REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

CAVITE CAMPUS
Carlos Q. Trinidad Avenue, Salawag, Dasmariñas City, Cavite, Philippines
Telefax: (046) 416-4920
Email: cavite@tup.edu.ph │ Website: www.tup.edu.ph

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES

MODULE IN PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS

UNIT 3.

ELASTICITY

Prepared by:
DARIUS L. FAJARDO
Faculty, DMS
January 12, 2020

TUPC-F-OQA-DCG-14 ØØ (11.19.18)
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
CAVITE CAMPUS
Carlos Q. Trinidad Avenue, Salawag, Dasmariñas City, Cavite, Philippines
Telefax: (046) 416-4920
Email: cavite@tup.edu.ph │ Website: www.tup.edu.ph

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES

Table of Contents

Specific Objectives 1
3.1 DESCRIBING SOLIDS 1
3.2 ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 2
3.3 YOUNG’S MODULUS: ELASTICITY IN LENGTH 2
3.4 SHEAR MODULUS: ELASTICITY OF SHAPE 3
3.5 BULK MODULUS: VOLUME ELASTICITY 5
Additional Readings 6
References 6
Assessment 6
Tools 6
Deadlines 6

TUPC-F-OQA-DCG-14 ØØ (11.19.18)
Module in Physics for Engineering Technologists
Revision no. 01
Effectivity: January 13, 2020

This module belongs to:

Name

________________________________________

Course/Year

________________________________________ • External forces can be applied to the solid

and compress the material. When the
Teacher force is removed, the solid returns to its
original shape and size.
________________________________________ • Elasticity is the ability of a solid material
to return to its original shape and size
when the external forces are removed.
UNIT 3 3.1.2 Types of Solid Structure
ELASTICITY
• Crystalline Solid consists of orderly
Week/s active: 6–7 structured atoms.
Inclusive days: 12 – 14 • Salt (NaCl) is an example of crystalline
solid.
Dates active: ___________________ o Small spheres represent Na+ ions
o Big spheres represent Cl- ions

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter the student should be
able to:
1. Describe properties of solids;
2. Solve problems involving elasticity in
length;
3. Solve problems involving elasticity in
shape; and
4. Solve problems involving volume
elasticity.
• Amorphous Solids consist of randomly-
arranged atoms
3.1 DESCRIBING SOLIDS

3.1.1 Properties of Solids

• Solid is a state of matter having definite

volume and shape.
• Its molecules are held in specific locations
by electrical forces.
• It is modeled as spring connecting
molecules
1
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Unit 3: Elasticity
Module in Physics for Engineering Technologists
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Effectivity: January 13, 2020
3.2 ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
3.2.1 Deformation of Solid
• All objects are deformable
• It is possible to change the shape or size
(or both) of an object through the
application of external forces
• When the forces are removed, the object
tends to its original shape
• Stress S is a quantity that is proportional
to the force causing a deformation; more
specifically, stress is the external force
acting on an object per unit cross-
sectional area.
• The result of a stress is strain 𝝐𝝐, which is a
measure of the degree of deformation. It
is found that, for sufficiently small
stresses, stress is proportional to strain;
the constant of proportionality depends
on the material being deformed and on
the nature of the deformation. We call
this proportionality constant the elastic
modulus. The elastic modulus is therefore
defined as the ratio of the stress to the
resulting strain:
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 =
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
• There are three types of deformation and
define an elastic modulus for each:
1. Young’s modulus Y measures the
resistance of a solid to a change in its
length.
2. Shear modulus measures the
resistance to motion of the planes
within a solid parallel to each other.
3. Bulk modulus measures the
resistance of solids or liquids to
changes in their volume.
Unit 3: Elasticity
3.3 YOUNG’S MODULUS: ELASTICITY IN LENGTH
3.3.1 Tensile Stress
• Consider a long bar of cross-sectional
area A and initial length Li that is clamped
at one end.
• When an external force F is applied
perpendicular to the cross section,
internal molecular forces in the bar resist
distortion (“stretching”), but the bar
reaches an equilibrium situation in which
its final length Lf is greater than Li and in
which the external force is exactly
balanced by the internal forces.
• We define the tensile stress S as the ratio
of the magnitude of the external force F
to the cross-sectional area A, where the
cross section is perpendicular to the force
vector.
𝑭𝑭
𝑺𝑺 =
𝑨𝑨
3.3.2 Tensile Strain
• The tensile strain 𝝐𝝐 in this case is defined
as the ratio of the change in length ∆L to
the original length Li.
∆𝑳𝑳
𝝐𝝐 =
𝑳𝑳𝒊𝒊
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3.3.3 Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

