Well Completion and Testing

WELCOME TO THE STUDENTS
7th Semester (Mining)

Bogura Polytechnic Institute, Bogura.
Presented By
Md. Majedur Rahman
B. Sc (Hon’s), M. Sc in Geology & Mining, RU
Instructor (Tech)
Mining and Mine Survey Technology
Bogura Polytechnic Institute, BOGURA.
5/29/20 Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail: majedu1r_ru6871@yahoo.com 1
Petroleum Well Design & Completion
Course Code No. 69372
Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

5/29/20 2
majedu1r_ru6871@yahoo.com
Chapter-10
Understand the well completion and testing
10.1 Describe well completion methods.
10.2 State well head equipment.
10.3 Define well testing.
10.4 Describe Drill Stem Test (DST)
10.5 Describe well testing operations.
10.6 Describe high pressure and high temperature testing.
10.7 Mention benefits and limitations of well stimulation.

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10.1 Describe well completion methods.
Informal definition:
The high time of the well when engineer and personnel comes to
decide whether to install the production casing in order to initiate the
production at the surface or it should be abandoned .
Technical Definition:
Well completion means to prepare the well for production by installing
the necessary equipments into the well in order to allow the safe and
controlled flow of HCS at the surface.

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Well completion is the process of making a well ready for production
(or injection) after drilling operations. This principally involves
preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications, running
in the production tubing and its associated down hole tools as well as
perforating and stimulating as required. Sometimes, the process of
running in and cementing the casing is also included. After a well has
been drilled, should the drilling fluids be removed, the well would
eventually close in upon itself. Casing ensures that this will not happen
while also protecting the wellstream from outside incumbents, like
water or sand

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General Procedure
To understand the concept of
well completion the following
equipment's must be studied
clearly:
1. Casing
2. Tubing
3. X-Mass tree

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1. Casing

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2. Tubing

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3. X-Mass tree

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Open hole well completion
In an open hole well completion the
production casing is just set above the
pay zone, while the entire deepen
bottom of pay zone is left uncased.

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Open hole well completion Advantage
• Maximum exposure of pay zone
• Less pressure drawdown during flow
• No formation damage occurs due to cementing and perforation.
• Less formation damage

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Open hole well completion Disadvantage
• Inability to plug off water or gas zones
• Inability to stimulate the separate zones within the productive zones

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Close hole well completion
• For the most common type of well completion today involves the
cased hole completion, in which the production casing and liner are
cemented and perforated subsequently.
• Select the sections of the pay zone we wish to produce
• Stimulate the separate pay zone from the well
• Multiple completion zones

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Liner Completion
• A Liner is installed across the pay zone
• It can be divided into two: Screen
Liner and perforated liner
Screen Liner :
Casing is set above the producing zone
and
• an uncemented screen and liner
assembly is installed
• across the pay zone

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Perforated Liner Completion
Casing is set above the
producing zone and a liner
assembly is installed across
the pay zone and
cemented in place. The
liner is then perforated
selectively for production.

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Perforated Casing Completion
Production casing is
cemented through the
producing zone and pay
section is selectively
perforated.

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Tubingless or reduced diameter Completion
Production tubing is
perforated and
cemented

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Single tubing completion
• Simplest way of completing the well
• In this method well is completed by
single zone with single tubing
Multilateral completion
• In this multiple branches are drilled
from a single zone
• •It is used to improve productivity
from closely spaced target zones.

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Type of Flow
• Casing flow: large flow rate no tubing is required, used in middle east.
• Tubing and Annulus flow: large flow rate flow segregation.
• Tubing flow: Used widely in Malaysia due to safety, may use one more
tubing strings.

