Design Process For Completion and Workovers

Design Process for Completion and Workovers Core
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Design Process for

Completions and
Workovers Core
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Design Process
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Learning Objectives
This section will cover the following learning objectives:

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 Explain the work product of a completions engineer

 Describe an initial completion procedure and sketch
 Translate chronological steps from a procedure to a well sketch
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 Recognize and describe morning reports

 Recognize the engineering that is required for developing a
procedure
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Work Product of a Completions Engineer
Pre-sketch
The classic work
product of a completion/ Proposed sketch
workover engineer
Procedure
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1 Engineering team develops the procedure
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2 Operations team executes procedure in the field
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3 Work is documented through a series of morning reports
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4 Completions or work over engineer will review the
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reports and discuss work status with operations team
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5 Engineer uses morning reports to complete final

well sketch
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Completions, Workovers, Interventions

Completions  The first time a newly drilled well is worked on to put
the well into production
Workovers  The procedure would also include steps to remove
equipment currently in the well, before proceeding
with the rest of the operation
 Usually, although not always, a workover implies
removing existing equipment from the well before
proceeding
Interventions  Includes going inside existing equipment for a specific
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reason, but not removing the equipment
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Sketches and Procedures – Initial Completion

Pre-sketch Procedure Proposed Sketch
1. MIRU SL
2. Hold safety meeting. Make gauge ring run to PBTD est. 7850’,
send results to Engineering.
Well left 3. RDMO SL
with 10 4. If approval to proceed, MIRU completion rig
5. Make bit and scraper run to PBTD
2 7/8” 6.5
ppg mud 6. TIH with open ended workstring, displace hole with 9.8 ppg KCL ppf API EUE
in casing completion fluid. N-80 tubing
when Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’. 9.8 ppg
drilling rig fluid will provide a 222 psi OB.
moved off 7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes
location. 8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and conduct JSA.
RIH and perforate 7500-7570’ (reference OH log dated Nov 9, SSD at 7390’
2016) with 4 5/8” gun loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX Model MJG
charges packer set at
9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if not, inform
7400’
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Engineering
10. Monitor hole conditions for 4 hours, report any fluid loss or XN at 7405’
pressure build up
11. If well stable, TIH with completion string consisting of MS WL WEG at 7410’
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reentry guide, XN landing nipple, model MJG mechanical Perforations
retrievable packer, sliding side door, and 2 7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set 7500’-7570’
packer at 7400’.
12. MIRU SL, set plug in lower XN nipple, test tubing to 5000 psi for
MD. Note, top
15 min. RDMO SL. sand at 7500’,
bottom sand at
7” 32#/ft casing
run to 8000’ with
PBTD at 7850’
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13. Test backside to 5000 psi for 15 min.
14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and flowlines, pull BPV,
turn well over to Production
15. If required, use lease gas to rock well in, open on 16/64 ck.
7610’.
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1. MIRU SL
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2 7/8” 6.5
in casing
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completion fluid. N-80 tubing

when Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’. 9.8 ppg
drilling rig fluid will provide a 222 psi OB.
7. The
Test casing
moved off welltoin5000
thepsicurrent
for 15 minutes
(original) condition.
location. 8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and conduct JSA.
For
2016)New Completion:
with 4 5/8” This
gun loaded 6 spf, isphasing,32
60 deg generally the way the
gm RDX Model MJG
charges rig left the well, so it is usually simple. Note
drilling packer set at
9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if not, inform
that by tradition we do not show other casing strings 7400’
Engineering
10. nor thehole
Monitor wellhead. But
conditions for these
4 hours, can
report anybe important,
fluid loss or so do XN at 7405’
pressure
not build that
forget up other casing stings exist in the well and
that
reentrythere is something
guide, XN landing nipple, on
modelthe
MJG top.
mechanical Perforations
retrievable packer, sliding side door, and 2 7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set 7500’-7570’
packerWorkover:
For at 7400’. This sketch may be very complicated,
MD. Note, top
with lots
15 min. RDMO of equipment
SL. already in the well! sand at 7500’,
13. Test backside to 5000 psi for 15 min. bottom sand at
7” 32#/ft casing 14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and flowlines, pull BPV, 7610’.
run to 8000’ with turn well over to Production
PBTD at 7850’ 15. If required, use lease gas to rock well in, open on 16/64 ck.
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1. MIRU SL
2 7/8” 6.5
A series of chronologically
in casing
when
completion fluid. organized stepsN-80thattubing
the
Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’. 9.8 ppg
drilling rig fluid will provide a 222 psi OB. operations team should
moved off 7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes follow to get to the
location. 8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and conduct JSA. proposed sketch.
2016) with 4 5/8” gun loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX Model MJG
charges Generally involves placing
packer set at
9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if not, inform items into the well or pulling
7400’
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Engineering
10. Monitor hole conditions for 4 hours, report any fluid loss or them out of the XNwell, and
at 7405’
pressure build up doing so in such a manner
that the reservoir pressure
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reentry guide, XN landing nipple, model MJG mechanical Perforations
retrievable packer, sliding side door, and 2 7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set is always contained – no
7500’-7570’
packer at 7400’. unwanted flow of reservoir
MD. Note, top
fluids to the surface!
sand at 7500’,
15 min. RDMO SL.
bottom sand at
7” 32#/ft casing
run to 8000’ with
PBTD at 7850’
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14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and flowlines, pull BPV,
turn well over to Production
7610’.
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Sketches and Procedures: Terminology

1. MIRU SL
2. Hold safety meeting. Make gauge ring run to PBTD est. 7850’, send
results to Engineering.
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3. RDMO SL
4. If approval to proceed, MIRU completion rig
MIRU – move in and rig up 5. Make bit and scraper run to PBTD
SL – slick line unit 6. TIH with open ended workstring, displace hole with 9.8 ppg KCL
EL – electric line completion fluid.
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Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’. 9.8 ppg fluid
RDMO – rig down and move off will provide a 222 psi OB.
PBTD – plug back total depth 7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes
TIH – trip in hole; usually jointed pipe 8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and conduct JSA. RIH
and perforate 7500-7570’ (reference OH log dated Nov 9, 2016) with 4
TOOH – trip out of hole; usually jointed 5/8” gun loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX charges
pipe 9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if not, inform
RIH – run in hole, often not pipe Engineering
10. Monitor hole conditions for 4 hours, report any fluid loss or pressure
(e.g., wireline or coiled tubing) build up
POOH – pull out of hole 11. If well stable, TIH with completion string consisting of MS WL
ND – nipple down (unfasten bolts; reentry guide, XN landing nipple, model MJG mechanical retrievable
packer, sliding side door, and 2 7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set packer at
usually for a BOP or tree) 7400’.
NU – nipple up 12. MIRU SL, set plug in lower XN nipple, test tubing to 5000 psi for 15
min. RDMO SL.
14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and flowlines, pull BPV, turn
well over to Production
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Sketches and Procedures
Pre-sketch 1. MIRU SL Proposed Sketch

2. Hold safety meeting. Make gauge ring run to PBTD est. 7850’, send results 2 7/8” 6.5
to Engineering. ppf API EUE
This isSLwhat the completion engineer wants to
3. RDMO
N-80 tubing
Well left 4. If approval to proceed, MIRU completion rig
get to – the final state of the well. There is a lot
with 10 SSD at 7390’
of engineering
6. TIH that goes
with open ended workstring, into hole
displace thiswith
sketch;
9.8 ppg which
KCL
ppg mud
in casing is the overall
completion fluid. subject of this skill module.
Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’. 9.8 ppg fluid will Model MJG
when Consider for now several questions:
provide a 222 psi OB. packer set at
drilling rig 7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes 7400’
moved off  Why
8. MIRU perforate
EL unit, thatsafety
hold explosives interval?
meeting and conduct JSA. RIH and
perforate 7500-7570’ (reference OH log dated Nov 9, 2016) with 4 5/8” gun XN at 7405’
location. loaded
Why just perforate, and not frac or gravel
6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX charges
9. POOH pack?
with guns, check that all shots have fired, if not, inform Engineering WEG at 7410’
10. Monitor
Why holerun that packer
conditions and
for 4 hours, that
report sizeloss
any fluid tubing?
or pressure build
up
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 Why run tubing at all?
11. If well stable, TIH with completion string consisting of MS WL reentry
Perforations
7500’-7570’
guide, XN landing nipple, model MJG mechanical retrievable packer,
sliding side door, and 2 7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set packer at 7400’. MD. Note, top
12. MIRU SL, set plug in lower XN nipple, test tubing to 5000 psi for 15 min. sand at 7500’,
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RDMO SL. bottom sand at
13. Test backside to 5000 psi for 15 min. 7610’.
14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and flowlines, pull BPV, turn well
over to Production
7” 32#/ft casing
run to 8000’ with
PBTD at 7850’
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Sketches and Procedures – Intervention

