ENERGY SAVING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

ECE4100 INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT

GROUP B1
SAVE CORPORATION
TAYSEER MOHAMMED HASAN (1011746)
NUSAIBAH BINTI ZAWAWI (1121162)
NURUL NAJWA BINTI KHAMIS (1126458)
NURUL EZZAH BINTI ROSDIN (1218468)
FARHAH FAKHIRA BINTI SUHNI@HUSNI (1123594)

SUPERVISED BY
DR. KHAIRUL AZAMI BIN SIDEK

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
MAY 2015

RESULT OF TURN IT IN

ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the energy demand is increasing due to the rapid growth of population. This is
a serious problem since it gives a big impact to the environment. Therefore, we are
proposing a system that can save the energy with best performance. In this project, we used
PIR sensor which is a sensor that can detect a movement and temperature sensor with
Arduino, both of the sensors will play a main role in this project. When there are people in
a room, all the electrical system will be functioning otherwise it will automatically turn off
whereas the temperature sensor controls the fan and air conditioning based on the room
temperature. If the temperature is above 27C, the air conditioning will automatically turn
on while below 27C, the fan is used. These utilities can be saved by implementing our
proposed system.

ii

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this report contains only work completed by members of our group
except for information obtained in a legitimate way from literature, company, or university
sources. All information from these other sources has been duly referenced and
acknowledged in accordance with the university policy on plagiarism. The next page
shows the first page of Turnitin Report which is below 25% of similarity index.
Furthermore, we declare that in completing the project, the individual group members had
the following responsibilities and contributed in the following proportions to the final
outcomes of the project:

Name

Matric
Responsibility
No
Mohammed 1011746

Tayseer
Hassan
Nusaibah Binti Zawawi
Nurul Ezzah Binti
Rosdin
Nurul Najwa Binti
Khamis
Farhah Fakhira Binti
Suhni@Husni

1121162
1218468
1126458
1123594

iii

%
Signature
Contributed

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we praise the Almighty Allah for giving us the chance and
strength to complete this project.
Secondly, it was the great privilege to work under our qualified supervisors and we
especially would like to convey our sincerest gratitude to our supervisor, Dr.Khairul Azami
Bin Sidek for his constant supervision, support and encouragement for conducting our
project. This project has been success because of his support, encouragement, and
invaluable suggestion.
Next, our appreciation and thanks also go to our course coordinator, Dr. Amelia
Azman Wong for her support, insightful advice, comments on our work, and invaluable
assistance.
Last but not least, our parents who have supported us throughout of our lives and
guided us to the right path. We also want to thanks to the fellow classmates and colleagues
who willing to work together and assists us at various circumstances.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii
Declaration............................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 1
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. 4
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................ 6
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Background.6
1.2 Motivation...6
1.3 Problem statement...7
1.4 Objectives8
1.5 Methodology...8
1.6 Limitation and Assumptions...9
1.7 Report outline.9
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 10
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 10
2.1 Introduction.10
2.2 Research done in UMP Lecture Halls.11
2.3 Research done Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Chennai, India.12
2.4 Summary.14
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................ 15
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Introduction.15
3.2 Component lists..16
3.2.1 Arduino UNO..16
3.2.2 PIR sensor17
3.2.3 LED lights....17
3.2.4 Humidity and temperature sensor18
3.2.5 DC motors....18
3.2.6 Relay18

3.2.7 Rechargeable battery19

3.3 Software used..19
3.4 Workflow20
3.5 Methodology...21
3.5.1 Gantt chart21
3.5.2 Method purpose22
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................... 25
ANALYSIS AND RESULT .................................................................................... 25
4.1 Introduction.25
4.2 Performance measure..25
4.3 Economically analysis.27
4.4 Ethical, health and safety analysis...28
4.5 Environment and sustainability analysis.29
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................ 31
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................................................................ 31
5.1 Conclusion..31
5.2 Future work.31
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 32
APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................... 33
THE OVERALL CODING ..................................................................................... 33
APPENDIX B .......................................................................................................... 37
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES .............................................................................. 37

