Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Why Cement?
Cement provides:
Hydraulic Bond
Zonal Isolation
Shear Bond
Mechanical Support
Casing
Prevents
Mixing of reservoir
fluids.
Fluids escaping to
surface.
Crossflow of fluids
between zones.
Casing
Hydrostatic Pressure
Formation Pressure
Casing Weight
Completions Pressure
Cementing
Production Enhancement
Formation Fluids
H2S
Prevents Casing Collapse
Mechanical Properties
Of
Casing and Cementing
36 " hole
30 " casing
26 " hole
20 " casing
surface
casing
production
casing
A Casing that is not
Internal Use Only
connected up to
surface is called Liner.
Casing Properties
1. Outside Diameter (example 5 inch)
2. Drift Diameter (example 3. Casing weight per foot (example 17 ppf)
4. Type of Threads and coupling (example API 8
RPI)
5. Grade of material (example J-55)
A casing designers main job is to select the weight and grades of
casing that will be just strong enough to withstand the loading
conditions of the well. Since casing is made from steel pipe, cost
generally increases with weight, but tensile strength and grade change
also affect prices. When selecting casing sizes and final weights and
grades, consider availability also.
Past experience with the area
Geological factors
Abnormal pressure
Troublesome zones (such as salt) and sloughing
shale
Lost circulation zones
Internal Use Only
TOP
BOTTOM
Internal Use Only
Cement
The American Petroleum Institute (API) has set
basic standards and classifications for oil and
gas well cements.
Cement Additives
Specific Materials for
Optimum Cement
Performance
Displacement
Fluid
Top Plug
Accumulated
Mud
Casing
Cement
Bottom Plug
Pumping Cement
With Top &
Bottom Plugs
Preferred Method
Bottom Plug Wipes Mud
Sheath From Casing ID
Surface Indication When
Cement Placement Is
Complete
Maximum Cement/Mud
Separation
Drilling Mud
Drilling Mud
Displacement
=
Cement Bond
Good
5 Key Displacement
Factors
Mud Conditioning
Mechanical Aids
Centralization
Fluid Velocity
Spacers & Flushes
MOBILE
MUD
Hole Circulation
MINIMUM 2 Hole Volumes
FILTRATE
CEMENT
FILTRATE
FILTER
CAKE
FORMATION
CASING
Pipe Movement
Rotation
Reciprocation
Casing Attachments
Scratchers
Centralizers
Specialized Float Equipment
Pipe Handling
Rotating the Pipe while
Pumping down cement
improves displacement
efficiency
Centering the Pipe in the
hole improves Displacement
efficiency
Standoff =
100%
Actual clearance
Concentric clearance
Clearance when
concentric
Casing
Hole
Actual clearance
LOCAL FLUID
VELOCITY
Plug Flow
Laminar Sub-Layer
Laminar flow
Central Un-Sheared
Core
Turbulent flow
Laminar Sub-Layer
Turbulent Flow
achieves the
maximum
Displacement
Efficiency
Mud
conditioning
prior to
Cementing
achieves good
results
Time is VERY
important
during a
Cementing Job.
Any failure
resulting in
loss of time or
the Fluid
remaining
Static can be
Micro Annulus
Definition: Is a gap a few thousandths of an inch wide between the
casing and cement often caused by shrinkage of casing after
cement sets
Often will provide hydraulic isolation. It will usually not pass any
substantial volume of liquid.
Casing can be pressured up while logging to expand the casing and
close the gap (typically 1000-2000 psi)
The 5 typical causes of a micro-annulus are:
Thermal Micro Annulus.
Produced Micro Annulus.
Induced Micro Annulus
Constraining Forces
Special Coatings on Casing
Review
1. What is Primary Cementing
2. Different popular Casing ODs
3. Why do we need to have Thicker and Thinner Casings
for the same O.D
4. What is Grade of Casing, name some popular grades
5. What is the function of Spacers
6. Why do we need high pressures to pump the cement
down
7. What is Plug Hit pressure
8. What all should be done to achieve max
Displacement Efficiency
9. What will happen if the Float Valve fails
10. What is Micro Annulus
Squeeze Cementing
Slurry seals
Why do we do CBL ?
To Evaluate Cement
Job
Hydraulic Bond
Top Of Cement
Quality Of Cement Job
Is there any Channel ?
Is it necessary to Repair ?
Will it be possible to
Repair?
Water Zone
[ by performing a
SQUEEZE ]
Casing