Transmission Lines Wave Guides

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STUDY MATERIAL
TRANSMISSION LINES
AND WAVEGUIDES
DEPARTMENT OF
ECE
JUNE 2010
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Vel Tech
Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering
College
Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering
College
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SEM - V
INDEX
UNITS
PAGE NO.
I.
Filters
06
II.
Transmission Line Parameters
51
III. The Line at Radio Frequency
95
IV.
Guided Waves Between Parallel Planes
138
V.
Waveguides
179
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Phone : 044 26840603
26841601
26840766
email : veltech@vsnl.com
website : www.vel-tech.org
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Preface to the First Edition
This edition is a sincere and co-ordinated effort which we hope has made a
great difference in the quality of the material. Giving the best to the students,
making optimum use of available technical facilities & intellectual strength has
always been the motto of our institutions. In this edition the best staff across the
group of colleges has been chosen to develop specific units. Hence the material, as a
whole is the merge of the intellectual capacities of our faculties across the group of
Institutions. 45 to 60, two mark questions and 15 to 20, sixteen mark questions for
each unit are available in this material.
Prepared By :
Ms. S. Jalaja
Asst. Professor.
Mr. S. Jebasingh.
Lecturer.
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EC2305
TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
UNIT I
FILTERS
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The neper - the decibel - Characteristic impedance of Symmetrical Networks Current and voltage ratios Propogation constant, - Properties of Symmetrical Networks Filter fundamentals Pass and Stop bands.
Behaviour of the Characteristic impedance. Constant K Filters - Low pass, High pass band, pass band
elimination filters - m -derived sections Filter circuit design Filter performance Crystal Filters.
UNIT II
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
A line of cascaded T sections - Transmission lines - General Solution, Physical Significance of the equations,
the infinite line, wavelength, velocity, propagation, Distortion line, the telephone cable, Reflection on a line
not terminated in Zo, Reflection Coefficient, Open and short circuited lines, Insertion loss.
UNIT III
THE LINE AT RADIO FREQUENCY
Parameters of open wire line and Coaxial cable at RF Line constants for dissipation - voltages and currents
on the dissipation less line - standing waves nodes standing wave ratio - input impedance of open and
short circuited lines - power and impedance measurement on lines / 4 line, Impedance matching
single and double-stub matching circle diagram, smith chart and its applications Problem solving using
Smith chart.
UNIT IV
GUIDED WAVES BETWEEN PARALLEL PLANES
Application of the restrictions to Maxwells equations transmission of TM waves between Parallel plans
Transmission of TE waves between Parallel planes. Transmission of TEM waves between Parallel planes
Manner of wave travel. Velocities of the waves characteristic impedance - Attenuators
UNIT V
WAVEGUIDES
Application of Maxwells equations to the rectangular waveguide. TM waves in Rectangular guide. TE

waves in Rectangular waveguide Cylindrical waveguides. The TEM wave in coaxial lines. Excitation of
wave guides. Guide termination and resonant cavities.
TEXT BOOK:
1. John D.Ryder, "Networks, lines and fields", Prentice Hall of India, 2nd Edition, 2006.
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REFERENCES:
1. E.C.Jordan, K.G. Balmain: E.M.Waves & Radiating Systems, Pearson Education, 2006.
2. Joseph Edminister, Schaums Series, Electromegnetics, TMH, 2007.
3. G S N Raju, Electromagnetic Field Theory and Transmission Lines, Pearson Education, 2006.
UNIT I
PART A
1. Define Filter?
A reactive network that will freely pass desired bands of frequencies while almost totally
suppressing other band of frequencies are called as filters.
2. What do you mean by ideal filter?
An ideal filter would pass all frequencies in a given without reduction in magnitude and
totally suppressing all other frequencies.
3. What is cutoff frequency?
The frequency which separates a pass band and an attenuation band are called as cutoff
frequency.
4. Define the unit of attenuation (or) Define Neper?
Attenuation is expressed in decibels or nepers. Nepers is defined as the natural logarithm of
the ratio of input voltage or current to the output voltage or current provided the network is
properly terminated with Z0.
5. Define Decibel?
Decibel is defined as the ten times common logarithms of the input power to the output
power.
6. Give the relation between two units of attenuation?
The relationship between two units of attenuation can 1 db = 0.115 neper.
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7. Give the common types of filters?

The four common types of filters are, High pass filter
1. Low pass filter
2. Band pas filter
3. Band stop filter
8. What are the characteristics of ideal filter?
The characteristics of ideal filter are:
1. Transmit pass band frequencies without any attenuation.
2. Provide infinite attenuation
3. The transition region between the stop band and pass band would be very small.
4. Throughout the pass band characteristic impedance of the filter match circuit to which it is
connected which prevents reflection loss.
9. When networks are said to be symmetric network?
When two series arms of a T network are equal or when two shunt arms of a network are
equal then the network is said to be symmetrical network.
10. Draw a symmetrical network in T and sections.
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11. Give the characteristic impedance of low pass constant K filter

The characteristic impedance is given as
Z OT
2
1
Z1Z 2
Z OT L / C 1 2CL / 4
12. Give the formula to calculate the cutoff frequency for low pass constant k
f c 1/ LC
13. What are the constant k filters?
A constant k filters is a T or network in which the series and shunt impedance Z 1 and
Zz are connected by the relation.
Z1 Z2 = R2 K.
Where Rk is a real constant i.e., a resistant independent of frequency.
14. Why constant k filters are also called as prototype filter?
Constant k filters are also called as prototype filter because other complex networks can be
derived from it.
15. For a low pass filter what is the condition for which the characteristic impedance Z0 is real?
The characteristic impedance Z0 is real if (2 LC/4)<1
16. Give the expression for the cutoff frequency of constant k high pass filter.
f c 1/ 4 LC
17. What are the phase shift and attenuation of constant k low pass filter?
1
The phase shift of constant k low pass filer is given as, 2sin / C radians
1
The attenuation of constant low pass filter is given as 2 cos / c nepers
18. What are the phase shift and attenuation of constant k high pass filter?
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The phase shift of constant k high pass filter is given as = 2 sin-1 ( c2/2) radians.
1
The attenuation of constant high pass filter is given as 2 cos c / nepers
2
19. For a high pass filter what is the conditions for which the characteristic impedance Z OT is
real and imaginary.
For a high pass filter, the characteristic impedance ZOT is real if (1/42 LC ) < 1
And Imaginary if (1/42 LC) >1
20. Give the characteristic impedance of high pass filter constant k filter.
The characteristic impedance of high pass filter constant- k filter is given as
Z OT L / C 1 1/ 4 2 LC
21. Draw the T- type and type low pass constant k filter.
The prototype low pass filters are as shown below.
22. Draw the T- type and type high pass constant k filter
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23. What are the advantages of m- derived filters?

The advantages of m derived filters are,
1. A sharper cutoff characteristic with steeper rise at f c, the slope of the rise being adjustable
by fixing the distance between fc and f.
2. Zo of the filter will be more uniform within the pass and when m derived half section
having m = 0.6 are connected at the ends.
3. m- derived filters makes it possible to construct composite filters to have any desired
attenuation characteristics.
24. What is composite filter?
A filter designed using one or more prototype constant k filters and m derived filters to
have an attenuation between low pass and high filters is called as composite filters.
25. Mention the different sections of a composite filters?
raveen008@yahoo.com
The different sections of a composite filters are
1. One or more prototype constant filters are
2. One or more m derived sections
3. Two terminating m derived half sections with m = 0.6
26. What are the drawbacks of constant k filters (or) what are the disadvantages of constant
k filters?
1. The attenuation does not increase rapidly beyond cutoff frequencies.
2. Characteristic impedance varies widely in the transmission or pass band from the derived
value.
27. Why mderived half section is used as terminating section?
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Two m derived half section with m = 0.6 is used as a terminating section to give constant
input and output impedance.
28. Distinguish between low pass and high pass filter.
S. No Low Pass Filter
1
This filter passes the frequencies without
attenuation upto a cutoff frequency fc and
attenuates all other frequencies greater than
fc.
2
An ideal low pass filter is as shown below
High Pass filter

It transmits frequencies above a designed
cutoff
frequency
but
attenuates
frequencies below this
An ideal high pass filter is as shown below
29. Differentiate between band pass filter and band elimination filter
S.No
1
2.
Bandpass filter
This filter passes the frequencies between
two designated cutoff frequencies and
attenuates all other frequencies
An ideal band pass filter is as shown
below
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Band elimination filter

It transmits all frequencies
attenuates a band of frequency.
An ideal band elimination filter is as

shown below.
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while
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30. Draw a block diagram of a composite filter?
31. Draw the T-type and type low pass m derived filter
The m derived low pass filters are as shown below.
32. Draw the type and type high pass m- derived filter
The m- derived high pass filters are as shown below
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33. Give the value of m in m derived low pass and high pass filters.
The value of m in the case of low pass filter is given as below m = 1 fc / f
The value of m in the case of high pass filter is as below m = 1 f / fc
PART B
1. Define the characteristic impedance of symmetrical networks.
When Z1 = Z2 or the two series arms of a T network are equal, or Z a = Zc and the shunt arms
of a network are equal, the networks are said to be symmetrical.
Filter networks are ordinarily set up as symmetrical sections, basically of the T or type,
such as shown at (b) and (d), Fig.
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Figure: The T and sections as derived from unsymmetrical L sections, showing notation used
in symmetrical network analysis.
Attention is called to the peculiarities of notation employed on the variouos arms. This
peculiarity is largely dictated by custom, arising from the fact that both T and networks can be
considered as built of unsymmetrical L half sections, connected together in one fashion for the T
network, and oppositely for the network as at (a) and (c), Fig. A series connection of several T or
networks leads to so-called ladder networks, which are indistinguishable one from the other
except for the end or terminating L half sections, as can be seen in fig.
For a symmetrical network the image impedances Z 1i and Z2i, are equal to each other, and
the image impedance is then called the characteristic impedance or the iterative impedance, Z 0.
That is, if a symmetrical T network is terminated in Z 0, its input impedance will also be Z0, or its
impedance transformation ratio is unity. The term iterative impedance is apparent if the
terminating impedance Z0 is considered as the input impedance of a chain of similar networks, in
which case Z0 is iterated at the input to each network.
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Figure: (a) Ladder network made from T section; (b) ladder network built from sections. The
parallel shunt arms will be combined.
The value of Z0 for a symmetrical network can be easily determined. For the T network of
Fig. (a), terminated in an impedance Z0, the input impedance is
Z1in
Z1 Z 2 Z1 /2 Z 0
2 Z1 /2 Z 2 Z 0
It can be assumed that if Z 0 is properly chosen in terms of the network arms, it should be
possible to make Z1in equal to Z0. Requiring this equality gives
Z0
Z12 /4 Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z 0 Z1Z 0 /2
Z02
Z12
4
Z1 /2 Z 2 Z 0
Z 1Z 2
For the symmetrical T section, then,

Z 0T
Z12
Z
Z1 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 1 1
4
4Z 2
becomes the characteristic impedance. This result could also have been immediately obtained
from eq. and for the image
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Figure: Determination of Z0: (a) for a T section; (b) for a section

impedance of a T section, by using the values of the arms of Fig. Similarly, for the section of Fig.
(b) the input impedance is
Z1in
2Z 2 Z 0
2Z 2
2Z
Z
2
0
2Z 2 Z 0
Z1
2Z 2
2Z 2 Z 0
Z1
Requiring that Z1in Z 0 leads to

Z0
Z1Z 2
1 Z1 /4Z 2
which is the characteristic impedance of the symmetrical symmetrical section. Certain

information concerning networks was developed from measurements of Z and Z . If these
measurements are made on the T section of (a), Fig. exclusive of the load Z0, then
Z1
Z2
2
Z
Z Z /2
Z 1 Z 1 1 2
2 Z1 /2 Z 2
Z2
Z Z 1 Z1Z 2 Z 0T2
4
Z 1 Z
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Similar work for the section leads to

Z Z
4Z 22 Z1
Z1 4Z 2
Z 0 2
Therefore, for a symmetrical network,

Z0 Z Z
This result could have been directly obtained from the image impedance relations of section. It is a
valuable relationship, since it supplies an easy experimental means of determining the Z 0 of any
symmetrical network.
2. Explain the current and voltage ratios as exponentials; the propagation constant.
Under the assumption of equal input and output impedances, which may now be
interpreted as a Z0 termination on the network, the absolute value of the ratio of input current to
output current of a given symmetrical network was defined as an exponential function,* for the
purpose of simplifying network calculations. obviously, the magnitude ratio does not express the
* In the general case of unsymmetrical 4-terminal networks, terminated on an image basis, it is
customary to define a transfer constant , by
input volt-amperes
E1 I 1
E 2 I 2 output volt-amperes
1 EI
ln 1 1
2 E2I2
2
Or
where is in general a complex number. For symmetrical networks Z 14 = Z2 = Z0, and with a
termination of Z0, the above discussion follows, with customarily replacing and implying
symmetry and Z0 termination.
complete network performance, the phase angle between the currents being needed as well. the
use of the exponential can be extended to include the phasor current ratio if it be defined that,
under the condition of Z0 termination,
I1

I2
where is a complex number defined as
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j
I1
j
I2
Hence
To illustrate further, if I1 /I 2 A ,then

A I1 /I 2
j
Since the input and output impedances are equal under the Z 0 termination, it is also true
that
V1

V2
The term has been given the name propagation constant. The exponent is known as the
attenuation constant, since it determines the magnitude ratio between input and output quantities,
or the attenuation produced in passing through the network. The units of are nepers. The
exponent is the phase constant as it determines the phase angle between input and output
quantities, or the shift in phase introduced by the network. The units of are radians.
If a number of sections all having a common Z0 value are cascaded, the ratio of currents is
I1 I 2 I 3
I
.. 1
I 2 I3 I4
In
from which
1 2 3 ... n
and taking the natural logarithm,
1 2 3 ... n
Thus the over-all propagation constant is equal to the sum of the individual propagation
constants.
3. Explain the properties of symmetrical networks.
Use of the definition of , and the introduction of as the current ratio for a Z0 terminated
network, leads to further useful results.
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Figure: Symmetrical network with generator and load.

In Fig. the T network is considered equivalent to any connected symmetrical network, and
is terminated in a load Z0. The mesh equation are
Z1
Z 2 I 2 Z 2
2
Z
0 I1Z 2 I 2 1 Z 2 Z 0
2
E I1
The current ratio for the two meshes, which is equal to by definition, can be obtained
from the second equation as
I1 Z1 /2 Z 2 Z0

I2
Z2
After thus introducing , the above may be written
Z 0 Z 2 1
Z1
2
From Eq. for the characteristic impedance,

Z02
Z12
4
Z 1Z 2
If Z0 is eliminated by use of Eq. in Eq. there results
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Z 2 1 Z 1 0
2
2 2 1
Z1
Z2

Z
1 1
2
2Z 2
Z
cosh 1 1
2Z 2
Equation and its other derived forms will be of considerable value in the study of filters.
By use of the identify, Eq., that
cosh 2 sinh 2 1
it is possible to write
Z0
Z2
sinh
Combining Eqs. and leads to
tanh
Z0
Z1 /2 Z 2
By use of Eq. it is possible to write

sinh
1
Z1
1
1
2
2
2Z 2
Z1
4Z 2
an expression which will serve to predict filter performance.

