastvore, gde se njegova koncentracija vidno razblauje. Reakcija je povratna,
to znai da posebnim procesom neke molekule herbicida se izgubi u toku (desorbcija).
Ponekad je meutim, adsorbcija toliko snana da je gubitak herbicida ogranien.
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6. Herbicidi i zemljite
Katjonski herbicidi kao to su dikvat i parakvat su u stanju da formiraju sa eletronegativnim koloidima (posebno na ilovai) jonske veze koje su veoma jake. Usled toga je
adsorbcija vidljiva i adsorbovani molekuli teko naputaju kompleks razmene, te
katjonski herbicidi polako gube svoju bioloku aktivnost kad stignu do zemljita.
Anjonski i neutralni herbicidi kao to su: dalapon, MCPA, sulfonil uree i neki drugi,
apsorbuju uglavnom organske supstance, zahvaljujui formaciji fizikih vezivanja kao
to je vezivanje hidrogena te je zato snaga i obim adsorbcije mnogo manja od onih koje
karakteriu katjonske herbicide.
Faktori koji pospeuju adsorbciju Da bi se prouili faktori koji prouzrokuju
adsorbciju potrebno je izdvojiti parametar koji karakterie tenju molekula da bude
adsorbovan; to je vei koeficient distribucije zemljite-voda (Kd) koji opisuje
adsorbciju nekih parova herbicid-zemljite, vea je i koliina proizvoda zadrana
adsorbcionim kompleksom tla.
Ovaj parametar je veoma specifian za svaki tip zemljita naroito u funkciji sadraja
organskih supstanci. Za to se koristi koeficient deobe organskih karbona/voda (Koc)
zemljita, koji za svaki herbicid, ostaje relativno konstantan u irokoj gami zemljita i
moe biti korien ka omera tendencije herbicida da bude adsorbovan, u zavisnosti
od pedo-klimatskih uslova. Oba ova koeficijenta mogu se izvesti specifinim ogledom,
u nedostatku eksperimentalnih podataka tendencija adsorbcione snage jednog
proizvoda moe da se meri preko rastvorljivosti u mastima izraene koficijentom
deobe n-otanol/voda (Kow).
Ovaj koeficijent, za jonske herbicide je direktno proporcionalan Koc. Preko ovog
indikatora koji se lako moe izraunati u laboratoriji, moemo napraviti poreenje
meu herbicidima polazei od injenice da, uglavnom, to je vii Kow herbicida, vea
e biti adsorbtivnost, zavisno od vrste zemljita.
Matematiku formulu kojom se moe izvriti eksperiment da bi se dobio proces
adsorbcije dao je Freundlich, ona vai pod konstantnom temperaturom i dovodi u vezu
adsorbtivnost jednog herbicida sa njegovom koncentrisanou u rastvoru:
x/m=Kcn
x = koliina adsorbovanog proizvoda
m = koliina adsorbcije
Kcn = konstanta adsorbcije zavisno od herbicida i zemljita
c = koncentracija herbicida u rastvoru, poto je dostigao uravnoteenost
Logx/m=logK=nlogc
Log to je jednaina jednog pravca koji nam omoguava da uoimo kako je logaritam
koliine adsorbovanog herbicida direktno proporcionalan koncentraciji rastvora koji
cirkulira, preko konstantne koju ini tipina proporcionalnost svakog herbicida na
svakom zemljitu.
24
7. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD STRNIH ITA
Korovi strnih ita
Jednogodinji irokolisni korovi (JK):
Amaranthus retroflexus, Bifora radians, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium
album, Consolida regalis, Erigeron canadensis, Fumaria officinalis, Galium aparine,
Lamium amplexicaule, Lamium purpureum, Linaria vulgaris, Matricaria chamomilla,
Mercurialis annua, Myosotis arvensis, Papaver rhoeas, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum
convolvulus, Ranunculus arvensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Stachys
annua, Stellaria media, Veronica sp., Viola arvensis (Slika 11).