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10.2 State well head equipment.
Wellhead equipment is used to connect the tubing and casing to an oil or gas pipeline. The casing
is a permanently-installed pipe for lining the well hole to provide pressure containment and
prevent collapse. The wellhead is a flanged device that attaches to the casing.
Components of Wellhead Equipment

• Wellhead equipment includes components such as casing heads, casing spools, tubing head
spools, tees, and crosses. The casing head is part of the connection between the casing and the
wellhead itself. Typically, multiple pieces of wellhead equipment are integrated into a wellhead
assembly called a "Christmas tree". This wellhead assembly allows tubes to be placed into the
well while valves and chokes are used to control the flow of oil and/or gas at the surface.
• Wellheads and wellhead equipment may be located on offshore platforms, in sub-sea locations,
or onshore. Wellheads are cemented in place and, typically, kept in place; however, with
exploration wells, wellhead equipment may be recovered for subsequent re-use. Wellhead
equipment is designed to support the casing and tubing strings, which may also be suspended
from the Christmas tree.
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The primary components of a
wellhead system are:
• casing head
• casing spools
• casing hangers
• choke manifold
• packoffs (isolation) seals
• test plugs
• mudline suspension systems
• tubing heads
• tubing hangers
• tubing head adapter

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Functions of Wellhead
A wellhead serves numerous functions, some of which are:
• Provide a means of casing suspension. (Casing is the permanently installed pipe used to
line the well hole for pressure containment and collapse prevention during the drilling
phase).
• Provides a means of tubing suspension. (Tubing is removable pipe installed in the well
through which well fluids pass).
• Provides a means of pressure sealing and isolation between casing at surface when
many casing strings are used.
• Provides pressure monitoring and pumping access to annuli between the different
casing/tubing strings.
• Provides a means of attaching a blowout preventer during drilling.
• Provides a means of attaching a Christmas tree for production operations.
• Provides a reliable means of well access.
• Provides a means of attaching a well pump,
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10.3 Define well testing.
• In the petroleum industry, a well test is the execution of a set of
planned data acquisition activities. The acquired data is analyzed to
broaden the knowledge and increase the understanding of the
hydrocarbon properties therein and characteristics of the
underground reservoir where the hydrocarbons are trapped.
• A Well test is simply a period of time during which the production of
the well is measured, either at the well head with portable well test
equipment, or in a production facility.

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Overview of Well Test
Most well tests consist of changing the rate, and observing the change in pressure caused
by this change in rate. To perform a well test successfully one must be able to measure the
time, the rate, the pressure, and control the rate. Well tests, if properly designed, can be
used to estimate the following parameters:
• Flow conductance
• Skin factor
• Non-Darcy coefficient (multirate tests)
• Storativity
• Fractured reservoir parameters
• Fractured well parameters
• Drainage area
• Distance to faults
• Drainage shape
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Purpose of Well Testing
Exploration wells
• Fluid sampling (Primary reason)
• Measuring the initial pressure
• Estimating a minimum reservoir volume
• Evaluating the well permeability and skin effect
• Identifying heterogeneities and boundaries.
Producing wells
• Verifying permeability and skin effect
• Identifying fluid behavior
• Estimating the average reservoir pressure
• Confirming heterogeneities and boundaries
• Assessing hydraulic connectivity.
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10.4 Describe Drill Stem Test (DST)
A drill stem test (DST) is a procedure for isolating and testing the pressure,
permeability and productive capacity of a geological formation during the drilling of
a well.
Originally, the objective of a drill stem test was to take a representative fluid

sample which, in the very early days of the oil industry, was obtained by either
bailing or swabbing. Following the introduction of a packer and a downhole valve,
the next step was the possibility of recording accurate bottomhole reservoir
pressures and temperatures. With the development of downhole tools, which
operated on annulus pressure and a downhole shut-in valve with surface read-
out, drill stem testing has become a generally accepted safe method to meet the
original objectives; to obtain a fluid sample and reservoir data.
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In a drill stem test, information on the following parameters can be
obtained:
• Reservoir fluid type and properties
• Production rates and potential production problems
• Initial reservoir pressure
• Effective permeabilities
• Type of flow system
A drill stem test is the temporary completion of a well to gather reservoir

data. The three fundamental components are a retrievable mechanically
set packer, a downhole valve assembly (DST tools) and drill pipe/tubing to
surface.

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A drill stem test is the temporary
completion of a well to gather
reservoir data. The three
fundamental components are a
retrievable mechanically set
packer, a downhole valve
assembly (DST tools) and drill
pipe/tubing to surface.

