SOURCE ROCK AND

RESERVOIR ROCK
KHAGEN DOLEY
SEMESTER VI
ROLL = S-16032 NO= 0141
 SOURCE ROCK

 Source rock is the most important part in the petroleum system as it refers to rocks from which
hydrocarbons have been generated or capable of being generated.
 Petroleum is often created and released from source rock while lithification is occurring.
 They are organic-rich sediments that may have been deposited in a variety of environments
including deep water marine, lacustrine and deltaic.
 Rocks of marine origin tend to be oil-prone, whereas terrestrial source rocks (such as coal)
tend to be gas-prone.
 Source rock examples are shale,clay and fine limestone while shale is one of the dominant
source rocks for hydrocarbon.
Shale

Limestone
 TYPES OF SOURCE ROCKS

 Source rocks are classified according to the types of kerogen that they contain, which control
the type of hydrocarbons that will be generated.
 Kerogen
 Kerogen is a portion of the organic richness in a sedimentary rock • It is a macro-
molecular complex with a polymer-like structure (organic compound) that is insoluble in non-
oxidising acids, alkaline solvents or organic solvents which can yield hydrocarbon when
subjected to increased temperature and pressure.
 Basic component of organic matter in sediment are proteins , carbohydrates,lipids(fats),
Lignin.
. All of these+ time +temperature+pressure = Kerogen
Type1
• Algal Kerogen
• Best oil source
• Lipid rich
Type 2
• Mixed Marine kerogen
• Include zooplankton
• Good oil and gas source
Type 3
• Woody kerogen(coaly)
• Good gas source
 Type 1
 They are formed from algal remains deposited under anoxic conditions in deep lakes,they tend to
generate waxy crude oil when subjected to thermal stress during deep burial.
 Type 2
 Source rocks are formed from marine planktonic remains preserved under anoxic conditions in
marine environments, they produce both oil and gas when thermally cracked during deep burial.
 Type 3
 Source rocks are formed from terrestrial plant material that has been decomposed by bacteria and
fungi under oxic or sub-oxic conditions, they tend to generate mostly gas with light oils when
thermally cracked during deep burial, most coals and coaly shales are generally type 3 source rocks.
 RESERVOIR ROCK

 Reservoir rocks are rocks that have the ability to store fluids inside their
pores, so that the fluids (water, oil, and gas) can be accumulated.
 A reservoir rock is a place where oil migrates to and is held underground.
 Reservoir rocks are dominantly sedimentary(sandstone, carbonates) however
highly fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks have been known to produce
hydrocarbons but on a much smaller scale.
Dolomite
 Reservoir rocks requires high porosity and high permeability since it is the
rock in which petroleum moves through and is stored in.

Note:
 Porosity is the of pore spaces or holes between sediment grains.
 Permeabilityy is the interconnection of the pore space, thereby allowing the
movement of the petroleum. This directly determines the rate of flow
 Examples of reservoir rocks are sandstone, dolomite, and conglomerate, all
have both high porosity and permeability.
 Characteristics of reservoir rocks

 A good reservoir rocks must have porosity in which petroleum can exists
Even though a reservoir rock look solid to the naked eye, a microscopic
examination reveals the existence of a tiny opening in a rock ,called pores.
 Another characteristics of reservoir rock is permeability , the pores of the rock
must be connected together so that hydrocarbons can move from one place
to another.
 Conclusion

• As the source rock becomes more

deeply buried under layers of sediment,
the temperature begins to increase
triggering geochemical reactions that
convert the organic materials into
hydrocarbons.
• Once the hydrocarbons have formed,
they migrate from the source rock.
They are then either trapped in a
reservoir or are "lost" during migration
• . Oil and gas reservoirs typically form in
traps. There are a few types of traps:
anticlinal, fault, stratigraphic, and reef
and or salt traps.
References
 Wikipedia
 Economic geology