Basic of Well Drilling Process

WELCOME TO THE STUDENTS
7th Semester (Mining)

Bogura Polytechnic Institute, Bogura.
Presented By
Md. Majedur Rahman
B. Sc (Hon’s), M. Sc in Geology & Mining, RU
Instructor (Tech)
Mining and Mine Survey Technology
Bogura Polytechnic Institute, BOGURA.
5/29/20 Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail: majedu1r_ru6871@yahoo.com 1
Petroleum Well Design & Completion
Course Code No. 69372
Course Curriculum T C P
2 3 3
Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

5/29/20 2
majedu1r_ru6871@yahoo.com
Why we study Petroleum Well Design & Completion?

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Aim of Petroleum Well Design & Completion
To be able to develop knowledge, skill and attitude in the area of
petroleum well design & completion with special emphasis on:
 Well planning
 Well design
 Well completion

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Short description of the course
• Well drilling process;
• Well planning;
• Well drilling design;
• Casing deign;
• Drilling bit design;
• Drilling fluid;
• Cementing; Coring;
• Well control and Blowout prevention;
• Well completion and testing.

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Chapter-01
Understand the basic of well drilling process
1.1 Define well drilling.
1.2 Purpose of well drilling.
1.3 Classify different types of drilling.
1.4 Define Horizontal and Directional drilling.
1.5 Describe cable tool drilling process.
1.6 Describe Rotary drilling process.
1.7 Describe drilling rigs.
1.8 Drilling hazards and controlling process.

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1.1 Define well drilling.
Well drilling is the process of drilling a hole in the ground for the
extraction of a natural resource such as ground water, brine, natural
gas, or petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from surface to a
subsurface reservoir or for subsurface formations evaluation or
monitoring.

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1.2 Purpose of well drilling.
Drilling is an important method of prospecting subsurface rocks and ore
deposits. In drilling data are collected by direct penetration of subsurface rocks
by drill holes. The samples of rocks are obtained in the form of cylindrical
cores or rock fragments. The drilling holes provide the following information’s.
• Size, shape and morphology of the ore body.
• Geological structures and number of lodes present.
• Nature of the host rocks.
• Composition and grade of the ore body.
• To produces oil and gas.
• To collect the sample for exploration well.

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1.3 Classify different types of drilling.
There are a variety of drilling mechanisms which can be used to sink a borehole into the
ground. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, in terms of depth to which it can drill,
type of sample returned, the costs involved and penetration rates achieved. There are two
basic types of drills: drills which produce rock chips, and drills which produce core
samples.
• Auger drilling
• Percussion rotary air blast drilling (RAB)
• Air core drilling
• Cable tool drilling
• Reverse circulation (RC) drilling
• Diamond core drilling
• Hydraulic Rotary drilling
• Sonic (Vibratory) drilling

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1.4 Define Horizontal and Directional
drilling.
Define Horizontal: Natural gas,
crude oil and geothermal drilling is
frequently performed using the
rotary drilling process. In the rotary
drilling process, a rotating drilling
head on a drill pipe bores into the
earth’s crust down to the crude oil,
natural gas or geothermal deposit.

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The application of horizontal drilling
• Directly following vertical drilling, the direction of the drilling head
can be changed to continue drilling “horizontally”. The exploration
and extraction of crude oil and natural gas deposits is increasingly
being realised by means of horizontal drilling, also in Germany.
• Horizontal drilling within the deposit allows oil and gas fields to be
developed with fewer bore holes. In combination with the fracking
technique (see hydraulic fracturing), additional crude oil or natural
gas can be extracted even from harder layers of rock.

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Directional drilling:
Most wells drilled for water, oil, natural gas,
information or other subsurface objectives are
vertical wells - drilled straight down into the earth.
However, drilling at an angle other than vertical can
obtain information, hit targets, and stimulate
reservoirs in ways that cannot be achieved with a
vertical well. In these cases, an ability to accurately
steer the well in directions and angles that depart
from the vertical is a valuable ability.
When directional drilling is combined with hydraulic
fracturing, some rock units which were
unproductive when drilled vertically can become
fantastic producers of oil or natural gas.