Pre Sketch Proposed Sketch
Procedure
1. MIRU SL
2. Hold safety meeting. Make
gauge ring run to PBTD est.
7850’, send results to
Engineering. Note any sand or
obstructions inside the tubing.
3. Make up lock mandrel with
pressure gauges for XN
landing nipple at 7405’.
4. Run lock mandrel and set in
XN nipple, hang off gauges,
pull running tool.
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5. RDMO SL
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Sketches and Procedures – Intervention

Pre Sketch Proposed Sketch
Procedure
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 2 7/8” 6.5 ppf API 1. MIRU SL

EUE N-80 tubing
2 7/8” 6.5 ppf API EUE N-80 tubing
2. Hold safety meeting. Make SSD at 7390’
 SSD at 7390’
gauge ring run to PBTD est. Model MJG packer set at 7400’
 Model MJG packer set
at 7400’ 7850’, send results to XN at 7405’
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 XN at 7405’ Engineering. Note any sand or Lock mandrel with pressure gauges hung
 WEG at 7410’ obstructions inside the tubing. off Feb 15 ‘17
 Perforations 7500’- 3. Make up lock mandrel with
7570’ MD. Note, top
WEG at 7410’
pressure gauges for XN Perforations 7500’-7570’ MD. Note, top
sand at 7500’, bottom
landing nipple at 7405’. sand at 7500’, bottom sand at 7610’.
sand at 7610’.
4. Run lock mandrel and set in
XN nipple, hang off gauges,
pull running tool.
5. RDMO SL
What is going to be
done?
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Sketches and Procedures – Workover

Pre Sketch 1. MIRU SL Proposed Sketch
2. Hold safety meeting. Make gauge ring run to PBTD
est. 7850’, send results to Engineering.
3. RDMO SL
5. Install BPV, remove tree, NU BOPs
6. TIH with open ended workstring, displace hole with
9.8 ppg KCL completion fluid.
Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’.
9.8 ppg fluid will provide a 222 psi OB.
7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes
8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and
conduct JSA. RIH and perforate 7500-7570’
(reference OH log dated Nov 9, 2016) with 4 5/8”
gun loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX
charges
9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if
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not, inform Engineering
10. Monitor hole conditions for 4 hours, report any fluid
loss or pressure build up
11. If well stable, TIH with completion string consisting
of MS WL reentry guide, XN landing nipple, model
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MJG mechanical retrievable packer, sliding side
door, and 2 7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set packer at 7400’.
12. MIRU SL, set plug in lower XN nipple, test tubing
to 5000 psi for 15 min. RDMO SL.
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14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and
flowlines, pull BPV, turn well over to Production
15. If required, use lease gas to rock well in, open on
16/64 ck.
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Sketches and Procedures – Workover

 2 3/8” 4.7 ppf J-55 tubing
 2 7/8” 6.5 ppf API est. 7850’, send results to Engineering.
 SSD at 7390’
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EUE N-80 tubing 3. RDMO SL

 Model XYZ packer set at 7150’
 SSD at 7390’ 4. If approval to proceed, MIRU completion rig
 XN at 7155’
 Model MJG packer 5. Install BPV, remove tree, NU BOPs
 WEG at 7160’
set at 7400’ 6. TIH with open ended workstring, displace hole with
 Perforations 7200 – 7230 MD.
 XN at 7405’ 9.8 ppg KCL completion fluid.
Note, top sand at 7200’, bottom
 WEG at 7410’ Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’.
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sand at 7230’.
 Perforations 7500’- 9.8 ppg fluid will provide a 222 psi OB.
 Cmt Retainer at 7400
7570’ MD. Note, top 7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes
 Perfs squeezed with cement
sand at 7500’, bottom 8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and
through cement retainer
sand at 7610’. conduct JSA. RIH and perforate 7500-7570’
 Perforations 7500’-7570’ MD.
(reference OH log dated Nov 9, 2016) with 4 5/8”
gun loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX
charges
9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if
not, inform Engineering
11. If well stable, TIH with completion string consisting
of MS WL reentry guide, XN landing nipple, model
MJG mechanical retrievable packer, sliding side
door, and 2 7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set packer at 7400’.
12. MIRU SL, set plug in lower XN nipple, test tubing
to 5000 psi for 15 min. RDMO SL.
14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and
flowlines, pull BPV, turn well over to Production
15. If required, use lease gas to rock well in, open on
16/64 ck.
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Morning Reports
Final Post Well Sketch Morning Reports
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 The work should go according to the
procedure
 There may be slight or major differences
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 There may be significant deviations
 The engineer will use the morning reports
to develop a final post well sketch
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Morning Reports
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Morning Reports
A report that the operations team
prepares daily, usually in the morning
(6 AM is a typical report time).
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These reports are industry standard.
Globally, every company uses
something similar. The format and
content may vary slightly, but all
contain similar information.
Reading these reports is important for
most disciplines and managers involved in
upstream activities.
What does your
company use
as a morning
report tool?
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Morning Report Example

This is an example of a morning report. These morning reports are fairly
standard in that much of this similar information is conveyed in a daily
completion or work over morning report. Your company’s format might be
slightly different.
The Well Information section
describes the well, where it is
located, the casing
configuration, and the report
date.
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The Contact Information
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section tells us about the rig
doing the work, and the
primary contact – the company
IG representative on site.
The Cost Information section
tells us about the costs – VERY
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IMPORTANT – what is the daily
cost, the cumulative cost, and
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the AFE cost (what was
planned).
The Daily Operations section
tells us about the daily
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operations – VERY IMPORTANT
– there is usually a summary, a
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forecast, and a 24‐hour detailed
log. We might find information
on fluids, pressures, and
incidents here as well.
The Perforations/Stimulation
Summary section has details of
perforation and stimulation –
not all reports have this
section, but it is common
among the UR community.

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Field Execution
Slick line Electric line

 Equipment used in
well completions and
workovers:
• Rigs
• Coiled Tubing Units
• Snubbing, or Hydraulic Coiled
Workover Units tubing units
Hydraulic
• Electric Line workover unit
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• Slick line
• Stand alone pumping
operations (bull
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Rigs
heading)
See Well Intervention Core.

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Pre Sketch 1. MIRU SL

Proposed Sketch
3. RDMO SL
N-80 tubing
Well left
with 10 5. Make bit and scraper run to PBTD
SSD at 7390’
6. TIH with open ended workstring, displace hole with 9.8 ppg KCL
ppg mud completion fluid.
in casing Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’. 9.8 ppg fluid will Model MJG
when provide a 222 psi OB. packer set at
drilling rig 7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes 7400’
moved off 8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and conduct JSA. RIH and
location. perforate 7500-7570’ (reference OH log dated Nov 9, 2016) with 4 5/8” gun XN at 7405’
loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX charges
9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if not, inform Engineering WEG at 7410’
10. Monitor hole conditions for 4 hours, report any fluid loss or pressure build
up
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Perforations
7500’-7570’
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over to Production
7” 32#/ft casing
run to 8000’ with
PBTD at 7850’
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Pre Sketch 1. MIRU SL