The propagation constant can be related to the network parameters by use of Eq. for Z 0T, in
Eq. as
2
Z1
Z
Z1
1 1

2Z 2
Z2
2Z 2
Taking the natural logarithm
Z1
Z1
Z1
ln 1

2Z 2
2Z 2
Z 2
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For a network of pure reactances this is not difficult to compute. For an impedance it may be noted
that the logarithm of a complex quantity B ln B j.
The input impedance of any T network, terminated in any impedance Z R, may also be
written in terms of hyperbolic functions of . Writing
Z in Z11
Z122
Z 22
and substituting the required mesh relations from Fig. with Z0 replaced by ZR, then
Z in
Z 22
Z1
Z2
2
Z1 /2 Z 2 Z R
Z12 /4 Z1Z 2 Z1 /2 Z 2 Z R
Z1 /2 Z 2 Z R
Use of Eqs. and leads to

Z in
Z 02 Z R Z 0 /tanh
Z 0 /tanh Z R
Z R cosh Z 0 sinh
Z 0 cosh Z R sinh
Z0
This is the input impedance of a symmetrical T network terminated in a load Z R, in terms of the
propagation constant and Z0 of the network.
For a short-circuited network ZR = 0. The input impedance is then Z where, from the
above equation,
Z Z 0 tanh
For an open circuit ZR = in the limit, and Z is then
lim ZZR
Z0
tanh
From these two equations it can be seen that
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tanh
and
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Z sc
Z oc
Z0 Z Z
which has already been proved from the properties of the characteristic impedance.
In chapter 1, open-circuit and short-circuit measurements were used to describe the
performance of a network. in this chapter, two new parameters, the characteristic impedance Z 0,
and the propagation constant , have been introduced, and the properties of the network have
been developed in terms of these new parameters. The last few equations are relations between
the two sets of parameters.
4. Explain the constant-k low-pass filter.
If Z1 and Z2 of a reactance network are unlike reactance arms, then
Z1 Z 2 k 2
where k is a constant independent of frequency. Networks or filter sections for which this relation
holds are called constant-k filters.
As a special case, let Z1 jL and Z 2 j /C, then the product
Z1 Z 2
L
R k2
C
The term Rk is used since k must be real if Z1 and Z2 are of opposite type. A T section so
designed would appear as at (a), Fig.
Figure: (a) Low-pass filter section; (b) reactance curves demonstrating that (a) is a low-pass
section or has a pass band between Z1 = 0 and Z1 = -4Z2.
The reactances of Z1 and 4Z2 will vary with frequency as sketched at (b), Fig. The curve
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representing -4Z2 may be drawn and compared with the curve for Z 1. It has been shown by Eq.
that a pass band starts at the frequency at which Z 1 = 0 and runs to the frequency at which
Z1 4Z 2 . Thus the reactance curves show that a pass band starts at f = 0 and continues to some
higher frequency fc. All frequencies above fc lie in a stop, or attenuation, band. Thus the network
is called a low-pass filter.
The cutoff frequency fc may be readily determined, since at that point
Z1 4Z 2 , jc L
4j
c C
1
LC
This expression may be used to develop certain relations applicable to the low-pass
network. then sinh /2 may be evaluated as
fc
sinh
Z1
2 LC j LC
2
4Z 2
4
2
and in view of Eq. this is

sinh
f
j
2
fc
Then if the frequency f is in the pass band or f/fc < 1, so that -1 < Z1/4Z2 < 0, then
ff
1, =0,
ffc
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Figure: Variation of and with frequency for the low-pass section

whereas if frequency f is in the attention band or f/fc > 1, so that Z1/4Z2 < - 1, then
ff
1, =2cosh -1
ff
thereby allowing determination of and . The variation of and is plotted in Fig. as a function
of f/fc. This method shows that the attenuation is zero throughout the pass band but rises
gradually from the cutoff frequency at f/f c = 1.0 to a value of at infinite frequency. The phase
shift is zero at zero frequency and increases gradually through the pass band, reaching at fc
and remaining at for all higher frequencies.
The characteristic impedance of a T section was obtained as
Z
Z 0T Z1Z 2 1 1
4Z 2
which becomes
Z 0T
L
2 LC
1
C
4
for the low-pass constant-k section under discussion. by use of Eq. the characteristic impedance of
a low-pass filter may be stated as
2
Z 0T
f
L
1
C
fc
Rk
f
1
fc
in accordance with the definition of R k in Eq. Values of Z0T/Rk are plotted against f/fc in Fig. It
may be seen that cutoff, then becomes imaginary in the attenuation band, rising to infinite
reactance at infinite frequency.
A low-pass filter may be designed from a knowledge of the cutoff frequency desired and
the load resistance to be supplied. It is desirable that the Z 0 in the pass band match the load; but
because of the nature of the Z 0 curve in Fig., this result can occur at only one frequency. This
match may be arranged to occur at any frequency which it is desired to favor by an impedance
match.
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For reasons which will appear in section, the load is chosen as R R k L C , which will
favor zero frequency for a low-pass filter.
The design of a low-pass filter may be readily carried out. From
Figure: Variation of Z 0T /R k with frequency for the low-pass section.

the relation that at cutoff
Z1 4Z 2
it is seen that
e L
4
0 C
Using the cutoff frequency equation changes this to

2 fc2 LC 1
and use of the relation R L C gives for the value of the shunt capacitance arm
C
1
fc R
By similar methods the inductance for Z1 is obtained as
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L
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R
fc
Since the design is based on an impedance match at zero frequency only, power transfer
only, power transfer to a matched load will drop at higher pass-band frequencies. This condition
may be undesirable in certain applications, and a remedy will be discussed in section.
A network such as is described here is called a prototype section. It may be employed when
a sharp cutoff is not required, although cutoff may be sharpened by using a number of such
networks in cascade. This is not usually an economic use of circuit elements, and introduces
excessive losses over other available methods of raising the attenuation near the cutoff frequency.
5. Explain the constant-k high-pass filter.
If the positions of inductance and capacitance are interchanged to make Z1 j /C and
Z 2 jL, then Z1Z2 will still be given by
Z1 Z 2 k 2
and the filter design obtained will be of the constant-k type. The T section will then appear as in
(a), Fig. The reactances of Z1 and Z2 are sketched as functions of frequency in (b), and Z1
Figure: (a) High-pass filter section; (b) reactance curves demonstrating that (a) is a high-pass
section or has a pass band between Z1 = 0 and Z1 = -4Z2.
Is compared with -4Z2, showing a cutoff frequency at the point at which Z 1 equals -4Z2, with a pass
band from that frequency to infinity where Z1 = 0. The network is thus a high-pass filter. All
frequencies below fc lie in an attenuation, or stop, band. The cutoff frequency is determined as the
frequency at which Z1 4Z 2 , or
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j
j40 L,
0 C
1
fc
4 LC
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4c2 LC 1
Using the above expression

j
Z1
1
f
sinh
2
j c
2
4Z 2
4 LC 2 LC
f
The region in which fc /f 1 is a pass band, so that the variation of inside and outside the
pass band will be indentical with the values for the low-pass filter, and the curves of fig. will apply
if the abscissa be considered as calibrated in terms of f c/f, except that the phase angle will be
negative, changing from 0 at infinite frequency or fc/f = 0, to - at cutoff or fc/f = 1.
The high-pass filter may be designed by again choosing a resistive load R equal to R k such
that
R Rk
L
C
From the relation that at cutoff Z1 4Z 2 it was shown that

4c2 LC 1
and again L/C = R2, so that the value of the capacitance for Z1, the series element, is
C
1
4 fc R
It should be noted that since Z 1/2 is the value of each series arm, the capacity use din each series
Z1/2 element should be 2C. By similar methods the value for the inductance for Z 2, the shunt arm,
is
R
L
4fc
The characteristic impedance for the high-pass filter may be transformed to
Z 0T R k
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f
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6. Explain the m-derived T section filter.

The constant-k prototype filter section, though simple, has two major disadvantages. The
attenuation does not rise very rapidly at cutoff, so that frequencies just outside the pass band are
not appreciably attenuated with respect to frequencies just inside the pass band. Also, the
characteristic impedance varies widely over the pass band, so that a satisfactory impedance match
is not possible. In cases where an impedance match is not important, the attenuation may be built
up near cutoff by cascading or connecting a number of constant-k sections in series.
It is more economical to attempt to raise the attenuation near cutoff by other means.
Consider first the circuit of (a), Fig. The reactance curves sketched at (b) show that this circuit is
alow pass filter. However, it can be seen that the shunt arm is a series circuit resonant at a
frequency above fc. At this resonant frequency the shunt arm appears as a short circuit on the
network, or the attenuation becomes infinite. This frequency of infinite or high attenuation is
called f, will always be higher in value than fc. If, then, f can be chosen arbitrarily close to fc, the
attenuation near cutoff may be made high.
Figure: (a) Derivation of a low-pass section having a sharp cutoff action; (b) reactance curves for
(a).
The attenuation above f will fall to low values, so that if high attenuation is desired over
the whole attenuation band, it is necessary to use a section such as in Fig. for high attenuation near
cutoff, in series with a prototype section to provide high attenuation at frequencies well removed
from cutoff. For satisfactory matching of several such types of filters in series, it is necessary that
the Z0 of all be identical at all points in the pass band. They will consequently also all have the
same pass band.
The network of fig. may be derived by assuming that
Z'1 mZ1
the primes indicating the derived section. It is then necessary to find the value for Z 2 such that
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Z'0 Z 0 . Setting the characteristic impedances equal,

Z0 ' Z0
mZ1
Z12
mZ1Z 2 '
Z 1Z 2
4
4
Z 1 m2
Z'2 2
Z1
m
4m
It then appears that the shunt arm Z 2 ' consists of two impedances in series, as shown in
Fig. As required, the characteristic impedance and f c remain equal to those of the T section
prototype containing Z1 and Z2 values.
Figure: The m-derived low-pass filter.

Since m is arbitrary, it is possible to design an infinite variety of filter networks meeting the
required conditions on Z0 and fc. However, Z2 will be opposite in sign to Z 1, and it is desired that
this relation continue in the two series impedances given by Eq. for the Z 2 ' arm. Equation then
indicates that (1-m2)/4m must be positive, forcing the terms 1 m 2 and m always to be positive.
Thus m must always be chosen so that
<1
Filter sections obtained in this manner are called m-derived sections.
The shunt arm is to be chosen so that it is resonant at some frequency f above fc. This
means that at the resonant frequency and for the low-pass filter
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1
1 m2
2 f L
2 f mC
4m
1
f
1 m 2 LC
Since the cutoff frequency for the low-pass filter is
1
fc
LC
the frequency of infinite attenuation will be
f
from which
fc
1 m2
m 1 ffc
This equation determines the m to be used for a particular f . Similar relations for the highpass filter can be derived as
ff
and
1 m2
m 1 f /fc
The m-derived section is designed following the design of the prototype T section. The use
of a prototype and one or more m-derived sections in series results in a composite filter. If a sharp
cutoff is desired, an m-derived section may be used with f near fc, followed by as many m-derived
sections as desired to place frequencies of high attenuation where needed to suppress various
signal components or to produce a high attenuation over the entire attenuation band.
The variation of attenuation over the attenuation band for a low-pass m-derived section in
the stop band is dependent on the sign of the reactances or
2 cosh 1
ffc f
Z1
or =2sinh -1
4Z 2
Z1
4Z 2
ff
For Z1 jL and Z 2 j /C for the prototype, then

Z1
m L
4Z 2 4 1/mC L 1 m 2 /4m
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so that for ffc f

2 cosh 1
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mf /fc
1 f 2 /f 2
Figure: Variation of attenuation for the prototype and m-derived sections, and the composite
result of the two in series.
and for f < f
mf /f
2 sinh 1 2 2 c
f /f 1
The value of may be determined from the expression. Figure is a plot of a against f/f c for
m=0.6, which gives a value of f equal to 1.25 times the cutoff frequency fc. The great increase in
sharpness of cutoff for the m-derived section over the prototype is apparent. The higher
attenuation over the whole attenuation band obtained by use of a prototype section and an mderived section in series as a composite filter is also readily seen.
Again following the procedure of section, the phase shift constant may be determined, in
the pass band, from
2 sin 1
2 sin 1
Z1
4Z 2
mf /fc
1 f 2 /fc 2 1 m 2
In the attenuation band, up to f, has the value . Above f the value of drop to zero,
because the shunt arm becomes inductive above resonance. The phase shift of the m-derived
section is plotted as a function of f/fc in fig.
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Figure: Variation of phase shift , for the m-derived filter

This material demonstrates the ability of the m-derived section to overcome the lack of a
sharp cutoff in the simple prototype filter. Although it may be note that the sharpness of cutoff
increases for small values of m, the attenuation beyond the point of peak attenuation becomes
smaller for small m. This emphasizes the necessity of supplementing the m-derived section with a
prototype section in series to raise the attenuation for frequencies well removed from cutoff.
7. Explain the derived section filter.
An m-derived section may also be obtained. The characteristic impedance of the section
is
Z0
Z1 Z 2
Z1Z 2 1 Z1 /4Z 2
The characteristic impedances of the prototype and m-derived sections are to be equal so
that they may be joined without mismatch. By use of the transformation for the shunt arm,
Z2 '
Z2
m
Figure: (a) Usual symmetrical section; (b) the m-derived filter.

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it is possible to equal the characteristic impedances as

Z1 ' Z 2 /m
Z 1Z 2
Z1 Z 2 /m 1 Z1 ' m /4Z 2
Z1Z 2 1 Z1 /4Z 2
from which
Z1 '
1
1
1
4m
mZ1
Z2
1 m2
It is apparent that the series arm Z1 ' is represented by two impedances in parallel, one being mZ 1,
2
the other being 4m / 1 m Z 2 in value.
Equations and thus give the values to be used in designing the m-derived section. The
circuit is drawn in fig.
8. Explain the Band-pass filters.
Occasionally it is desirable to pass a band of frequencies and to attenuate frequencies on
both sides of the pass band. The action might be thought of as that of low-pass and high-pass
filters in series, in which the cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter is above the cutoff frequency of
the high-pass filter, the overlap thus allowing only a band of frequencies to pass. Although such a
design would function, it is more economical to combine the low-and high-pass functions into a
single filter section.
Figure: (a) Band-pass filter network; (b) reactance curves showing possibility of two bands.
Consider the circuit of (a), Fig. with a series-resonant series arm and an antiresonant shunt
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arm. In general, the reactance curves show that two pass bands might exist. If, however, the
antiresonant frequency of the shunt arm is made to correspond to the resonant frequency of the
series arm, the reactance curves become as shown in fig. and only one pass band appears. For this
condition of equal resonant frequencies,
Figure: Reactance curves for the band-pass network when resonant and antiresonant
frequencies are properly adjusted.
0 2 L1C1 1 0 2 L 2 C 2
L 1C1 L 2 C 2
or
The impedances of the arms are

2 L1C1 1
1
Z 1 j L 1
j
C1
C 1
jL 2 j /C 2
jL 2
Z1
j L 2 1/C 2 1 2 L 2 C 2
That a network such as (a), Fig. is still a constant-k filter is easily shown as
Z1 Z 2
L 2 2 L2 C1 1
C1 1 2 L2 C2
and if L1C1 L 2 C 2 , then

Z1 Z 2
L 2 L1
R k2
C1 C 2
Thus the previously developed theory still applies

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At the cutoff frequencies,

Z1 4Z 2
Multiplying by Z1 gives
Z12 4Z1Z 2 4R k 2
from which the value of Z1 at the cutoff frequencies is obtained as
Z1 j2R k
so that
Z1 at lower cutoff f1 = - Z1 at upper cutoff f2
The reactance of the series arm at the cutoff frequencies then can be written by use of the
above as
1
1
1L1 2 L1
1C1
2 C1
1 12 L1C1 1 2 2 L1C1 1
2
Now from eq.
L1C1
1
0 2
so that eq. may be written as

f2 2
2 1
2 f0
1 ff
2 1ff
2 1 f2
1
ff0 2
ff12
ff0 2
ff
1 2
or the frequency of resonance of the individual arms should be the geometric mean of the two
frequencies of cutoff.
If the filter is terminated in a load R = R k, as is customary, then the values of the circuit
components can be determined in terms of R and the cutoff frequencies f 1 and f2. At the lower
cutoff frequency,
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1
1L1 2R
1C1
1
f12
4 Rf1C1
f0 2
In view of Eq., the expression for C1 becomes

C1
ff2 1
4Rff1 2
It follows, then, from eqs. and that

L1
R
ff2
From equation it is possible to obtain the values for the shunt arm as
R ff2 1
4 ff1 2
L
1
C 2 12
R
R ff2 1
L 2 C1 R 2
This completes the design of the prototype band-pass filter.
Figure: m-derived band-pass section

An m-derived band-pass section is also possible. Use of the transformation relation
developed in section leads to a network of the form of fig. The shunt arm then consists of seriesresonant and antiresonant circuits in series. Plotting reactance curves for these two circuits and
adding to obtain the reactance variation of the shunt arm, Z 2 of the filter, gives the dashed curve of
fig. The antiresonant frequency of the arm as a whole must, by previous reasoning, be f 0 of the
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filter. The reactance curve for Z 2 then shows that the shunt arm becomes resonant at a frequency
below f0 and again at a frequency above f0.
Figure: Reactance curves for the shunt arm of the m-derived band-pass section.
At these frequencies the network is short-circuited, and thus they are frequencies of high
attenuation, f. These frequencies of high attenuation are placed on each side of the pass band,
and the m-derived section may be used to increase the attenuation near cutoff, as for the high-or
low-pass cases.
At one f, the reactances Xr and Xar are equal and opposite, so that
j
j L2 /m j / mC 2
1 m 2
L1
2
4m / 1 m C1 j 1 / mC 2 L 2 /m
4m
2L C
1 m2
2 L1C1 1 2 2 1
4
L 2 C 2 1
j
In view of the fact that

L 1 C1 L 2 C 2
Equation becomes
1
0 2 L
1 m 2 f 2
2 2
2 1 4 f L 2 C1
4 f0
The term L2C1 can be evaluated as a function of f1 and f2 from Equations and
ff
ff ff R
L 2 C1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 4
4 Rff1 2 4 ff1 2
16 f0
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Equation then reduces to
1 m ff
2
ff2 1
ff 2
1ff2
2
ff2 1
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1f2 0
1 m2
Solving for the values of the frequencies of peak attenuation,

ff
ff2
ff2 1
2 1 m2
4 1 m2
1f2
It is apparent that the radical is larger than ff2
1 m 2 , and thus one root would
appear as a negative frequency that has no physical significance here. Thus the expression for f
should be reversed so that the two frequencies of peak attenuation are
ff1
ff 2
ff2 1
4 1 m
ff2 1
4 1 m
1f2
1f2
ff2
2 1 m2
2
2
ff2
2 1 m2
Equation may be solved to determine the value of m, giving