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Why Drill Wells That Are Non-Vertical?
Directional and horizontal drilling have been used to reach targets beneath adjacent
lands, reduce the footprint of gas field development, increase the length of the "pay
zone" in a well, deliberately intersect fractures, construct relief wells, and install
utility service beneath lands where excavation is impossible or extremely expensive.
Below is a list of six reasons for drilling non-vertical wells. They are graphically
illustrated by the six drawings on this page.
A) Hit targets that cannot be reached by vertical drilling.

B) Drain a broad area from a single drilling pad.
C) Increase the length of the "pay zone" within the target rock unit.
D) Improve the productivity of wells in a fractured reservoir.
E) Seal or relieve pressure in an "out-of-control" well.
F) Install underground utilities where excavation is not possible.
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1.5 Describe cable tool drilling process.
• A Drilling method in which a hole is drilled by dropping a sharply pointed bit
on the bottom of the hole. The bit is attached to a cable, and the cable is
repeatedly picked up and dropped as the hole is drilled.
• Cable-tool was the first method used to drill a bore hole and is still in use,
particularly for shallow oil or gas wells in the Appalachian Basin. The cable
refers to the manila hemp rope used to suspend the wooden rods and the
drilling tools in the earliest operations. The manila line and wooden rods
were eventually replaced by multiple-strand steel rope often called wire
line or wire rope.
• The cable (manila rope or wire line) pulls the string of tools up and down as
brought about by a spring pole or a walking beam at the surface. The heavy
bit has a blunt chisel end which cracks, chips and smashes the rock by the
repeated blows delivered in a measured or regular cadence.
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• Percussion drilling is another name for
cable-tool drilling. It refers to the
blows delivered to the rock by the bit.

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1.6 Describe Rotary drilling process.
A Drilling method in which a
hole is drilled by a rotating bit to
which a downward force is
applied. The bit is fastened to
and rotated by drill stem, which
also provides a passage way
through which the drilling fluid is
circulated. Additional joints of
drill pipe are added as drilling
progresses.

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1.7 Describe drilling rigs.
ROTARY DRILLING RIG
• The main function of rotary drilling rig is to make hole.
• The moving of the rig from site to site depends on weight and size of
each rig component.
• Each unit assembly is limited in weight because of truck and highway
limitations on gross weight.
• Rotary drilling rigs must be disassembled into many components so
that weight limits are not exceeded.

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ROTARY DRILLING RIG
• Rotary rig design should:
Allow for rapid erection and take-down, and consist of few

pieces as possible.
Not require special cranes for assembly (rig-up) or

disassembly (tear-down).
Enable drill pipe to be run into the hole or pulled out with
minimum time wasted.
Provide the maximum amount of available power for the

circulating fluid to the bit.

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ROTARY DRILLING RIG
• Many factors determine a rig’s portability:
Wheel-mounted rigs can be used for drilling to depths of 10,000
feet or more and for completion/workover service on 15,000-foot
wells.
These rigs have self-erecting, telescoping masts; and the mast,
drawworks and engines are built on a trailer or self-propelled unit.
Equipment such as mud pumps must be handled as packages.
Therefore, efficient planning and design are necessary.

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ROTARY DRILLING RIG
Rotary Drilling Rig.
• The drilling rig consists
of six major systems:
• Hoisting System
• Rotating System
• Fluid Circulating
System
• Power System
• Well Control System
• Well Monitoring
System

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Drill Rig Accessories
• RC Cyclone  Mud Mixer Spare Parts: Parker motor and impeller
• Gear Type Rotation Head  Left Hand and Right Hand Angle indicators
• Diverter System  Bit Basket
 Bit Sharpening System
• Hydraulic Wet Rotary Splitter, for Reverse  Automatic lubricator for the down the hole
Circulation drilling
hammer
• Universal Hydraulic Tilt Splitter, for Reverse  Whip Checks
Circulation drilling  Thread locking compound Bakerlok
• Blow Back System  Handled Oiler
• Hydraulic Hoses  Rigging Hardware
• Hydraulic Mud Mixer  Fishing Tools
 Compressor air hoses
• Air-Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps
• Mud Tank

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HOISTING SYSTEM
DERRICK
The function of a derrick is
to provide vertical clearance
to the raising and lowering of
drill string into and out of
borehole
Two type of Derricks
Standard Derricks - it is of
bolted construction and
assembled part by part
Mast – a portable derrick,
one capable of being erected
as a unit

