occur during each cycle Y For a given cycle, the piston moves up and down twice Y This represents a four-stroke cycle Y The processes in the cycle can be approximated by the Otto cycle Otto Cycle Y The PV diagram of an Otto cycle is shown at right Y The Otto cycle approximates the processes occurring in an internal combustion engine The Conventional Gasoline Engine Gasoline Engine Ƌ Intake Stroke Y During the intake stroke, the piston moves downward Y A gaseous mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the cylinder Y Energy enters the system as potential energy in the fuel Y O -> A in the Otto cycle Gasoline Engine Ƌ Compression Stroke Y The piston moves upward Y The air-fuel mixture is compressed adiabatically Y The temperature increases Y The work done on the gas is positive and equal to the negative area under the curve Y A -> B in the Otto cycle Gasoline Engine Ƌ Spark Y Combustion occurs when the spark plug fires Y This is not one of the strokes of the engine Y It occurs very quickly while the piston is at its highest position Y Conversion from potential energy of the fuel to internal energy Y B -> C in the Otto cycle Gasoline Engine Ƌ Power Stroke Y In the power stroke, the gas expands adiabatically Y This causes a temperature drop Y Work is done by the gas Y The work is equal to the area under the curve Y C -> D in the Otto cycle Gasoline Engine Ƌ Valve Opens Y This is process D -> A in the Otto cycle Y An exhaust valve opens as the piston reaches its bottom position Y The pressure drops suddenly Y The volume is approximately constant Y So no work is done Y Energy begins to be expelled from the interior of the cylinder Gasoline Engine Ƌ Exhaust Stroke Y In the exhaust stroke, the piston moves upward while the exhaust valve remains open Y Residual gases are expelled to the atmosphere Y The volume decreases Y A -> O in the Otto cycle Otto Cycle Efficiency Y If the air-fuel mixture is assumed to be an ideal gas, then the efficiency of the Otto cycle is % Ú % % %
Y is the ratio of the molar specific heats
Y O O is called the
Otto Cycle Efficiency, cont Y Typical values: Y Compression ratio of 8 Y 9 Y e 9 56% Y Efficiencies of real engines are 5% to % Y Mainly due to friction, energy transfer by conduction, incomplete combustion of the air-fuel mixture