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1

Potential Energy savings 11

Table 2.2

Results of energy saved after using the system. 13

Table 3.1

Equipment lists and its specifications.......... 16

Table 4.1

Cost of product.. 27

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1

Arduino UNO 16

Figure 3.2

PIR sensor. 17

Figure 3.3

LED lights. 17

Figure 3.4

DHT11 Humidity and temperature sensor.... 18

Figure 3.5

DC motors. 18

Figure 3.6

Relay. 18

Figure 3.7

Rechargeable battery. 19

Figure 3.8

Flow chart the projects steps.. 20

Figure 3.9

Gantt chart 21

Figure 3.10

The first part of coding for all components22

Figure 3.11

The second part of coding for all components.. 22

Figure 3.12

The third part of coding for all components. 23

Figure 3.13

The fourth part of coding for all components... 23

Figure 3.14

The output when PIR sensor detect any movement.. 24

Figure 4.1

The chart shows the number of people answered the questions 26

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
Nowadays, most of the people do not realize that they have consumed too much
energy that can give bad effects to us. Conserving energy is not just about saving on our
electricity cost. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
state that, given the current trends, energy related emissions will increase by 70 percent by
2050. It can cause the acceleration of the negative consequences of climate change,
including higher temperatures and a rise in the frequency of extreme weather.
The most often we do in our daily life is we keep devices plugged in and running
when they are not in use, besides that, we leave our room without switch off the electrical
system, the result is an increase in electrical use. This causes an increase in our carbon
footprint. Therefore, in this project, we will develop a technology that can save the
electrical energy and also help to save the cost of electrical expenses that is called energy
saving electrical control systems.

1.2 MOTIVATION
Lately, the energy usage in our daily life keeps increasing because of the
negligence of people. Most of people are not taking any consideration about the serious
negative effects of wasting so much energy to themselves and to the environment.
Therefore, our company not only aims to produce a low cost product but to spread the
awareness of conserving energy among people by providing them the energy saving
electrical system.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

When looking for ways to save money and energy, we might not think to
look into home automation. In the past, the term smart home conjured up images of
expensive home improvements and high-tech gadgets. However, with the emergence of
new wireless technology and more companies providing these products, these systems are
now more affordable than ever. Additionally, they do not require any major renovations to
our home and will actually start saving us money and energy on our utilities costs. In fact,
the savings well realize in just a few years can pay for our whole smart home system.

Motion sensors can control the lights and appliances in our home. This will help
lower utility costs by ensuring the lights, air conditioners or fans are turned off when no
one is in the room. This way the unoccupied rooms and areas are not being cooled or
lighted unnecessarily. Motion sensors in the room can start up and stop our heating and
cooling system to decrease the amount of wasted energy. Thus, we arent paying for the
energy that is normally consumed when lights and appliances are mistakenly left on while
you are not home. Moreover, being aware of the optimal times to run our electrical
appliances can save us a bundle. We can set power timers to run appliances like air
conditioners and exhaust fans at optimal times, and have them automatically turned off at
set times to avoid wasted energy.

In this project, motion sensors are used to detect the presence of a person so that if
the person in the room, the light, air condition or fan will be switched on, otherwise, after a
specific time every appliance will be switched off.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are:

To conserve energy with low cost and affordable system.

To learn how to construct a smart system using basic components like PIR
sensors, temperature sensors and Arduino.

To spread awareness of conserving energy among people through this product.

1.5 METHODOLOGY
There are few steps that have been made in order to produce our product successfully.
1. Project planning
The first thing is done in this step is doing some research about the topic and
collecting some information. Then, the components needed for constructing the
product are decided.
2. System development
When all components are fetched and ready to be used, we started constructing the
circuit in three steps. The first step is constructing the circuit by connecting all
components and proceeds with the coding. Then, the second step is testing the
circuit and modifying if needed. Lastly, designing the prototype and attaching the
circuit.
3. Furnishing
In this stage, other requirements like conducting a survey, generating website, and
writing user manual are done.
4. Writing report

1.6 LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS

This system is like any other system which has its limitations. One of these
limitations is that it cant be applied and installed in halls or big rooms since the range of
coverage for PIR sensor is limited. The other limitation of PIR sensor is that it has low
sensitivity as it detects the movement of the object after some delay.
There are a couple of factors that have been assumed and overlooked due to lack of
resources and time. Firstly, we assumed the room has stable and constant temperature
which is 27C. If the temperature sensor senses more than this temperature, the airconditioner will be turned on. The other assumption, PIR sensor is placed above the table
which people usually sit. So, it will detect the movement of people.