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HOISTING SYSTEM
CROWN BLOCK
The fixed set of pulleys
(called sheaves) located at the
top of the derrick or mast
over which the drilling line is
threaded.
TRAVELLING BLOCK
A pulley (sheave) assembly
that connects the drilling line
to the hook and swivel

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HOISTING SYSTEM
DRAWWORKS
 It is the control center
from which the driller
operates the rig. It
contains clutches, chains
and other controls
 It houses the drum which
spools drilling line during
hoisting and allows feed
off during drilling

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HOISTING SYSTEM
• The hoisting system is used to raise and lower the drill stem.
• It is also used to support and lower pipe that is used for casing
and tubing.
• A mast or derrick supports the hook by means of the travelling

block, wire rope, crown block and drawworks.
• The drawworks is powered by two or three engines (called

prime movers) to raise or lower the drill stem so that the bit can
drill.

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HOISTING SYSTEM
• The drill stem is the whole
assembly from the swivel
to the bit, including the
kelly, drill pipe, drill
collars and bit sub.
Hoisting System
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DERRICK, MAST & SUBSTRUCTURE
• Standard drilling rig derricks are tall steel structures with four
supporting legs standing on a square base.
• The derrick and substructure plays an important role in drilling

operations.
• The derrick provides the vertical height necessary for the hoisting
system to raise and lower the pipe.
• The derrick is assembled piece by piece at the drilling site.
• A drilling mast, which is partially assembled when it is

manufactured, usually has a smaller floor area.

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• It can be raised from a horizontal to a vertical position in as
shown below.
• The standard derrick has become rare today except for
extremely deep wells and offshore drilling.
5/29/20
Raising a Mast Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:
29
• The mast has almost completely replaced the conventional
derrick for drilling on land because:
• It can be quickly dismantled and erected on another location by the
regular rig crew
• The mast can be moved in large units without complete disassembly.
• Masts 135 to 145 feet in height are the most common size.
• The rig floor, rotary table, casing and drill pipes rest on a
substructure.
• The rig floor provides an area for handling the drill stem and
related equipment.

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• Blowout preventers and wellhead fittings are located under the
substructure.
• Drill pipe is suspended from the rotary table, which is

supported by the beams of the substructure.
• Heavy-duty masts and substructures can stand a load of

1,200,000 pounds.
• The normal capacity is in excess of 500,000 pounds.

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• The derrick and the substructure must have enough
strength to withstand:
• Load suspended from a hook.
• Pipes set in the derrick.
• Wind loads.
• The API has developed size classifications for the

derrick as shown on the next slide.

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Derrick Size Classifications (Courtesy API)

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General Dimensions of Derrick Sizes

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• The derrick and substructure must be able to support the force
imposed by pipe weight on the block by a portion of the
drillstring standing in the derrick.
• Due to the manner in which the hook load is distributed over

the derrick, the effective load may exceed the actual.
• When heavy casing strings are run, it may be necessary to lay

down some drill pipe initially so the derrick loading capacity is
not exceeded.

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Free Body Diagram of the Block, Fast and Dead Lines

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• The derrick load resulting from a hook load can be evaluated
with the free body diagram (FBD) on the previous slide.
• The force on the derrick (FD) includes the hook load (L), the
tension in the fast line (TF) and the tension in the dead line (TD).
• The tension in the fast line in a non-ideal friction is given by:

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• where:
• EB = efficiency factor of block system
• L = hook load, lb
• N = number of lines strung over the block system
• TF = fast-line tension, lb
• Since the dead line does not move, the tension is in the
dead line is given by:

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• FD can now be written as:
• The total force on the derrick (FD) is not evenly distributed over
each of the four legs.
• The fast-line tension is distributed evenly between legs C & D,
since the drawworks is commonly positioned between the legs.

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• The dead-line tension is near a leg.
• The force on each leg can be summarized as follows:
Load on each Derrick Leg

Load Source Total Load
A B C D
Hook
L L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
Load
Fast
L/NEB - - L/2NEB L/2NEB
Line
Dead
L/N L/N - - -
Line
Total L + L/NEB + L/N L((N+4)/4N) L/4 L((NEB+2)/4NEB) L((NEB+2)/4NEB)

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Derrick Leg
C D
Lines to Block Fast line
Dead line
A B
Typical Rig Floor for Distribution of Forces

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• The load on leg A is greater than any other leg if EB > 0.5.
• Therefore, the maximum derrick load can be defined as
four times the strength of the weakest leg:
• where:
• FDE = effective derrick load.
• The derrick will be exposed to loads created by wind
acting horizontally on pipe set back in the derrick.