• We define Young’s modulus Y by a

combination of these two ratios:

𝑺𝑺 𝑭𝑭𝑳𝑳𝒊𝒊
𝒀𝒀 = =
𝝐𝝐 𝑨𝑨 ∆𝑳𝑳
Where:
S – stress, Pa
F – force, N
A – Area, m2
∆L – deformation, m ; ∆L = L f – L i
L i – initial or original length, m
𝜖𝜖 – strain (no unit) • As the stress is increased even further,
Y – young’s modulus of elasticity, Pa the material ultimately breaks.

3.4 SHEAR MODULUS: ELASTICITY OF SHAPE

3.4.1 Shear Stress

• Another type of deformation occurs when

an object is subjected to a force parallel
to one of its faces while the opposite face
is held fixed by another force. The stress
in this case is called a shear stress S.
• We define the shear stress S as the ratio
of the tangential force F to the area A of
the face being sheared.
3.3.4 Elastic Behavior Graph
𝑭𝑭
• For relatively small stresses, the bar 𝑺𝑺 =
𝑨𝑨
returns to its initial length when the force
is removed. The elastic limit of a
substance is defined as the maximum
stress that can be applied to the
substance before it becomes permanently
deformed and does not return to its initial
length.
• It is possible to exceed the elastic limit of
a substance by applying a sufficiently
large stress as seen in the figure below.
Initially, a stress-versus strain curve is a
straight line. As the stress increases,
however, the curve is no longer a straight
line. When the stress exceeds the elastic
limit, the object is permanently distorted
and does not return to its original shape
3

after the stress is removed.

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Unit 3: Elasticity
Module in Physics for Engineering Technologists
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Effectivity: January 13, 2020

3.4.2 Shear Strain 3.4.4 Shear Strain in bolts

• If the object is originally a rectangular • Shearing a bolt

block, a shear stress results in a shape
whose cross section is a parallelogram.
• The shear strain 𝝐𝝐 is defined as:

∆𝒙𝒙
𝝐𝝐 =
𝒉𝒉
Where:
∆x – horizontal distance that the sheared face
moves
h – height of the object

3.4.3 Shear Modulus of Elasticity 𝑺𝑺 =

𝑭𝑭
(Single shear)
𝑨𝑨

• We define Shear modulus S m by a 𝑭𝑭

𝑺𝑺 = (Double shear)
combination of these two ratios: 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨 = 𝑫𝑫
𝟒𝟒
𝑺𝑺 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 Where:
𝑺𝑺𝒎𝒎 = =
𝝐𝝐 𝑨𝑨 ∆𝒙𝒙 S – shear stress, Pa
A – cross-sectional area of bolt, m2
D – diameter of bolt, m

• Punching a hole in a plate

𝑭𝑭 𝑭𝑭
𝑺𝑺 = =
𝑨𝑨 𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅

Where:
S – shear stress, Pa
A – circumferential area, m2
D – diameter of hole, m
t – thickness of plate, m
4
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Effectivity: January 13, 2020

3.5.3 Bulk Modulus

• Bulk modulus B is defined as the ratio of

3.5 BULK MODULUS: VOLUME ELASTICITY volume strain and volume strain.

3.5.1 Volume Stress ∆𝑷𝑷 ∆𝑭𝑭𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊

𝑩𝑩 = =
𝝐𝝐 𝑨𝑨 ∆𝑽𝑽

• The volume stress (or change in pressure)

∆P is defined as the ratio of the
magnitude of the total force F exerted on
a surface to the area A of the surface
which cause change in volume of the
object.

∆𝑭𝑭
∆𝑷𝑷 =
𝑨𝑨

3.5.4 Sample Problem – Deformation of Solid

1. Assume Young’s modulus for bone is 1.50

x 1010 Pa. The bone breaks if stress
greater than 1.50 x 108 N/m2 is imposed
on it. (a) What is the maximum force that
can be exerted on the femur bone in the
leg if it has a minimum effective diameter
of 2.50 cm? (b) If this much force is
applied compressively, by how much does
3.5.2 Volume Stress the 25.0-cm-long bone shorten?