Proposed Sketch
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3. This
RDMOisSLthe proposed sketch. This is what the
N-80 tubing
Well left completion engineer wants to get to i.e., the
with 10 5. Make bit and scraper run to PBTD
SSD at 7390’
6. final state
TIH with openof theworkstring,
ended well. Theredisplaceishole
a lot
withof9.8 ppg KCL
ppg mud
engineering
completion fluid. that goes into this sketch; which is
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in casing Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at 7500’. 9.8 ppg fluid will Model MJG
when the overall subject of this module. Consider for
provide a 222 psi OB. packer set at
drilling rig 7. now several
Test casing to 5000questions:
psi for 15 minutes 7400’
moved off 8. MIRU Why perforate
EL unit, that safety
hold explosives interval?
meeting and conduct JSA. RIH and
XN at 7405’
location. perforate
Why 7500-7570’ (reference OH log dated Nov 9, 2016) with 4 5/8” gun
run that packer and that size tubing?
loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX charges
9. POOH Whywithrun
guns,tubing
check thatatallall?
shots have fired, if not, inform Engineering WEG at 7410’
10. Monitor
Whyhole just perforate,
conditions andreport
for 4 hours, notanyfrac
fluidorloss
gravel
or pressure build
up Perforations
pack?
7500’-7570’
over to Production
7” 32#/ft casing
run to 8000’ with
PBTD at 7850’
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Engineering Design Components
Completion Location Which zone? Multiple zones?
Primary Sand Face
Do we need sand control or fracturing?
Completion Method
Perforating Almost always required – how?
What equipment is needed for safety and flexibility –
Upper Completion Selection
over the well’s life
Based on reservoir inflow over the life of the well,
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Tubing Selection
rate, pressure, fluid composition
Needs to hold reservoir pressure and not damage (be
Completion Fluid
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compatible with) the reservoir
Consider your barriers (usually two required) at each
Barriers
stage of the operation
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What Engineering Went into this Procedure?

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Completion location
 Which zone or zones?
 Where are our target zones of interest?
 Is there just one zone of interest or are there
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more?
 How are we going to approach this completion
from the targets initially?
Typically, some combination of open hole well

logs and core data is used to help identify the
zones and determine the relevant properties.
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Primary Sand face

Lower Completion
completion method
Just run casing and perforate (a satisfactory option if the
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reservoir is consolidated and has reasonable permeability)
If the reservoir is unconsolidated, you may need to install
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some form of sand control
If the reservoir has very low permeability, you may need to
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3
fracture the reservoir
 In most cases, we will need to select our perforation
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strategy as part of this sand face completion – gun
type, shots per foot, etc.
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See the Sand Control Core and
Onshore Unconventional Well Completions Core
modules for more information.
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Barriers
 General requirement to have two barriers in place
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for any operation
 A barrier is used in place for any uncontrolled loss
of produced fluids leading to the environment
 Barriers change throughout completion/workover
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operations – this is different from drilling
operations where the two barriers (mud and the
BOPs) are fairly constant
Tubing
Packer
Christmas tree
Tubing and Packer
Sub‐surface safety valve
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Upper completion selection

Includes:
 Selection of the flowing conduit (usually up
through tubing with a packer installed, but not
Barrier always)
 Type of packer
 Selection of other equipment (in this example
the wireline reentry guide, the XN landing
nipple, and the sliding side door), and might
include others, including subsurface safety
Barrier
valves.
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 The selection of those components will Selection of
be based on a range of factors including components
safety and long‐term flexibility
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 Must select tubing size, grade, and
connections
 Requires analysis of Darcy’s Law
 Also look at pressures and the long‐term
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drive mechanism to determine the
optimum tubing
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 Select the metals and elastomers
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 Based on fluid components, pressure,
and temperature
 Select the completion fluid
Barrier
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 Always a clear brine, NOT drilling mud Selection of
Multiple factors: completion fluid
 Completion fluid must have sufficient
hydrostatic head from the density to
control the reservoir pressure at reservoir
depth
 Completion fluid must be able to control
the reservoir pressure while in the
completion phase
 Completion fluid must also be compatible
with the formation, both the rock and the
reservoir fluids.
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 If your well is capable of flowing Select a tree based on

naturally at pressure, then a tree pressure, and any corrosive
will need to be selected. fluids you may have.
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Learning Objectives
This section has covered the following learning objectives:

 Explain the work product of a completions engineer
 Describe an initial completion procedure and sketch
 Translate chronological steps from a procedure to a well sketch
 Recognize and describe morning reports
 Recognize the engineering that is required for developing a
procedure
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Back to Work
Suggestions
Design Process for
Completions and
Workovers Core  Find and review a completion procedure that
Leverage the skills you’ve has been done in the field.
learned by discussing the
 Find the procedure, the pre-sketch, the
skill module objectives
with your supervisor to
proposed sketch, the final sketch and the
develop a personalized morning reports.
plan to implement on the
 Review these documents, and discuss your
job. Some suggestions
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are provided.
review with a senior completions engineer.
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Design Process for

Completions and
Workovers Core
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Basis of Design
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Learning Objectives
This section will cover the following learning objectives:

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 Explain and provide an example of Basis of Design (BOD)

 Compare and contrast design and BOD
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Cooking Analogy – Introduce the Basis of Design
Basil chicken recipe
Marinate chicken for 4 hours in a blend of balsamic
Planned outcome vinegar, juice of 2 lemons including the lemon pieces,
olive oil, fresh rosemary, garlic, salt, pepper
Prepare basmati rice with sliced mushrooms
Prepare sautéed broccoli, olives, red bell peppers,
and green beans, add drizzle of soy sauce and splash
of sherry
Prepare salad of lettuce, fresh tomatoes, feta cheese,
and salad dressing of choice
Cook chicken in cast iron skillet, with lemon pieces,
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turning frequently until done, season with garlic, salt,
List of pepper
Process Recipe
ingredients
Place cast iron skillet with chicken in oven on warm
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with whole fresh basil leaves on top
Lightly wilt spinach in some of the juices from the
You may want to cast iron skillet
pause
PAUSE a moment to review
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with rice, vegetables, and salad
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Cooking Analogy – Introduce the Basis of Design

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A lot of
thinking
before cooking
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Cultural preference?
Taste preference?
Health?
Chicken on sale that day?
Taste?
Had pork the day before?
Equipment?
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Basis of Cooking
Design 1 Design 2
I'm having some new work I wanted beef for dinner, but it was
colleagues over for dinner, but I'm expensive and chicken was on
not sure about their cultural sale. Plus, I had pork last night.
preferences. Chicken is usually
My basil in the garden is ready to
safe (but they could be
pick, so I will include chicken basil
vegetarian!).
and lemon.
No luck frying chicken in a pan
I don’t like fried chicken—well, I do
because the last few attempts
but I can’t take the calories, and
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didn’t go so well. I don’t even have
how do I fry basil?
a fryer—don’t want to buy one
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because then I’d fry too much and No recipe required. I’ve done this
fried food is not that healthy. plenty of times. I just know what to
do. Now, where is that bottle of
The chicken needs an internal
temperature of 250°F. I’ll check it
with a thermometer at the end. I
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will plan for 6 oz. of chicken per
person, with two spare portions.
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I heard this recipe was good—

looks similar to one I’ve done
before, but I like the heavy use of
basil and lemon. This is an
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important dinner, so it needs be

right.
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These above two scenarios would be considered the basis of design for
this meal—the “why” behind the “what”. The recipe is not the why, just the
what. And again, please note that we have two very different BODs that
lead to the same dinner plate.
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Basis of Design
What is a Basis of Design (BOD)?
 The BOD is the “why” to the program’s

“what”
 BOD is all the things you (should)
consider when developing the
proposed sketch and the procedure/
equipment selection
 Many of these things you considered
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have significant uncertainty at the
Completion stage since this occurs at
the beginning of the well life
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 BOD is critical to document
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Design vs. Basis of Design
Why (Basis of
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What (Design)
Design)
1. Reservoir properties indicate

1. Run 3.5” tubing inflow is best handled by 3.5”
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2. Run 13 chrome tubing 2. Reservoir fluid analysis