1.7 REPORT OUTLINE

In this report, there are five main chapters which include all information about this
project. The first chapter includes introduction of the project, problem statement,
objectives, motivation, methodology and report outline. Chapter two discusses the
literature review. Chapter three explains about the design and implementation of the
project. Chapter four elaborates on the performance of the product, economical and ethical
issues. The last chapter concludes this report and also future works.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Energy saving, in any system, deals with the minimization of energy wastage. To
achieve this, the efficiency of the individual components and processes of the system needs
to be improved. Automatic control refers to any controlling mechanism which does not
require any human intervention. These two aspects are addressed, to some extent, in this
project. Since everybody cares much on minimization of the energy usage, there are lots of
papers and researches explaining different methods to achieve this concept and that helped
us improving our project by referring to them.
In order to save electrical energy consumption in one room, we can install small
sensor to control the light, fan and air conditioner. Take one example of a room which is
the lecturers room. As we know, electrical consumption in one big university can reach
millions of Ringgit per year. With the help of little invention from this sensor, at least it
can help to reduce and save the electrical energy.
Based on a research done in 1997, the energy savings potential by installing sensors
in rooms are able to save energy calculated as in Table 2.1.

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Table 2.1 Potential Energy Savings.

Space Type

Saving Potential All

Savings Potential

Savings Potential

Hours

Normal Hours

After Hours

Restroom

64%

20%

44%

Conference Room

52%

29%

23%

Private Office

40%

27%

13%

Break Room

30%

16%

14%

Classroom

60%

26%

34%

2.2 RESEARCH DONE IN UMP LECTURE HALLS

One of the researches was held in University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) by
(NORHA, 2008) which stated that electricity is the one of the important energy in human
life. The usage of electricity in this world is increasing because we do not have the
awareness of the importance of electricity. This is the reason of the increasing cost of
managing, conserving and distributing. This problem also occurs in all university in
Malaysia. Adding to that, it is noticeable that the level of consumption and wastage of
energy especially in universitys lecture halls as students are not fully aware of this
wastage and dont turn off lights and air conditioner and consequently causing the
university so much money and harming the environment by wasting its resources.
Therefore, energy saving system is created using PIC microcontroller and Visual Basic V.6
for interface.
The system used Visual Basic V.6 to interface with the hardware and the PIR
motion sensor to detect the body motion of humans. The simple concept is that if the
sensor detects nobody is in the lecture halls for about 10 minutes and the hall stays empty,
the lighting system and air conditioner will turn off automatically. However, if within this

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time there are students coming into the lecture hall, the air-conditioner and lighting system
will reset and continue working. Furthermore, this system has a pre-determine timer. These
pre-determined times can be changed at Visual Basic (VB 6.0) software which has been
developed for setting of the control system. Lighting system and air-conditioner will turn
off automatically at a pre-determined time.

2.3 RESEARCH DONE SRI SAI RAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI,

INDIA
Another research was conducted in India by some researchers in 2013 entitled
Automated Intelligent Power Saving System and Security System. This system
works with the same principle as the one mentioned earlier but with some differences in
equipment and was applied in wider areas such as libraries, staircases, parking, and
gardens. Moreover, this system is not only saving energy and power; it is used for security
as well which make it more reliable to be used.
The sensor used was PIR sensor and the concept is that when someone enters the
desired area, his body emits the Infrared energy and so the PIR sensor activates, and
activates the microcontroller which functions as an energy saving device or a security
inspection system according to the position of switch in the circuit. If the switch is at
position 1, the camera views the specified area and generates an alarm indicating that
someone entered and a message is sent to the nearby station. When the switch is at position
2, the lamp and fan may be ON or OFF.
The components used to build this system were PIR sensor to detect motion and
body energy, Transistor which was used for amplification and switching, Relay which is
an electrically operated switch used to control a circuit by a low-power signal, GSM
module which allows user to directly interface with 5V Microcontroller, ATMEL

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AT89S52 Microcontroller which is high-performance, low-power CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory, and DPDT
Switch which used in situations where there is a need for two different outputs.
Therefore, when applied for a staircase they had the following observation on the
electricity consumption rate which is shown in Table 2.2 below:
Table 2.2: Results of energy saved after using the system.

Thus from the above data it is concluded that Rupees 61.5 is saved in a month when PIR
sensor is used. Therefore, implement this setup in a large scale then a significant amount of
total power consumed will be reduced and thereby reducing the cost of electricity.
These articles and researches had the same concepts but different components and
maybe complicated methods applied to achieve their goal as to save energy and cost.
However, in our project we will use simpler ways and methods to achieve the same
concept and apply the system and test it in lecturers room in our university.

