Tiger

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"Tigress" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation) and Tigress
(disambiguation).
Tiger
Temporal range: early PleistoceneRecent
Pre

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A Bengal tiger (P. tigris tigris)

Conservation status

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)

[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:

Animalia

Phylum:

Chordata

Subphylum:

Vertebrata

Class:

Mammalia

Order:

Carnivora

Family:

Felidae

Genus:

Panthera

Species:

P. tigris
Binomial name
Panthera tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Subspecies
P. t. tigris
P. t. corbetti
P. t. jacksoni
P. t. sumatrae
P. t. altaica

P. t. amoyensis
P. t. virgata
P. t. balica
P. t. sondaica
P. t. acutidens
P. t. trinilensis

Tiger's historic range in about 1850 (pale

yellow) and in 2006 (in green).[2]

Synonyms
Felis tigris Linnaeus, 1758[3]

Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858

Tigris regalis Gray, 1867
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/81734897/Neurokinetic-Therapy#scribd
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to
3.38 m (11.1 ft) over curves and exceptionally weighing up to 388.7 kg (857 lb) in the wild.
Its most recognisable feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with
a lighter underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with
the lion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying
on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more
densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down
frolion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying
on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
is

, Malaysiaand South Korea.

Contents
[hide]

1Taxonomy and etymology

o

1.1Evolution

1.2Subspecies

1.3Hybrids

2Description
o

2.1Size

2.2Colour variations
3Distribution and habitat

lion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying
on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more
densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th century, with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets
isolated from each other, of which about 2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major
reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentationlion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily
preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more
densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th century, with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets
isolated from each other, of which about 2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major
reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentationlion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily
preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey

requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more
densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open gr sely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts
with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th century, with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets
isolated from each other, of which about 2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major
reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentationlion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily
preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more
densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th

populations occurring in small pockets isolated from each other, of which about
2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major reasons for population decline
include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation10Bibliography
11External links

Taxonomy and etymology

In 1758,
, as well as the common name, tiger, come from the Middle English tigre and the Old
English tigras(a plural word), both used for the animal.[7] These derive from the Old
French tigre, itself a derivative of the Latin word tigrisand the Greek word tigris. The original
source may have been the Persian tigra meaning pointed or sharp and
the Avestantigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger
launches itself at its prey.[8]

Evolution

Tiger phylogenetic relationships

Restoration of Panthera zdanskyi, an extinct relative whose oldest remains were found in northwest
China, suggesting the origins of the tiger lineage

sely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th century, with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets
isolated from each other, of which about 2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major
reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentationlion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily
preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more
densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and

from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th

populations occurring in small pockets isolated from each other, of which about
2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major reasons for population decline
include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation10Bibliography
11External links

Taxonomy and etymology

In 1758,
, as well as the common name, tiger, come from the Middle English tigre and the Old
English tigras(a plural word), both used for the animal.[7] These derive from the Old
French tigre, itself a derivative of the Latin word tigrisand the Greek word tigris. The original
source may have been the Persian tigra meaning pointed or sharp and
the Avestantigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger
launches itself at its prey.[8]

Evolution

Tiger phylogenetic relationships

Restoration of Panthera zdanskyi, an extinct relative whose oldest remains were found in northwest
China, suggesting the origins of the tiger lineage

sely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th century, with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets
isolated from each other, of which about 2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major
reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentationlion, leopard, jaguar andsnow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily
preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but
social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more
densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Asia, from Turkey in the west to the eastern coast
of Russia. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have
been extirpated from southwest and central Asia, from the islands of Java andBali, and
from large areas of Southeast and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the
Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger
subspecies have been classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild
is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at
the start of the 20th

populations occurring in small pockets isolated from each other, of which about
2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major reasons for population decline
include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation10Bibliography
11External links

Taxonomy and etymology

In 1758,
, as well as the common name, tiger, come from the Middle English tigre and the Old
English tigras(a plural word), both used for the animal.[7] These derive from the Old
French tigre, itself a derivative of the Latin word tigrisand the Greek word tigris. The original
source may have been the Persian tigra meaning pointed or sharp and
the Avestantigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger
launches itself at its prey.[8]

Evolution

Tiger phylogenetic relationships

lative whose oldest remains were found in northwest China, suggesting the origins of the tiger
lineage

asslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger subspecies have been
classified as endangered by IUCN. The global population in the wild is estimated to number
between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at the start of the 20th

populations occurring in small pockets isolated from each other, of which about
2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent.[4] Major reasons for population decline
include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation10Bibliography

11External links

Taxonomy and etymology

In 1758,
, as well as the

Tiger

ed the Trinil tiger (Panthera tigris trinilensis) lived about 1.2 million years ago and is known
from fossils found at Trinil in Java.[12]
Tigers first reached India and northern Asia in the late Pleistocene, reaching
eastern Beringia (but not the American Continent),Japan, and Sakhalin. Fossils found in
Japan indicate the local tigers were, like the surviving island subspecies, smaller than the

mainland forms, an example of insular dwarfism. Until the Holocene, tigers also lived
in Borneo, as well as on the island of Palawan in the Philippines.[13]
The tiger's full genome sequence was published in 2013. It and other cat genomes were
found to have similar repeat composition and an appreciably conservedsynteny.[14]