3. Perforate at 8000’–8200’ shows CO2
4. Use Service Company X 3. Interpreted Petrophysical logs
for all equipment indicate the best “pay”
5. Install sand monitoring on 8000–8300’, but the reservoir
flow line drive is expected to be
water influx
4. Procurement has a sole source
contract with “X”
5. Geologic work suggests potential
for unconsolidated sandstone
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Example BoD for our Example Well

est. 7850’, send results to Engineering
3. RDMO SL  2 7/8” 6.5 ppf
4. If approval to proceed, MIRU completion rig API EUE N-80 tubing
5. Make bit and scraper run to PBTD  SSD at 7390’
6. TIH with open ended workstring, displace hole with  Model MJG packer set
9.8 ppg KCL completion fluid at 7400’
Well left with * Note: expected reservoir pressure is 3600 psi at  XN at 7405’
10 ppg mud in 7500’. 9.8 ppg fluid will provide a 222 psi OB  Lock mandrel with pressure
casing when 7. Test casing to 5000 psi for 15 minutes gauges hung off Feb 15 ‘17
drilling rig 8. MIRU EL unit, hold explosives safety meeting and  WEG at 7410’
moved off conduct JSA. RIH and perforate 7500–7570’  Perforations 7500’–7570’
location (reference OH log dated Nov 9, 2016) with 4 5/8” gun MD. Note: top sand at
loaded 6 spf, 60 deg phasing,32 gm RDX charges 7500’, bottom sand at 7610’
9. POOH with guns, check that all shots have fired, if not,
inform Engineering
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11. If well stable, TIH with completion string consisting of
MS WL reentry guide, XN landing nipple, model MJG
mechanical retrievable packer, sliding side door, and 2
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7/8” 6.5 #/ft tubing. Set packer at 7400’
 7” 32#/ft casing
12. MIRU SL, set plug in lower XN nipple, test tubing to
run to 8000’ with 5000 psi for 15 min. RDMO SL.
PBTD at 7850’ 13. Test backside to 5000 psi for 15 min.
14. Install BPV, ND BOPs, NU 5000 psi tree and flowlines,
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pull BPV, turn well over to Production
15. If required, use lease gas to rock well
in, open on 16/64 ck. You may want to PAUSE
pause a
to review the information.
moment
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Importance of BOD
 The Basis of Design is a critical document to facilitate long term
organizational learning. From the well sketch and procedure, it is
fairly easy to see WHAT was done, but it is very difficult to know why.
 The Basis of Design documents all the assumptions and data that
went into that design and provides the context for the design.
 Remember: You want to provide context around your decisions to

engineers that aren’t yet born—company standards will change,
regulations will change, technology will change.
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Back to Work
Suggestions
Design Process for
Completions and
Workovers Core
 Find and review a Basis of Design statement
Basis of Design used in your company for a recent
completion.
Leverage the skills you’ve  Discuss your review with a senior completions
learned by discussing the engineer.
skill module objectives
 Note, not all companies have these titled
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develop a personalized documents, if not, talk with a senior
plan to implement on the completions engineer about how the elements
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within a typical BoD are incorporated
are provided.
into your company’s work process.
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AFEs, AARs, CWOPS
Work Products
Before we begin our mid-module review, let’s review the typical work
products that a completion or workover engineer would perform or do in
most operating companies. These would include AFEs (or Authority for
Expenditures), AARs (After Action Reviews) and perhaps CWOPs
(Complete the Well on Paper). AFE is almost always done as part of
normal work product. AAR and CWOP are not always done on every well.
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AFE
 As part of the procedure, the completion engineer will almost always
prepare the expected cost. That cost, along with the expected
hydrocarbon rate from the well, oil or gas, will allow for the economic
justification for that work to proceed. As always, there are some
exceptions. Plug and abandonments need to be done for regulatory
requirements and, of course, any serious loss of barriers usually
requires a very quick workover. Even here, however, we’d like to
know the cost for planning purposes, even if there is no expected
profit from the work. For the majority of completion, workover or
intervention work, there is an economic justification to be done, and
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that requires us to know the cost, or the cost for general planning
purposes.
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 The cost estimate, prepared by the completion engineer, gets
formalized and approved by the appropriate level of management.
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That becomes then, the AFE, the authorization or authority for
expenditure.
 If it appears that the costs will go over what was expected, it may be
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required to complete a supplementary AFE (and have it approved by
the appropriate level of management).
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 Engineers usually prepare this estimate based on rig day rate costs,
time estimates, and estimates for all the products and services
required.
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AAR
It is generally a good idea to conduct formal after action reviews; usually on
wells where there is a significant difference between the plan and the
actual events. Or perhaps we would do this in the first five or ten wells of a
new development to capture learnings early on. When we see a large
difference between the plan and actual events, this could be for the better
or this could be for the worst. We might have had a so called train wreck on
the well and wish to delve deeply into the reasons behind that event. Or we
may have done a few things differently and saved significant time or cost
off the planned well. That’s also a very good situation to review and
document the reasons behind the positive outcome. Usually after action
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reviews are done in an open meeting format with representatives from
Operations, Engineering, and other involved parties including service
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companies present. They will review what happened after the action is
finished. This is documented and becomes part of the next well or wells
planning cycle.
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 Once a completion or workover is finished, it may have a formal “After
Action Review”.
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 This review is typically done on wells where there was a large
difference between the plan and the actual events, or perhaps in the
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early stages of a development to capture learnings.
 The review is usually done in a meeting format, with representatives

from Operations, Engineering, and other involved parties all present
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to Review what happened After the Action is finished.
 These AARs are documented and will become part of the next well’s
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planning cycle.
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CWOP
 Another planning method occasionally engaged in the completion
world would be a CWOP; i.e. Complete the Well on Paper. Please
note there is also a DWOP which is a Drilled Well on Paper exercise
for the drilling portion of the well. This occurs before the well is
completed, ideally with enough lead times such that any changes or
ideas that come out of the CWOP can be implemented on location
during the actual completion.
 The idea is to get all involved parties together, Engineering,

Operations, the rig contractor, all the service providers, and carefully
go through the planned completion procedures step by step. The
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assembled team is looking to leverage all the expertise in the room,
and ideally identify time savings, potential problems, develop
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contingencies, etc.
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 There is also a degree of team building in these events. If done
properly, the same people that are in the meeting will be directly
involved in the completion activities.
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 Not all wells will have the CWOP. These are saved for critical wells.
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Learning Objectives
This section has covered the following learning objective:

 Explain and provide and example of Basis of Design (BOD)
 Compare and contrast design and BOD
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Back to Work
Suggestions
Design Process for
Completions and
Workovers Core
 Find and review an AFE, AAR, and CWOP.
Basis of Design
 Discuss your review with a senior completions
engineer.
Leverage the skills you’ve
learned by discussing the
 Note, not all companies use all three of these
skill module objectives products. You should be able to find an AFE,
as these are very standard. If you do not find
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develop a personalized an AAR or CWOP, discuss the reasons why
plan to implement on the your company does not use them in
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your work process – who knows,
are provided.
maybe there is an opportunity
for improvement!
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Design Process for

Workover and Completions
Core
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Linkage to Management Systems
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Learning Objectives
This section will cover the following learning objective:
 Illustrate and explain the link between management systems

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and the engineering design process

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This is usually represented as a wheel

and comes from the work of Deming.
Project Management
Business Management
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Safety Management
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Quality Management
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The AAR, morning reports,
Basis of Design,
and the post sketch all feed
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Proposed Sketch, and
PLAN into the next PLAN (a
CWOP matches up
revised Basis of Design and
with the procedure
Proposed Sketch).
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Operations follows the
DO  Many companies actively
procedure
follow a Project Management
approach to well drilling and
Daily morning reports completions.
are reviewed by the  Several major service
CHECK Operations and companies have divisions
Engineering team that offer fully integrated
drilling and completion
package divisions, “total”
Immediate corrections packages, and these typically
may be made to the are built around the project
ACT well completion based management methodology.
on new data
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Learning Objectives
This section has covered the following learning objective:

 Illustrate and explain the link between management systems and
the engineering design process
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Key Terms Review

Well Sketches These may be pre-sketches, proposed sketches, or the
actual final sketch.
Procedures The chronologically ordered steps to get from the pre-

sketch to the proposed sketch. We have seen that
there is a considerable amount of engineering design
that goes into the proposed sketch and the associated
procedure, the “what”.
Morning Reports The daily reports that the operations team prepares to
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document their progress on location.
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Basis of Design The background considerations that went into the
Statements proposed sketch and the procedure, the “why” behind
the “what”.
Authority for
Expenditure (AFE)
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The estimated cost of a proposed completion of
workover program. This is built from an estimate of the
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time, daily cost (rig), plus all the equipment and
services.
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After Action Report A team-based report that discusses what happened