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• The Wind Load (Lw) is calculated from:
• where:
• Lw = wind load, lb/ft, and
• V = wind velocity, mph.

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DRAWWORKS
• The hoisting system is a vital component of the rig equipment.
• It provides a means for vertical movement of pipe in the well,

i.e., to lower and raise the drillstring and casing.
• The principal items in the hoisting system are as follows:

• drawworks.
• crown and travelling blocks.
• wireline.
• ancillary equipment such as elevators, hooks and bails.

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DRAWWORKS
• The hoisting system, in conjunction with the circulating
equipment, consumes a portion of the rig’s power.
• A drawworks on a rig is known in other industries as a hoist.
• The main purpose of the drawworks is to lift and lower pipe in

and out of the hole.

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DRAWWORKS
• The hoisting drum either reels in wire rope to pull the pipe
from the hole or lets out wire rope to lower the travelling block
and attached drill stem, casing or tubing.
• The drawworks includes a transmission, which uses chains,

sprockets and gears to allow speed changes of the hoisting
drum.
• Often, the drawworks has a drive sprocket to power the rotary

table.
• This arrangement is common, even on diesel-electric rigs.

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DRAWWORKS
A Rotary Rig Hoisting System

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DRAWWORKS
The Drawworks consists of a revolving drum around which the wire rope is
spooled
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DRAWWORKS
• The drawworks brake system makes it possible for the
driller to control a load a several hundred tons of drill pipe
or casing.
• Most rigs are equipped with two brake systems for the
drawworks hoisting drum: one that is mechanical and one
that is hydraulic or electric.
• The mechanical system consists of compounded levers to

tighten brake bands to bring the drum to full stop.

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DRAWWORKS
• The hydraulic or electric brake can control the speed of
descent of a loaded travelling block, although it is not
capable of stopping the drum completely.
• Another of component of the drawworks is the catheads.
• The makeup, or spinning, cathead is located on the

driller’s side of the drawworks and is used to tighten the
drill pipe joints.

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DRAWWORKS
• The other cathead, located opposite the driller’s
position, is the breakout cathead.
• It is used to loosen the drill pipe when it is pulled from

the hole.
• Air hoists are provided on many rigs for handling light

loads.

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DRAWWORKS
The Friction Cathead

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BLOCKS AND DRILLING LINE
• The travelling block, crown block and drilling line

within the derrick raise and lower loads of pipe out of
and into the hole.
• During drilling operations, these loads usually consist of

drill pipe and drill collars.
• The blocks and drilling line must also support casing

while it is being run in the hole.

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• This casing is often heavier than the drill stem.
• Drilling line is reeved around sheaves (pulleys) in the

crown block at the top of the derrick or mast and in the
travelling block.
• The blocks and drilling line assembly must have great

strength to support the heavy loads.
• The number of sheaves is determined by the weight to be

supported.
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• Five is the most common, but deeper wells often require
six or seven.
• Friction is minimized in the blocks by heavy duty

bearings.
• Large-diameter sheaves are provided to lessen wear on the

drilling line, which is usually a multistrand steel cable, 1 ¼
to 1 ½ inches in diameter.

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• The block system is not a frictionless system, i.e., its
efficiency factor is less than 1.0.
• It is often assumed that the efficiency factor is computed
from:
• where n is the number of sheave pairs.

• The following Table indicates EB for various pulley systems.
Number of Lines EB
6 0.886
8 0.85
10 0.817
12 0.785
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• Drilling rigs have many applications for wire ropes.
• The more common uses for wire ropes are as drilling

lines and guideline tensioners.
• The drilling line connects to the drawworks and the

dead-line anchor.

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• It is pulled through the crown and travelling block sheaves so
that the travelling block can be raised or lowered as necessary.
• Wire rope is made from cold drawn carbon steel of various

grades, depending on the strength required.
• The API classifies the various grades as follows:

• extra improved plow steel (EIPS).
• improved plow steel (IPS).
• plow steel (PS).
• mild plow steel (MPS).

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• Generally, the first two higher-strength grades, EIPS
and IPS, are used currently for drilling lines due to the
rugged service encountered.
• The primary element of wire rope is the individual

wires.
• Wires are carefully selected, sized, and layered into

strands. After stranding, the strands are layered
together around a core to form wire rope.

