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CE1.5 Process Principles: Cork Institute of Technology
CE1.5 Process Principles: Cork Institute of Technology
Summer 2006
CE1.5 Process Principles
(Time: 3 Hours)
Examiners: Mr. I. O Sullivan
Prof. L. Kershenbaum
Mr. D. O Connor
Instructions
Answer FOUR questions.
All questions carry equal marks.
Q1
(a)
In an article on measuring flow from pipes, the author calculated Q = 41 m3/s using the
formula
Q = CA1
2gV(p1 p 2 )
1 A1
A2
Where
Q = volumetric flowrate, m3/s
C = dimensionless coefficient, 0.6
A1 = area (2 m2)
A2`= area (5 m2)
V = specific volume, 10-3 m3/kg
P = pressure; (p1 p2) is 50 kPa
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
Was the calculation correct? Answer yes or no and briefly explain your answer.
(5 Marks)
(b)
A cylindrical rod of Silica (SiO2) is heated to its melting point and a cylindrical thread
of silica 0.125 mm is drawn from the melt. By careful control of the temperature and
the tension on the string being drawn, long cylindrical threads of uniform diameter can
be obtained to make optical fibres.
(i) Calculate how much fibre (in km) can be drawn from one cylindrical rod of silica
1.0m in length and 2.5 cm in diameter. Also estimate the mass if the specific
gravity of silica is 2.25.
(5 Marks)
(ii) Before optical fibre is used, it is typically covered with a thin protective coating of
a polymer with density 1,740 kg/m3. How much polymer (kg) is needed to coat the
entire fibre?
(5 Marks)
(c)
(ii)
(iii)
140
(iv)
500
298
-40
(5 Marks)
(d)
Figure Q1(d)
(5 Marks)
Q2
(a)
(b)
(20 Marks)
Q3
(a)
A sample of natural gas taken at 3500 kPa absolute and 120 C is separated by
chromatography at standard conditions. It was found by calculation that the grams of
each component in the gas were
Component
(g)
Methane (CH4)
100
Ethane (C2H6)
240
Propane
150
(C3
H8)
Nitrogen (N2)
50
Total
540
Figure Q3(a)
Figure Q3(b)
(13 Marks)
(b)
The pressure gauge on an O2 cylinder stored outside at 0 F in the winter reads 1375
psia. By weighing the cylinder (whose volume is 6.7 ft3 you find that the net mass, that
is, the mass of the O2 is 63.9 lb.
Using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state determine whether the pressure reading is
correct.
a
^
0.5
V b T V V + b
2 2.5
R TC
a = 0.42748
pc
p=
RT
b = 0.08664
RTc
pc
a ^
RT = p + 2 V b
^
2 2
27 R TC
a =
64 pc
1 RT
b= c
8 pc
(12 marks)
Q4
(a)
For each of the conditions of temperature and pressure listed below for water, state
whether the water is in the solid phase, the liquid phase, the saturated state or in the
superheated state. Use the steam tables attached to this paper to assist in your
determinations.
State
P (kPa)
T (K)
v (m3/kg)
2000
475
1000
500
0.2206
101.3
200
245.6
400
0.7308
1000
453.06
0.001127
200
393.38
0.8857
(6 marks)
(b)
A vessel that has a volume of 0.35 m3 contains 2 kg of a mixture of liquid water and
water vapour at equilibrium with a pressure of 450 kPa. What is the quality of the water
vapour?
Hint:
(c)
1000 m3 of air saturated with water vapour at 30 C and 99.0 kPa is cooled to 14 C and
compressed to 133 kPa. How many kg of water will condense out?
(11 marks)
Q5
(a)
In the final stages of the industrial production of penicillin, air enters a dryer having a
dry bulb temperature of 34 C and a wet bulb temperature of 17 C. This moist air
flows over the penicillin at a pressure of 1 atm and a flowrate of 4500 m3/hr. 68.2 kg of
the penicillin/water feed is placed in the dryer at 34C with a moisture content of 80%
(of total mass) and leaves the dryer with a moisture content of 71.4%.
Calculate the outlet dry bulb temperature of the air assuming that adiabatic drying
occurs.
(15 marks)
(b)
Air is being compressed from 100 kPa and 255K (where it has an enthalpy of
489 kJ/kg) to 1000 kPa and 278 K (where it has an enthalpy of 509 kJ/kg).
The exit velocity of the air from the compressor is 60 m/s.
What is the power required (in kW) for the compressor if the load is 100 kg/hr?
Hint: Assume that the inlet air flowrate is negligible.
(10 marks)
Figure Q5(a)
Q6
(a)
Hv 1 1
p*
log10 1* =
p 2 2.303R T2 T1
(10 marks)
(b)
Determine the enthalpy change when 1 gmol of SO2 gas is cooled from 538 C to 101
C at a pressure of 1 atm.
Data:
Boiling point:
Melting point:
-5 C
-75.5 C
24940 J/gmol
7401 J/gmol
1.28 J/gmolC
0.958 J/gmolC
(8 marks)
(c)
In a fluidised bed gasification system you are asked to find out the heat of formation of
a solid sludge of composition C5H2 from the following data.
H kJ/gmol
C(s) + O2(g) CO (g)
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
-110.4 kJ/gmolC
-394.1 kJ/gmolC
-241.8 kJ/gmolH2
-283.7 kJ/gmolCO
-38.4 kJ/gmolH2O
-2110.5 kJ/gmolC5H2
+43.911 kJ/gmolH2O
(7 marks)
10
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