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2.4 SUMMARY

As a company with the aim to help people to save electrical energy, we provide a
sensor with variety function as well. By using not really expensive components, our
customers are able to save their electrical consumption rather than need to pay extra for
that. If they really care about their electrical consumption per month, they will know and
see from many sides what else they can save. With the help of these sensors also we can
save our environment because usually electric is generated from fossil fuels such as coal,
natural gas and oil. This enhances the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming.

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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Based on this chapter, we discuss about the process how to build and design this
product. Moreover, the equipment lists have been used for the product is also explained
here. Initially, we were facing the problems to design this product because there is a lot of
a step that we need to do for this product. We try to solve it through the discussion among
us and seeking the advice from the supervisor. At the same time, the lab technician also
helped us a lot to get the ideas to make our product look more attractive and useful to the
public. From here, the expected result we gained based on what we decided.
In order to make this project work smoothly, the objectives of this project must be
decided first. To come out with the expected result, the flowchart of this project is also
provided in this chapter. This flowchart briefly explains the procedure of this project and
makes it simpler to understand the proposed system. The design of this proposed system is
divided in three sections which are input system, data processing system and the output
system. For the first section, we used the PIR sensor and temperature sensor as the input
system. The second part which is data processing will take place in the Arduino UNO to
interpret and record the data of the all sensors. The last part will be the components of LED
lights and the DC motors to show the results of this project.

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3.2 COMPONENT LISTS

A few hardware components have been used to build this project. Table 3.1 shows
the equipment list and its specification of the components.
Table 3.1: Equipment list and its specification
No

Component lists

Specification

PIR sensor

PIR motion sensor

Humidity and temperature sensor

DHT11

DC Motor

L293D

LCD

Basic 162 Character LCD

Microcontroller

Arduino UNO

Rechargeable battery

Brand: Energizer

Relay

12 V relay

LED light

Brand: -

3.2.1 Arduino UNO

Fig 3.1: Arduino UNO

Arduino used in this project allows the programmer to create the code in order to perform a
task for a few hardware components. It will function when it returns the code to the area
when the function is called. For this product, we connect all the sensors to this Arduino
because it can be used for multiple coding for a few hardware components in one time.

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3.2.2 PIR sensor

Fig 3.2: PIR sensor

PIR sensor is the main component of the product for this project. It detects the presence of
movement when a person is entering a room. When it detects the movements, the light will
automatically switch on and automatically off when there is no movement after 10
seconds.

3.2.3 LED lights

Fig 3.3: LED lights

LED is used to represent the light. It will automatically ON when PIR sensor sense a
movements.

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3.2.4 Humidity and temperature sensor

Fig 3.4: Humidity and temperature sensor

Humidity and temperature sensor are used to measure the temperature in the surrounding.
This sensor will determine either to use the fan or air conditioner. For this product, fan and
air conditioner are represented by using 2 DC motor. In addition, temperature sensor works
simultaneously with the PIR sensor. Fan or air conditioner will switch on if the light is on
and vice versa. Programmer set temperature below 27oC for the fan and else for an air
conditioner.
3.2.5 DC Motors

Fig 3.5: DC motor

We used two DC motor represent fan air conditioner. DC motor used high power; therefore
we have to add addition power to our circuit.
3.2.6 Relay

Fig 3.6: Relay

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Relay is an electromagnetic switch which operates in a small current and can turn
on or off a much electric current. Many sensors produce small electric current and they are
incredibly sensitive. However, we need them to drive the bigger pieces of equipment that
use larger current. So, relay makes the small current possible to activate the larger one by
bridging the gap. It means relay can work as a switch or as an amplifier because it can
convert the small current into larger current.

3.2.7 Rechargeable battery

Fig 3.7: Rechargeable battery

Rechargeable battery used to supply voltage for this project.

3.3 SOFTWARE USED

In this section, we have been used the Arduino UNO, PIR sensor and temperature
sensor. The input systems which are the PIR sensor and temperature sensor connected to
the data progressing represented by Arduino UNO. The data transfer from the input system
to data progressing will be collected and save in the code. The coding has been compiled
into one command and the output will be show through the LED light and the DC motor in
this project.