Viegodinji irokolisni korovi (VK):
Calystegia sepium, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Lathyrus tuberosus, Mentha
arvensis, Sonchus arvensis, Taraxacum officinale
Jednogodinji uskolisni korovi (JUK):
Agrostis spica-venti, Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena fatua, Avena ludoviciana
Viegodinji uskolisni korovi (VUK):
Sorghum halepense
25
izoproturon +
diflufenikan
Cougar
JK
amidosulfuron
Grodyl
JK
jeam
ra
prosulfuron
Peak 75-WG
JK
tritosulfuron
Certo
JK
dikamba
Rekord
JK
dikamba +
tritosulfuron
Arrat
JK, VK
aminopiralid +
florasulam
Lancelot 450-WG
JK, VK
tribenuron-metil
JK, VK
tifensulfuronmetil+tribenuron-metil
JK
bentazon
Basagran, Galbenon,
Bentazon SL-48, Bevezon
JK, VK
bentazon+
dikamba
Cambio, Avalon,
Portal SL
JK, VK
fluroksipirmeptil
Lodin
JK, VK
fluroksipirmeptil-heptil
JK, VK
2,4-D-DMA
JK, VK
2,4-D 2-EHE +
florasulam
Mustang
JK, VK
2,4-D 2-EH
JK, VK
mekoprop
DMA+2,4-D- DMA
Deherban kombi-MD
JK, VK
metsulfuronmetil
JK, VK
metsulfuron-metil+
tribenuron-metil
Laren max-PX
JK, VK
metsulfuron-metil
Mezzo 60-WG
JK, VK
klopiralid
Lontrel-100,
Hemoklop 100-SL, Lontrel-300
JK, VK
pendimetalin
Stomp 330-E,
Vetpen 330-E, Zanat
JUK, JK
26
Herbicid
8. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD KUKURUZA
Preparat
Grupa korova
koje suzbija
izoksaflutol+ tienkarbazonmetil+ciprosulfamid
foramsulfuron+ tienkarbazonmetil+ciprosulfamid
S-metolahlor
cikloksidim (samo za hibride
tolerantne prema cikloksidimu)
JUK
tembotrion+izoksadifen-etil
Laudis
JUK, VUK
foramsulfuron+izoksadifenetil+jodosulfuron-metil-Na
foramsulfuron+izoksadifen-etil
dimetenamid-P
terbutilazin+mezotrion
S-metolahlor+terbutilazin
+ mezotrion
S-metolahlor+mezotrion
+benoksakor
S-metolahlor+terbutilazin
izoksaflutol
Maister OD
rimsulfuron+dikamba DMA
rimsulfuron+tifensulfuron-metil
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK
rimsulfuron
JUK, VUK,
JK
dikamba
dikamba+tritosulfuron
dikamba+ diflufenzopirNa+nikosulfuron
bentazon
bentazon+dikamba
2,4-D DMA
2,4-D 2-EH
Celebrity plus
Basagran, Galbenon, Bentazon SL-48,
Bevezon, Pinazon 480-SL, Bentamark
Cambio, Avalon, Korzo, Bevekambio, Kastor,
Portal SL
Dikamin-600, Monosan herbi, Agrosan,
Poljosan, Dikocid, Herbocid, Agrosan BN
Mustang, Maton, Herbiton, Lentemul-D,
Monosan herbi ekstra, Esteron,
Moto ekstra 850, Estrovet, Velox,
Hormonex, Esteron extra 600 EC
diflufenzopir-Na+dikamba
topramezon
topramezon+dikamba
dimetenamid-P+terbutilazin
terbutilazin+bromoksinil
terbutilazin+pendimetalin
izoksaflutol+ciprosulfamid
Merlin Flexx
klopiralid
fluroksipir-meptil-heptil
linuron
mezotrion
prosulfuron
dikamba+prosulfuron
terbutilazin
tifensulfuron-metil
28
JK, VK
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
pendimetalin
Equip
Frontier super
Calaris pro
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, JK
JUK, JK
JUK, JK
Lumax
JUK, JK
Camix 440 SE
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, JK
JUK, JK
Adengo
Monsoon active
flumioksazin
Pledge 50-WP
diflufenzopir+dikamba
Distinct 70WG
nikosulfuron
JK, VK
nikosulfuron+rimsulfuron
JK, VK
nikosulfuron+rimsulfuron
+mezotrion
Arigo
JK
sulkotrion
Tangenta, Sulcogan
JK
JK
JK
sulkotrion+nikosulfuron
Talisman ekstra
tembotrion
Laudis
JK, VK
JK, VK
JK, VK
JK, VK
JUK, JK
JUK, JK,
VK
JUK, JK,
VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
JK
JK
JUK, JK
JUK, JK
JUK, JK
JUK, JK
JK, VK
JUK, JK
JUK, VUK,
JK, VK
9. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD SUNCOKRETA
Korovi u usevu suncokreta
Jednogodinji irokolisni korovi (JK):
Abutilon theophrasti, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Amaranthus retroflexus, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Chenopodoium hybridum, Datura stramonium,
Hibiscus trionum, Iva xanthifolia, Orobanche cumana, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum
lapathifolium, Polygonum persicaria, Polygonum convolvulus, Portulaca oleracea,
Sinapis arvensis, Solanum nigrum, Xanthium strumarium (Slika 13).