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• The core may be a fiber rope (either natural grown fibers or
man-made fibers), a plastic core, a spring steel core, a multiple-
wire strand, or an independent wire rope (IWRC).
• The independent wire rope is the most widely used because it

resists crushing and distortion.
• The wire rope is usually described by type of core, the number

of strands wrapped around the core, and the number of
individual wires per strand.

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• For example, a 6 x 19 with an independent IWRC is a
typical type of rope used as drilling line.
• It contains one independent wire rope core, six strands,

with nineteen separate wires per strand.
• Wire rope is usually furnished preformed but can be

furnished non-preformed upon special request.

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• A preformed rope has the strands shaped to the helical

form they assume in the finished rope before the strands
have been fabricated in to the rope.
• The strands of the preformed rope will not spring from

the normal position when the sizing bands are removed.

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Typical wire-rope construction with correct ordering descriptions

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• The lay of the rope describes the direction of the strand wrap
around the core and the direction of the wire rope around
within the strands.
• The strands may be right or left lay.
• The individual wires can be regular or lang lay.
• The length of the lay is usually 7.25-8 times the nominal
diameter.
Lay of the Rope Prepared by Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:

5/29/20 64
• The nominal strength of the wire rope depends on the

material used in construction, the number of strands and
wires, and the size of the rope.
• The API has published Tables for breaking strengths of

various wire ropes.
• As an example, the nominal strength of 13/8”, 6 x 37

drawn galvanized IWRC rope is 192,000 lb.

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• The API has established minimum design factors for
wire ropes operating under oilfield conditions.
• These design factors are specified in API Recommended

Practice 9B.
• When working near the minimum design factor,

consideration should be given to the efficiencies of wire
rope bent around sheaves, fittings or drums.

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• The minimum design factors are as follows:
Type of Service Minimum Design Factor
Cable tool line 3
Sand line 3
Hoisting service other than rotary drilling 3
Mast hoisting and lowering 2.5
Rotary drilling line when setting casing 2
Pulling on stuck pipe and similar infrequent operations 2
• The primary function of the wire rope in conjunction with other

components of the hoisting system is to provide a mechanical
advantage (M) for raising or lowering the drillstring or casing.
• If the tension line in the fast line attached to the drawworks is
defined as TF, then the mechanical advantage is as follows:

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• where:
• L = hook load, lb
• TF = fast-line tension, lb
• M = mechanical advantage
• The fast-line tension can be computed, if an ideal system
is considered:
• where N = number of lines strung over the block system.

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• Since block efficiency (EB) must be considered in a non-ideal
case, the fast-line tension is as follows:
• The horsepower (HP) required to lift a load, L, at some velocity

is given by:
• where :
• V = velocity in ft/min, and
• 33,000 = ft-lb/min/hp
• This equation is very useful in determining the amount of input
horsepower requirements from the prime movers.
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5/29/20 Breaking Strengths of various

Prepared byWire Ropes
Md. Majedur Rahman, E-mail:
70
ROTATING SYSTEM
KELLY
 A Kelly is a square or
hexagonal length of pipe
that fits into a bushing in the
rig's rotary table. As the
rotary table turns to the
right, the Kelly turns with it.
 The main function of a

Kelly is to transfer energy RAT HOLE
from the rotary table to the
rest of the drill string.
SWIVEL
 It suspends the drill string
and allows rotation at the
same time. KELLY
ROTARY TABLE

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ROTATING SYSTEM
DRILL PIPES
Drill pipes furnish the
necessary length for the
drill string and serves as a
conduit for the drilling fluid
DRILL COLLARS
Provides weight and
stability to the drill bit,
maintain tension on the drill
pipe and help keep the hole
on a straight course

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ROTATING SYSTEM
• HEAVY WALL DRILL PIPES
provides additional hole stability and
aids in directional control
• STABILIZERS
centralize the drill collars, help
maintain the hole at full-gauge
diameter
• JARS
provide sharp upward or downward
impact to free stuck pipe
• REAMERS
helps to maintain a full-gauge hole
diameter
• CROSSOVER SUBS
which join components having
different types of connections.