2
ff f
m 1 2 2 1
ff 1f2
1 ff 2
ff
ff 2 1f2
The value of m may be chosen to place either one of the two frequencies of peak attenuation
at a desired point, the other frequency of peak attenuation then being definitely fixed. That this is
true may be chosen by forming the product for ff1 2 from Equations and:
ff1 2
f2 2 2ff1
4m 2 ff1 2 f2 2ff1 2 f12

ff1 2
4 1 m2
ff1 2 f0
Thus f0 is the geometric mean of the frequencies of peak attenuation and, by Equation, of
the cutoff frequencies as well. If m is selected to place f 01 at a desired point, then by Equation, f 2
and f 2 by the use of two ms or an mm-derived filter, as shown by Zobel (Reference 2).
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An m-derived T section, rearranged as a , may be split into two half sections and used as
terminating half sections. If m is given the value 0.6, then satisfactory impedance matching
conditions are maintained over the pass band. This usage follows the previously developed
theory for low-or high-pass sections.
9. Explain the band-elimination filters.
If the series and parallel-tuned arms of the band-pass filter are interchanged, the result is
the band-elimination filter of (a), fig. That this circuit does eliminate or attenuate a given
frequency band is shown by the reactance curves for Z 1 and -4Z2 at (b). The action may be thought
of as that of a low-pass filter in parallel with a high-pass section, in which the cut-off frequency of
the low-pass filter is below that of the high-pass filter.
Figure: (a) Band-elimination filter; (b) reactance showing action of band-elimination section.
As for the band-pass filter, the series and shunt arms are made antiresonant and resonant at
the same frequency f0. Again, it is possible to show that
R k2
ff0
and that
L1 L 2
C 2 C1
f
1 2
At the cutoff frequencies,

Z1 4Z 2 , Z1Z 2 4Z 2 2 R k 2
jR
Z2 k
2
If the filter is terminated in a load R = Rk, then at the lower cutoff frequency,
jR
1
1L 2
2
1C 2
Z2 j
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1
Since L 2 C 2 0 2 ,
1
f 12
f0 2
C2
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f1C 2 R
1 ff2 1
R ff1 2
In view of the fact that

ff0
then
L2
1 2
1
2 L2C2
R
4 ff2
By use of Equation, the values for the series arm are obtained as
R ff2 1
ff1 2
1
C1
4R ff2
L1
Section of the m-derived form may also be obtained.

10. Explain the crystal filters.
The lattice structure can also be shown to have filter properties. Considering the network of
fig.
Figure: Lattice filter section
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Z /2 2Z 2
Z 1
2 Z1 /2 2Z 2
Z1
Z2
4
Z1Z 2
Z 1Z 2
Z
Z1 /2 2Z 2 Z1 /2 2Z 2
Z1 Z 2
Z1 /4 Z 2
The characteristic impedance of the fig. Lattice filter section. Lattice section then is
Z 0L Z Z sc Z1Z 2
Thus if the section elements are reactive, Z 0L is real, or a pass band exists for frequencies for
which Z1 and Z2 are of opposite sign. Over ranges where Z1 and Z2 have the same sign, an
attenuation band exists.
Propagation can be investigated further by noting that
tanh
Z sc
Z1
1
Z oc
Z 2 1 Z1 /4Z 2
It may be noted that Z 0L depends on the product of Z1 and Z2, whereas depends on the
ratio of Z1 to Z2. This feature permits somewhat greater versatility in design of the lattice section
over the T or section, especially for filters in which certain of the elements are constructed of
piezoelectric crystals. These crystals have a resonant frequency of mechanical vibration dependent
on certain of their dimensions; and because of the very high equivalent Q of the crystals, it is
possible to make very narrow band filters and filters in which the attenuation rises very rapidly at
cutoff.
The equivalent electric circuit of a quartz mechanical-filter crystal is shown in fig. (a), which
shows a possibility of both resonance and antiresonance occurring. The inductance L x is very
large, being in henrys for crystals resonating near 500 kc, so that while Rx may approximate a few
hundred or few thousand ohms, the effective Q may be in the range of 10,000 to 30,000.
Considering the properties of resonant circuits, such as Q would provide a band width of 20 to 50
cycles at 500 kc.
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Figure: (a) Equivalent electrical circuit for a piezoelectric crystal; (b) reactance curves for the
circuit of (a).
The resistance of the crystal is due largely to mechanical damping introduced by the
electrodes and by the surrounding atmosphere. By placing a crystal in an evacuated container, the
value of Q can be notably increased. The electrodes are normally electroplated onto the crystal
faces and need not introduce much damping.
Capacitance Cs is the equivalent series capacitance of the crystal forming a resonant by the
crystal electrodes. The values of Cs, and Cp are such that Cp >> Cs, so that resonant and antiresonant frequencies of the circuit lie very close together, differing by a fraction of 1 per cent of the
resonant frequency. The reactance curve sketch of fig. (b) shows the resonant frequency below the
antiresonant one.
By placing adjustable capacitors in parallel with the crystal, C p can be
increased, resulting in the antiresonant frequency being moved closer to the resonant point.
Since the crystal represents either a resonant or antiresonant circuit, it may be used to
replace the normal elements of the band-pass or band-elimination filter. as previously shown for
band-pass action, the resonant frequency of one arm must equal the antiresonant frequency of the
other arm.
Figure: (a) Circuit of a lattice crystal filter with series inductors and parallel capacitors; (b) the
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electrical equivalent of (a).

The pass band with crystal elements will then be found to extend from the lowest crystal
resonant frequency to the highest crystal antiresonant frequency, or a width of pass band equal to
twice the separation of the resonant and antiresonant frequencies of one crystal. This range will
result in a pass band a fraction of 1 per cent wide. The band width can be reduced by putting
adjustable capacitors in parallel with the crystal, furnishing a means of adjustment of the width of
the pass band.
By the addition of coils in series with the crystals the pass bands may be widened. Since
the added coils have Q values very much below those of the crystals, there will be some loss in
sharpness at cutoff. A circuit including series coils is shown in fig. (a), with its equivalent drawn
at (b). The reactance curves for the A and B portions of this circuit are drawn in fig. (a), which
shows how the resonances and antiresonances are arranged. The presence of the series coil adds
an additional resonance, and the pass band exists from the lowest resonance of one crystal to the
highest resonance of the other. If f 1 and f2 are the frequencies of resonance of one of the circuits
and fR is that of the antiresonance, then
ff1,2
the
C
1m s
Cp
The separation of f1 and f2 represents two-thirds of the pass band and is seen to depend on
C s /C p ratio. Since Cs /Cp may be of the order of 0.01, it can be seen that the separation of f 1
and f2 be of the order of 0.10 f R, or 10 per cent of the resonant frequency. By placing coils in series
with the crystals, it has been possible to widen the pass band considerably. By adjustment of C p it
is then possible to narrow the band to any desired amount.
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Figure: (a) Reactacne curves for the circuit of fig. (a); (b) attenuation curves for that
circuit.
Thus the use of coils permits the bands to be widened to pass speech frequencies, and
crystal filters are quite generally used to separate the various channels in carrier telephone circuits,
in the range above 50 kilocycles.
11. Design a composite low pass filter to meet the following specifications. The fitler is to be
terminated in 500 ohms resistance and it is to have a cutoff frequency of 1000 Hz with very
high attenuation at 1065 and 1250 Hz.
Solution:
Given R= 500 ; fc = 1000 Hz; f = 1065 Hz.
f2 = 1250 Hz.
i) Design of low pass constant kT section
R
500
0.159 H
fc 1000
1
1
C
0.63 f
fc.R 1000 500
I
The assembly of this filter is a shown below with inductance L/2 in each series arm.
ii. Design of m derived low pass T- section (Ref fig (b)
a) for
f 2 1065
fc
m1 1
f t
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1065
m1 0.344
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The components of m- derived lowpass T section filter for m = 0.344 are

mL 0.344 1.59
0.0273H
2
2
mc 0.344 0.636 0.218 f
0.344
1 m2
.L
0.159
4m
4 0.344
2
= 0.102 H
The assembly of this m derived lowpass t section filter is as shown below
fc
m2 1
f 2
1000

1250
The components of m derived low pass T section filter for m = 0.6 are
mL 0.6 0.159
0.048 H
2
2
mc 0.6 0.636 0.3816 f
1 m 2 1 0.6
0.159
4m
4 0.6
2
= 0.0424 H
The assembly of the m derived low pass T section filter for m = 0.6 as shown below.
Assembling all the three sections we will get the desired composite filter.
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In the 3rd section i.e., for m = 0.6, the filter is divided into sections so these value get
changed.
1 m2
2
.L 0.0424 2 0.0848
4m
mc 0.218 f
and
0.109 f
2
2
Combine the elements with ever possible. The series inductors may be added and the
resulting final design I as shown below.
12. i. Describe a prototype T section band stop filter.
ii. Determine the formulae required for designing band stop filter.
iii. Explain the advantages of m derived band stop fitler.
i. Band stop filter:
A band stop or bad elimination filter attenuates a certain range of frequencies and passes all
other frequencies there fore a band stop action may be thought of as that of a low pass filter in
parallel with a high pass filter in which the cut off frequency of low pass filter is below that of
high pass filter.
ii.
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T-type
1
L1C1
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1
L1C1
L1C1 L2C2
Z1 j L1
1
jC
j L1 1/ C1 j 2 L1C1 1/ C1
j L2 1/ jC2
j L2
j L2 1/ jC2 1 2 L2C2
If the filter is to be constant K type

Z1Z2 = RK2
2 L1C1 1
j L2
RK 2
2
C1 1 L2C2
L1C1 L2C2
L2 L1
RK 2
C1 C2
Z1
1; Z1 4 Z 2
L1Z 2
Z12 4 Z1Z 2 4 RK 2
Z1 at lower cut off fi = Z1 at upper cut off f
1
1
j L1 1
j2 L1
2
j1C1
j C1
1
1
1 L1
2 L1
1C1
2C1
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1 2 L1C1
L1C1
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1 2
2 L1C1 1
2
1
02
12 1
02 2
f12
f
1 2 1
f0
f0
1
22
1
02
f 22
1
f 02
f 02 f1 f 2 f1 f 2 f1 f 2
fr
f2 f2
Z1 2 JRk
1
j1 L1 2 jRk
j1C1
1
1 L1 2 jRk
1C1
1 12C1 L1 2 Rk C1
12
1 2 2 Rk 2 f1C1
0
f 2 f1
4 Rk f1C
fr
C1
f 2 f1
4 Rk f1 f 2
L1C1
L1
1
1
2
2
0 4 f1 f 2
Rk
f 2 f1
L2 C1 Rk2
C2
Rk f 2 f1
4 f2 f2
L1
1
2
Rk Rk f 2 f1
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iii) Advantage of m derived filters

1. The attenuation does not increase rapidly beyond the cut off frequencies.
2. Characteristic impedance varies widely in the transmission or pass band, from the desired
value the design impedance Rk.
13. For a given T section low pass filter, determine the cut-ff frequency and normal
characteristic impedance Re.
Solution:
Given : L= 80 mH ; c = 0.02 f
1
LC
Cut off frequency
fc
fc
80 10 0.02 10
3
Hz
f c 7.962 103 Hz
R0
L
80 103
C
0.02 106
R0 2 103 ohms
14. Design a constant k low pass T and II sections fitlers having cut-off frequency = 3000 Hz
and nominal characteristic impedance R0= 600 ohm.
Solution:
Given fc = 3000 Hz; Ro = 600
L
R0
600 1
f c 3000 5
L 63.68mH
1
1
C
R0 f c 600 3000
C 0.1753 f
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Hence the require T and II- section lowpass filter are 63.68 mH
15. Design a constant k low pass filter having Fc= 2000 Hz and nominal characteristic
impedance R0=600. Also find the frequency at which this filter offers attenuation of 19.1 dB.
Solution:
Given: fc = 2000 Hz: R0 = 600 ohm ; = attenuation = 19.1 dB.
R
600
L 0
f c 600 2000
L 95.54mH
1
1
C
F
R0 f c 600 2000
C 0.263 F
Attenuation of 19.1 dB is expressed in nepers as
19.1
2.2 nepers
8.686
2 cosh -1 f / fc
f
2.2 f
cosh
: 1.6685
fc
2 fc
F 1.6685 2000
f 3337 Hz
16. Design a T- section constant K high pass filter having cut off frequency of 10KHz and
nominal characteristic resistance of Ro=600 om. Find i) its characteristic impedance and phase
constants at 25 KHz and ii) Attenuation 5KHz.
Solution:
Given Fc = 10 KHz ; R0 = 600 ohm
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L
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R0
600
4 f c 4 10 103
L 4.77 mH
1
1
C
F
4 .R0 . f c 4 10 103 600
C 0.0132663 F
Each capacitor in the series arm T section is 2C= 0.02652 F and the inductor in shunt arm
is L=4.777 mH.
At f= 25 KHz
Z OT
fc
R0 1
f
Z OT
10
600 1
25
Z OT 545
2 sin -1 f c / f 2sin 10 / 25
47.2 or =47.52 /180=0.0824 radians
In the attenuation band, is given as,
2 cosh -1 f c / f nepers 2 cosh -1 10 / 5 nepers

2.6 nepers
17. Determine a prototype band pass fitler section having cut off frequencies of 2000 Hz and 500
Hz and nominal characteristic impedance of 600 ohms.
Solution:
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L1
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R0
600
f 2 f1 5000 2000
L1 63.68mH
L1
31.84mH
2
5000 2000
f 2 f1
C1
F
F
4 Ra , f1 , f 2
4 600 5000 2000
C 0.0381 F
ICI 0.0762 F
R f f 600 5000 2000
L2 0 2 1
H
4 .R0 . f c
4 5000 2000
L2 14.33mH
C2
1
1
R0 f 2 f1 600 5000 6000
C2 0.1769 F
Hence the band pass filter is as shown below.
UNIT II
PART A
1. What is transmission line?
Energy can be transmitted either by the radiation of free electromagnetic waves as in the radio
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or it can be constrained to move or carried in various conductor arrangement known as

transmission line. It is a conductive method of guiding electrical energy from one place to another.
2. What are lumped parameters and distributed parameters?
The parameters which are physically separable and can be shown to be at one place in the
circuit in the lumped form are lumped parameters.
The parameters which are not physical be separable and are distributed all over the length
of the circuit like transmission line are called distributed parameters.
3. State the properties of infinite line.
1. No waves will ever reach receiving end hence there is no reflection.
2. The Zo of the sending end decides the current flowing when voltage is applied
ZR has no effect on the sending current.
4. What is short line?
The short line means a practical line with finite length and the word short does not reflect
anything about the actual length of the line.
5. Sketch the group of Zo agains w.
R+jwL
G+jwC
Zo =
w 0,
R
L
Zo and w Z0
G
C
R
is alwas higher then
Practically
G
when
L
C
6. What is called an infinite line?

The analysis of the transmission of the electric waves along any uniform and symmetrical
transmission line can be done in-terms of the result existing for an imaginary
line of infinite length, having electrical constants per unit length identical to that of the line under
consideration.
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7. Discuss the importance of smooth line.

A line terminated in its characteristic impedance Ro is called properly terminated line which
acts as a smooth line. Because of proper termination, there is no mismatch of impedance. Hence
no reflection takes place. Thus no standing waves are produced. Then the maximum power
transfer from generator to load is possible.
8. Draw the equivalent circuit of a unit length of transmission line.
9. Define characteristic impedance.

When a finite transmission line is terminated with ZO and the input impedance is also ZO, then
ZO is known as characteristic impedance. i.e the input impedance of an infinite line is
characteristic impedance of line,
10. Define return loss.
Return loss is defined as the ratio of power at the receiving end due to incident wave to power
due to reflected wave by the load.
Returns loss = 20 log
Z R Zo
Z R Zo
db
11. Define reflection factor?

Reflection factor is defined as the ratio which indicates the change in current in the load due to
reflection at the mismatched junction.
2 Z R Zo
K=
Z R Zo
12. Express reflection factor in terms of impedance.
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Reflection factor =
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2 Z1Z 2
Z1 Z 2
where Z1 and Z2 are the impedance seen looking both ways at any junction.
13. Find out the value of Reflection coefficient (K) for the following;
i)
ii)
iii)
Properly matched condition - |K| = 1

Short circuited line - |K| = 0
Open circuited line -|K| = 0
14. What is Campells equation?

