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    Action potentials in a neuron, where the first part of the axon is triggered by a stimulus and responds in transmitting millivolts across the cell membrane, rise and fall at a constant pace (all or nothing) toxins effect on action potentials, and cranial nerve and reflex action potential.

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    Action potentials in a neuron, where the first part of the axon is triggered by a stimulus and responds in transmitting millivolts across the cell membrane, rise and fall at a constant pace (all or nothing) toxins effect on action potentials, and cranial nerve and reflex action potential.

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    35 views3 pages

    Nervoussystemlabreport

    Uploaded by

    api-296683192
    Action potentials in a neuron, where the first part of the axon is triggered by a stimulus and responds in transmitting millivolts across the cell membrane, rise and fall at a constant pace (all or nothing) toxins effect on action potentials, and cranial nerve and reflex action potential.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    CarinaCervantes

    NervousSystemLabReport

    Thislabreportwillincludeactionpotentialsalsoknownasimpulses,toxinseffecton
    actionpotentials,andcranialnerveandreflexactionpotential.Actionpotentialsina
    multipolarneuron,wherethefirstpartoftheaxonistriggeredbyastimulusand
    respondsintransmittingmillivoltsacrossthecellmembrane,riseandfallataconstant
    pace(allornothing).Depolarizationisthereductionofamembranesrestingpotential
    sothatthemembranebecomeslessnegative.Repolarizationisthestateintheaction
    potentialprocessthatreturnsmembranepotentialbacktoitsnegativevoltageafterthe
    depolarizationprocesshasoccurredbyselectivelyopeningandclosingofthe
    potassiumchannelsonthecellmembrane.Theperiodwhenaxonscantbestimulated
    togenerateanewactionpotentialiscalledtherefractoryperiodwhichlimitsimpulsesto
    anaverageof100persecond.Thefollowingfigureswilladdressnervoussystemaction
    potentialsstudies.

    Figure1:ActionPotentialGraph

    Animal

    Toxin

    Effects

    BlackWidowSpider

    Maculotoxin

    BlocksSodiumChannel

    Krait

    Latrotoxin

    EnhancesAcetylcholinetobe
    Release

    BlueRingedOctopus

    Bungarotoxin

    BlocksAcetylcholine

    Scorpion

    Tetrodotoxin

    BlocksSodiumChannels

    ConeSnail

    Apamin

    BlocksPotassiumChannels

    Pufferfish

    Charybdotoxin

    BlocksPotassiumChannels

    Bee

    Conotoxin

    Itisblockedbydifferentchannels

    Figure2:Toxinsandtheeffects.

    CranialNerves

    Function:

    Olfactorybulb

    Ithasasenseofsmell.

    OpticNerve

    Isapairednervethattransmitsvisualinformationfromtheretina
    tothebrain.

    OculomotorNerve

    Enablesmostmovementsoftheeyeandthatmakesitraisethe
    eyelidup.

    TrochlearNerve

    Isamotornervethatinnervatesasinglemuscleatatime.

    TrigeminalNerve

    Itisresponsibleforthesensationofthefaceanditmotorsthe
    functionstomakeyouchewandbite.

    FacialNerve

    Taste.

    GlossopharyngealNerve

    Amixednervethatcarriesafferentsensory.

    AccessoryNerve

    Nervethatcontrolsthesternocleidomastoidandtrapezius
    muscles.

    AbducensNerve

    Asomaticnervethatcontrolsasinglemuscleinahuman.

    VestibulocochlearNerve

    TransmitsSound.

    VagusNerve

    Sensoryfibersconductimpulsesfromthepharynx,larynx,
    esophagus,andvisceraofthethoraxandabdomen.

    HypoglossalNerve

    Motorsfiberconductsimpulsestomusclesthatmovethetongue.

    Figure3:Whatthenervesareandhowtheyfunction.

    Test

    LeftResults

    RightResults

    Biceps

    ++

    ++

    Triceps

    +++

    ++

    Brachioradialis

    +++

    ++

    Hoffmans

    +++

    ++

    Patellar

    ++

    ++

    Achilles

    ++

    +++

    Babinski

    ++

    +++

    CrossedExtensor

    ++

    +++

    ++

    Glabellar

    Figure4:Inthefigureabove,itisshowingmanyreactionsbeingtestedindifferent
    ways.Itisshowinghowthereceptorsarebeingfunctioned.

    Figure5:ThisisadrawingoftheReflexArc.Areflexisaninvoluntaryresponsetothestimulus.
    Reflexionswhichareusuallydescribedasflexion,extension,andpronation.Potassiumand
    sodiumaretravelingthroughoutthecellmembranes.

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