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3.4

WORKFLOW

Come out with idea and the title of the project

Do some researches how to develop this project

Understand the concepts

Find the all components

Write the coding for this project

Construct and design the product

Compile the code

PIR sensor, humidity sensor, motor detect the

coding

Finish the design

Figure 3.8: Flowchart of the project steps

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3.5

METHODOLOGY

3.5.1

Gantt Chart
The Gantt Chart in Figure 3.9 shows the progress of this project from Week 1 to 14.

All the group members tried their best to finish their tasks according to this chart. There
are many things that we learn from this project, for example, we understand the
responsibilities for each member to do their tasks to produce a good product where the
cooperation of the team members to build excellent teammates and learn the reality works
in a one company.

Figure 3.9: Gantt chart

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3.5.2 Method purpose

Figure 3.10: The first part of coding for all components

Figure 3.11: The second part of coding for all components

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Figure 3.12: The third part of coding for all components

Figure 3.13: The fourth part of all components

23

Figure 3.14: The output when PIR sensor detect any movement

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CHAPTER FOUR
INTRODUCTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will analyze our overall project. It consists of economically
analysis, ethical, health, safety, environment and sustainability. The analysis must be based
on other research, our output project and survey.

4.2 PERFORMANCE MEASURE

The performance of this project was measured by distributing survey among
IIUMs community particularly lecturers and students from Kulliyah of Engineering.

Fifteen questionnaires were distributed to 15 respondents (lecturers and students) and

the results were acquired from it. The survey questions aimed to know if people are aware of
the importance of saving energy and if they are willing to buy a product that reduces the
energy consumption. A total of five questions were asked. Figure 4.1 below shows the

number of lecturers and students who answered the questions.

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Number of Lecturers & Students Answered the

Questions
Number of People

16
14
12
10
8

YES

NO

4
2
0
Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Number of Questios

Figure 4.1: The chart shows the number of people answered the questions

Figure 4.1 illustrates that all of the respondents are aware of the importance of
saving energy that all of them answered Question 1 with yes. Next, the same number is
acquired for Question 2 that they agreed on the simplicity of the system provided to them.
On the other hand, the percentage of the respondents who answered Question 3 and 4 with
not are less than 20%, they think the price of the product is not cheap and they suggested
reducing the price from 300 RM to RM 250. Whereas, the other 80% of the respondents
agreed on the estimated cost and they agree that the product is affordable.
In a conclusion, this product is one of the alternatives to save electrical
consumption. Most of people nowadays do not care about the importance of saving energy.
Sensor used in this product give many benefits which can help to reduce a lot of
consumption of energy. In addition, it is an affordable system where everyone can have it
while can save their money in paying electrical bill. Lastly, this product clearly can bring
benefits to people and very useful in future.

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4.3 ECONOMICALLY ANALYSIS

One of the main points of our company is to represent an efficient product with low
cost and affordable to all people. Even though our client need to spent more at first for
installation and maintenance purpose, but later on they can save their money on electric
consumption for at least five years and more. In addition, we are using components that are
durable for many years and at the same time they are able to install this product at their
room.
This product has many advantages. One of them is it can help people in planning
their economy and reduce the cost of electricity usage. Taking in consideration that saving
energy and reducing cost are the main concerns of people nowadays. Therefore, they will
choose to use their money to buy other beneficial things instead of wasting more money on
high electrical billing. With the help of this product, that save energy, money and
environment they might be able to reduce their cost of living. Table 2.2 illustrates the
overall cost in producing this product.
Table 4.1: Cost of Product.
No

Item Description

Quantity U/Price

Amount

PIR Sensor Module

12.50

25.00

DHT 11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

6.05

6.05

Arduino Uno R3

58.50

58.50

Miscellaneous (Jumper wires, board and etc)

50.45

50.45

Total

Estimation price of product for sell (Mark up price) = RM300.00

Total profit (Per Unit) = 300-140=RM160

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RM140.00

From above calculation, our estimation price is totally affordable and our company
is able to cover production cost. Total profit per unit RM160 is not that high and not that
low since every company need to cover expenditure of fixed cost and variable cost.