It makes possible the calculation of the effects of loading coils in reducing attenuation and
distortion.
Zc
CoshN 1
sinh N CoshN
2 Zo
when
ZC loading coil impedance
Zo Characteristic impedance
N
Length of Transmission line section
Propagation constant
1
Modified propagation constant.
15. What are the basic application of transmission lines?
i.
ii.
iii.
It is used to transmit energy

It can be used a circuit elements like L>C. and resonant circuits.
It can be used as filters, transformers, measuring devices.
16. State the condition for minimum attenuation with L and C variable.
CR
G
LG
With C; variable , C =
R
In general, RC = LG
17. Give the types of transmission line
With L variable , L =
The commonly used transmission lines are:

i)
Open wire line.
ii)
Co-axial line
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iii)
iv)
v)
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Strip line
Waveguides
Optical fibers.
18. Write short notes on transmission line.

The open wire transmission line consists of two conductors spaced at a certain distance apart.
The spacing between the conductors is large in comparison to the diameter of the line conductors.
As a result these lines can operate at higher frequencies.
This type of line is used in transmission of electric power, telegraphy and telephony,
The conductor of open wire line is as shown below.
19. Give the advantages of open wire transmission line.

The advantages of open wire line are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Simple to construct and low cost.

Insulation between the line and conductor is air so, the dielectric loss is extremely small.
It is balanced with respect to ground
20. What are the disadvantages of open wire transmission line?

(i)
These lines are unsuitable for use at frequencies above 100MHz. Because energy loss
takes place due to radiation.
21. Write short notes on co-axial line (or) Coaxial cable.
To avoid radiation losses taking place in open wire lines at high frequencies a closed field
configuration is used by surrounding the inner conductor with an outer cylindrical hollow
conductor and the arrangement is termed as a coaxial cable.
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22. Give the advantages and disadvantages of co-axial transmission line.

Advantages:
(i)
The electric and magnetic fields are confined with in the outer conductor so the
radiation losses are eliminated.
(ii)
It provides outer shielding from outer interfacing signals.
(iii) The co-axial line can be used up to the frequency range of about 1 GHz for transmission
of signals.
Disadvantages:
(i)
(ii)
They are costlier than open wire line.

Beyond 1GHz these cables cannot be used because losses in the dielectric increases with
frequency.
23. What do you mean by Waveguide?

Wave guides are hollow conducting tubes of uniform cross section used for U. H. F.
Transmission by continuous reflection from the inner walls of the guide.
24. Give the application of microwaves
(i)
Satellite communication (ii) Telemetry (iii) Transmission of video signals (iv) Microwave
oven.
25. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Waveguide?

The advantages of waveguides are:
i)
In wave guides, no power is lost through radiation because the electric and magnetic
fields are confined to the space within the guides.
ii)
The dielectric loss is negligible.
iii)
Frequencies of the wave higher than 3GHz can be easily transmitted
iv)
Several modes of electromagnetic waves can be propagated with in a single Waveguide.
The Disadvantages of wave guides are:
(i)
Cost of the wave guide is so high
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(ii)
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The wave guide walls should be specially plated to reduce resistance to avoid skin effect
and power loss.
26. What is an optical fiber?

An optical fiber is a dielectric wave guide that operates at optical frequencies. It confines
electromagnetic energy in the form of light within its surfaces and guides the light in a direction
parallel to its axis.
27. What are the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber?
Advantages:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Low transmission loss and very high band width

Small size and weight
No radio frequency and electromagnetic interference
Ruggedness and flexibility
Disadvantages:
(i)
(ii)
It is difficult to run cables where the bending occurs.

Different specialized techniques have to be followed to join ends of two cables.
28. What are the four important parameters of a transmission line?

The main four parameters of transmission line are
Resistance - R
Inductance - L
Capacitance - C
Conductance - G
29. Define propagation constant of uniform line.
The propagation constant per unit length of a uniform line is defined as the natural logarithm
of steady state vector ratio of current or voltage at any point, to that at a point unit distance further
from source, when the line is infinitely long
30. When a transmission line is said to be uniform?
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A line is said to be uniform, when the primary constants R, L, C and G are uniformly
distributed along the entire length of transmission.
31. Name the secondary constants of transmission line.
Characteristic impedance Zo and Propagation constant P (or) are the Secondary constants of
transmission line
32. What is the value of characteristic impedance of open-wire line?
The characteristic impedance of open-wire line is
S
Zo = 276 log 10
ohms
r
Where S is the spacing between two wires-centre to centre
r is radius of either of the wire.
33. What is the value of characteristic impedance of coaxial cable?
The characteristic impedance of co-axial cable Is Zo 138log10
D
ohms
d
Where
D is inner diameter of outer conductor
d is diameter of inner conductor
34. Define velocity of propagation.
Velocity of propagation is defined as the velocity with which a signal of single frequency
propagates along the line at a particular frequency f . It is denoted as Vp and its unit is km/sec.
35. Define group velocity.
Group velocity is defined as the velocity of envelope of a complex signal. (or) It is a velocity
with which a signal produced by variation of a steady-state wave or by introduction of group
frequencies. It is denoted as Vg.
36. What is loading of a transmission line?

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The process of achieving the condition RC = LG either by artificially increasing L or decreasing

C is called loading of a line.
37. What are the advantages of lumped loading?
The advantages of lumped loading are
There is no practical limit to the value by which the inductance can be increased.
Cost is small
Hysterisis and eddy current losses are small.
38. What are the disadvantages of reflection?
1. Reduction in efficiency,
2. If the attenuation is not large, then the reflected wave appears as echo at the sending
end.
3. The part of received energy is rejected by the load, hence output reduces.
These are the disadvantages of reflection.
39. What is frequency distortion?
A complex applied voltage, such as a voice voltage containing many frequency will not
have all frequencies transmitted with equal attenuation of the received wave form will not be
identical with the input wave form at the sending end. This variation is called frequency
distortion.
40. What is phase or Delay Distortion?
All frequencies applied to a transmission line will not have the same time of transmission,
some frequencies being delayed more than others. For an applied voice-voltage wave, the received
wave will not be identical with the input wave form at the sending end, since some components
will be delays more than the other. This phenomenon is called Delay distortion.
41. Define Reflection co-efficient.
The ratio of amplitudes of the reflected of incident voltage waves at the receiving end of the
line is called reflection co-efficient.
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K
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Re flected voltage at load

Incident voltage at load
42. What do you mean by Insertion loss?

It is defined as number of repers or decibels by which the current in the load is changed by
the insertion.
43. What is return loss?
Return loss is defined as the ratio of power at receiving end due to incident wave and power
due to reflected wave in the load.
2 2o
Re flection Loss = R
2R 2o
It is the reciprocal of Reflection co-efficient
44. Write down the expression for transfer impedance
ZT
Es 2R 2o l
e Ke l
IR
2
Z T zR cos h l+zo sin h l

45. What do you mean by Lumped circuits?
The network where in the resistance, inductance and capacitance are individually
concentrated or lumped at discrete points in the circuit is called Lumped circuit.
46. Write short notes on co-axial cable.
One conductor is a hollow tube, the second conductor being located inside of co-axial with
the tube.
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PART B
1. Derive the General solution a transmission line.
A transmission line is a circuit with distributed parameters hence the method of analyzing
such circuit is different than the method of analysis of a circuit with lumped parameters. It is seen
that the current and voltage varies from point to point along the transmission line. The general
solution of a transmission line includes the expressions for current and voltage at any point along
a line of any length having uniformly distributed constants.
The various notations used in this derivation are,
R = Series resistance, ohms per unit length, including both the wires.
L = Series inductance, henrys per unit length.
C = Capacitance between the conductors, farads per unit length.
G = Shunt leakage conductance between the conductors, mhos per unit length.
L= Series reactance per unit length.
C = Shunt susceptance in mhos per unit length
Z = R + J L = Series impedance in ohms per unit length.
Y = G + j C = shunt admittance in mhos per unit length.
S = Distance out to point of consideration, measured from receiving end.
I = Current in the line at any point.
E= Voltage between the conductors at any point.
l = Length of the line.
The transmission line of length l can be considered to be made up of infinitesimal T section.
One such section of length ds is shown in the Fig.4.17. It carries a current I.
The point under consideration is at a distance a from the receiving end. The length of section is
ds hence its series impedance is Zds and shunt admittance is Yds. The current is I and voltage is E
at this section.
The elemental voltage drop in the length ds is
dE
= I Zds
dE
I Z (1)
ds
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the leakage current flowing through shunt admittance from one conductor to other is given by
dI = EY ds
dI
= EY
ds
.(2)
Differentiating equation (1) and (2) with respect to S we get

d 2E
dI
Z
2
ds
ds
and
d 1I
dE
Y
2
ds
ds
This is because both E and I are function of S.
d 2E
ZEY ..........(3)
ds 2
IZ
and
d 2I
YIZ .....(4)
ds 2
The equations (3) and (4) are the second order differential equations describing the
transmission line having distributed constants, all along its length. It is necessary to solve these
equations to obtain the expression of E and I.
Replace the operation d/dS by m hence we get.
(m2 ZY) E = 0 but E 0
m = ZY .. (5)
Same result is true for the current equation.
So, there exists two solutions for positive sign of m and negative sign of m. The general solution
of the equations for E and I are,
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E Ae ZYS Be ZYS ..........(6)

I (e ZYS 1)e ZYS ...........(7)
Where A, B, C and arbitrary constants of integration.
It is now necessary to obtain the values of A, ,B, C and D.
As distance is measured from the receiving end S = 0 indicates the receiving end
E = IER and I = IR at S = 0
Substituting in the solution,
ER = A + B .. (8(a))
IR = C + D ..(9(b))
Same condition can be used in the equations obtained by differentiating the equations (6) and (7)
with respect to S.
dE
A ZY e ZY s B( ZY )e ZY s
ds
and
dI
C ZY e ZYs D ( ZY )e ZYs
ds
But
dE
dI
IZand
Ey
ds
ds
IZ A ZY e Zys B ( Zy )e Zys ...(9)
andEY C ZY e ZYs D ( ZY )e ZYs ..(10)
I
A
B
ZY e Zys ( ZY )e ZYs
Z
Z
i.e.I A
andE C
Y
Y
e ZYS B
e ZYS ....(11)
Z
Z
Z
Z
e ZYS D
ZYS .....(12)
Y
Y
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SHORT SECTION PQ, distance x from the sending end of transmission line.
Now use S = 0 , E = ER and I - IR
IR A
Y
Y
B
............(13( a)
Z
Z
andER C
Y
Y
D
.........(13(b)
Z
Z
The equation 8a, 13a, 13b are to be solved simultaneously to obtain the values of the constants
A, B, C and D.
Now while solving these equations use the results,
ZR
ER
R j L
Z
andZ o
IR
G j C
Y
Hence the various constants obtained, after solving the equations simultaneously are,
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ER I R
2
2
ER I R
2
2
I R ER
2
2
Z O
Z ER
1 .......(14)
Y
2
Z R
Z O
Z ER
1 ........(15)
Y
2
Z R
Y IR
Z
1 R .........(16)
Z
2
Z O
I R ER
2
2
Y IR
Z
1 R ............(17)
Z
2
Z O
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Hence the general solution of the differential equation is,

E
ER
2
Z O
Z O
1 e ZYS 1 e ZYS ..(18)
Z R
Z R
IR
2
Z R
Z R
1 e ZYS 1 e ZYS ..(19)
Z O
Z O
Taking LCM as ZR and taking
Z R ZO
out from equation (18)
ZR
ER ( Z R Z O )
E (Z ZO )
e ZYs R R
e ZYs ..(20)
2Z R
2Z R (Z R ZO )
Taking LCM as Zo and taking
Z R ZO
out from equation (19)
ZR
I R (Z R ZO )
(Z ZO )
e ZYS R
e ZY S ..(21)
2ZO
(Z R ZO )
The negative sign is used to convert Zo ZR to ZR - Zo

The equation (20) and (21) is the general solution of a transmission line.
Another way of representing the equation is
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ER
Z R Z O e ZYs (Z R Z O )e ZY s
2Z R
ER
Z Re ZYs Z Oe ZYs Z Re ZYs
2Z R
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Z Oe ZYs
ER
E
Z R hence R I R
IR
ZR
But
e ZYs e ZYs

2
E ER
e ZYs e ZYs
......(22)
2
I R ZO
e ZYs e ZYs

2
I IR
and
ER e ZYs e ZYs
.............(23)
ZO
2
e ZYs e ZYs
COSh ZYsand
2
But e ZYs e ZYs Sinh ZYs

2
E ERCosh
ZYs 1R Z O Sinh
ZYs ....(24)
and I
I RCosh
ZYs ER / Z O sinh
ZYs ..........(25)
The equation (24) and (25) give the values of E and I at any point along the length of the line.
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Important Note:
The similar equations can be obtained in terms of sending and voltage Es and Is. If X is the
distance measured down the line from the sending end then,
X=1s
And the equation (24) and (25) get transferred in term Es and Is as
E ES Cosh
I I S Cosh
ZYx I S Z O Sinh
ZY x ES / Z O Sinh
ZYx
ZYx
And ZY as derived earlier and hence equation can be written in terms of propagation
constant .
Summarizing.
If receiving end parameters are known and s is distance measure from the receiving end then,
E= ER cos h ( s ) +IR Zo sin h ( s)
I = IR cosh ( s) +ER /Zo sin h ( s)
And if sending end parameters are known and X is distance measure from the receiving end then,
E = Es cosh ( x ) + Is Zo sinh ( x )
I = Is cosh ( x ) +Es/Zo sinh( x)
Any set of equations can be used to solve the problems depending on the values given.
2. Explain the physical significance of General solution.
From the qeuesed solutions, the sending end current can be obtained by substituting S = I
measured from the receiving end.
Es = ER cosh ( I ) + IR Zo sinh ( I ) (1)
Is = IR [cos h ( I) + ER /Zo sin h ( I ) ..(2)
Now ZR = ER / IR
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Is = IR cos h ( I) + ZR /Zo IR sin h ( I )

Is = IR cos h ( I )+ ZR / Zo sinh ( I ) (3)
Now if the line is terminated in its characteristic impedance Zo then,
Is = IR cosh ( I ) + sinh ( I ) . As ZR = Zo
Is / IR = cosh ( I ) + sinh ( I ) = eW .(4)
This is the equation which is already derived for the line terminated in Zo. Using
ER = IR ZR in equation (1),
Es = ZR IR cosh ( I ) + IR Zo sinh ( I )
Es = IR (ZR cos h ( I ) + Zo sinh ( I ) ..(5)
Dividing (5) by (3),
I Z cosh( I ) Z O sinh( I )
Es
R R
I s I R cosh( I ) Z R / Z O sinh( I )
But Es / Is = Zs
ZS
Z O Z R cosh( I ) Z O sinh( I )
ZO cosh( I ) Z R sinh( I )
When the line is terminated in Zo then ZR = Zo SO substituting in equation (6) we get

Zs = Zo
This shows that for a line terminated in its characteristic impedance, it input impedance is also
its characteristic impedance.
Now consider an infinite line I Using this in equation (6) we get,
ZS
Z O Z R Z O tanh( I )
ZO Z R tanh( I )
and tanh( I ) IasI

Z S Z O ........(8)
This shows that finite line terminated in its characteristic impedance behaves as an infinite
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line, to the sending end generator.

