Well Services

Welcome to Well Services

 Well Services
 Who are we?
 Where do we work?
 What do we do?
 How do we do it?
 Why do we do it?
 Who are we?

 Well Services department comes under

The Operations Manager OM

 Our department consists of a Management

team in Damascus, and about 40 staff here
in the field.
 Where do we work
 Our operations are mainly conducted in:

1. Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
2. Well Completions
3. Xmas Tree and Well Heads
4. Flow-lines
 What is a Well Completion?

 A well Completion is a continuous conduit

linking the reservoir to the surface.

 Designed to safely maximize production or

injection during the well life.
What makes a Well Completion?
 A Well Completion usually consists of:
 Tubing to carry fluids from reservoir to surface
 A device to isolate the outside of tubing from the
reservoir
 A safety valve to isolate the reservoir from the
inside of the tubing.
 Profiles to accommodate various tools to improve
or measure the well performance
 A device to allow communication between the
tubing and the annulus.
Typical Well Completion
 What is a Xmas Tree and Well
head
 A Xmas tree is a series of valves that can
divert or stop the flow of fluid or gas.
 A Xmas tree allows the entry of intervention
tools into a Well Completion
 A wellhead is a method of isolating and
supporting the different sizes of casing and
tubing that make up the well
Typical Xmas Tree
Typical Well Head
 Flowline
A flowline is a pipe that transports:
 Hydrocarbons from the Xmas tree to the
production station

 Water from Water Injection pumps to the

Xmas tree
 Who do we work for?
 We execute work on a Well Completion
on behalf of our customers who are:

1. OPO - Operations
2. TPT – Petroleum engineering
3. TDE - Drilling
 Well Services
 What do we do?

1. Repair & Maintain

2. Improve
3. Measure
4. Investigate
 Maintain & Repair

The well is like any other piece of equipment.

During its life it will require maintenance and
repair
Examples of some maintenance and repair:
 Xmas tree valve maintenance and change out if
required
 Safety valve change out.
 Injection of Nitrogen to kick a well off.
 Improve
We can improve the production or injection capability of a
reservoir and well during its life.
Examples of ways to improve.
 Stimulation of the reservoir by pumping acid to improve
permeability
 Cleaning the tubing of scale to improve the VLP.
 Cleaning of flow line to reduce back pressure on well
 Perforation of new reservoir zones
 Re-perforation of existing reservoir zones.
 Removal of fill from the bottom of the well
 Water shut off
 Measure
During the life of a well, it is important to measure
the pressure, temperature and flow from a
reservoir to maintain optimum performance.

Examples of how we measure.

 Running production logs to measure flow, density,
pressure and temperature from a production zone.
 Running gauges to measure the static and flowing
pressures and temperatures from a production zone.
 Testing the well at surface to measure phase flow,
BS&W, pressures and temperatures
 Investigate
The well operates within a design envelope that ensures the
integrity of the environment from damage that can be caused
by an uncontrolled flow of hydrocarbons to surface.
During the life of the well, some of the barriers that protect
the environment may fail.
Part of Well Services operations is to prove the integrity of
these barriers by:
 Pressure testing the completion
 Pressure testing the annuli
 Pressure testing the Xmas tree and well head
 Reporting the conclusions.
 How do we carry these operations?

 From inside the well

 From outside the well
 Intervention
 We can run various tools into a well to carry
out the work that we have discussed.
 When we run any equipment into a well, it
is called an “Intervention”
 We will discuss some of the common
methods that we use to run tools into a well.
 Wireline Intervention
 Wireline is the most common method of
running tools into a well to carry out
activities.
 Tools are attached to a length of wire and
lowered into a well
 The wire is spooled onto a drum which is
operated by a hydraulic motor.
 The tools can then be run, worked and
pulled from a well.
Typical wireline unit
 Wireline Tools
How are tools connected to the wire?
 The tools are connected to the wire
by means of a Rope Socket
 Wire is passed into the rope socket
and is firmly held in place.
 At the bottom of the rope socket is a
thread which allows the other tools
to be connected.
 Wireline Toolstring
The basic toolstring or “Work string” is
made up of the following.
 Rope Socket to connect the wire to the
toolstring.
 Stem or weight bar to increase the
weight of the toolstring to allow the
tool to “sink” into the well.
 Mechanical Jars to provide hammer
action.
 Sometimes a Knuckle Joint to provide
flexibility
 Wireline Tools

Once the Toolstring is connected together, we

can now screw on different types of tools to
the bottom of the toolstring.
 Wireline Tools
The Gauge Cutter
 Used to drift or “gauge”the
inside of the completion
tubing and assemblies
 To remove deposits of scale or
wax for the inside of the
completion tubing.
 Wireline Tools
Bailers

 Different designs of bailers

 Used for removing fill or
debris from the bottom of the
well of from the top of other
equipment in the well.
 Wireline Tools
Wireline Grab

 Used for fishing wire

or other lost equipment
in the well
 Wireline Tools
Plugs
Plugs can be set in the completion tubing
to:
 Isolate the reservoir.
 Zonal isolation of separate reservoirs
 water shut off from high water cut
zones.
 Pressure testing of the tubing for
integrity testS
 Wireline Tools
Pulling Tools
Pulling tools are used to remove
equipment from a well such as:
 Plugs
 Gauges
 Fish
 Wireline Tools
Shifting Tool
A shifting tool is used to open the
Sliding side door in a completion
that will allow communication
from the tubing to the annulus.
 Wireline Intervention
How can we run wireline and tools we have
discussed into a live well?
 We use what we call Pressure Control
Equipment.
 Pressure control equipment allows us run
tools from the surface into a live well
without causing an environmental or safety
hazard
 Wireline Pressure Control
Equipment

Wireline PCE consists of the following

 A stuffing box which acts as the primary
barrier
 Sections of “Lubricator” which act as a
pressure containing vessel.
 Wireline BOP’s in case of emergency
 Wireline PCE

 The Lubricator
 Sections of pipe that can be screwed
together to make up a pressure
containing vessel
 The lubricator is screwed onto the
Xmas tree cap, which is above the
Swab Valve
 The lubricator is made up to be longer
than the tools that will be run into the
well.
 Wireline PCE

The stuffing box

 The stuffing box is the primary
barrier.
 It is screwed onto the top of the
Lubricator
 The wire is passed through a series
of rubber packings which sit in a
chamber.
 Wire can freely pass through these
packings which will seal against
the well fluids and prevent them
escaping to the environment.
 Wireline PCE
The BOP
 It is a Secondary barrier in case the Primary barriers fail.