(AAR) during a completion or workover operation, usually with
the intent to learn from the event and minimize
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problems and maximize best practices in the next

well(s).
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Complete the Well A team-based activity that attempts to leverage all the
on Paper (CWOP) expertise available to improve the procedure or
operations BEFORE commencement on site.
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Design Process for

Completions and
Workovers Core
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Completion Design
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Learning Objectives
This section will cover the following learning objective:
 Identify the objectives of a completion

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 Identify and describe each aspect that is to be considered to

achieve the two objectives
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 Compare the different drive mechanisms
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Purpose of Completion Design

A completion is designed to do two things:
1. Economically optimize production over time

2. Control pressure/fluid path, reservoir to downstream choke
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 Allows for controlled flow from the reservoir to surface and to the primary
process facilities
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 Facilitates controlled re-entry according to site specifics

 Allows for artificial lift, if needed
 Allows for monitoring/diagnostic work
 Allows for “optimal” inflow from the primary target reservoir
 Designed for rock properties (permeability, consolidation)
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 Designed for expected fluids and pressures over the life of the well,
considering the reservoir and geology
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 Allows for future changes to the primary reservoir (pressure depletion,

increase in secondary phase)
 Includes provision for accessing secondary, tertiary, etc., targets
 Designed to handle all stress cases over the life of the well
 Incorporates input from procurement, finance, logistics, HR, service
companies, R&D
 Adheres to all internal and external regulations and specifications
 If injection is planned, designed to facilitate this change in the future
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Completion Objectives
Objective 1 – Maximize NPV
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The primary objective is to generate an economic return for the Company,

so that the Company can continue to exist, and invest in new opportunities.
Companies may define “economic return” differently, but one very common
measure would be the Net Present Value of a project.
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Looking at the chart, on the bottom axis is time, there is always some
elapsed time between a project identification and first production – this
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could be anything from time waiting on a rig to time to analyze seismic data
and acquire the lease. This time is usually measured in months to years.
After this upfront time has elapsed, we then usually have a period of
substantial investment, shown on the graph as negative money, or money
we are spending from our accounts. Again, this could be a single well, or it
could be a platform, and multiple wells. Either way, one aspect of the
petroleum industry is (typically) a large upfront investment is required
before we receive back any money in income from the production. We must
drill the well before we can put it on production!
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Looking at the graph and recognizing that our objective is to maximize the
net present value of the project over the life of the project, we can see there
are only four things we can do to impact the cumulative net present value.
1. We can do the project faster. Remember, we are interested in

maximizing the net present value, so anything we can do to get the
project online fast should result in a greater NPV. This is related to
inflation and is often termed “the time value of money”.
2. We can do the project for less cost. Lower cost and the same
revenue will clearly yield more net present value.
3. We can achieve a higher production rate; or in the case of our
unconventional wells, a higher initial production (IP). The more we
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make, the more we can sell and the more revenue. We also benefit
from the timing effects if we get the higher production and higher
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revenue earlier in the life of the field, again due to the time value of
money.
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4. And, we can produce for a longer period – extending production out
and therefore recovering more reserves and generating more
revenue.
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These four levers to NPV do not always work in exactly the same direction.
We may pay more for a larger frac job to substantially increase our initial
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production rate. We may choke back initial production rates to be able to

use an existing facility. The engineering team will usually consider many
economic scenarios to find the right balance between these four items that
results in the maximum NPV for the project.
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Examples
Let’s now directly relate this to a well completion with a few examples.
What can we do to speed up the time to a completion?

Good logistics can help here especially in remote areas – having the
anticipated equipment in country or at a nearby base can drastically
shorten the time to complete the well in certain locations. Good
procurement practices to arrange favorable frac dates can help in the
unconventional world.
What can we do to lower the cost of a completion?
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We can obviously get the best price for our equipment and services, and
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we can also use the most appropriate equipment. Very often the rig cost
is a significant portion of the overall cost, so anything we can do to
shorten the time to complete the well will help.
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What can we do to increase the production rate?
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This question links directly to our inflow and outflow equations, and
optimizing both. Minimizing completion damage will increase production
and ensuring that we have the right sized tubing can also maximize rate.
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What can we do to extend the productive life of the well?

Artificial lift would fit this category, as would any of our efforts to set up
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more than one zone in the initial completion, with dual completions, or
selective completions.
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Please keep this in mind as you go through this course. The first objective
will be to maximize the net present value of the project, or well completion
or workover. For every tool or process we discuss, think about how it
relates to this graph. If something does not seem to relate to any part of
this graph, then it should directly relate to our second objective.
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Objective 2 – Safety
HSE includes worker safety
on location (injury), worker
health (MSDS sheets/food
preparation), environmental
impacts (waste handling),
and control of pressurized
hydrocarbon fluids.
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 The second main objective is safety. Now safety, or the requirement
for safety, is present throughout the oil field. Included is worker safety,
injuries, worker health, MSDS sheets, materials safety data sheets,
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and even food preparation is important. Many rig sites around the
world have their own catering and food preparation directly impacts
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worker health.
 Also consider environmental impacts. This could be normal waste

handling of waste generated on location, such as, used drilling mud,
leftover cement, regular trash from the catering operations. But very
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significantly, we are concerned with the control of pressurized

hydrocarbon fluids. When control of these fluids is lost, this is often
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termed a blowout and this tends to have significant negative press.

Loss of control of energized hydrocarbons can then lead to loss of life
and significant environmental impact.
 These are the two primary considerations we will have on any of our
design decisions. Maximize our net present value and minimize,
reduce and eliminate any safety issue incidents. Profit and safety
underpin most of the design choices.
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Achieving the Objectives

To achieve the two objectives, below are aspects one must consider: The
geologic setting: Depth, pressure, temperature, permeability, consolidation,
grain size, clays, etc.
 Reservoir engineering: Including inflow equations, drive

mechanism, reserves/expected life, fluid types and composition.
 Petrophysics: You need the logs to show us fluid contacts, reservoir

layering, and the number of zones.
 Current well conditions: Cement quality in areas of interest, casing
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integrity, casing size, well deviation, equipment or “fish” currently in
the well.
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 Facilities: Including capacity for all fluids, including any sales
limitations.
 Regulations: Internal and external

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 Logistics/Location access: Where are you in the world and does
this somehow impact decisions? Can the location be accessed year-
round with any equipment you may desire?
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 Procurement: Do you have preferred vendors for certain products or

services?
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There are MANY items that should be considered in a completion design,

some relatively global, many local. Good completion design considers as
much as possible including, but not limited to, these items discussed here.
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Geologic Setting
Permeability
Permeability is king, even in

unconventionals. You must
understand permeability to
understand the potential inflow,
tubing sizes, as well as the
need for fracturing if the
permeability is too low.
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Clay content
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Needed for selecting
compatible completion fluids and stimulation fluids.
Grain sizes
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If gravel packing is required, you must know the formation grain sizes to
design the pack.
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Depth, Pressure, Temperature
This will be used in determining tubing strength requirements and

completion fluid density. The deeper the well, the more the tubing will
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weigh, and the more load on the top tubing joint. More pressure usually
means more rate, and potentially larger tubing. More pressure means more
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likelihood of burst, so again, tubing design. Temperature will impact

elastomer selection.
Consolidation
Right after permeability, you need to know something about the

consolidation of the rock. Younger rocks may be unconsolidated, and
grains of sand may be produced with the hydrocarbon. This can cause
erosion, and the completion may require sand control.
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Oil Inflow Equations

Below is an oil inflow equation, assuming drainage is a circle. There are
other equations for Gas and for different flow geometries (horizontal wells).
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Where:
= Rate
= Rate of oil
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= Permeability to oil in milidarcies
= Height of the reservoir in feet

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= Viscosity
= Formation volume factor

̅ = Average reservoir pressure
= Flowing bottomhole pressure

= Drainage radius
= Wellbore radius
= Skin factor
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Drive Mechanism Impact