Thus the equations for Ex and Ix are applicable for the finite line terminated in Zo. The
equations are reproduced here for the convenience of the reader.
Ex = Es e yx and Ix = Is e yx
If in practice instruments are connected along the line then the instruments will show the
magnitude Es e yx and Is e yx while the phase angles cannot be obtained. If the graph for Ex or Ix
is plotted against x then it can be shown.
This is the physical significance of the general solution of a transmission line . Its use will be
more clear by studying the various cases of the line.
3. State and explain different types of distortions in line.
When the received signal is not the exact replication of the transmitted signal then the signal is
said to be distorted. There exists some kind of distortion in the signal. There are three types of
distortions present in the transmitted wave along the transmission line.
1. Due to variation of characteristic impedance Zo with frequency.
2. Frequency distortion due to the variation of attenuation constant with frequency.
3. Phase distortion due to the variation of phase constant with frequency.
Distortion due to Zo varying with Frequency:
The characteristic impedance Zo of the line varies with the frequency while the line is
terminated in an impedance with does not vary with frequency in similar fashion as that of Zo.
This causes the distortion. The power is absorbed at certain frequencies while its gets reflected for
certain frequencies. So there exists the selective power absorption, due to this type of distortion.
It is known that,
ZO
R j L
G j C
R (1 j L / R )
G (1 j C / G )
If for the line, the condition LG += CR is satisfied the L/R = C/G and hence
(1 J L / R ) (1 J C / G )
Z O R / G O o L / C O o
For such a line Zo does not vary with frequency and it is purely resistive in nature.
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Such a line can be easily and correctly terminated in an impedance which matches with Z o at
the frequencies for such a line Z R R / Gor L / G . This eliminates the distortion and hence
selective power absorption.
4. Write brief notes on lumped loading.
In this type of loading the inductors are introduced in lumps at the uniform distances in the
line. Such inductors are called lumped inductors. The inductors are introduced in the limbs to
keep the line as balanced circuit. The lumped inductors are in the form of coils called loading
coils.
The lumped loading is preferred for the open wire lines and cables for the transmission
improvement. The loading coil design is very much important in this method. The core of the coil
is usually Toro dial in shape and made if dimensions, very low eddy current losses and negligible
external field which restricts the interference with neighboring circuits.
The loading coil is wound of the largest gauge of wire consistent with small size. Each
winding is divided into equal parts, so that exactly half the inductance can be inserted in to each
leg of the circuit. These are built into steel sizes to accommodate one or more coils. The pots
protect the coils from external magnetic fields, weather and mechanical damage. The fig. shows
the construction of loading coils. White installing the coils, the care must be taken so that the
circuit balance is maintained. No winding is reversed. If winding is, it will neutralized the
inductance of other winding reduced the overall inductance.
In the case of lumped loading. The line behaves properly provided spacing is uniform and
loading is balanced, up to a certain frequency called cutoff frequency of the line. Upto this
frequency, the added inductance behaves as if it is distributed uniformly along the line. But above
this cut-off frequency the attenuation constant increases rapidly. The line acts as low pass fitter.
The graph of against the frequency called the attenuation frequency characteristics of the line
show in the fig. It can be see that for continuous loading the attenuation is independent if
frequency while for lumped loading it increases rapidly after the cut-off frequency.
If the loading section distance is d than keeping inductance LS of the loading coil constant, cut
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off frequency is found to be proportional to the *. Hence to get the higher cut off frequency, small
lumped inductance must be used at smaller distances.
5. Write short notes on different types of transmission lines.
Transmission is the process it transmitting some signals from one place to another. Here it can
be data as in the case of transmission of computer data along telephone lies or it can be
audit/video signals from radio or television broad cost.
Electrical energy can be transmitted from one point to another by one of the two methods
namely
1. By radiation of electromagnetic waves through free space.
2. By use of electrical conductor arrangement known as transmission line.
Transmission line is a conductive method of guiding electrical energy from one place to
another. In communication these lines are used as link between transmitter and receiver.
Transmission lines may be grouped as lumped lines or distributed lines while in distributed
liens, the electrical parameters like inductance, capacitance, resistance and conductance are
distributed uniformly across the entire line length white in lumped lines these parameters are
jumped at intervals along the line.
The commonly used transmission lines are
1. Open wire line.
2. Coaxial line.
3. Strip line.
4. Wave guides
5. Optical fibers.
1. Open wire line:
These lines consist of two conductors spaced at a certain distance apart. This type of line is
used in transmission of electric power, telegraphy and telephony signals.
The construction of open wire line is as shown below.
These lines have distributed sonic resistance and inductance, shunt capacitance and
conductance. The electric and magnetic fields existing in the lines are shown below.
The spacing between the conductors is large in comparison to the diameter of the line
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conductors. As a result these lines can operate at high voltage. However when operating at higher
frequency the larger spacing proves to be a disadvantages because radiation of energy from the
open wire line takes place. However the radiation loss can be minimized by reducing the spacing
between wires.
The primary constants of a open wire transmission line are, resistance, inductance, capacitance
and conductance per unit length can be given as,
R = 2p /r 2 ohms.
L = / log e (S / r ) Henries.
Where,
P Specific resistance
r radios
S Spacing between conductors.
Advantages of open wire lines:
1. Simple to construct and low cost
2. Insulation between the line conductors is air. As a result the electric loss is extremely small
3. It is balanced with respect to ground.
Disadvantages:
1. These lines are unsuitable for use at frequencies above 100 Mhz because energy loss takes place
due to radiation.
2. Coaxial lines (or) Coaxial cables:
The avoid radiation losses taking place in open wire lines at high frequencies, a closed field
configuration is used by surrounding the inner conductor with an outer cylindrical hollow
conductor and the arrangement is termed as a coaxial cable.
The construction of coaxial cable, the electric magnetic field existing in a coaxial cable s as
shown above and below.
A typical air inner copper conductor held in position by insulating discs
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Flexible cables have polythene dielectric and outer conductor in the form of copper braided or
flexibility.
It D and d are diameters of the outer and inner conductor, and also and be the
permeability and permittivity of the insulting medium, then the characteristics impedance P of the
cable is given by
Z o 138 r / r log10 (d / d )
8
the velocity of propagation V 3*10 / r r
Advantages:
1. The electric and magnetic fields are continued with in the conductor there by eliminating
radiation losses.
2. It provides effective shielding from outer interfering signals.
Disadvantages:
1. They are costlier then open wire lines.
2. Beyond 1Ghz these cables cannot be used because losses in the dielectric increases with
frequency.
STRIP LINES
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A form of line using finite plates and an inverting dielectric medium is turned as strip line.
Strip lines are two types:
1. Trip late
2. Micro strip.
.Trip late Line:
This line resembles as a co-axial line in which side conductors have been removed. The energy
propagation in this line is in the form of TEM waves, provided. The distance b/w the centre and
outer plate is smaller compared with the wave length of the signal
Disadvantages:
1. It is costlier and it also requires a manufacturing skill.
Micro strip line:
The micro strip line has a narrow conductor supported by a dielectric. The bottom conducting
plates serve as earth plate.
The micro strip line is widely used in microwave integrated circuits these components find
wide application in couplers circulators and receiver.
Micro strip lines are fabricated on fiber glass or polystyrenes printed circuit boards as about
1.5mm thickness with copper strips. 3mm wide.
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Wave guides:
Wave guides are hollow conducting takes a uniform gross section used for U. H. F. transform by
continuous reflection from the inner walls of the guide.
Wave guide are used to minimize losses and for high power transmission at microwave freq.
The shape of the wave guide may be rectangle or cylindrical thro which electromagnetic waves
are propagated. The propagation takes place in open wire and co-axial lines propagation takes
place in the form d transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic waves.
Rectangular waveguide
Elliptical waveguide.
Advantages:
1. In wave guide no power is cost throughout, because she elastic and magnetic fields are confined
to the space with in the guides.
2. The dielectric loss is negligible.
3. Several modes of electro magnetic waves can be propagated with in a single wave guide.
4. Frequency of the wave higher than 39 hz can be easily transmitted.
Disadvantages:
1. Cost of the wave guide is very high.
2. Wave guide walls should be specially plated to reduce resistance to avoid skin effect and power
less.
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Optical fibers:
The entrance appearance of optical fibers are similar to C0-axial cables. Here the copper cores
are replaced by highly put e glass (or) silica which is used to carry modulated light energy
similar to micro wave energy.
An optical fiber is a dielectric wave guide that operated at optical frequency. It confines
electromagnetic energy in the form a light to within its surfaces and guide the light in a direction
11 d to the axis. The structure of a time cable is show below.
Advantages:
1.Low transmission loss and high band width.
2. Electrical isolation is there.
3. No radio frequency and electromagnetic item.
4. High degree of data securing is afforded.
5. Small sue and weight.
Disadvantages:
1. The cost of fiber able is very high (Rs.7000/- per meter).
2. It is difficult to run the cables where the bending occurs.
3. Different specializes technique have to the followed to join ends of two cables.
6. Explain about transmission line parameter:
Transmission line parameter:
In a open wire line, when a current is passed through it, a magnetic fields are produced around
the conductors and the voltage drop occurs along the line similarly when a voltage is passed
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through a open wire line, an electric field is produced b/w the two conductor.
The magnetic field proportional to the usual indicate that the line L as series inductance L and
the voltage drop indicate the presented series resistance R
Similarly the electric field proportion to the voltage indicates that the line contains shunt
capacitance C and this capacitance is new useless (or) perfect so, the line also contains
conductance G
These four parameter R, L, C and G are distributed along the whole length of the line.
The four line parameters, R, L, C. and G are termed as primary customs of a transmission line.
They are defined
Resistance R
Resistance R is designed as loop resistance per unit length of line. They it is the sun of
resistance of both the wire for unit line length. It is ohm/kn.
Inductance L
Inductance t L is defined as loop inductance per unit length of line. Thus it is the sum of
inductance of both wire for unit length. Its unit is HCGrier /km.
Conductance G
Conductance G is define as shunt conductance b/w the two wires per unit length of line. Its
unit is mhos / km.
Capacitance:
Capacitance is defined as shunt capacitance b/w the two wipes per unit length: Its unit is farad
/ km
Impedance Z
The series impedance of a transmission line per unit length is given as ,
Z=R+jL,
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Where,
R line resistance, and j L Line reactance.
Admittance: Y:
The shunt admittance. Y of a transmission line per unit length is given at y = G + j c.
Where,
G line conductance and j C line susceptance.
Characteristic Impedance Zo:
Characteristic impedance is defines as the ratio of square root of impedance to admittances.
Zo Z / Y
Z o ( R j L) /(G j C )
Propagation constant Y:
Propagation constant is defined at the product of square root of impedance and admittance.
r ZY ( R j L )(G j L )
These characteristic impedance Zo and r are called as secondary constants of transmission
line.
In addition to primary and secondary constants of a transmission line there are 3 more units of
transmission line theory.
Wave length:
It is defined as the distance that the wave travels along the line in order that the total shift is 2
radiance.
It is denoted by and its unit is meter.
=2 /
Group Velocity:
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The group velocity is defined as the velocity of the develop is a complete signal. It is
denoted at g.
g ( 2 1 ) /( 2 1 )
Velocity of propagation:
It is defined as the velocity with which a signal of single frequency propagation along the line
at a particular frequency f.
g = f
g = 2 f/
7. Derive the expression for telephone cables:

Telephone cables (or) telex lines are used as low frequencies transmission line. A telephone
cable is formed by two wines insulated from each other by a layer oil impregnated paper and then
twisted in pains. A large no of each pairs form an underground cable. Such transmission lines are
called as telephone cables.
At low frequencies, the series inductance reactance is quite negligible as negligible as compared
to line resistance R. Similarly line conductance is also vary small as compared to susceptance
substituting the condition in general equation for propagation constant
() and the characteristic input (Zo) given.
XY
=
( R j L)(G j c)..........(1)
subG 0; L 0
=
=
j RC
Rc 45o..........(2)
j RC cos 45o j RC sin 45o
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RC / 2 j RC / 2
= RC / 2............(3)
RC / 2............(4)
Characteristic impedance Z o ( R j L)(G j L)
Z 0 R / j C
Z 0 R / C 45oand ............(5)
Velocity of propagation Vp is given as
p 4= /
p = w/ RC / 2 V p 2 / RC ...........(6)
From the above equation its observed that and are independent on frequency. This the
higher frequency are attenuated move and travel faster than the lower frequency resulting in
frequency and delay distortion. Hence large distortion occurs at higher frequencies in a telephone
lines.
8. Explain insertion loss in detail and derive the expression for the same.
Insertion loss occurs due to insertion of a network or a line in between source and load.
If input impedance Zs is not equal to generator impedance Zg, then reflection loss occurs at
terminals
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1-11. If ZR is not equal to Zo, then second reflection loss occurs at terminals 2-21. The overall effect
of insertion of a line is to change the current through the load and hence power delivered to load is
less compared too power delivered to load when it was directly connected to generator.
Thus insertion loss of a line or a network is defined as the number of ropers or dB by which the
current in the load is changed by insertion of a line or a network between the load and the source.
Consider the circuit in which generator of impedance Zg is connected to a load of impedance ZR.
I R1
E
(1)
Zg ZR
The line is inserted between load and generator.

Let Zs be input impedance of a line which different than Zg,
IS
E
(2)
Zg ZS
We know that input impedance of line is

e l ke l
Z S ZO l
(3)
l
e ke
sub(3)in(2)
E
e l ke l
Z g ZO l
l
e ke
E
Is
l
l
Z g (e ke ) Z o (e l ke l )
IS
we know that
Is
I R (Z R Zo ) l
(e ke l ) (4)
2Z o
This equation is obtained from general solution of line by substituting s = l
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2ZO I S
(5)
( Z R Z O ) e l ke l
IR
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2 Z o E (e l ke l )
(6)
Z g (e l ke l ) Z 0 (e l ke l )
( Z R Z o )(e l ke l )
we know that ref. 10eff. K=
2Z 0 E
IR
I R
Z R Zo
(7)
Z R Zo
Z Z
Z Z
( Z R Z o ) Z o e l R 0 e l Z g e l R o e l
Z R Z o
Z R Z o

2Z o E
Z Z o
o
ZR Z
l
l
l
( Z R Z o ) Z o e l R
Z o e Z g e
Zge
Z R Z o
ZR Z
o
IR
2Z 0 E
(8)
( Z R Z O )( Z o Z g )e l ( Z R Z o )e l
Insertionloss
I R1
IR
E
Zg ZR
I
I .loss
2Z o E
IR
l
( Z R Z o )( Z 0 Z g )e ( Z R _ Z o )( Z o Z g )e l
1
R
l
l
I R1 ( Z R Z o )( Z o Z g )e ( Z R Z o )( Z o Z g )e
(9)
IR
2Z o (Z g zR )
The length of line is usually very large hence e l 0 2nd term in numerator can be neglected.
l
I R1 ( Z R Z o )( Z 0 Z g )e
(10)
IR
2Z o ( Z g Z R )
( Z R Z o )( Z o Z g )e l e j l
2Z 0 ( Z g Z R )
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(Q j )
But insertion loss has too be calculated as a function of ratio of current magnitudes and hence e jl
can be neglected.
Z R Z o Z o Z g e l
I R2
(11)
IR
2 | Z o || Z g Z R |
Xand by 2 Z g Z R ,
I R1 2 Z g Z R | Z R Z O || Z O Zg | e
IR
4 Z g Z R | Z O || Zg Z R |
I R1 | Z g Z O || Z R Z O | 2 Zg Z R l
e (12)
IR
2 Z g ZO 2 Z R ZO | Zg Z R |
All the terms on RHS are reflection factors.

2 Z g Zo
Let Ks =
= reflection factor at source side (13)
| Z g Zo |
kR
2 Z R Zo
= reflection factor at load side (14)
| Z R Zo |
k SR
2 Zg ZR
| Zg ZR |
= refl factor for direct connection (15)
e l indicates loss in the line.
k
I R1
SR e l
IR
kS k R
Insertion loss =
(or)
I R1
1
1
1
lu lu lu
l Nepers.
I R kS
kR
k SR
1
1
1
0.4343 l dB
Insertion loss = 20 log log log
kS
kR
kSR
The term corresponding to kSR is negative. It is the loss if generator and load would have
been directly connected. It is not related to insertion hence it is subtracted from overall loss.
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9. Prove that
(i ) Z 0 Z oc.Z SC
(ii ) tanh
Z sc
Z oc
(i)Consider a short line terminated I its characteristic impedance Z o. The short line is a
symmetrical network and hence can be represented by equivalent T section.
We know that finite line terminated in Zo behaves as an infinite line, hence Zo must be Zo
The i/p impedance Z in of equivalent T network is
Z
Z
Z in 1 Z 2 || 1 Z o
2
2
Z1
Z 0
Z
2
Z in 1
2 Z Z1 Z
2
0
2
ButZ in Z o
z2
Z1
Z o
Z
2
Z0 1
2 Z Z1 Z
2
o
2
Z2
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Z
Z
Z
2 Z o Z 2 1 Z 0 Z1 Z 2 1 Z o 2Z 2 1 Z0
2
2
2
2
Z
2 Z o 2 2 Z1 Z 2 1
2
2
Z
Z o 2 1 Z1 Z 2
4
Zo
Z12
Z1Z 2
4
to obtain Z1 and Z2 we open circuit and short circuit the network

In open circuit the line is kept open and input impedance is measured.
Z
Z oc 1 Z 2
2
In short circuit the second end of line is short ed and input impedance is measured.
Z1
Z
Z 2 || 1
2
2
Z1
Z2
Z1
2