Viegodinji irokolisni korovi (VK):
Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Sonchus arvensis
Jednogodinji uskolisni korovi (JUK):
Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria glauca, Setaria viridis
Viegodinji uskolisni korovi (VUK):
Agropyron repens, Sorghum halepense, Cynodon dactylon
30
Preparat
Grupa
korova koje suzbija
S-metolahlor
JUK
S-metolahlor+
terbutilazin
JUK, JK
propakvizafop
Agil 100-EC
JUK, VUK
cikloksidim
Focus ultra
JUK, VUK
fluazifop-p-butil
JUK, VUK
fenoksaprop-p-etil
JUK, VUK
haloksifop-r-metil
kvizalofop-p-tefuril
Gallant super
Leopard 5-EC, Pantera 40-EC, Titanic,
JUK, VUK
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-etil
JUK, VUK
kletodim
JUK, VUK
dimetenamid-P
Frontier Super
JUK, JK
flurohloridon
JUK, JK
oksadiaril
Raft
JUK, JK
propizohlor
Proponit 720-EC
JUK, JK
pendimetalin
JUK, JK
oksifluorfen
JUK, JK
imazamoks (samo za
hibride tolerantne
prema imazamoksu)
JUK, JK,
Orobanche sp.
flumioksazin
Pledge 50-WP
JUK, JK, VK
linuron
JK
diflufenican
Pelican
JK
tribenuron-metil
JK, VK
terbutilazin
JK
glufosinat-amonijum
Basta-15, Finale-15
desikant
dikvat-dibromid
desikant
31
10. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD EERNE REPE
Korovi u usevu eene repe
Jednogodinji irokolisni korovi (JK):
Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Cuscuta spp., Datura
stramonium, Fumaria officinalis, Hibiscus trionum, Helianthus annuus, Iva xanthifolia,
Lamium amplexicaule, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum
persicaria, Polygonum convolvulus, Portulaca oleracea, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum
nigrum, Stellaria media, Veronica hederifolia, Viola arvensis, Xanthium strumarium.
Viegodinji irokolisni korovi (VK):
Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Sonchus arvensis
Jednogodinji uskolisni korovi (JUK):
Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria glauca, Setaria viridis
Grupa korova
koje suzbija
Herbicid
Preparat
S-metolahlor
JUK
propakvizafop
Agil 100-EC
JUK, VUK
cikloksidim
Focus ultra
JUK, VUK
fenoksaprop-p-etil
JUK, VUK
fluazifop-p-butil
JUK, VUK
haloksifop-r-metil
Gallant super
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-tefuril
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-etil
JUK, VUK
desmedifam+
fenmedifam
JK
kletodim
JUK, VUK
etofumesat
fenmedifam+
etofumesat
JK
Powertwin
JK
desmedifam+
fenmedifam+
etofumesat
JK
desmedifam+
fenmedifam+
etofumesat+lenacil
JK
desmedifam+
fenmedifam+
etofumesat+
metamitron
Betanal quatro
JUK, JK
JK
JK, VK
propizohlor
Proponit 720-EC
JUK, JK
Metamitron
(Slika 14 i 15)
JK, VK
klopiralid
JK, VK
propizamid
Kerb 50-WP
Cuscuta spp.
