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Topic2
QUESTIONSHEET1
(a)(i)B
11
(ii)D
11
(iii)C
11
(b) +
2
2
(c)(i)isotopes
11
(ii)differentnumbersofneutrons
11
TOTAL/7
QUESTIONSHEET2
(a)alpharadiationwouldnotbeabletopassthroughthecardboard1
(b)gammaradiationwouldnotbesignificantlyreduced
11
(c)radiationdetecteddrops
11
hopperstops/closes
11
signalgoestomotor/conveyerbelt/operator
11
nextboxmovesunderhopper
11
Note:Apopulartypeofquestion.Avariationofthisisthemonitoringofthicknessofmetalsheets
astheyarerolledout.(seequestion6)
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TOTAL/6
QUESTIONSHEET3
(a)negativeparticles/electrons
11
embeddedinpositivelychargedpudding
11
(b)anyfivefrom
mostalphaparticlesarenotdeflected/passstraightthrough
so,atommostlyemptyspace/coremustbetiny
a
few
alpha
particles
deflect
strongly
alphaparticlesarepositivelycharged
likechargesrepeleachother
so,positivechargeatcentre
55
(c)largenucleusbombardedwithneutrons
11
nucleussplitsintwo
11
moreneutronsreleased
11
largeamountofenergyreleased
11
Note:Iftheneutronsreleasedfromthesplittingofanucleusbombardothernuclei,
achainreactionresults.Acontrolledchainreactionoccursinanuclearreactor.
TOTAL/11
QUESTIONSHEET4
(a)timetakenforhalfatomspresenttodecay
11
(b)(i)13hours
11
(ii)280countspermin(+/5)
11
(c)(i)0.01g
11
Note:39hoursisthreehalflives.Tofindtheanswer,halvethemassthreetimes.
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Topic2
(ii)somehasbeenmetabolised/bodyhasexcretedsome1
(d)(i)halflifetoolongsocoulddamagebody
11
somebetaradiationabsorbedbybodytissue,sonotall
couldbedetectedfromoutside
11
(ii)
+
22
TOTAL/9
QUESTIONSHEET5
(a)marksforeachoffollowing.Totalroundedup
protonsneutrons
Rn86134
Na1113
P1517
Sr3852
C68
55
(b)(i)C/carbon
11
(ii)P/phosphorus
11
TOTAL/7
QUESTIONSHEET6
(a)GeigerMuller/GMtube
http://www.sciwebhop.net/sci_web/physics/gcse/qb/radioactivity_answers.htm
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Topic2
11
(b)GMtubedetectsradiation
11
ifsheettoothick,lessradiationgetsthrough
11
ifsheettoothin,toomuchradiationgetsthrough1
pressurecontroladjusted
11
dependingonamountofradiationdetected
11
(c)alpharadiationwouldnotpassthroughmetalsheet1
TOTAL/7
QUESTIONSHEET7
(a)(i)carbon14/C14/14C/
11
(ii)carbonpresentinalllivingmaterials/
thosewhichwereliving
11
(b)(i)presenttime/now/today
11
(ii)4200years(+/200years)
11
(iii)80countsperminute(+/5cpm)
11
(iv)5700years(+/200years)
11
(c)organicmatterwouldhavedecayedaway
11
toolittleC14leftinsample
11
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TOTAL/8
QUESTIONSHEET8
(a)(i)neutron
11
(ii)showeachuraniumnucleussplittinginto2smallernuclei
and2furtherneutronsproduced
11
(iii)chainreaction
11
(iv)heat/heatenergy
11
(b)(i)heats/boilswater
11
steamdrivesturbinetogenerateelectricity
11
(ii)providesradiationshield/stopsradiationescaping/
absorbsradiationformreactor
11
(iii)toslowdownchainreaction/absorbneutrons/
slowdownnuclearfission
11
TOTAL/8
QUESTIONSHEET9
(a)nucleus
11
neutrons/protons
11
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Topic2
protons/neutrons(differentfrompreviousanswer)1
electrons
11
(b)random
11
emission
11
ofradiation
11
from(atomic)nucleus
11
Note:Theonlyatomthatdoesnothaveneutronsinitsnucleusishydrogen.
Whenanatomemitsradiationitgivesoutalphaorbetaparticlesorlosesenergy
(gammaradiation).Thisisarandomprocessyoucantpredictexactlywhenitwillhappen.
TOTAL/8
QUESTIONSHEET10
(a)2protons+2neutrons
11
betanegative
22
electromagneticradiationspeedoflightzero3
(b)aneutroninthenucleus
11
becomesaproton+electron
11
theelectronisemitted
11
Note:Itisacommonmistaketothinkthatsinceabetaparticleisanelectron,itmustbeanorbitalelectron.