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ROTATING SYSTEM
BITS:
•Most critical component in rotary
drilling operations. Different types of
bits.
•Two main type of bits:

•Rolling cutter bits - consist of cutting
elements arranged on cones (usually
three cones, but sometimes two) that
rotate on bearings about their own axis
as the drill string turns the body of the
bit. These bits can have teeth or buttons

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ROTATING SYSTEM
• Fixed cutter bits - also
known as drag bits, consist
of stationary cutting
elements that are integral
with the body of the bit and
are rotated directly by the
turning of the drill string.
• The principal types of fixed
cutter bits are:
• natural diamond
• polycrystalline diamond
compact (PDC)

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ROTATING SYSTEM
• The rotating system includes all the equipment used to
achieve bit rotation.
• A principal feature of the rotating system is the rotary

table, or rotary.
• The rotary table is powered by the prime movers to rotate

the kelly, which is raised or lowered through the kelly
drive bushing.

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ROTATING SYSTEM
• The rotation of the kelly causes the drill stem and bit to
turn and thus “make hole” as the bit grinds away the rock
formation.
• The kelly is supported by the hoisting system.
• Drilling fluid is pumped down the drill pipe to the bit and
then up the annulus.

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ROTATING SYSTEM
The Rotating
System

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ROTARY, KELLY AND SWIVEL
• The rotary is the piece of equipment that gives the

rotary drilling rig its name.
• It is the machine that turns the drill stem and the bit in
order to make hole.
• A rotary table is fitted with a drive bushing.

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• The three-, four-, six-, or eight-sided kelly fits through
the bushing and is thus turned by the rotary.
• The rotary is a basic yet extremely rugged machine

that is distinguished by its ability to withstand hard
service.
• The drive bushing may fit in a square opening in the

rotary tale, or four pins that fit in the openings of the
table may drive it.

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• The drive bushing permits vertical movement of the
kelly as the hole is deepened, at the same time rotating
the drill stem.
• The rotary serves two main functions:

• to rotate the drills stem; and
• to hold friction-grip devices called slips to support the drill
stem or casing.

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• A sprocket and chain may mechanically drive the

rotary from the drawworks.
• However, many drilling rigs provide power to an

electric motor that drives the rotary directly.
• In some cases, an independent engine is used to drive

the rotary.

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• The kelly is the top member of the drill stem.
• It is about 40 feet long and may be either triangular-,

square-, hexagon- or octagon-shaped to fit its drive
bushing.
• The kelly can move freely up and down through the

drive bushing while the rotary is turning it.

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• The swivel hangs from a hook under the travelling
bloc, and serves several vital functions.
• It supports the weight of the drill stem.
• It allows rotation of the drill stem.
• It provides a passageway for drilling fluid to enter the

drill stem.

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• The rotary hose is connected to a gooseneck-fitting on
the swivel.
• Drilling fluid is pumped into the gooseneck, through

the swivel, and down the kelly.
• This fluid may be under pressure exceeding 3,000 psi.

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1.8 Drilling hazards and controlling process.
The following are some of the most common hazards in drilling and can be overcome by proper
control of the mud properties.
• Salt section hole enlargement

Salt section can be eroded by the drilling fluid and causes hole enlargement. These enlargements
will require larger mud volume to fill the system and in case of casing the hole, larger cement
volume is required. To avoid these problems a salt saturated mud system is prepared prior to drilling
the salt bed
• Heaving shale problems

Areas with shale sections containing bentonite or other hydratable clays will continually absorb
water, swell and slough into the hole.
Such beds are referred to as heaving shales and constitute a severe drilling hazard when
encountered. Pipe sticking, excessive solid buildup in the mud and hole bridging are typical
problems.
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Various treatments of the mud are sometimes successful, such as
• Changing mud system to high calcium content by adding lime, gypsum etc
which reduces the tendency of the mud to hydrate water sensitive clays.
• Increasing circulation rate for more rapid removal of particles.
• Increasing mud density for greater wall support
• Decreasing water loss mud
• Changing to oil emulsion mud
• Changing to oil-based mud.

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• Blowouts
Blowout is the most spectacular, expensive and highly feared hazard of
drilling. This occurs when encountered formation pressure exceed the mud
column pressure which allows the formation fluids to blow out of the hole.
Mud density or the mud weight is the principal factor in controlling this
hazard.
In drilling a blow out preventer (BOP) stack is always attached at the top of
the conductor pipe. In case of a gas kick (a sign that may lead to a blow out)
the BOP stack can close the annular space between the drilling pipe and the
conductor pipe or casing or shut the whole hole (with a blind ram of the
BOP).