You must also be aware of reservoir drive mechanisms while designing a
completion. Again, the completion is not something that is installed for the
well's capability to produce on day one. The completion should be there to
maximize the net present value over the life of the well. You must
understand with the help of your reservoir engineering colleagues what the
drive mechanism will do over time and how that may affect the completion
design. All reservoirs have some drive energy which will enable
hydrocarbon to be produced into the wellbore from the reservoir.
Several items need to be considered when reviewing the reservoir
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drive mechanism:
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 What will happen to pressure over time?
 What will happen to the ratio of gas/oil/water over time? (For an oil
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well, consider the gas/oil ratio and the water/oil ratio.)
 If the natural pressure will decline, are there plans to inject something
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(usually water, could be gas) to maintain pressure?
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Drive Mechanisms
 Generally, three main types of drive mechanisms are

considered active in the Petroleum Industry.
For Oil Reservoirs

• There may be a combination of
 Solution Gas Drive more than one type, and they
may have different
 Gas Cap Drive contributions to the overall drive
 Water Drive of the reservoir – weak vs.
strong water drive, for example
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For Gas Reservoirs
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 Depletion or Gas Expansion
 Water Drive
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Solution Gas Drive

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 Solution gas drive

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• The gas dissolved in oil

comes out of oil and
expands pushing the oil out
of the reservoir
Oil Zone
Liberated Gas
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Solution Gas Drive Performance
RESERVOIR
Pi PRESSURE
DAILY OIL PRODUCTION RATE

PRODUCING GAS-OIL RATIO
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
PRODUCING
Pb GAS-OIL RATIO
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Rsi
DAILY OIL
PRODUCTION RATE
TIME
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Idealized typical solution gas drive performance behavior.
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Gas Cap Drive Reservoir

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 Gas cap drive

C
• The free gas in the

reservoir expands and
pushes the
hydrocarbons out
Original GOC
Liberated Gas
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Gas Cap Drive Performance
RESERVOIR
Pi PRESSURE
PRODUCING
DAILY OIL PRODUCTION RATE GAS-OIL RATIO
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
Pb
T
Rsi
H
DAILY OIL
PRODUCTION RATE
TIME
IG
Idealized, typical gas cap drive performance behavior.
R
PY
Water Drive Reservoir

O
 Water (aquifer) drive

C
• The underlying aquifer

pushes the
hydrocarbons to the
surface
Oil Zone
Water-Invaded Zone
Original WOC
Water
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Strong Water Drive Performance
RESERVOIR
Pi PRESSURE
PRODUCING
DAILY WATER PRODUCTION RATE GAS-OIL RATIO
Rsi
DAILY OIL PRODUCTION RATE
DAILY OIL
Pb
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
PRODUCTION RATE
T
DAILY WATER
H
PRODUCTION RATE
Idealized, typical strong water drive performance behavior.

IGTIME
R
PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Fluid Composition and Reserves
Fluid Composition
In addition to understanding the reservoir drive mechanism, you will have to
learn about the fluid composition. This is a large area of study for reservoir
engineers. As completion engineers, we need to know if we will be
producing oil or gas.
► Gas finds possible leak paths much easier than oil, therefore, there is
a bigger concern with gas tight tubing connections, etc.
You need to know if there are any non-hydrocarbon components in the
T
fluids.
H
► Specifically, there is an interest in components that cause corrosion,
or enhanced HSE risks; CO2 and H2S, predominately. These two
IG
gases when combined with other fluids will have a corrosive effect on
your metals in the well, and you must select the metals to be able to
resist the corrosion from either CO2 or H2S. This is discussed further
in Completion Design Fundamentals module.
R
Reserves
PY
If tasked with optimizing the NPV of the well over the life of the well, you
will need to know the lifespan. This is directly related to the size of the
reservoir, the location of well in relation to any fluid contacts, and the drive
mechanism. Be aware of any other zones encountered in the well.
O
► Will this well produce one zone for 5 years?

► One zone for 25 years?
C
► Or will it produce 3 different zones (approximately 7 years per zone)

over a total of 21 years?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
The Petrophysical Scene
Formation
Evaluation
While
Reservoir
Drilling Wireline
Monitoring
Open hole logs:

 Resistivity Cased hole logs:
 Nuclear  Nuclear
Mudlog Core
 Acoustic  Production logs
data data
 Other
T
 Other
Corrections:
H
- invasion
- layering
- deviation
IG Interpretation models
incl. QC and Uncertainty
R
PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Factors of Completion
GAMMA RAY  Measures natural radiation – Gamma Rays
(API Units)  Identifies lithology (defines sand/shale boundaries)
 Works in open hole and in cased wells; this is one of the few
logs that can work through steel casing to identify formation
characteristics
Gamma ray helps us identify the sand packages (with porosity and
ideally some perm) from shale (think conventional shale, so
virtually no perm)
RESISTIVITY  Laterolog/Induction Log (Conductivity) Measures resistance

(Ohm – to induced current, formation water contains salt, salty water
does not resist the flow of electrical current, so low resistivity
Meters)
T
indicates water.
 Hydrocarbon contains low amounts of salt, so oil does resist
the flow of electrical current, so higher resistivity generally
H
indicates the presence of hydrocarbon.
Resistivity helps us determine if the sand contains water (salty
DENSITY 
IG
water) or hydrocarbon – note the sand might contain both, and
then we would have an identified hydrocarbon/water contact.
Measures back – scatter of imposed radiation – Gamma rays
Detects Lithology and ⌀
R
(DENSITY in 
Grams/cc) The Density and Neutron logs combined help us differentiate gas
from oil. Again, we might have both and, therefore, a gas/oil
PY
Compensated contact.
Formation Density
Log
NEUTRON  Tool measures amount of hydrogen in formation; porosity

derived
O
LOG
 The density and neutron tools combined can differentiate gas
Emit NEUTRONS; from oil in a hydrocarbon interval
detect Neutrons
C
ACOUSTIC or  Measures transit time of transmitted sound

SONIC  Measures ⌀
(Microseconds)  Used to also calculate certain rock properties useful for
fracture design.
The Density, Neutron, and Sonic logs can also give provide a measure of the
porosity, this is needed for determining reserves.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Effective Reservoir
Look at a few simple logs to calibrate your understanding and enable you
to digest how this information is used in completion design. By convention,
it is assumed that anything more than 50% sand in a conventional reservoir
would be considered part of your reservoir pay section. In the log below,
the 100% shale line is drawn on the right. On the left is the 100% sand or a
0% shale line, and we interpolate between the two of them, draw a 50%
shale line. Anything cleaner than the 50% shale line would be sand and
you would use in the calculations for reservoir thickness. You can see in
the adjacent image it is marked off in yellow.
T
H
IG
R
PY
O
C
Given the four most common logs, below is a brief example of an

analysis.
 On the left track is the gamma ray log, which shows the sand from
shale. As a reminder, the gamma ray responds to natural background
radiation in the sand or the shales. Shales have a much higher
natural background radiation than sands do. In this log, the scale at
the top goes from zero gamma ray units to 200 on the right. Moving
from the left to the right gets you more shale. The 50% or greater
sand line in the yellow is indicated.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 On the resistivity track, there is hydrocarbon in the top red section,

and salty water in the lower deep purple section. We mark off an oil-
water contact slightly above 1,820.
 On the density and neutron logs example in the middle, the crossover
of those two logs is identified on the top. This is an indication of the
gas zone, and a gas-oil contact can be marked at approximately
1,810. This one sand package on the left has within it all three fluid
phases. There is an oil-water contact, therefore you have gas at the
top, oil in the middle and water down below. This would drive the
completion strategy as we would generally wish to preserve the
reservoir energy of the gas and the water and produce only the oil
T
initially. We would place or target our perforations to just produce the
oil from the middle of this sand package.
H
IG
R
PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Current Well Conditions

You must have a good understanding of the current well conditions to
create the Pre-Sketch.
The following are of importance:
 The condition of the cement in your area of interest.
 Casing integrity:
o Is the casing new and successfully pressure tested?
o Is the well old (and undergoing a workover) where there is
concern about corrosion?
T
o Are there perforations to consider?
H
 Casing size/pressure rating:
o If a new well, you should have the right sized/rated casing for
IG
the intended completion but not always. In workovers that occur
years after the initial completion, the casing will need to be
assessed.
R
 Wellbore deviation may have an impact in your completion and needs
to be at least considered. Some tools might not go through areas of
PY
rapidly changing deviation or out into long segments of high

deviation.
 What is in the well currently?