Subspecies
There are 10 recognised tiger subspecies. One, the Trinil, became extinct in prehistoric
times. The remaining subspecies all survived at least into the mid-20th century; three of
these are also considered extinct. Their historical range
in Bangladesh, Siberia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China, and southeast Asia, including
threeIndonesian islands, is severely diminished today. The modern subspecies are:
Surviving subspecies of tiger

Subspecies

Bengal tiger(P. t.
tigris), also called
the Indian tiger

Description

Lives in India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh,

and is the most common subspecies. In 2011, the
total adult population was estimated at 1,520
1,909 in India, 440 in Bangladesh, 155 in Nepal
and 75 in Bhutan.[15] In 2014, the population in
India was estimated at 2,226,[16] 163253 in Nepal
and 103 in Bhutan as of 2015.[17] It lives in alluvial
grasslands, subtropical and tropical rainforests,
scrub forests, wet and dry deciduous forests,
and mangroves. It is the second-largest of the
surviving subspecies. Males attain a total nose-totail length of 270 to 310 cm (110 to 120 in) and
weigh between 180 to 258 kg (397 to 569 lb),
while females range from 240 to 265 cm (94 to
104 in) and 100 to 160 kg (220 to 350 lb).[18][19] In
northern India and Nepal, the average is larger;
males can weigh up to 235 kilograms (518 lb),
while females average 140 kilograms (310 lb).
[20]
Coat colour varies from light yellow to reddish
yellow with black stripes.[21]

Indochinese
tiger (P. t. corbetti),
also
calledCorbett'stiger

South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India

and Nepal; extinct in Pakistan and China

Is found
in Cambodia, China, Laos, Burma, Thailand,
and Vietnam. In 2010 the total population was
estimated at about 350 individuals.[22] Their
preferred habitat is forests in mountainous or hilly
regions.[18] Males average 108 inches (270 cm) in
total length and weigh between 150195 kg (331
430 lb), while females average 96 inches (240 cm)
and 100130 kg (220290 lb).[23]

Southeast Asia: Laos, Myanmar, Thailand

and Vietnam; extinct in Cambodia and China

Image

Malayan tiger (P. t.

jacksoni)

Exclusively found in the southern part of

the Malay Peninsula. Was not considered a
subspecies in its own right until a 2004 genetic
analysis showed that they are distinct
in mtDNA and micro-satellite sequences from the
Indochinese subspecies.[24] As of 2014 the total
population is estimated at fewer than 500
individuals,[25] though a new report from September
that year estimated it at between 250 and 340
individuals.[26] Males range in total length from
190280 cm (75110 in) and weigh between 47.2
to 129.1 kg (104 to 285 lb), while females range
from 180260 cm (71102 in) and 24 to 88 kg (53
to 194 lb).[27]

Siberian tiger (P. t.

altaica), also known
as theAmur tiger

Inhabits the Amur-Ussuri region of Primorsky

Krai and Khabarovsk Krai in far eastern Siberia,
with the exception of a small population in
Hunchun National Siberian Tiger Nature Reserve
in northeastern China, near the border of North
Korea.[28][29] In 2005, there were 331393 adult and
subadult Siberian tigers in the region, with a
breeding adult population of about 250
individuals. As of 2015, there an estimated
population of 480-540 individuals in the Russian
Far East.[30][31][32] It is the largest subspecies and
ranks among the largest felids ever to have existed.
Males have a head and body length of between
190230 cm (7591 in) and weigh between 180 to
306 kg (397 to 675 lb), while females average
160180 cm (6371 in) and 100 to 167 kg (220 to
368 lb). Tail length is about 60110 cm (2443 in).
[18]
Compared to other subspecies, Siberian tigers
have thicker coats, paler hues, and fewer stripes in
dark brown instead of black.[21][33][34]

South China
tiger (P. t.
amoyensis), also
known as
the Amoyor Xiamen
tiger

Southeast Asia: Malaysia; extinct in

Thailand

North Asia: China and Siberia; extinct

in Mongolia, North Korea and South Korea

Is the most critically endangered subspecies of

tiger, and one of the 10 most endangered animals
in the world.[34] Despite unconfirmed reports and
some evidence of footprints, there has been no
confirmed wild sighting in over 25 years, leading
experts to consider it "functionally extinct", with
the entire known population of roughly 65+
individuals held in captivity.[35][36] It is the secondsmallest subspecies. Males range in total length
from 230260 cm (91102 in) and weigh between
130 to 180 kg (290 to 400 lb), while females range
from 220240 cm (8794 in) and 100 to 110 kg
(220 to 240 lb). The South China tiger is
considered to be the most ancient of the tiger
subspecies and is distinguished by a particularly

narrow skull, long muzzle nose, rhombus-like

stripes and vivid orange colour.[34]

Sumatran tiger (P. t.

sumatrae)

East Asia: Extinct in the wild of China

Found only on the island of Sumatra, and is thus

the last surviving of the three Indonesian island
subspecies. Listed as a distinct subspecies as of
1998, when genetic testing revealed the presence
of unique genetic markers, and is critically
endangered.[37] As of 2014 the wild population is
estimated at between 400 and 500, seen chiefly in
the island's national parks.[38][39] It is the smallest of
all living tigers. Males range in total length from
220 to 255 cm (87 to 100 in) and weigh between
100 to 140 kg (220 to 310 lb), while females range
between 215 to 230 cm (85 to 91 in) and 75 to
110 kg (165 to 243 lb).[18] Their reduced size is an
adaptation to the thick, dense forests and smaller
prey in their native habitat. This subspecies also
has the darkest coat, with more narrowly spaced
stripes and a longer mane and beard.[33][34]