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Boilers
A steam generator or boiler is, usually, a closed vessel made of steel. Its
function is to transfer the heat produced by the combustion of fuel (solid,
liquid or gaseous) to water, and ultimately to generate steam.
Uses of steam
a) Power generation Mechanical work or electric power may be generated by
expanding steam in the steam engine or steam turbine.
b) Heating The steam is utilized for heating the residential and industrial
buildings in cold weather and for producing hot waters for hot water supply.
c) Utilization of steam for industrial processes such as for bleaching in textile
industries. Steam is also used in many other industries like sugar mills and
chemical industries.
d) Cooking: making south Indian idli and gujrati dhokla.
f) Sterilization: An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in
microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization.
g) Agricultural use: In agriculture, steam is used for soil sterilization to
avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health.
Classification of boilers
1. Fire tube and water tube, 2. Internally fired
and externally fired, 3. Vertical, horizontal and
inclined, 4. Stationary and portable, 5. Single
tube and multiple tube, 6. High pressure and
low pressure, 7. Forced Circulation and Natural
Circulation, 8. According to the source of fuel
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Fire door
Chose one
Water tube
externally fired
This is low but can be
both
Horizontal
Generally Stationary
Multiple tubes
Natural circulation
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Cochran boiler
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Classify Cochran
classification
Fire tube or Water tube
Internally or externally fired
Low pressure or high
pressure
Horizontal or vertical
Stationary or portable
Single tube or Multiple
tubes
Forced circulation or
natural circulation
Chose one
Fire tube
Internally fired
Low pressure
Vertical
Portable
Multiple tubes
Natural circulation
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To Chimney
water
Steam
Steam
water
Air
Boiler Super
heater
Fuel
Ash
Air
Feed pump
Economizer
Flue
Gases
Flue
Gases
Economizer
Safety valve
Pressure gauge
Steam stop valve
Super heater
Air
To engine etc
Flue Gases
Air
preheater
Flue
Gases
Accessory
Mounting
Mounting
Mounting
Accessory
Types of safety
valves
(SV = safety valve)
1. Dead weight SV
2. Lever SV
3. Spring Loaded
SV
Accessory (sometimes
4. High steamcan be referred as
Low water SV
mounting also)
Location of safety
Mounting
valve: Located
Mounting
above the
Mounting
steam space in
the boiler
Mounting
Mounting
Air preheater
Accessory
Feed pump
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Water level
indicator or
water gauge.
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Feed check
valve:
Installed
between the
feed pump
and the water
space of the
boiler shell
10
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Air preheater
11
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Sudgens superheater
S.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Particulars
Fire tube
Water tube
Example
What is inside tubes
Internal or external
fired
Operating pressure
Cochran
Fire
Internal
Upto 16
bar
low
No
Yes
lesser
Difficult
higher
Simple
Rate if steam
generation
Suitability for Large
plants
Risk of bursting
Construction ease
high
12
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S. No. Particulars
Fire tube
Water tube
9.
Floor area
10.
Transpiration difficult
easy
11.
Shell
diameter
12
Chances of
explosion
Less
more
13.
14.
Accessibility
of various
parts
More necessary
More easily
accessible
13