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• Lost Circulation
Lost circulation means the loss of substantial amount of drilling mud to an
encountered formation. Lost circulation materials are commonly circulated
in the mud system both as a cure and a continuous preventive. These
materials are the fibrous materials such as the hay, sawdust or padi husk and
lamellated (flat and platy) materials such as mica, cellophane.

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Drilling hazards and controlling process.
A drilling hazard is defined as any event off of the critical path of drilling
operations. Using a DHM approach early in the well planning process is
essential to its effectiveness and success. DHM focuses on wellbore
stability and consequential hazards such as stuck pipe, fluids loss, and
equivalent circulating density (ECD) management. These events lead to
non-productive drilling time in the least case or catastrophic wellbore
failure and jeopardize well control in the worst cases. DHM requires
understanding the uncertainty of the drilling margin—the safe applied
ECD between the in-situ pore pressure and/or stress equivalence and
the fracture gradient as a result of the overburden at true vertical
depth(TVD). Because all drilling operations have risk, mitigating these
risks is fundamental to DHM.
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The initial phase of the process is where the well is formulated and
objectives are determined. SMART well objectives consider and define
the following:
• Specific
• Measurable
• Achievable
• Relevant
• Timely

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Often the root cause of failure lies with objectives that are not initially aligned and
understood by the disciplines or stakeholders. Well planners must guard against
developing objectives that are not measurable, often conflict, and together are not
achievable. The following objectives for a 12,000 ft TVD, 15,000 ft MD directional well
do not follow the SMART criteria:
• Right size initial flow capabilities

• Adequate hole size for evaluation, coring, completion
• Completions free of formation damage
• High―rig-less intervention capabilities
• Minimal complexity
• Directional well with a target on-bottom radius of 200’
• Multiple targets
• Well availability, design life
5/29/20 92
• Good reservoir surveillance
• Provide for a future sidetrack
• Case the well with a minimize number of casing strings
• Mono-bore small wellbore with minimum costs
• Optimize costs Ability to stimulate the well by fracturing
• ESP artificial lift system

5/29/20 93
Importance of oil well control
Oil well control is one of the most important aspects of drilling
operations. Improper handling of kicks in oil well control can result in
blowouts with very grave consequences, including the loss of valuable
resources and also lives of field personnel. Even though the cost of a
blowout (as a result of improper/no oil well control) can easily reach
several millions of US dollars, the monetary loss is not as serious as the
other damages that can occur: irreparable damage to the environment,
waste of valuable resources, ruined equipment, and most importantly,
the safety and lives of personnel on the drilling rig.

5/29/20 94
Any Questions

5/29/20 95
THANKS TO
ALL
5/29/20 96

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Basic of Well Drilling Process

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WELCOME TO THE STUDENTS

7th Semester (Mining)

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A) Hit targets that cannot be reached by vertical drilling.

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Allow for rapid erection and take-down, and consist of few

Not require special cranes for assembly (rig-up) or

Provide the maximum amount of available power for the

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• A mast or derrick supports the hook by means of the travelling

• The drawworks is powered by two or three engines (called

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• The derrick and substructure plays an important role in drilling

• The derrick is assembled piece by piece at the drilling site.

• A drilling mast, which is partially assembled when it is

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• Drill pipe is suspended from the rotary table, which is

• Heavy-duty masts and substructures can stand a load of

• The normal capacity is in excess of 500,000 pounds.

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• The API has developed size classifications for the

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Derrick Size Classifications (Courtesy API)

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• Due to the manner in which the hook load is distributed over

• When heavy casing strings are run, it may be necessary to lay

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Free Body Diagram of the Block, Fast and Dead Lines

• The tension in the fast line in a non-ideal friction is given by:

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Load on each Derrick Leg

Total L + L/NEB + L/N L((N+4)/4N) L/4 L((NEB+2)/4NEB) L((NEB+2)/4NEB)

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Lines to Block Fast line

Typical Rig Floor for Distribution of Forces

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• It provides a means for vertical movement of pipe in the well,

• The principal items in the hoisting system are as follows:

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• A drawworks on a rig is known in other industries as a hoist.

• The main purpose of the drawworks is to lift and lower pipe in

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