4.4 ETHICAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY ANALYSIS

The designation of the energy saving and electrical control system was done with
one main objective, to serve the community and to spread the awareness of the importance
of saving very essential source which is energy by providing the highest quality of services
in our products to the consumers.
In order to do so, the respective members of savE Sdn. Bhd. have put a lot of effort
and fully committed in producing and completing this meaningful product. We had
followed a set of business practices and ethical standards to maintain a harmony and
cooperative environment amongst ourselves as to give the best results to our customers.
Such standards are clarified inside our company contract, which had been pledged during
our earlier agreement. Maintaining a good relationship with customers and have a clear
vision and mission for our company are some of our business conduct in applying an
ethical and honorable manner. Customers had always been our priority in realizing our
main product.
The energy saving and electrical control system that we provide to customers
mainly consists of suitable materials and design that is set prior to the standards of
contents, which are fulfilled according to the market demand. These procedures are done to
prevent any inappropriate materials and design that can give be harmful to consumers
which can bring a bad image to our company. Moreover, we believed that a right
adjustment to our product can bring satisfaction to people who demanded it. Our concern
for this saving energy system is that the design should be user-friendly to the public and at

28

the same time bring convenience to them. Plus, we are focusing on inventing a system that
is less complex that other related product sells on the market. Such details that we
prioritized on are the size, the weight and etc.
Regarding on the health issues, our product is safe in terms of physically and
mentally conditions. Since this sensor is placed farther from publics reach, we can
guarantee that consumer can avoid any unfortunate incident, unless there are such
circumstances. Plus, the product is practically portable in size where as it can be carried
away with ease. Through this, we can say that the product is our contributions towards
mankind.
Our chosen materials are chosen from a proper research made by our development
team which emphasize on the safety and friendly-user towards public. Thus, some safety
measures are taken into consideration. Generally, our microcontrollers are placed inside a
safety box and nailed rightly onto the surface. It will prevent them from lost. Next, the
sensor is hanged and tied neatly so that movements of a person can be detected easily.
These procedures showed that whenever any incident happened, it can withhold any
resistance in order to provide the highest quality of services.

4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS

As the concept of sustainability becomes increasingly important in todays society,
this project also has its own way of minimize its impact on environment. By introducing
our product, the negative impact towards environment can be reduced. First, when this
system is compared to the traditional way of lighting and air conditioning using switching,
the energy saving and electrical control system may appear to be more power-efficient.
The energy saving and electrical control system does not have high power consumption. It
only uses a voltage of 5 Volts to turn on the Arduino. Other components are powered up by

29

the Arduino. Therefore, by using this system, we can reduce the electrical usage which can
diminish the global warming effect.
Another benefit of this product to the environment comes from the packaging. For
packaging, we use a cardboard box instead of a hard plastic box. What is environmental
about this is that a cardboard box can easily be recycled whilst the plastic box cannot be
recycled. Next, with this the energy saving and electrical control system, we are able to
reduce some cost. In other words, this system is cost-efficient unlike the traditional way of
lighting and air conditioning using switching.
Last but not least, this system is a user-friendly system. It is quite easy to install, let
alone for users to operate it. There is nothing much for users to do once the energy saving
and electrical control system is installed.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the objectives of this project have been successfully achieved. We are
able to produce an electrical system that saves energy with a low cost by using PIR,
temperature sensors and Arduino microcontroller. Besides that, this product managed to
reduce the cost of electricity bill with great performance. This thrifty product is very
suitable for all levels of people in the society. Other than that, it can give awareness about
the important of conserving energy.

5.2 FUTURE WORKS

Nowadays, our society needs a smart product that can give a lot of benefits both to
the environment and people themselves. Therefore, our product is very helpful and meets
the needs of the society. However, our product still has to make an improvement to satisfy
our clients with new technology. For the future work, we will add solar panel to replace the
power supply, so the usage of the energy will be slightly decreased.

31

REFERENCES

[1] Roslan.N.Y, Energy Saving Control System Application in Lecture Hall, November
2008.
[2] S. Prasanna1, A. Logeesan2, A. Raghu3, R. Sabarinathan4 and T.R. Nirmalraja5,
Automated Intelligent Power Saving System and Security System, ISSN 2231-1297,
Volume 3, pp. 1167-1176, Number 9 (2013).
[3] PIR Motion Sensors & Switch, Energy Saving Sensors, Accessed on 20th April 2015,
http://www.energysavingsensors.com/General-Information1.html
[4]

PIR Sensor In Motion Detection & Identification System, Electronics maker,

Accessed on 20th April 2015, http://electronicsmaker.com/em/admin/pdf/free/SENSOR.pdf

[5] PIR Motion Sensor, Engineered in NYC Adafruit, Accessed on 30th April 2015,
https://learn.adafruit.com/pir-passive-infrared-proximity-motion-sensor/how-pirs-work
[6] Ron Robotics, L293D Motor Driver IC, Accessed on 2nd May 2015,
http://www.rakeshmondal.info/L293D-Motor-Driver.