TOTAL/9
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Topic2
QUESTIONSHEET11
(a)filmdetectsamountofradiationtowhichworkerexposed1
(b)(i)GeigerMuller/GMtube
11
(ii)atomgains/loses
11
electrons
11
andbecomesnegatively/positivelycharged
11
Note: Radiation ionises atoms/molecules in materials through which it passes. This can happen in living cells and
damagethem.Thereareannuallimitsontheamountofradiationtowhichaworkerintheindustryshouldbeexposed.
TOTAL/5
QUESTIONSHEET12
(a)radioactiveemissionisarandomprocess/notconstant1
thereforecountratesvary
11
(b)87+92+81+84+80
5
11
=84.8countspersec
11
(Theunitsarenotessentialastheyaregiveninthetable)
(c)(i)backgroundradiation
11
(ii)lower
11
Note:Tomeasurethetrueactivityofasource,thebackgroundradiationshouldbemeasuredandsubtractedfromthe
averagecountrateforthesource.
TOTAL/6
QUESTIONSHEET13
(a)radiotherapy
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Topic2
11
(b)gamma
11
(c)asingle(strong)beamwoulddamagehealthycells1
asingleweakbeamwouldnotkillcancerouscells1
threeweakbeamscombinetogether
11
tokillcancerouscells/leavehealthycellsundamaged1
Note:Alpha and beta radiation would not be suitable as they would be absorbed before reaching the tumour and so
damagehealthytissue.
TOTAL/6
QUESTIONSHEET14
(a)(i)15countspermin/cpm
11
(ii)cosmicrays/buildingmaterials/industrialpollution/
bombtests/smokealarms
11
(b)436countsperminute/cpm
11
(c)beta/radiation
11
(d)(i)halflife
11
(ii)halflifeislongerthanlengthofexperiment/
halftheatomscouldnotdecayonceduringexperiment2
(e)usetongs/keepsourceawayfrombody/
donottrytoopencontainer/keepinleadlinedcontainer/
replaceinlockedcupboardwhenfinished
21
TOTAL/9
QUESTIONSHEET15
(a)(i)
%
background
radiation
http://www.sciwebhop.net/sci_web/physics/gcse/qb/radioactivity_answers.htm
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Topic2
dose
Xray
source
deductonemarkforeachincorrectbartomaximumof44
(ii)5
11
(iii)anytwofrom
damagegenes
deformedbabies
cancer
burnstissues
22
(b)twofrom
protectiveclothing
remotecontrolequipment
wearfilmbadgetomonitordose
22
TOTAL/9
QUESTIONSHEET16
(a)(i)alphaarrowasfaraspaper,butnotbeyond
11
betaarrowasfarasaluminium,butnotbeyond
11
gammaarrowasfaraslead(allowsmallamountbeyond)1
(ii)
alpha
&
beta
beams
deflected/moved/bent1
gammabeamnotaffected
11
(iii)alpha&betaarebeams/streams/currentsofchargedparticles1
theseareaffectedbymagneticfields
11
(b)(i)concrete/leadlinedconcrete
11
(ii)distance/staysasfarawayaspossible/useremotecontrol1
TOTAL/8
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Topic2
QUESTIONSHEET17
(a)Twofrom
candamage(living)cells/causemutation
cancausecancer
canburnflesh
cankillcells
22
(b)alpha/
11
lesslikelytoreachlivingcells
11
(c)equipmentexposedtoradioactivesource
11
radioactivitykillsbacteria/microorganisms
11
Note:Betaandgammaradiationcanreachinternaltissuesandbeabsorbed.
TOTAL/6
QUESTIONSHEET18
(a)uranium/plutonium
11
(b)(i)AblowntoUK
11
Bsettlesongrass
11
Ccowsproducemilk
11
(ii)kill/damageplants/
http://www.sciwebhop.net/sci_web/physics/gcse/qb/radioactivity_answers.htm
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Topic2
kill/damageanimals/
damagewatersupplies
22
(iii)radiationlevelremainshighforthousandsofyears
1
TOTAL/7
QUESTIONSHEET19
(a)(i)
Unitsof
radiation
peryear
Area
deductonemarkforeachincorrectbartomaximumof33
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Topic2
(ii)NorthYorkshire
11
(iii)productsofradioactivematerialsinrocks/
givenoutwhenradioactivematerialsinrocksdecay1
(b)60/6
11
=10
11
TOTAL/7
QUESTIONSHEET20
(a)anytwofrom
ground/air/buildingmaterials/foodspace
22
(b)(i)Twofrom
dangerouswasteproduced
wind&waveenergyshouldbedeveloped
Wasteneedstobestoredforthousandsofyears
radiationmayleakout
22
(ii)Twofrom
fossilfuelsarerunningoutalternativeneeded
radiationlittlecomparedtobackground
chancesofaccidentsverysmall
verylittlefuelneededtoproducemuchenergy2
(c)Twofrom
Xrays
treatmentofcancers
tracingpassageofbloodorurinethroughorgans
sterilisinginstruments
22
TOTAL/8
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