Molecule Madness

Mason Finnell
1. An ionic bond is a bond that happens between a positively charged ion and
a negatively charged ion. An example of an ionic bond is when sodium
loses an electron to chloride and the sodium atom becomes a positively
charged ion while the chloride atom becomes a negatively charged ion.
When both atoms bond, this becomes an ionic bond.
A covalent bond occurs when two electrons attract to each other and
share electrons. This happens when neither atom can attract electrons
from the other. An example of a covalent bond is Methane.
The difference between a polar and nonpolar covalent bond is the
electronegativity and electron sharing between the molecules.
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a
bonding pair of electrons. A nonpolar covalent bond is the equal sharing of
the bonding electron pair between two molecules of the same
electronegativity. A polar covalent bond occurs between two molecules of
different electronegativity; therefore they dont share electrons with each
other.
2. Water forms hydrogen bonds between its molecules because of the Van
der Waals force and polarity acting upon them. Also, because water has a
lopsided charge, it tries to bond with other water molecules near it. This
creates chains of water molecules bonding with each other, which
eventually creates visible water.
One water molecule can hydrogen-bond to four other water
molecules.

Properties of water:
comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
polar molecule
bonds to other water molecules
If cooled enough, can form crystal lattice structures (ice)

 has two positive charges and one negative charge

Water dissolves sodium chloride because the water molecules attach to the
positive and negative ions in salt. When the water molecules slowly pull the
ions away from the lattice structure, the salt particles eventually dissolve.
After the sodium chloride dissolves, the only thing left in the solution is
water molecules that are attached to either the positive sodium ion or water
molecules that are attached to the negative chloride ion.

4.
Strong HCl- 0-0.9
Chicken- 6.4-6.7
Baking Soda- 8.9-9.9
Distilled water- 7
Oven cleaner- 12.9-13.9
Digestive juices- 0.9-1.9
Urine- 4.5-8
Tomatoes- 4.1-4.9
Seawater- 7.9-8.4
5. I figured out the formulas by putting the element with its respective
number of atoms next to it. The rules I used were to put the atom numbers
in order from Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and R.
6.

Type of
Molecule

Elements

Monomers
(subunits)

General
structure
(description

Function

Specific
Examples

or diagrams)
Carbohydrate
s

C,H,O

monosacchar
ides

carbon,
hydrogen,
and oxygen
attached to
each other
(number of
carbon atoms
varies)

to provide
brown rice,
energy for the beans, whole
body
wheat bread

Lipids

C,H,O
(H to O ratio
greater than
2:1)

glycerol &
fatty acids

hydrocarbon
chain; the
head of the
molecule is a
carboxyl
group

chemical
messengers,
storage and
provision of
energy

Proteins

C, H, O, N,
amino acids

amino acids

amino acids
to do most of
linked
the work in
together by
cells
peptide
bonds to form
a peptide
chain

meats, eggs,
tree nuts

Nucleic Acids

C,H,O,N,P,S,
Se

nucleotides

DNA and
RNA linked in
a chain
through
phosphodiest
er bonds

DNA and
RNA

make up
genetic
information in
living things

animal fat