O
o If a workover then there will be equipment from the original

completion (or prior workovers) that may need to be removed.
o If a new well, what type of fluid is in the well? Is this good
C
enough for our completion, or will we need to change it out?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Facilities
Facilities, in their most basic form, take
the production from a well, separate the
oil, water, and gas and route these three
streams appropriately (further treating,
sales, disposal, injection).
The equipment used for this separation
and routing is on the surface and is sized
for a given throughput. There may be
limitations in any one piece of equipment,
T
including disposal constraints or possibly
even sales (transportation) constraints.
H
In some parts of the United States, the
recent unconventional shale oil boom
placed a significant stress on local IG
infrastructure, and although there were wells that could produce oil, there
were no pipelines in place and getting the oil to market was a significant
R
logistical challenge.
PY
In addition, the gas was often flared in those areas, there was no local
market for gas. Gas is much harder to transport than oil and there was no
market, no ability to get the gas to market, so the gas was flared on
location.
O
 In a brand-new development, the facilities are designed to match the

expected output of the planned wells.
C
 Over time there may be more targets, or you may identify ways to
produce more hydrocarbon.
 Occasionally, there will be facilities restrictions on one or more
phases. Perhaps the reservoir water drive was stronger than planned
and water is being produced more than expected, or maybe, there is
more gas to handle.
 Check with the Facilities team to assess if there are any constraints
and remember most constraints are just a matter of money to
overcome. Keep in mind, the objective is to maximize NPV not to
minimize facilities expenses.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Logistics
Internationally, logistics may be a serious consideration for design
purposes. If you have started a project internationally, there may be a very
long lead time to get certain equipment into the country.
► Explosives for perforating, for instance, often must go through a
lengthy importation process. Sometimes, the best piece of equipment
to use is one that is already in the country.
In addition to general country set location and logistics, we have to

consider access to the location itself, even if the location is logistically close
to a main oil field service center.
T
► We can consider a small platform in the Gulf of Mexico being very
H
close to the entire Gulf of Mexico oil infrastructure but if the platform
is small enough, we may not be able to get equipment that we would
like to onto that platform.
IG
The same applies to remote jungle locations and perhaps even locations in
rocky areas of the mountains where it is expensive to clear that mountain
R
into a pad, and therefore, smaller pads are prevalent.
We may also have a weather window for doing work. This may be during
PY
the summer, this may be during the winter. It all depends on the location.
 Access to location: Is this location easily accessed year-round with
virtually any size/weight equipment?
O
 Do we have a size/weight limitation as on some small offshore

platforms or remote jungle (helicopter access) locations?
C
 Do we have a weather window for doing work?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Procurement
Good procurement serves a real purpose in maximizing NPV over the life
of the well. Good procurement is not just about lower direct cost but also
the correct introduction of technology, lower total cost, and long-term
support.
However, we must recognize that procurement is often a factor in well
design. Perhaps through first call or sole source contracts, or through other
involvement.
T
H
IG
R
PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Regulations
Regulations come in many forms, but we may broadly categorize these as
internal and external.
External regulations are usually from the local governing body, for
example, the state regulatory agency, OSHA, perhaps BSEE, or
internationally the local government agency.
► You should always know the local regulatory agency and be familiar
with how your company intends to remain current and comply with
regulations.
T
Internal regulations are from the Company. These often complement the
external regulations or translate external expectations into clear
H
requirements.
► Casing must be adequately pressure tested to test casing to 80% of
IG
the burst rating for 15 minutes and record on calibrated chart
recorder.
R
PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Other Factors
In some places, this has a significant impact on
operations and timing and perhaps the design itself.
There are some parts of the world where one cannot
work a part of the year during weather periods. In other
WEATHER
parts of the world, one may be able to work during
inclement weather periods. Perhaps we should plan
more time and therefore, more money in our cost
estimates.
When we talk about surface controlled sub surface
safety valves, we will consider the risk assessment to
T
SECURITY
determine if they are needed. Part of this risk
assessment should consider local security concerns.
H
Technical operating staff should always know the fiscal
FISCAL
REGIME
IG
regime under which they are operating. In some parts
of the world, contracts significantly favor CAPEX over
OPEX, and this can have an impact on design. It
comes back to maximizing the perceived value of the
R
asset.

PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
An Important Note on Unconventional Well Design

It was stated that conventional well completions are individually designed,
one at a time, starting from the log. The discussion so far in this module
follows a conventional completion process fairly well. We need to consider
the log, geology, fluid contacts; i.e. everything in each well's design.
Recently, unconventional completions are not typically individually

designed from the log up. They are geometrically designed. By that we
mean we will have perforation clusters 30 feet apart, with stages every
150 feet. We're going to do this from the toe of the well to the heel of the
well with no real regard for the logs.
T
Every well in the area will have the same simulation design. We will frack
each well the same, and after we do a certain number of wells; or a certain
H
period of time passes, we may do a review and we might adjust our overall
design for the next batch of wells. However, recently most unconventional
IG
wells are not individually designed from the logs up with individual frack
programs designed for each stage based on that well's rock properties at
that depth. This is a slight difference between unconventional and
R
conventional wells in 2017.
PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Module Review
Now we’ll go through a series of steps to summarize what has been
covered so far in this module. Consider geologic/reservoir parameters, rock
characteristics, fluid characteristics, well conditions and everything else into
the basis of design. This basis of design will then lead to your design, the
completion program, the completion sketch, the proposed sketch, and the
AFE.
You may complete a CWOP event to refine this design if you have sufficient
justification for the time and cost. Usually these are done on expensive,
critical wells.
Then, proceed to the location and work will get done on site through the
T
operations team. They will report their progress through daily morning
reports; which the engineering team will use to monitor and support the
H
operation, and to generate the post or final sketch. You can choose to do
an After Action Review to gather all of the learnings from this particular
IG
completion and feed those back into the “everything else” category that
goes into the basis of design for the next well. This category of “everything
else” and many of the concepts presented here will be reviewed next.
R
PY
O
C
These steps will be covered in more detail on the next pages.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Basis of Design Review
Geological Reservoir Parameters
For the geologic and reservoir parameters, there is a concern with the
geologic characteristics of this reservoirs size, shape and thickness. These
will all lead to a reserve estimate which can be used to estimate the time
this well will be on production, and how much fluid this well is expected to
produce or handle over its life. There is also a concern with the depth, the
temperature, the pressures, and other geologic items such as the trap type.
For continuity, some questions you may need to answer include, are there
variations of permeability across the field that might drive us to require
T
more wells with smaller tubing? Or is this an extremely well-connected field
where a few wells with large tubing would be sufficient?
H
You must have a good understanding of your production profile over time.
IG
Generally, you will need to work with the reservoir engineering team and
others to develop this profile. This will include the inflow equation, how fluid
is brought from the reservoir into the well, and the outflow equation. This
R
will be discussed further in the Completion Design Fundamentals
module. Again, we are not looking at this on day one of the well's life, but
PY
ideally, some idea of the production profile over the life of the well,
including changing fluid ratios. We must understand the reservoir drive
mechanism and how this will affect the production profile over time.
O
Geologic
Characteristics Continuity Productivity
Size Perm barriers Inflow equation
C
Shape Perm variations Outflow equation

Thickness-Reserves Continuity Profile over time
Depth
Temp
Pressure
Trap type
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Rock Characteristics
You need to have an understanding of the reservoir rock. Some questions
to ask are, Is this a sandstone or a carbonate? Where are the shale
barriers? How is the shale and sedimentary rock distributed, is it In layers
or In packages? Are there any scale forming contaminants, perhaps,
present in the rock? What type of clay do you have? What do they react
with? Is the rock well-cemented or loosely cemented? Unconsolidated with
a chance of sand production?
What is the porosity of the rock? The permeability? If this rock can or will
produce sand, you may need to consider sand control. Are there moveable
T
fines? Perhaps not the main rock grains themselves, but smaller fines may
move without moving the larger grains.
H
If you are going to install a gravel pack, you must understand the grain size
IG
distribution. Is the planned completion or simulation fluid compatible with
the rock? If discussing a fracture treatment, you will need to know min and
max stresses, their directions, Young's modulus, and perhaps other rock
R
properties.
PY
Lithological / Chemical Description
 Sedimentary  Porosity
o Sandstone  Permeability
o Carbonate  Relative Perm
O
 Shale Barriers  Consolidation