 It is positioned between the tree cap and the lubricator

 In case of failure of the Primary barriers, the BOP is
designed to seal around the wire, allowing pressure to be
bled off in the lubricator and repairs carried out.
Wireline PCE
 Wireline PCE
How do we run tools into
a live well? Stuffing Box
1. Make up tools into the
lubricator.
2. Close the Swab valve Lubricator with toolstring
and remove the Xmas
tree
BOP’s
3. Stab on the lubricator,
BOP and stuffing box
assembly onto the Wireline Unit
Xmas tree. 1000 psi

Wire
 Wireline PCE

4. Open up Swab
valve and allow Remember, the
well pressure to toolstring is lowered
enter the lubricator. into the well under
gravity!
5. With pressure
equal in the well
and lub, power the
drum of wire
forward and allow
the toolstring to
descend into the
well
 Coil Tubing
 Coil tubing is another intervention method
that we use on our wells.
 Coil tubing is a continuous length of tubing
that can be run though a completion.
 Coil tubing allows the pumping of various
fluids and gasses into the well or reservoir.
 Coil Tubing
The coil tubing unit is made up of:
 A truck mounted reel of coil tubing operated
by a hydraulic motor
 A method of pushing and pulling the Coil
into the well, known as an injector
 A primary barrier to allow the coil into the
well under pressure control, known as a
“stripper”
 A set of BOP’s in case of emergency.
Coil Tubing
 Coil Tubing
The Coil tubing reel
 Outside diameter of coil
used in AFPC is 1.5”
 The length of coil on a
reel is about 20,000ft.
 Coil Tubing
The Injector Head
 Unlike wireline, the coil is not
lowered and pulled from a well
by the reel.

 Coil uses what is known as an

Injector, which uses hydraulic
motors to push and pull the coil
in the well.
 Coil Tubing Pressure Control
 The Primary barrier for Coil
tubing is based on the same
principle as for
wireline.
 The coil passes through a rubber
seal which is called a “stripper”
 The stripper seals around the
outside of the coil and prevents
well fluids escaping to
atmosphere.
 Coil Tubing Pressure Control
 The secondary barrier for Coil
tubing is the BOP.

 The BOP has four separate

rams

1. Blind Rams – To seal off

the bore
2. Shear Rams – To cut the
pipe
3. Slip Rams – To secure the
pipe
4. Pipe Rams – Seal around
pipe
Coil Tubing Rig Up
 Coil Tubing
Why do we use Coil Tubing?

1. To Nitrogen lift wells that have quit.

2. To clean out fill such as sand or scale from a well.

3. To improve the permeability of a reservoir by

pumping an acid
 Coil Tubing Applications

Nitrogen Lifting
 Wells can quit flowing for
various reasons.
 In AFPC, we can re-start these
well by reducing the Hp of the
fluid column by N2 gas
injection
 As the fluid column becomes
lighter, the well will begin to
flow.
 Coil Tubing Applications

Clean Out

 We can remove sand or fill from the

completion or reservoir section by
pumping fluid through the coil and
“lifting” it up the tubing to surface.
 Coil Tubing Applications

Reservoir Stimulation
 The reservoir can be
damaged during drilling and
production.
 Coil tubing can be used to
pump chemicals such as
acid into the reservoir to
remove the damage and
improve the permeability
 Electric Line Operations
 Some of our operations require special
wireline tools to be run.
 These tools are operated by an electrical
current
 To use these tools, the wire or cable has a
small electrical wire running through the
centre.
 This method of intervention is called
“electric line”
Examples of Electric line operations

 Logging
 Perforation
 Water shut off
 Electric Line Operations
Logging

 The dynamics of a reservoir change during

the well life.
 To be able to manage these changes, we
need to know what is happening within the
reservoir.
 Electric Line Operations
Logging.
A typical logging tool can
measure
 Flow rates
OIL

 Pressure
 Temperature WATER

 Density High Permeability

Layer

 Depth OIL
 Electric Line Operations
Electric line logging can measure
 The type of formation behind the casing
 Leaks in the tubing or casing
 Corrosion and wear in the tubing and casing
 The condition of the cement behind the casing
 The oil water contact in a reservoir
 Flow regimes
 Electric Line Operations
Perforation.
 Before we can produce
hydrocarbons to surface, we must
be able to open up a communication
path between the reservoir and the
completion.

 This is done by lowering explosive

shaped charges on Electric line into
the well and detonating them next
to the reservoir section.
 Electric Line Operations
Perforating Guns
 There are many types of
guns with different
charges
 The two main types we
use in AFPC are
1. Capsule guns
2. Carrier guns
 Electric Line Operations
Perforation
 The charges are designed
to penetrate the steel
casing, the cement and
into the reservoir
 The design of the gun will
depend on how far the
charge will penetrate the
reservoir
 On average, the depth of
penetration is about 30
inches
 Well Services

Any Questions?