• The volume strain 𝝐𝝐 is equal to the 2. A rectangular copper bar of dimension L =

change in volume ∆V divided by the 10 cm, W = 5 cm and H = cm experienced
initial volume Vi. 10,000 N of opposite force parallel to the
plane of L and W at both upper and
bottom surfaces. Determine the sheared
∆𝑽𝑽 distance of the upper surface relative to
𝝐𝝐 =
𝑽𝑽𝒊𝒊 the bottom surface.

3. (a) Determine the force to single shear a

steel bolt of diameter 2 cm. (b) If this
force is applied to a bolt subjected to
double shear, determine the shear stress
developed in the bolt.
5
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Unit 3: Elasticity
Module in Physics for Engineering Technologists
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4. A puncher of diameter 3-mm punched a Quiz no. 3

piece of 2-mm thick metal plate. The Date:
puncher exerted a force 471,239 N. What _____________________________________
material is the plate?

5. A solid brass sphere is initially surrounded

by air, and the air pressure exerted on it is
1.0 x 105 N/m2 (normal atmospheric
pressure). The sphere is lowered into the
ocean to a depth where the pressure is
2.0 x 107 N/m2. The volume of the sphere
in air is 0.50 m3. By how much does this
volume change once the sphere is
submerged?

ADDITIONAL READINGS

• Any Physics books specially in the

reference list

REFERENCES

1. Serway and Vuille (2012), College Physics, 9th

Edition, Cengage Learning
2. Serway and Jewett (2014), Physics for
Scientists and Engineers, 9th Edition, Brooks/
Cole Cengage Learning
3. Microsoft Student with Encarta Premium 2009
DVD

ASSESSMENT

1. Reflective reading (KWL chart)

2. Problem set no. 3
3. Quiz no. 3

Tools:
1. Modules
2. Power point

Deadlines:

Reflective reading no. 3 (KWL Chart)

Date:
_____________________________________

Problem set no. 3

Date:
6

_____________________________________
Page

Unit 3: Elasticity
 1

Problem Set no. 7 Elasticity

Name: _____________________________________________ Seat no.: _____ Score: __________/

Course/Year/Sec: _____________Sem. /S.Y.: ___________ Instructor: _______________________________
Date Started: _________________ Date Finished: _________________Date Submitted: _________________

Directions
1. Write the solution to each question on separate short bond paper. Follow the format as explained by
your teacher.
2. Summarize all your answers on the “Summary of Answers” section provided.

Summary of Answers

1. ______________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________ ______________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________________________________

9. ______________________________________________________________________________
 2

Problems

1. A 200-kg load is hung on a wire of length 4.00 m, cross-sectional area 0.200 x 10 – 4 m2, and Young’s
modulus 8.00 x 1010 N/m2. What is its increase in length?

2. A steel wire of diameter 1 mm can support a tension of 0.2 kN. A steel cable to support a tension of
20 kN should have diameter of what order of magnitude?

3. The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench, about 11 km deep, in the Pacific. The
pressure at this depth is huge, about 1.13 x 108 Pa. (a) Calculate the change in volume of 1.00 m3 of
seawater carried from the surface to this deepest point. (b) The density of seawater at the surface is
1.03 x 103 kg/m3. Find its density at the bottom. (c) Explain whether or when it is a good
approximation to think of water as incompressible. [Hint: Although the volume of 1 m3 has changed
its mass remains constant.]

4. A child slides across a floor in a pair of rubber-soled shoes. The friction force acting on each foot is
20.0 N. The footprint area of each shoe sole is 14.0 cm2, and the thickness of each sole is 5.00 mm.
Find the horizontal distance by which the upper and lower surfaces of each sole are offset. The shear
modulus of the rubber is 3.00 MN/m2.

5. Assume if the shear stress in steel exceeds about 4.00 x 108 Pa, the steel ruptures. Determine the
shearing force necessary to (a) shear a steel bolt 1.00 cm in diameter and (b) punch a 1.00-cm-
diameter hole in a steel plate 0.500 cm thick.