hloridazon
triflusulfuron-metil
dimetenamid-P
JUK, JK
33
11. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD SOJE
Slika 14. Usev eerne repe tretiran herbicidom metamitron
35
36
Herbicid
Preparat
Grupa korova
koje suzbija
S-metolahlor
JUK
propakvizafop
Agil 100-EC
JUK, VUK
cikloksidim
Focus ultra
JUK, VUK
fluazifop-p-butil
JUK, VUK
haloksifop-r-metil
Gallant super
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-tefuril
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-etil
JUK, VUK
kletodim
JUK, VUK
dimetenamid-P
Frontier Super
JUK, JK
klomazon
JUK, JK
terbutilazin
Radazin TZ 50
JK, VK
imazamoks
Pulsar-40
JUK, JK
pendimetalin
JUK, JK
linuron
JK
tifensulfuronmetil
JK
metribuzin
Lord 700 WDG, Bevecor, Tribute 70-DF, Dancor 70WG, Tor 70-WG, Mistral
JK
bentazon
JK, VK
flumioksazin
Pledge 50-WP
JUK, JK, VK
JUK, VK, JK
glufosinat-amonijum
Basta-15, Finale-15
desikant
dikvat-dihlorid
Reglone forte
desikant
dikvat-dibromid
Didikvat
desikant
haloksifop-r-metil
Gallant super
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-tefuril
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-etil
JUK, VUK
kletodim
JUK, VUK
dimetenamid-P
Frontier Super
JUK, JK
klomazon
JUK, JK
terbutilazin
Radazin TZ 50
JK, VK
imazamoks
Pulsar-40
JUK, JK
pendimetalin
JUK, JK
linuron
JK
tifensulfuronmetil
JK
metribuzin
JK
bentazon
JK, VK
flumioksazin
Pledge 50-WP
JUK, JK, VK
oksasulfuron
JUK, VK, JK
glufosinat-amonijum
Basta-15, Finale-15
desikant
dikvat-dihlorid
Reglone forte
desikant
dikvat-dibromid
Didikvat
desikant
12. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD ULJANE REPICE
Korovi u usevu uljane repice
Herbicid
Preparat
Grupa korova
koje suzbija
fluazifop-p-butil
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-tefuril
Leopard 5-EC
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-etil
JUK, VUK
klopiralid
JK, VK
klomazon
JUK, JK
metazahlor
+imazamoks
Cleranda
JUK, JK
metazahlor
JUK, JK, VK
glifosat IPA
desikant
glufosinat-amonijum
Basta-15, Finale-15
desikant
dikvat-dibromid
Didikvat
desikant
dikvat-dihlorid
Reglone forte
desikant
glifosat kalijum so
Roundup flash
desikant
38
39
13. Ekonomski najznaajniji korovi i njihovo suzbijanje kod crnog i belog luka
13. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD CRNOG I BELOG LUKA
Korovi u zasadima crnog i belog luka
Jednogodinji irokolisni korovi (JK):
Amaranthus blitoides, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Anagallis arvensis, Bifora radians, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Datura stramonium,
Fumaria officinalis, Hibiscus trionum, Galinsoga parviflora, Iva xanthifolia, Lamium
amplexicaule, Matricaria chamomilla, Papaver rhoeas, Polygonum lapathifolium,
Polygonum convolvulus, Portulaca oleracea, Reseda lutea, Sinapis arvensis, Solanum
nigrum, Solanum dulcamara, Stellaria media, Xanthium strumarium.
Herbicid
Preparat
Grupa korova
koje suzbija
propakvizafop
Agil 100-EC
JUK, VUK
fluazifop-p-butil
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-p-etil
Globus EW
JUK, VUK
kvizalofop-P-tefuril
Pantera 40-EC
JUK, VUK
kletodim
JUK, VUK
pendimetalin
JUK, JK
oksifluorfen
Goal* *
JUK, JK
fluroksipir
Starane-250, Bonaca EC
JK, VK
klopiralid
Lontrel 100*
JK, VK
Galolin mono
JK, VK
malein-hidrazid-K
Royal MH-30
regulator rasta
(spreava klijanje)
kompleks
fitohormona
ekstrahovan iz morske
alge Ecklonia maxima
Kelpak
regulator rasta
(poveava prinos)
40
41
13. Ekonomski najznaajniji korovi i njihovo suzbijanje kod crnog i belog luka
14. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD KORENASTOG POVRA
Slika 17. Tretiran zasad crnog luka herbicidom linuron
Preparat
Grupa korova
koje suzbija
linuron
JK
fluazifop-p-butil
Fusilade Super
JUK, VUK
kletodim
JUK, VUK
15. EKONOMSKI
NAJZNAAJNIJI KOROVI
I NJIHOVO SUZBIJANJE
KOD ZASADA SALATE
Korovi u zasadu salate
44
45
Literatura
Literatura
Preparat
Grupa korova
koje suzbija
propizamid
Kerb 50-WP
JUK,VUK,
JK, VK
46
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