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APPENDIX A
THE OVERALLCODING
int Pir1 = A1; // connect the Pir to pin 2]
int Relay =A0 ; // connect the relay to pin 3
int Presence; // a variable to store presence
//int led = A1;

// the pin that the LED is atteched to

//int sensor = A0;

// the pin that the sensor is atteched to

int motorPin1 = 10;

int motorPin2= 11;
#define I1 8 // Control pin 1 for motor 1
#define I2 9 // Control pin 2 for motor 1
#define I3 12 // Control pin 1 for motor 2
#define I4 13 // Control pin 2 for motor 2
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN A2 // what pin we're connected to
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd( 2,3,4,5,6,7 );
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup()
{
pinMode(Pir1, INPUT); // set the pir sensor as an input
//pinMode(Pir2, INPUT);
pinMode(Relay, OUTPUT); // set the relay as output
Serial.begin(9600);

// initialize serial

pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(I1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(I2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(I3, OUTPUT);

33

pinMode(I4, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
while (!Serial);
dht.begin();
Serial.println("DHT11 test!");
}
void loop()
{
Presence = digitalRead (Pir1);
//Presence = digitalRead (Pir2);
if (Presence == HIGH) // check if there is a presence
{
Serial.println("Motion detected!");
digitalWrite(Relay, HIGH); // turn on the relay
digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH);
analogWrite(motorPin1, 153);
digitalWrite(I1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(I2, LOW);

}
else
{
digitalWrite(Relay, LOW); // turn off the relay
Serial.println("Motion stopped!");
}
delay (10); // a delay for stability

// Wait a few seconds between measurements.

delay(2000);

// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!

// Sensor readings may also be up to 2 seconds 'old' (its a very slow sensor)

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int h = dht.readHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius
int t = dht.readTemperature();
if(t>30 && Presence == HIGH)

digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW);

analogWrite(motorPin1, 0);
digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH);
analogWrite(motorPin2, 255);
digitalWrite(I3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(I4, LOW);
}
else
{ digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW);
//digitalWrite(motorPin1, HIGH);
//analogWrite(motorPin1, 153);
//digitalWrite(I1, HIGH);
//digitalWrite(I2, LOW);

// Check if any reads failed and exit early (to try again).
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) )
{
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;
}

// Compute heat index

// Must send in temp in Fahrenheit!
// int hi = dht.computeHeatIndex(f, h);

35

Serial.print("Humidity: ");
Serial.print(h);
Serial.print(" %\t");
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(t);
Serial.println(" *C ");
//Serial.print(f);
//Serial.print(" *F\t");
//Serial.print("Heat index: ");
// Serial.print(hi);
//Serial.println(" *F");
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
// print from 0 to 9:
lcd.print("Temp: ");
lcd.print(t);
lcd.print("C");
// set the cursor to (16,1):
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Humidity: ");
lcd.print(h);
lcd.print("%");
// delay(200);

36

APPENDIX B
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

Gender:________
Occupation:_____________

Age:___

Energy Saving Electrical Control System

SavE Corporation has created product that named Energy Saving Electrical Control
System. Function of this sensor is to save electrical energy in one room. With help from
this product, our customer can save electrical energy up to 10-25%. Our target for this
product is to install it in lecturers room.
a) The features of the product as below:
Able to turn on the light, air conditioner, and fan if detect any motion and
present of people.
Able to turn off the light, air conditioner, and fan when there is nobody in the
room.
Can display the temperature and humidity in a room.
If the temperature in a room is becomes higher, this system will automatically
turn on the air conditioner instead of just using fan.
b) Cost of the product (Estimation for Kulliyah of Engineering lectures room) :
RM300.00
Based on above explanation of our product, as a client:
1) Do you think this product can help to reduce electrical power consumption?
Yes ( )
No ( )
2) After testing this product, is it possible to install in lecturers room?
Yes ( )
No ( )
3) If this product is available in the market, will you buy it?
Yes ( )
No ( )
4) Refer to the estimation price, is it affordable?
Yes ( )
No ( )
5) From your opinion, what improvement can be done by our company?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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