 Shale/Sedimentary  Moveable fines
C
 Distribution  Grain size distribution

 Contaminants  Wettability
o Scale forming  Compatibility with
 Clay content planned completion /
stimulation fluids
o Clay types
o Reactivity  Min/max stresses and
directions
 Cementation
 Young’s modulus
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Fluid Characteristics
Some questions to answer in order to better understand the fluid present
are, do you have oil, gas or water? What is the density, or perhaps gravity?
What is the viscosity? What is the formation volume factor? Do you have
any bubble or dew points? What are the saturations of these fluids in the
zones of interest? Are there any contacts that we wish to stay away from in
our perforating design?
On the chemical properties of the fluids, what's the total composition? We

can use this to perhaps estimate a tendency to form wax in the wellbore.
We are certainly concerned with corrosive agents such as H2S and CO2.
T
Are the fluids in the reservoir rock compatible with their planned completion
or stimulation fluids?
H
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
 Oil, Gas, Water

o Density/Gravity
IG  Total composition
 Wax content
o Viscosity
R
 Asphaltenes
o B (formation volume
factor)  Corrosive agents
PY
o Pb (bubble point, dew o H2S

point) o CO2
 Saturations  Compatibility with planned
 Contact levels completion/stimulation fluids
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Well Conditions
The current well conditions should be taken into consideration. If this is the
initial completion, the current well conditions should be straight-forward.
However, if this is a workover, you may be looking at a well that has been
in existence for 40 years. You must understand the casing integrity, the
cement in the new zone of interest and the cement quality. Is the ideal
casing size available to you? Or is there a need to scale down the
completion to fit into an existing wellbore? What are the pressure ratings of
the casing? Are there any existing perforations?
Directional surveys will need to be reviewed for high angle sections, and
T
this then considered as part of the overall design. If there is equipment in
the well, find out what type of equipment, and how old it is. Take into
H
consideration a piece of equipment that has been in the well for 50 years
and if it has to be pulled out because it may cause some operational
IG
constraints. Do you cut tubing and leave the rest in the well? Are there any
identified fish in the well? And what fluids are currently in the well?
R
Casing/Cement Deviation Well Status
 Cement quality  Directional survey  Type of equipment

PY
 Casing integrity  Doglegs  Age of equipment

 Casing size  High angle  Condition of
 Casing pressure sections equipment
O
ratings  Remove or leave

 Perforations  Fish
C
 Fluid
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Everything Else
Finally, there is a catch all category that is broken down roughly into 4 sub
areas. The first are technical factors – consider facilities, capacity, export
capacity, workover, or re-entry considerations. Can you get on this well
easily? Is there anything you wish to monitor? Procurement would fall into
this category. Added here is all of the offset data from other wells and any
previously done after action reviews. That would all feed into the basis of
design.
On regulatory considerations, we must contemplate current HSE Health

Safety Environment Standards. How will you dispose of any produced
T
water? How will you handle any gas? Do you flare it, or do you sell all the
produced gas? Will you commingle zones? You will see this more in a
H
future module, along with a discussion about the commingling requirements
generally in place around the world. Who is the local regulatory agency and
IG
how do you contact them? How do you get the right permits for the work
that will be done? What are the internal regulations? Is there a certain
manual we're supposed to follow, or do we have internal regulations
R
scattered throughout the organization?
PY
Let's consider our local political and economic system, particularly if

working internationally. Consider the contract type, taxation, production
sharing, royalties, and work commitments? Occasionally, oil companies will
have a commitment to drill a certain number of wells in a certain timeframe.
O
This commitment has to be balanced out with logistics, rig availability, sand
so forth.
C
There may be employment requirements for local national staff, or you may
have incentives to do certain things faster. Are there any security issues?
Where are the local hydrocarbon markets? Also consider items related to
the environment or the location such as weather and infrastructure. Will this
development cause significant local impact that has to be managed? Is
there access to the site year-round or only during certain weather seasons?
How big is the location and are there other considerations to take? Lastly,
how will we manage the logistics?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Technical Factors Regulatory Considerations
 Facilities capacity / Export  HSE standards

capacity
 Disposal of H2O
 Workover / Re-entry  Gas handling-flaring
considerations
 Commingling
 Monitoring
 Regulatory agency
 Procurement
Offset data into BoDAARs into BoD
 Internal regulations
T
Political / Economic System Environmental / Location
H
 Contract Type  Weather
 Taxation  Infrastructure
 Production sharing
 Royalties
IG  Local impact
 Access
 Commitments o Weather
R
 Employment o Location size
o Location other
 Incentives
PY
 Event risk
 Markets
 Logistics
 Security
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Completion/ Workover Design
Program Design
Equipment Design and Selection
and Selection
Sandface Completion Ancillary Equip. Essential Equip.

• Sand Control
• Frac Tubing/ connection
• Acid 1. Flexibility Wellhead/ tree
Perforating Method Subsurface safety
Wireline nipples
Completion Fluid systems
Circulating devices
Packer
Chemical injection
T
mandrels
Artificial lift
H
2. Durability
Flow couplings
See Design Fundamentals

for more information the design phase.
IG
Tubing seals
Blast joints
Sand Control Equip
R
PY
O
C
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
Learning Objectives
This section has covered the following learning objectives:

 Identify the objectives of a completion
 Identify and describe each aspect that is to be considered to
achieve the two objectives
 Compare the different drive mechanisms
T
H
IG
R
PY
PetroAcademyTM Completions and Workovers
 Onshore Conventional Well Completion Core

O
 Design Process for Completions and Workovers Core

 Perforating Core
C
 Onshore Unconventional Well Completion Core

 Sand Control Core
 Hydraulic Fracturing
 Design Fundamentals
 Well Completion Fundamentals
 Formation Damage and Matrix Stimulation Core
 Flow Assurance and Production Chemistry Core
 Production Problem Diagnosis Core
 Well Intervention Core
 Workover Fundamentals
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Design Process For Completion and Workovers

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Design Process For Completion and Workovers

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Design Process for Completion and Workovers Core

Design Process for

This section will cover the following learning objectives:

 Explain the work product of a completions engineer

 Recognize and describe morning reports

Work Product of a Completions Engineer

Work Product of a Completions Engineer

1 Engineering team develops the procedure

Work Product of a Completions Engineer

Work Product of a Completions Engineer

3 Work is documented through a series of morning reports

Work Product of a Completions Engineer

Work Product of a Completions Engineer

5 Engineer uses morning reports to complete final

Completions, Workovers, Interventions

Sketches and Procedures – Initial Completion

Sketches and Procedures – Initial Completion

send results to Engineering.

completion fluid. N-80 tubing

Sketches and Procedures – Initial Completion

Sketches and Procedures: Terminology

Sketches and Procedures

Pre-sketch 1. MIRU SL Proposed Sketch

Sketches and Procedures – Intervention

Sketches and Procedures – Intervention

 2 7/8” 6.5 ppf API 1. MIRU SL

Sketches and Procedures – Workover

Sketches and Procedures – Workover

EUE N-80 tubing 3. RDMO SL

Morning Report Example

Slick line Electric line

See Well Intervention Core.

Sketches and Procedures

Pre Sketch 1. MIRU SL

Sketches and Procedures

Pre Sketch 1. MIRU SL

to Engineering. ppf API EUE

Engineering Design Components

Perforating Almost always required – how?

What Engineering Went into this Procedure?

Typically, some combination of open hole well

What Engineering Went into this Procedure?

Primary Sand face

What Engineering Went into this Procedure?

What Engineering Went into this Procedure?

Upper completion selection

What Engineering Went into this Procedure?

What Engineering Went into this Procedure?

 If your well is capable of flowing Select a tree based on

This section has covered the following learning objectives:

Design Process for

This section will cover the following learning objectives:

 Explain and provide an example of Basis of Design (BOD)

Cooking Analogy – Introduce the Basis of Design

Cooking Analogy – Introduce the Basis of Design

I heard this recipe was good—

important dinner, so it needs be

What is a Basis of Design (BOD)?

 The BOD is the “why” to the program’s

Design vs. Basis of Design

1. Reservoir properties indicate

2. Run 13 chrome tubing 2. Reservoir fluid analysis

Example BoD for our Example Well