2 Z1 Z
2
2
Z sc
Z12 Z1Z 2
Z1Z 2
2
4
Z1
Z2
2
Z2
Z sc o c
Zo
Z o 2 Z oc. Z sc Z o Z sc .Z oc
(iii)
we know that
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e 1
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Z1 Z o
2Z 2 Z 2
subZ o
e 1
Z1
Z12
Z
1
2
2Z 2
4Z 2
Z2
2
Z
Z
Z
e 1 1 1 1 (1)
2Z 2
Z2
2Z 2
mathematically
2
Z
Z
Z
e ; 1 1 1 1 (2)
2Z 2
Z2
2 Z 2
(1) (2)
Z
e e 2 1
Z2
e e
Z
1 1
2
2Z 2
cosh 1
Z1
2Z 2
Nowe cosh sinh
Z
(cosh sinh ) cosh e 1 1
2 Z 2.
Z
Z
Z
sinh 1 1 o 1 1
2Z 2 Z 2
2 Z 2
Zo
Z2
Zo
Z0
sinh
Z2
Sinh tanh
Z
cosh 1 Z1
Z2 1
2Z 2
2
ButZ o Z sc .Z oc andZ 2
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Z0c
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Z sc Z oc
Z oc
tanh
tanh
Z sc
Z oc
10. Write a note on Reflection factor and Reflection loss and derive the same.
Reflection occurs due to improper termination at the receiving end. This concept can be
extended to the function of any two impedances . Let a source of voltage Es and impedance Z1 is
connected to a load of impedance Z 2 . If Z 2 is not equal to Z1 , reflection of energy takes place
resulting in a change in the ratio of V to current and alteration in the distribution of energy
between the Electric and magnetic field. The energy transferred to Z 2 is less than that with
impedance matching. A reflection is said to have occurred. The magnitude of this loss can be
computed by taking the ratio of current actually flowing into the load to the load to the current
that would have flown if the impedance is were matched. The matching of impedance is called as
image matching and can be obtained on a live by connecting a transformer.
According to the transformer theory,
I1
I2
z2
z1
(1)
For matching, the magnitude of Z1 can be made equal to Z 2 by choosing proper transformer
I1
ratio. The current which flows through the generator is
I1
E
2 Z1
(2)
1
The current I 2 (Under image matching condition) which flows through the load
I 21
Z1
Z2
I1
I 21
Z1
Z2
I 21
E
Z1Z 2
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I2.
Without image matching, the current flowing through the load is
I2
E
(4)
Z1 Z 2
The ratio of the current actually flowing into the load to that current flowing under image
condition
is
2 Z1Z 2
I2
R (5)
I 21
Z1Z 2
This is called as Reflection factor (R)

Reflection loss
It is defined as the no.of repers or dB by which the current in the load under image matched
condition would exceed the current actually flowing in the load. Then
The reflection loss in repers is
Z1 Z 2
Rloss lu
in lepers
2 Z1 Z 2
Z1 Z 2
Rloss
20 log
dB
2 Z1 Z 2
11. Explain the Reflection of a line not terminated by Z0.
Referring to Equation
( Z Z o ) zys
ER
( Z R Z o ) e ZYS R
e
2 ZR
(Z R Zo )
( Z Z R ) zys
IR
I
( Z 0 Z R ) e ZYS o
e
2ZO
(Z R Z o )
There are current and voltage relationships derived for the lines which are terminated in Z o But if
a line is not terminated in Z o (or) it is joined to same impedance other than Z o then part of the
wave is reflected back phenomenon exists for a line which is not terminated in Z o .
Reflection is maximum when the line oCi, eZR=
Reflection is maximum S c i eZ R =O
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Reflection is zero when Z R Z o S distance measured from the receiving end and treated
positive.
When Z R Z o
1) One part varying exponentially with positive S
2) One part varying exponentially with negative S
E
ER Z R Z o
Z Z o )
e zys R
e 2 ys
2Z R
ZR
ER Z R Z o
2 ZR
E
ER ( Z R Z o )
E
e zys R ( Z R Z o )e 2 ys
2Z o
2 ZR
III rly I
IR ( Z R Z o ) 85 I R ( Z R Z 0 ) 85
e
e
2Z o
2Z o
The first component of E or I which varies exponentially with TS is called incident wave
which flows from the sending end to the receiving end. S=O at the receiving and maximum
m(s=l) at the sending end. Thus as incident wave travels from the sending end to the receiving
end, its amplification decreases. A wave which flows from sending end to the receiving end, with
decreasing amplitude is the incident wave.
The second component of voltage or current which travels from the receiving end to the
85
sending end which varies e and its amplitude decreases as its progress towards the sending end.
The total instantaneous voltage at any point on the line is the vector sum of incident and the
reflected currents are in out of phase with each other.
If z R Z o it can be seen that the reflected wave is absent end there is not reflection. Such a
line is uniform and there is no discontinuity existing to send the reflected wave back along the
line. Similarly along the line and the energy is absorbed wave. Such a finite line terminated in Z o
without having any reflection is called a smooth line.
12. Derive an expression for input impedance and transfer impedance and of transmission line
terminated by an impedance.
From the general solution
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Zin Z s Z
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Z o Z R wsh(81) Z o Sinh(81)
Z o wsh(81) Z R Sinh(81)
Dividing by ( Z R cosh (81) )both Nr and Dr.

We get
1
Zs Z o
Zo
Jauh(81)
ZR
Zo
Jauh(81)
ZR
Z R Z o Jauh(81)
Z o Z R Jauh(81)
(or ) z s
or equ (3) jauh (81)
e81 e 81
e81 e 81
Z R Z o (e81 e 81 / e81 e 81 )
81
81
81
81
Z o Z R (e e / e e )
Z s Z o
Equ. (3) and (4) are the I/P Impedance of a live terminated by an impedance.
Let ZT
Es
= Transfer impedance of a live
IR
I R cosh(81)
I
Now
Es
Sinh(81)
Z o xIR
Is
Z
cosh (81) T sinh(81)
IR
Zo
while ER Es cosh (81) Z o sinh(81)
Es cosh(81) I s Zo sinh(81) ER
Is
Es cosh(81) ER
Z o sinh(81)
Sub in equ (5)
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cosh(81) Es cosh(81) ER
ZT
sinh(81)

IR
Z o sinh(81)
Zo
cosh 2 (81) Z R cosh(81) ZT sinh 2 (81)

Z o sinh(81)
Z o sinh(81) ZT cosh(81) Z R cosh(81) ZT sinh 2 (81)
ZT (cosh 2 (81) Sinh 2 (81)) Z R cosh(81)

ZT (1) Z R cosh(81)
ZT Z R cosh(81) Z o sinh(81)
e81 e 81
e81 e 81
Z
o
2
2
This is the reg. transfer impedence.

ZT Z R
13. Derive an expression for the Input impedance of a lossless line.

I/P impedance of a lossless live of any length or obtained from equ.
Z in Z o Z o
Z R Z o tanh(81)
Z o Z R tanh(81)
______(1)
for loss live o, therefore P j will become jB only

Hence,
Z in Z o
Z R Z o tanh( j l )
_____(2)
Z o Z R tanh( j l )
But tanh j l tan l

Therefore
Z R jZ o tan l
Z o Z R tan( j l )
Zin Z o
Since
2 l
2 l
Z R jZ o tan
Zin Z o
______(3)
2 l
Z o Z R tan
Again for a lossless live, the resistive component of the live i.e., R and G will be equal to zero
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P j ( R jwl )(G jwc)

Thus
O j
jwLxjwc
j jw LC
w LC
(or)
w LC
If f is the frequency of operation and terminating impedance is a pure resistance
RR
Equ (3) will become

RR jZ o tan 2 f LCl
Z o JRR tan 2 f LCl
Z in
Therefore, I/P Impedance of a lossy and lossless line.

14. Derive the equation for T and section equivalent to lines.
Z10c Z1 Z 3
Z15c Z1
Z2 Z3
Z2 Z3
Z1 Z10c Z 3
Z 2 Z 20c Z 3
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Z Z
Z 3 Z 2 Z 3 Z1 Z 3 Z1 2 3
Z 2 Z 3
Z Z Z Z Z
3
2
3
2 3
Z2 Z3
Z2 Z3
Z 3 Z 3 Z 2 Z 32 Z 2 Z 3
Z3 Z3
Z 3 Z 20c 210c Z15c
The input impedance of oc and SC lines are,
Z10c
ZR Zo l
e
ZR Z o
ZR Z o l
e l
e
ZR Z o
l
e
Zo
Zo
tan h l
for oc, ZR=
e l e l
l
l
e e
210c Zo
ly
III Z13C
e l e l
20 tan hl=20 l
l
e e
since the line is symmetrical

Z10c=Z20c
Z3
Zo
Zo
Zo tan hrl
tan h l tan h l
Zo Z o Zo tan 2 hl
=
tan h l
tan h l
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Zo
1 tan 2 h l
tan h l
=
Zo
Zo
1
sec 2 hl
cos hl
tan h l
sin h l
cos h hl
Zo
sin h l
e l e l
l
l
Z3
e
Z1 Z 2 Z10c Z 3 Zo
e l e l e l e l
Z 2 e l e l e l e l
o
2
l
e l e
e l e l
e l e l
Z3
Zo2
Z3
Zo2
1
e l el
e l e l
e l e l 2 e 2 l e 2 l 2
Z o2
el el 2
e l e
2
z2 z
o
o l
e e l
l 2
e l e l
2
l
l
e l e l
e e
Z10c Z 2 Z o
e l e l 2
e l e l
Zo
e l e l /2
Zo l /2
l /2
l /2
l /2
e
e
e e

e l /2 e l /2
l /2
e l /2
e
Zo
z1 z 2 z o tan hl/2
Zo tan hl/2 Z o tan hl/2
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- Section equivalent :-
ZA
Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
Z (Z Zc )
Z10c A B
Z2
ZA Z B Zc
ZB
Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
Z (Z Z B )
Z 20c c A
Z3
Z A Z B Zc
ZC
Z 1 Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
ZA ZB
Z15c
Z1
ZA ZB
Since the line is symmetrical

ZA=Zc=
z 20C z15c
Z 20c Z 20c Z 20c Z10c Z15c
e l e l
e l e l
Z
o l
l
e l e l
e
Zo
e l e l
2Z
l ol
l
l
e e
e e
Zo
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Z o2
e l e l
2Z
Z o l
l ol
l
e e
e e
Z o e l /2 e l /2
l /2
el /2 el /2
Z A Zc
ZB
Zo
tan hl
e l /2
Zo
tan hl
Z 2oc .Z15c
Z 20c Z10c Z15c
Zo2
Z o2 sin hrl
=
Z o sin hl
Z o /sin hl
Zo
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UNIT III
THE LINE AT RADIO FREQUENCIES
PART A
1. What is dissipation line?
A line for which the effect of resistance R is completely neglected is called dissipation less
line. Dissipation less there is used for transmission of power at high frequency in which losses are
neglected completely.
2. What is the nature and value of Zo for dissipation less line?
For dissipation less line, Zo is purely resistive and is given by
L
Z o Ro
C
3. What is the value of and for a dissipation less line?
The value of attenuation constant for a dissipation less line is zero and the value of phase
constant for a dissipation less line is LC radian / m.
4. What are nodes and antinodes on a line?
Nodes are points of zero voltage or current in a standing wave system and
Antinodes are points of maximum voltage or current in a standing wave system.
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5. Draw the graph between standing wave ratio (s) and reflection co efficient (k)
6. Give the expression for skin depth.

Skin depth or nominal depth of penetration is given by
l
S
meters
f /m
where p is the resistivity of conductor in /m
f is the frequency in HZ
m is absolute magnetic permeability of conductor
in H/M
7. What are the advantages of dissipation less line?
The advantages of dissipation less line are
The line acts as a smooth line
No reflection takes place at receiving end
Standing waves are not produces.
8. Calculate the reflection co efficient if VSWR of the line is 1.5.
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1 | K |
1 | K |
1 | K |
1.5
1 | K |
VSWR = 1 | K | 1.5 1.5 | K |
0.5 | K | 1.5 | K |
0.5
| K |
2.5
| K | 0.2
9. Define standing wave ratio.
The ratio of maximum and minimum magnitude of current or voltage on a line having standing
waves is called standing wave ratio.
i.eSWR
| Vmax | | I max |
| Vmin | | I miin |
10. What are standing waves?

When a transmission line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance, the traveling
electromagnetic wave from generator at sending end is reflected completely or partially at the
terminating end. The combination of incident and reflected wave gives rise to standing waves of
current and voltage with definite maxima and minima along the line.
11. Give the relationship between VSWR and reflection coefficient for a transmission line
The relationship between VSWR(S), and reflection coefficient K is
S
1 | K |
1 | K |
12. Define reflection coefficient.

Reflection coefficient is defined as ratio of reflected voltage or current to the incident voltage or
current. It is denoted as K.
V
I
K r (or ) K r
Vi
Ii
The current ratio is negative because the reflected current suffer a 180 phase shift at the receiving
end while the reflected voltage does not.
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13. Give the velocity of propagation of open wire dissipation less line.
The velocity of propagation for open wire dissipation less line is given by
V = 3X108 m/sec
14. List out the features of power frequency line.
Power transmission lines are electrically short in length, with the length not exceeding
10
The power efficiency of power transmission line is very high as compared to other
energy sources.
Power transmission lines are operated at constant output voltage.
15. Write the expression for input impedance of RF line.

The input impedance of dissipation less RF line is given by
Z R jRo tan s
Ro jZ R tan s
Z in Ro
where Ro is characteristic impedance

ZR is terminating impedance
is phase constant
s is length of the line.
16. Give the expression for input impedance of short circuited line.
The input impedance of short circuited line is
2 s
Z sc jRo tan
where is wavelength
s is length of the line
Ro is characteristic impedance
17. Give the expression for input impedance of open circuited line.
The input impedance of open circuited line is
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2 S
Z oc jRo cot
where is wave length

s is length of the line
18. Define dissipation factor.
Dissipation factor is defined as the ratio of energy dissipated to energy stored in dielectric per
cycle.
19. Name the device used for measuring standing wave.
The derive used for measuring standing wave is directional coupler.
20. What is the maximum resistive input impedance of a dissipation less line?
The maximum resistive input impedance of a dissipation less line is
Rmax = S Ro
Where S is standing wave ratio and
Ro is characteristic impedance.
21. What is the minimum resistive input impedance of a dissipation less line?
The minimum resistive input impedance of dissipation less line is
R
Rmin s
S
where S is standing wave ratio
22. A 50 line is terminated in load ZR = (90 + j60) . Determine VSWR due to this load.
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1 | K |
1 | K |
whereK
s
Z R Z O 90 j 60 50
Z R Z O 90 j 60 50
1
1
23. A lossless line of 300 characteristic impedance is terminated in a pure resistance of 200
Find the value of SWR?
Zo = 300 ; ZR =200
S
1 | K |
1 | K |
Z R Z O 200 300
Z R Z O 200 300
100
500
k 0.2
whereK
1 0.2 1.2
1 0.2 0.8
S 1.5
24. Sketch the standing waves on a dissipation less line terminated in a load not equal to Ro.
25. Sketch the standing waves on a line having open-or- short circuit termination.
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26. What is directional coupler?

Directional coupler is a device which is used to measure standing waves. It consists of Coaxial
1
transmission line having two small holes in the outer sheath spaced by wavelength clamped
4
over these holes is a small section of line, terminated in its Ro value at both ends to prevent
reflection.
27. State the use of half wave line.

The expression for the input impedance of the line is given as ZS = ZR. Thus the line represent
repeats its terminating impedance. Hence it is operated as one to one transformer. The main
application of a half wave line is to connect a load to a source where both of them cannot be made
adjacent.
28. What are the uses of quarter wave line?
The expression for input impedance of quarter wave line is given by Zs
RO 2
ZR
This equation is similar to the equation for impedance matching using transformer. Hence the
quarter wave line is considered as transformer to match impedance of Z R & ZS. It is used as an
impedance matching section. It is used to couple a transmission line to a resistive load such as
antenna.
29. What do you mean by reflection loss?
When there is mismatch b/w the line and load, the reflection takes place. Because of this the
energy delivered to the load by the line is less it composition with the power delivered to the load
by a properly terminated line. This loss in power is called reflection loss.
30. Explain how smith chart can be used as an admittance chart.
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If the smith chart is to be used for admittance, the ri axis becomes gi axis, whileXi axis
becomes bi axis. Then above real axis, the susceptance is inductive which is negative. The
extreme left point on the real axis represents zero conductance while the extreme right point on
the real axis represent infinite conductance.
31. What is the practical value of SWR we can achieve by double stub matching?
SWR = 1.2
32. What is smith chart?
Smith chart is an impedance (or) admittance chart which is used to calculate all the parameters
of transmission line. It consists of two sets of circles.
33. What is stub matching?

A section of transmission line is used as a matching by inserting then b/w load and source.
This is called sub matching.
34. What are the advantages of stub matching?
1. The length and characteristic impedance of the line remain unaltered.
2. From mechanical stand point, adjustable susceptance are added in shunt with the line.
35. Give type of stub matching.
1. Single stub matching
2. Double stub matching.
36. Name the impedance transformer that are used at higher frequencies?
At higher frequency the impedance transformers consists as a section of transmission line in
various arrangements as listed below.
1. Quarter wave transformer (impedance inverter)
2. Stub matching.
1. Single stub matching
2. Double stub matching.
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37. What are the advantage and disadvantages as quarter transformer?

Advantages:
1. It is very useful device because d its simplicity.
2. Its behaviour can be easily calculated.
Disadvantages:
1. It is so sensitive to change in freq.
38. What do you mean by impedance circle diagram?
If impedance are plotted in the form of R X diagram it turns that for a loss less line
terminated in some fixed impedance ZF, the locus of the i/p impedance. Z in as electrical length pl
is varied as a circle. This circle diagram is known as impedance circle diagram.
39. Draw the family of constant S Circle diagram.
40. Explain the direction of movement towards generator or load in circle diagram.
In circle diagram, the movement in the clockwise corresponds to transverse from the load
towards the generator and the movement in the anti clockwise direction corresponds to transverse
from the generator towards the load.
41. What are the advantages and disadvantages * circle diagram.
Advantages:
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1. It is very useful in calculating line impedance and admittances.