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10.5 Describe well testing operations.
Well testing procedures are carried out on all newly drilled wells to determine
the characteristics of the well and the formations it passes through. Most often
the main goal of the well tests is to determine the productivity potential of a
new well. Well testing involves an array of measurements and multiple types of
downhole instruments for gathering information on the well characteristics.
Well tests are conducted to quantify well characteristics, production potential,

and reservoir properties. Well tests are essential for exploration and production
drilling, well maintenance, and geothermal field management. The tests
ultimately help in optimal and sustainable utilization of the geothermal
resource.

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Well Testing Techniques
•Borehole Seismic Techniques •Single-Well and Cross-Well Resistivity
•Single-Well And Cross-Well Seismic Imaging •Spontaneous Potential Well Log
•Well Testing Techniques
•Vertical Seismic Profiling
•Downhole Fluid Sampling
•Formation Testing Techniques •Earth Tidal Analysis
•Well Log Techniques •Flow Test
•Acoustic Logs •Injectivity Test
•Cement Bond Log •Static Temperature Survey
•Cross-Dipole Acoustic Log •Stress Test
•Caliper Log •Tracer Testing
•Chemical Logging •Vertical Flowmeter Test
•Density Log
•Gamma Log
•Image Logs
•Mud Logging
•Neutron Log
•Pressure Temperature Log

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10.6 Describe high pressure and high temperature
testing.
High pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) wells are those where the undisturbed
bottom hole temp at prospective reservoir depth or total depth is greater than 300°F
or 150°C, and either the maximum anticipated pore pressure of any porous formation
to be drilled through exceeds a hydrostatic gradient of 0.8 psi/ft, or a well requiring
pressure control equipment with a rated working pressure in excess of 10000 psi.
Drilling wells with these characteristics pose special challenges.
A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud or oil mud at elevated
temperature, up to about 380°F [193°C] maximum (450°F [227°C] maximum if a
special cell is used), usually according to the specifications of API. Although the test
can simulate downhole temperature conditions, it does not simulate
downhole pressure. Total pressure in a cell should not exceed 700 psi [4900 kPa], and
the differential pressure across the filter medium is specified as 500 psi [3500 kPa].
Because these cells are half the size of the ambient filtration area,
HPHT filtrate volumes after 30 minutes are doubled.
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Drilling fluid considerations
Where possible, high temperature wells are drilled with oil-based fluids
(OBFs) or synthetic-based fluids (SBFs), because of the thermal
limitations of most water-based fluids (WBFs). Such limitations of WBFs
include:
• Temperature-induced gelation
• High risk of CO2 contamination from the formation being drilled
and/or from the degradation of organic mud additives
• Increased solids sensitivity that is related to high temperatures

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HPHT or High Pressure, High Temperature is defined as
those Wells with a bottom hole temperature greater than 150°C
(300°F) and requiring pressure control equipment with a rated
working pressure of above 69 MPa (10,000psi) (S.P.E E&P Glossary,
HPHT, 2013).

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An HP/HT viscometer typically is used to monitor the temperature stability of
the drilling fluid, and to evaluate its rheological properties at up to 500°F and
20,000 psia. This test is especially useful for determining whether high-
temperature flocculation occurs in water-based muds. The test results can be
presented graphically by plotting the change in viscosity with respect to
temperature over the heating and cooling cycle, which establishes a baseline
for recognizing indicators of temperature instability.
There are a number of ways to minimize problems with temperature gelation,
including:
• Eliminating lignite and lignite derivatives from the WBF formulation
• Lowering the bentonite concentration
• Supplementing the high-temperature water-based system with synthetic
polymers and copolymers
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10.7 Mention benefits and limitations of well
stimulation.
Well stimulation is a well intervention performed on an oil or gas
well to increase production by improving the flow
of hydrocarbons from the reservoir into the well bore. It may be done
using a well stimulator structure or using off shore ships / drilling
vessels, also known as "Well stimulation vessels"

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Any Questions

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THANKS TO
ALL
5/29/20 39

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WELCOME TO THE STUDENTS

7th Semester (Mining)

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Components of Wellhead Equipment

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Originally, the objective of a drill stem test was to take a representative fluid

A drill stem test is the temporary completion of a well to gather reservoir

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Well tests are conducted to quantify well characteristics, production potential,

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

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