Disadvantages:
1. S and pl circles are not concentric making interpolation difficult.
2. Only limited range impedance value can be contained in nc chart.
42. What are the differences between circle diagram and smith chart?
The basic difference between circle diagram and smith charts are:
1. In circle diagram, the resistance component * an impedance represented in rectangular
form .
2. In smith chart, the resistive component p and resistive component x and impedance are
refines in circular form.
43. Draw the family of constant R circles in smith chart.
44. Draw the family of constant x circle in smith chart.
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45. Give the properties or smith chart:

The properties of smith chart are:
1. Normalizing impedance.
2. Plotting as an impedance
3. Determination of K in magnitude and direction
4. Determination of swr
5. Movement along the periphery of the chart.
46. Give some applications of smith chart:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Smith chart can be used as an admittance, diagram

Used for convey r + aj impedance into admittance.
Any value of input impedance can be easily determined.
Smith chart can also be used to determined load and impedance
The input impedance and admittance of shot circuited line and open circuited line can be
easily calculated.
47. Draw a diagram showing how a quarter wave transformer can be used for matching two
lines.
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48. What are the disadvantages of single stub marks?

1. The single stub matching system is useful only for fixed frequencies.
2. Final adjustment of the sub has to the moved along the line shifts.
49. Why short circuit stub is used in single stub matching?
The short circuit is invariably used because.
1. It radiates ups power and
2. It effective length may be varied by means of a shorting bar which normally takes the
shapes of shorting plugs.
50. A loss less line has a characteristic impedance of 400 . Determine the stands wave ratio
with the following receiving and impedance Z1 = 70 + 0.0
Solution:
K
ZO Z R Z R ZO
ZO Z R Z R ZO
ZR = 70 ; Zo = 400
k
70 400
33 / 47
70 400
| k | 33 / 47
1 | k | 1 33 / 47
s
5.71
1 | k | 1 33 / 47
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51. Give the formula to calculate the position and length of a short circuited stub,
The position of the stub can be calculated using the formula.
tan 1 Z O Z
2
20
S
tan 1
2
2R
52. What is dissipation less line?

A line for which the effect of resistance R is completely neglected is called dissipation less line.
53. What is the nature of value of Zo for the dissipation less line?
For the dissipation less line, Zo is purely resistive of given by Z o 1Z o
L
C
54. What is the range of values of standing wave ratio?

The range of values of standing wave ratio is theoretically 1 to .
55. Determine K of a line for with ZR=200u, Zo=692 12o
o
200 676.8 j143.8
Z R Z o 200 692 12
K
o
Z R Zo 200 692 12
200 676 j143.8
K=
489.4 162.91o
888.51 9.31o
K=0.55 153.6
56. What is the need for stub matching in transmission lines?

When line at high frequency is terminated into its characteristic impedance R o, then the line
operates as smooth line. Under this conditions, losses are absent, hence maximum power is
delivered with increased performance. But practically R o of the line termination are not matching.
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So to provide impedance matching between line of its termination, stub matching is used.
57. Why are short circuited stubs preferred over open circuited stub?
A high frequencies, open circuited stubs radiated some energy which is not the case with
short circuited stub. Hence over open circuited stubs, short circuited stubs are preferred.
58. What are the advantages of dissipation less line?
i)
ii)
iii)
The line acts as a smooth line

No reflection takes place at the receiving and
The standing waves are not produced.
59. If using of line is 1.5 then calculate its reflection co-efficient .

VSWR
1 1K1
1.5
1 1K1
1+1K1=1.5-1.51K1
2.51K1=1.5-1=.5
1K1=0.2.
60. Give the expression for L & C for open-wire line at high frequency?
h0
d
d
l n henrys / m(or ) L 9.21107 log henrys / m
2 a
a
12.07
C
f / m
d
ln
a
L
61. Give the expression for L & C for coaxial line at high frequency
L 2 107 l n
C=
b
henrys/m
a
2
farads / m
b
ln
a
PART B
1. Write short notes on reflection losses on unmatched line.

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If a line is not matched to its load then the energy delivered by the line of the load is less than
the energy delivered by the matched line to load. Due to this unmatched system reflected waves
and standing waves are produced. The voltage at a maximum voltage point is due to the in phase
sum of the incident and reflected waves.
In measurement of power and impedance on a Tx line we found that
Emax
I R Z R RO
(1| k | .........(1)
2
Now this equation can be writes as

Emax | | Ei | | Er |
I R Z R RO
(1 | k | ....(2)
2
The minimum voltage is due to the difference of the incident and reflected waves and it is given
as ,
Emax | Ei | | Er |
I R Z R RO
(1 | k | ....(3)
2
Hence the standing wave ratio is

S
Emax | Ei | | Er |
..........(4)
Emin | Ei | | Er |
The total power transmitted along the line and delivered to the load is given as
P
| Emax | . | Emin | | Ei | | Er | (| Ei | | Er |)
Ro
Ro
| Ei |2 | Er |2
..........(5)
Ro
From the above expression we can recognize the transmitted power as the difference of two
powers. One power Pi being transmitted in the incident wave and the other power Pr traveling
back in the reflected wave.
The ratio of the power P delivered to the load to the power transmitted by the incident wave is
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P Pi Pr | Ei |2 | Er |2
E
1 r
2
Pi
Pi
| Ei |
Ei
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1 | K |2
2
S 1
1
S 1
4S
............(6)
( S 1) 2
Now the ratio power absorbed by the load to the power transmitted is plotted as a function of S
as shown in fig.
2. Explain Eighth wave line and half wave line.

Eighth Wave Line:
The input impedance of a line of length s = /8 is
Z R jRO tan s
(1)
RO jZ R tan s
Z S RO
Z R jRO tan( / 4)
(2)
RO jZ R tan( / 4
Z S RO
Where 2 /
2
. /4
8
Z jRO
Z S RO R
(3)
RO jZ R
If the line is terminated in a pure resistance RR, then
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RR jRO
(4)
RO jRR
In equation (4) the numerator and denominator have identical magnitudes so equ ($) becomes
Zs = Ro (5)
Z S RO
Thus an eighth wave line can be used to transform any resistance to an impedance with a
magnitude equal to Ro of the line. (or) to obtain a magnitude match between a resistance of any
value and a source of R0 internal resistance.
Half Wave Line:
When a length of line having s = / 2 is used, the input impedance is
Z R jRO tan
(1) Since tan 0
RO jZ R tan
Z S RO
Z S Z R ..........(2)
Thus a half wave length of line may be considered as a one to one transformer.
*It has greater utility in connecting a load to a source in cases where the load and source cannot
be made adjacent.
*A group of capacitors may be placed in parallel by connecting them with sections of line n half
waves in length. As a result insulators on a high frequency line should not be spaced at half wave
intervals, since their effect would then be cumulative, lowering the insulation resistance of the line.
3.
Explain the principle and application of Quarter wave transformer for impedance
matching (or) what are the features of a Quarter wave transformer?
Quarter wave line Impedance Matching:
The expression for the input impedance of dissipation less line is given as
Z SR jRO tan s
(1)
RO jZ R tan s
Z S RO
Equ (1) is rearranged as

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ZR
tan s jRO
Z S RO
(2)
RO jZ
R
tan s
For a Quarter wave line , s = / 4

equ (2) becomes
ZR
tan / 2 jRO
Z S RO
RO
jZ R
tan / 2
ZS
R 20
.............(3)
ZR
Since tan /2 = infinity

i.e. the input impedance of the line is equal to the square of Ro of the line divided by the load
impedance.
A Quarter wave line acts as a transformer to match a load of Z R ohms. Such a match can be
obtained if the characteristic impedance Ro of the matching Quarter wave section of line is chosen
as,
R0
Z S Z R .........(4)
A Quarter wave line may be considered as an impedance inverter, here it transforms a low
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impedance into a high impedance and vice versa.

An application of the Quarter wave matching section is to couple a transmission line to a
resistive load such as a antenna. The Quarter wave matching section is designed to have a
characteristic impedance Ro chosen that the antenna resistance R A is transformed to a value equal
to the characteristic, impedance Ro of the Tx line
The characteristic impedance Ro of the matching section should be
Ro RA RO ...........(5)
The transformers also a single frequency or narrow band device. The bandwidth may be
increased by using two or more Quarter wave sections in series each accomplishing part of the
total transformation.
A Quarter wave transformer may also be used if the load is not pure resistance. It should then
be connected between points corresponding to I max or Emin at which places the transmission line has
resistive impedances given by Ro /s or s/Ro. For step down in impedances from the line value of
Ro, the matching transformer characteristic impedance should be,]
RO RO .RO / S RO / S
Another application of the short circuited Quarter wave line is as an insulator to support an
open wire line or the center conductor of a coaxial line. This application is illustrated is as shown
below. These lines are sometimes referred as copper insulator.
4. A lossless line having Ro = 300 ohms is terminated by a load resistance of 78 ohm. The
frequency of operations is 40MHz. What type of single stub will be required to provide
impedance when placed nearest to the load? Calculate its length and find its location.
Solution :
The reflection coefficient is given by
K
Z R ZO Z R RO 78 300
k 0.587
Z R ZO Z R R
78 300
| k | 0.587
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The first voltage minimum occurs at y2 = / 2, where

300
7.5Meters
40
The location of the stub nearest to the load is given by
cos 1 | K | cos 1 0.587 7.5
d
.
.
4
d = 0.563 meters
Hence the stub is located at a distance of
Y1 = 3.75 0.563
Y1 = 3.187 meters
The susceptance of the line at the location of the stub will be positive. Hence a short circuited
stub will be needed to provide the impedance match.
The length of this short circuited stub is given by
1 | K |2
L
tan 1
2
2 | K |
L
7.5
tan 1
2
1 (0.587)
7.5
tan 1 (0.689)

2 0.587
2
L 0.72meter
5. A load of ZR = 140 ohms is to be connected to a line RO = 100 ohms by a quarter wave
matching transformer.
a. Find ZO of the matching transformer,
b. What is the S for the transformer?
c. If the input voltage to the line is 100v. Find the load voltage.
Solution
a ) Z O Z R .RO 14,100
b) S Z R / ZO 140 /100
Z O 118.322OHMS . S 1.1832
c)Vmin 100v;Vmax 1.1832 100
Vload 118.32volts
d) The location of Vmax on the N4 line is located at the load.
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6. A 150 ohm transmission line is terminated by a load of 200 j300. Determine the location
and length of a short circuited matching stub.
Solution:
Given Zo = 150 ohm
ZR = ZL = 200 j 300 ohm
The single stub is constructed as follows
a) Calculate
Zr
Z R 200 300
ZO
150
Z r 1.33 j 2.00
b) Mark this point as A in the smith chart.

c) Draw the SWR circle through A the S value is 4.9
d)Extend the radial line from point A through the center to the other side of the SWR circle and
mark the point as B and to the outer perimeter as point C at 0.0057
The point B is the normalized load admittance (0.23 +j 0.36) equal to the reciprocal of the
normalized load impedance at point A (1.33 j 200)
d) Find the intersection of SWR circle and G = 1 circle mark it as point D
e) Extend the radial line from the centre to D continue the line to the perimeter E at 0.183
The distance from load to the junction of the transmission line and the stub is
I1 = 0.183 - 0.057 ; I1= 0.126
f) Final step is the determination of the length of the stub. The susceptance at point D is 0 = j
1.8. So the susceptance contributed by the stub must be j 1.8.
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Point F corresponds to this for a short circuited line at 0.33 . The length of the matching stub
is from 0.25 to 0.33
i.e., (0.33 0.25 ) = 0.08 = 12
7. Explain in details the constant R circles and constant X circles in a smith chart.
A modified form of a circle diagram for the dissipation less line is the smith chart developed
by P.H smith. This chart consists of two circles.
1. R circles and 2. X circles (For R circles & X circles diagram refer part A question)
This chart is also know as circular chart.
W .K .T .K
K
Z R ZO Z R / ZO 1
Z R ZO Z R / ZO 1
Zr 1
WhereZ r Z R / Z o
Zr 1
Zr Normalized terminating impedance

1 K
Hence Zr =
1 K
Since Zr and K are complete quantities we have
R jx
1 K r jK x
1 ( K r jK x )
Rationalizing right hand side we get,

1 K r 2 K x2 2 jK
R jx
(1 K r ) 2 K x2
Equating real and imaginary parts
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1 K r2 K x2
..............(1)
(1 K r ) 2 K x2
2K x
..............(2)
(1 K r ) 2 K x2
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When equation (1) and (2) are solved, we get two sets of circles. Equation (1) will yield a
family of circle called R circles and equation (2) will yield a family of circles called x circles.
The constant R circles:
Consider equ (1) and cross multiply
R
1 K r2 K x2
(1 K r ) 2 K x2
We get
R (1 K r2 2 K r K x ) 1 K r2 K x2
R K r2 R 2 RK r RK x2 1 K r2 K r2 0
K r2 ( R 1) K r2 ( R 1) 2 K r R 1 R
2 K r .R
( R 1) K r2 K x2
1 R
( R 1)
2 K r .R 1 R
K r2 K x2
R 1 1 R
Adding
R2
on both sides to make it a perfect square we have .
(1 R ) 2
K r2 K x2
2 K r .R
R2
(1 R )
R2
R 1 (1 R) 2 (1 R) (1 R) 2
K x2 K r
1 R
1 R
R
1 R (1 R ) 2
2
R
K Kr
1 R
2
x
1
1 R
............(3)
This equation represents the family of circles on the reflection coefficient plane, these circles are
called constant R circles having radius 1/1 + R and centre (R / 1 + R, O ). These circles have their
centers on the positive Kr axis and are contained in the region 0 to 1 as shown in the figure
below.
R = o corresponds to a circle with center (0,0( on the plane K plane. This circle forms the
periphery of the smith chart. All constant R circles touch the point ( 1, 0 )
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Including that R = which is the same as the point itself.

Constant X circles:
Consider the equation (2) and cross multiplying, we get
2K x
(1 K r2 ) K 2
X
2K x
(1 K r2 ) K x2
0
X
Adding (1/x2) on both sides in order to make the Kx terms a perfect square we get,
( K r 1) 2 ( K x 1/ X ) 2 (1/ X ....................(4)
Equation (4) represents another family of circles called constant X circles with centre, (1, 1/x )
and radius (1/x on the k plane as shown in figure below.
X being the reactance can be positive or negative whenever X is positive the circle lies above
the horizontal line. On the other hand when X is negative the circle lies below the real axis Kx =
0.
When X=0 , the circle degenerates into a straight line because straight line is circle whose
radius is infinity and for X = 0, the radius 1/x will be infinity. All the circles touch the point (1, 0 )
8. Derive an expression for the position of attachment and length of short circuited stub will
remove the standing wave on a large potion of a transmission line.
Consider a transmission line having a characteristic admittance y o terminated in a pure
conductance yR as shown in the figure.
Since we connect stub in parallel with the main line it is easier to deal with the admittance as
they can be added up.
We know that yR is different from yo standing waves are set up. When we along the line from
the load towards the source (generator), the input admittance will be varying for a maximum
conductance through a parallel combination of conductance and inductance a minimum
conductance and so on this cycle repeats for every / 2.
When the line is traversed from the point of maximum (or minimum) conductance to that of
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minimum (or maximum) conductance, there will be a point at which the real part of the
admittance is equal to the characteristic admittance. If a suitable susceptance, obtained by using
an appropriate length of a short circuited or open circuited line called stub is added in shunt at
this point so as to obtain and 0 resonance with the susceptance already existing, then up to that
point matching has been achieved.
The input impedance of a transmission line at any point is given as
Z R jZO tan s
Z in Z O
Z R jZ O tan s
..........(1)
Z O jZ R tan s
Convert impedance to admittance

YR jYO tan s
YO jYR tan s
Yin YO
YO Yr j tan s
..........(2)
YO 1 jYR tan s
YR
Where Yr
(Normalized load admittance)
Yo
Yin
Yin
YIN
(Normalized input admittance ..(3)
Y0
Rationalizing equ (2)

Yin
Yr j tan s (1 jYr tan s)

1 jYr tan s (1 jYr tan s)
Yr (1 tan 2 s ) j (1 Yr2 ) tan s

(1 Yr2 tan 2 s )
For on reflection Yin = 1

Thus, the stub has too be located at a point where the real part is equal to unity.
Yr (1 tan 2 s )
1
1 Yr tan 2 s
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tan 2 s (Yr Yr2 ) 1 Yr

Yr tan 2 s 1
tan 2 s 1/ Yr
tan s
Yo
.................(4)
YR
This equation gives the location of the stub S and can further simplified as
s tan 1 Yo / YR
2
.s tan 1 Z R / Z o
s
.tan 1 Z R / Z o .................(5)
2
bs (1 Yr 2 ) tan s
............(6)
Yo (1 Yr2 ) tan s
Substitute equation (4) in (6)
2
2
bs (1 Yr / Yo ) Yo / YR
.................(7)
Yo
1 Yr2 / Yo2 .Yo / YR
(1 Yr2 / Yo2 ) Yo / YR
(1 YR / Yo ) Yo / YR
1 YR / Yo
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bs
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(Yo YR ) Yo
Yo
YR
Advantages of stub matching:

1. It radiates less power.
2. Its effective length may be varied means of a shorting the bars.
Disadvantages:
1. Single stub matching is used only for a fixed frequency because as the frequency changes,
the location of the stub will too be changed.
2. For final adjustment the stub has to be moved along the line slightly. This is possibly only
in open wire line and on co axial single stub matching may become inaccurate in practice.
9. Determine the maximum value of conductance that can be matched by a double stub tuner
with one stub at the load and the other stub at 3/8 back from the load.
In order to overcome the two disadvantages of the single stub matching. Two short circuit stubs
are connected. The lengths of these stubs are adjustable but the positions are fixed.
Let the first stub whose length is It 1 be located at the point A at the distance of 'S 1 from load
end then the normalized input admittance at that point will be
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YA
YA Yr j tan S1
YO 1 jYr tan S1
YA
Yr j tan S1 1 jyr tan S1
1 jyr tan S1 1 jyr s tan S1
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Yr (1 tan 2 S1 ) j (1 yr2 ) tan S1

1 yr2 tan 2 S1
y A s A jbA
Where,
SA
Yr Sec 2 S1
(1 Yr2 ) tan S1
;
b
A
1 Yr2 tan 2 S1
1 Yr2 tan 2 S1
When a stub having a susceptance value is altered b 1 is added at this point, the new admittance
value will be,
y A s A jbA
Since only the susceptance value is altered by the addition of the stub the conductance part
remains unchanged
The stub length at B is adjusted such that the zero value y A is equal to I How the location of the
stub can be encountered in practice.
The distance s1 can never be more than or equal to / 2.
The distance chosen will be either / v or 3 / 8.
Since matching is obtained between the point B and generator, we have reflection loss
occurring to the right of B due to mismatch.
In order to avoid this loss, sometimes the first stub is located at the load itself. In common
practice the distance s1 is of the order of 0.1 to 0.15
10. Give the method of constructing single stub matching using Smith Chart.
A single Stub matching is constructing by following the procedure as below.
Step 1 : Calculate the normalized impedance of admittance.
Step 2 : Mark this point as A in the smith chart,
Step 3 : Draw the SWR circle through A
Step 4 : Extend the radial line from point A through the centre to the other side of the SWR .
Circle and mark this point as B
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Step 5 : Extend the AB radial line towards outer perimeter and mark it as C
Step 6 : Find the intersection of SWR circle and G = 1 circle mark it as D
Step 7 : Extend the radial line from the center to D and continue the line to the perimeter and
mark it as E
Step 8 : The difference between the points C and E gives the distance of the stub to load.
Step 9 : Find the susceptance at the point D to cancel this susceptance mark it in opposite
direction and mark it as F.
Step 10 : Find the difference between the values of 0.25 and the value at F point. This gives the
length of the stub.
This is the procedure to construct a single stub matching using smith chart.
11. A 9/16 long lossless line has Zs/Ro = 1.5 + j0.9. Where Zs is the impedance and Ro is the
characteristic resistance. Find the load impedance normalized to R0 and also the standing wave
ratio.
Solution
The given values are,
Zo
1.5 j 0.0
Ro
S 9 /16
Load impedance may be calculated using the formula.
Z O Z R jRO tan S
RO RO jZR tan s
ZS
RO
2 9
.
16
2 9
.
16
Z R / RO j tan
1 j
1.5 j 0.9
ZR
tan
R
8
9
Z R / RO j tan
1 j
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jZ R
9
.tan
Z R / RO j tan(9 / 8)
RO
8
jZ
(1.5 j 0.9)1 1 R .(0.4142) Z R / RO j (0.4142)
RO
(0.5 j 0.9) Z R / RO (0.37278 j 0.6213 1) j (0.4142)

Z R j 0.4142 (1.5 j 0.9)
RO
0.6272 j 0.6213
j 0.4142 (1.5 j 0.9)

1.5 j 0.4858
0.6272 j 0.6213
0.6272 j 0.6213
ZR
0.8198 j1.5867
RO
Reflection coefficient
Z R RO Z R / RO 1
Z R RO Z R / RO 1
0.8198 j1.5867 1
0.8198 j1.5857 1
0.180 j1.5867
0.37569 j 0.544
1.8198 j1.58
| k | 0.3757
Standing wave ratio, S =
1 | K | 1 0.3757
1 | K | 1 0.3757
S = 2.20
12. If a lossless line has R o=200 ohms. What length of the line will be required to obtain at the
input of an inductance of 8 micro hertz at frequency of 70 mHz with far end short circuited?
Repeat the calculation of open circuited received end.
Solution
The input impedance of a short circuit 4d line is a pure reactance is given by,
Z ac jR0 tan(2 / ).S
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Substitute the values

2 s
J 2 70 106 8 106 j 200 tan

s
15 70
2 s
tan

200

2 s
tan 1 17.6
86.75
radians
180
S 0.241
The impedance of an open circuited line is given by
2 s
Z oc jRo cot

Substitute the values,
2 s
J 2 70 106 80 106 j 200 cot

2 560
2
17.6

200

cot
cot 2 s / 17.6
2 s / cos 1 17.6
3.25
radians
180
(1 2s / ) 3.25 /180
2 s
3.25
1
; s 0.981. / 2
180
s 0.4905
13) Explain the terms standing waves , Nodes, standing wave Ratio
If the voltage magnitudes are measured along the length of a line terminated in a load other
than Ro the plotted values will appear as
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Figure: Resistive load of value not equal to RO

In the case of either OC(or)SC lines current magnitudes will be same except there will be a
/ shift of maxima and minima.
Nodes Minimum (i.e) are points of zero voltage (or)zero currents. Antinodes maxima (i.e) are
points of maxima (voltage or current). For a open circuited like the voltage modes occur at a
distance of / 4,3 / 4,5 / 4.... current mode occurs at a distance of o, / 2, / 2, ..... For a short
circuited line, this modal pts get shifted by a distance of / 4 and voltage modes occur 0. / 2, .....
/ 4,3 / 4,5 / 4......
and current modes occurs at
The ratio of maximum to minimum magnitude of voltage or current in a line having
standing waves is called Standing Wave Ratio.
Scors
E max Im ax
E min Im in
14) Derive the interrelation between reflection co-efficient and standing wave Ratio(SWR).
From the SWR it is clear that the points of voltage maxima occur at points where the incident and
reflected waves are in phase with each other. / E max/ | Ei | | Er | _______(1)
The voltage minimum occurs at pts. Where with each other.
/Emin/=/Ei/-/Er/________(2)
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E max | Ei | | Er |
|
E min | Ei | | Er |
by Ei on both sides
| Ei | Ei | | Er | Ei | 1 | k |
| Ei | Ei | | Er | Ei | 1 | k |
1 | k |
S
( k Er | Ei ) _____(4)
1 | k |
1 | k | ( s ) 1 | k |
S
1k1
S 1
S 1
/K/
1k1=
E ma
1
E min
E max
1 (or )
E min
Im ax
1
Im in
Im ax
1
Im in
E max
Im ax Im in
or
E min
Im ax Im in
15) Draw the phaser diagram for the i/pimpedance on the line and concenent on it .
(or)
Derive the I/Pimpedance of an dissipationless line.
2 s
2 s
ER cos
jI R Ro sin
Es
Zs
ER
2 s
2 s
Is
I R cos
j
sin
Ro
ER cos s
Zs
IR cos
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Ro sin s
ER
ER
j
sin s
Ro I R
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divide by c os s
I R
1 j R o jan s
E
ER
Zs R
I R 1 j ER jan s
Ro IR
divide by
Ro
tan s
ZR
Zs ZR
ZR
1 j
jan s
Ro
1 j
Z R jRo tan s
Ro jzR tan s
__________(2)
Z s Ro
Another form of I/P Impedance Equ.
E
zs s
Is
ER ( Z R Z o ) s
(ej ke j s)
2 zR
zR Zo
s
I
(ej ke j s )
2 Ro
R0
ej s ke j s
ej s ke j s
ej s
COS s j sin s
/ ej s /
COS 2 s sin 2 | s | 1
sin s
tan 1 tan s
cos s
tan 1
angle of reflection coefficient

1 s 1k1 s
________(3)
1 s 1k1 s
Ro
1 1k1 2 s
1 1k1 2 s
Ro
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I/P Impedance is maximum at a distance of
2 s ________(1)
i.e. s
2
1 1k1
szo
1 1k1
zs (max) Z o
zs (max) szo
If we travel a distance of / 4 from pt. where impedance is maximum,

we get a point of minimum impedance.
i / p impedance is min if,
2
/ 4 (
)
2

s
)
2

s
2
1 1k1
1 1k1
Z min Z o
Zo
1 1k1
1 1k1
S
Zmin =
zo
s
16) Derive the I/P Impedance expression for a lossless line terminated one a)short circuit
b)open circuit
a)Short circuit
I/P impedance of a dissipation less live is
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Z R jRo tan s
Ro jZR tan s
Z s Ro
for a short circuit live ZR = 0, so that
ZSC = Ro
jRo tan s
Ro
ZSC JRo tan s

As Z is purely reactive or imaginary then Let
Z s j s
2 s
jxs jRo tan

xs
2 s
tan
Ro
In this
Xs
Z
x
is called as normalized impedance. The variation of sc
with length of line S may
Ro
Ro Ro
be as for
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SJ ;
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Xs
Zo
Xs
;
4 Zo
X
SJ ; s o
2 Zo
3 X s
SJ
;
4 Zo
X
S J ; s
Zo
SJ
For an open-circuited live, Z R

Ro
1 j Z tan S
R
Z oc R
R
o j tan S
Z R
1
Z oc Ro
j tan S
j
2 S
jRo cot
X
tan S
Xs
2 S
j cot
Ro
Z oc Ro
Similarly for open circuit.

S = 0,
Xs
, ,3 ,
, o, , o
4 2 4 Zo
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Sc and Oc impedance is purely reactance value. For the first quarter wavelength, shoot ckt, line
acts as inductance and next wavelength it acts as capacitance. However, the curves are for the ideal
1o
dissipatedness live. In a practical live there will be a small resistance component of
impedance
P
indicating source power loss; and zero or infinite impedance are never achieved the actual values
treading to minima and maxima.
1/R
17. A load of admittance G 1.25 j.25. Find the length of location of single stub funec short
o
circuited.
The normalized load admittance is given by
YR
1.25 j0.25
Go
1/2R
1.25 j.25
1/R o
Ro
R o 2R R o
2R
R
2R 2R R o 1 o
2R
1
1- 1.25+j0.25
1 1.25+j.25
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=
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-.25-j.25
-2.25+j.25
=
0.3535 -135o
2.2638 6.34o
=0.1561 -141.34o
=0.1561 -2.466o
Calculating value of cos-1(1K1)
Cos-1(1k1)=cos-1 (0.1561)=1.414
Calculation for length of location of stub:Case(1)
S1
cos 1 1k1
2
cos 1 1k1
2
2

-2.466+-1.414
.I 0.0587
4
Length of the stub,

L
tan 1
2
= tan 1
1 1k12
21k1
1 .3535 2
2 0.3535
=0.1469
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Case (2)
S1
cos 1 1k1
.
4
2.466 3.142 1.414
.
4
S1 0.1662
length of the stub,
tan 1
2
tan 1
= tan 1 -1.3231
2
=
1 1k12
21k1
1 0.3535 2
2 0.3535

tan 1 1.013231
L 0.353
18. A loss less RF line has Zo of 600 of is connected to a resistive load of 75. Find the
position of length of short circulated stub of same construction as line which would enable the
main length of a line to be correctly terminated at 150MHz.
Given ,
f=150MHz
Ro=600
ZR=75
Finding ,
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f.=c
C
3 10 2

2m
f 150 106
The reflection co-efficient is given by,
K
ZR Zo ZR R o
ZR Zo Z R R o
75 600 525
0.777
75 600 675
K 0.7777 c 0.7777 180o

Case(1)
S1
cos 1 1k1
2
S1
cos 1 1k1
.
4
+-cos-1 0.7777
.2
4
=0.8918M
The length of the stub is given by
L
tan 1
2
2
L= tan 1
1 1k12
21k1
1 0.7777 2
2 0.7777
=0.1222m
Case (2)
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S1
=
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cos 1 1k1
2
+ cos-1 0.7777
.
4
=1.108m
The length of the stub is given by
L=
tan 1
2
1. 0.7777 2
1 1k12
= tan 1
2 0.7777
21k1
2
1
tan 1 0.4041 = 0.384
2
0.8777m
Selecting a point located nearest to the load. Hence the stub location nearest to the load is
calculated in case1.
The stub must be located at a distance 0.8918m from the load of the length of the stub required is
0.1222m.
19. Design a quarter wave transformer to match a load of 200 to a source resistance of 500.
Operating frequency is 200 MHz.
For a quarter wave transformer, the input impedance is given by.
Z in 2s
R o2
2R
The source impedance Zs = 500

Load impedance =2 = 200
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500
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R o2
200
R o2 500 200
R o2 100000
R o 316.22
f 200MHz
wave length f.=c
C
3 108
1.5m
f 200 106
The length of quarter wave line is given by

S
1.5
0.375m
4
4
C-s=/4=.345m.
20. A loss less transmission line with Zo = 75 of electrical length l=0.3 is terminated with
load impedance of 2=(40+j20). Determine the reflection co-efficient at load, SWR of line,
input impedance of the line.
Solution:
Given Zo=Ro=75
Zr=(40+J20)
Reflection co-efficient is given by
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ZR R o
ZR R o
K
=
40+j20 75
40 j20 75
-35+j20
115 j20
40.311 29.74o
=
116.721 9.86o
=0.3453 19.88o
Standing wave ratio is
S
=
1 1k1
1 1k1
1+0.3453
1 0.3453
=2.0548
Input impedance of the line is given by
2s
Zin = Ro
R o j2R tan 2 s /
ZR jR o tan
2 0.3
2 0.3
75 j 40 j20 tan
40 j20 j75 tan
=75
40 j20 j 230.82
75 j123.1 61.55
=75
40 j210.82
136.55 j123.1
75
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214.58 79.25o
o
183.84 42.03
75
75 1.167 37.222o
69.7 j52.95
21. A line with zero dissipation has R= 0.006/m, L=2.5H/m d C=4.45PF/m. If the line is
operated at 10 MHz, find i) Ro,ii) iii) iv) v)
Given
R=0.006/m
L=2.5 10-6 H/m
C= 4.45 PF/m
F=10MHz
At f=10MHz, WL=2fL=2fL=21010-6 2.5 10-6
=15.708
WL > > R at 10 MHz
So according to standard assumption for the dissipation less line, we can neglect R.
i) Characteristic impedance
Zo R o
L
2.5 10 6
749.53
C
4.45 10 12
ii) Propagation constant

j 0 jw LC
j 0 j 2 10 10 6
2.5 10 6 4.45 10 12
j 0 j0.2095 /m
=0
=0.2093 rad/m
iii) velocity of propagation
1
1
V
2.998 108 m /sec
12
LC
2.5 10 4.45 10
iv) wave length is given by
2
2
29.13m
0.2095
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UNIT IV
PART A
1. What are guided waves? Give examples.
The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting or dielectric surface are
called guided waves.
Examples: Parallel wire and transmission lines.
2. What is cut-off frequency?
The frequency (fc) at which the wave motion ceases, is called the cut-off frequency of the wave
guide.
3. Give the expression for guide wavelength when the wave transmitted in between two
parallel plates.
The guide wavelength
2
m

4. What is TEM wave or principal wave?

TEM wave is a special type of TM wave in which an electric field E along the direction of
propagation is also zero.
[OR]
The transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves are waves in which both electric and magnetic
fields are transverse entirely but have no components of E z and Hz. it is referred to as principal
wave.
5. Mention the characteristic of TEM waves.
It is a special type of TM wave.
It does not have either Ez or Hz component.
It velocity is independent of frequency.
Its cut-off frequency is zero.
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6. Define attenuation factor.

Attenuation factor
power lost /unit length

2 power transmitted
7. Distinguish TE and TM waves.

TE
Electric field strength E is entire transverse.
It has z component of magnetic field Hz.
It has no z component of electric field Ez (Ez = 0)
TM
Magnetic field strength H is entirely transverse.
It has z component of electric field Ez (direction
of propagation)
It has no component of magnetic field Hz.(Hz=
0)
8. Define wave impedance.

Wave impedance is defined as the ratio of electric to magnetic field strength
Z xy
Ex
Hy
Z xy
in the positive direction
Ex
in the negative direction
Hy
9. What are the characteristics of TEM waves?

TEM wave is a special type of transverse magnetic wave in which the electric field E along the
direction of propagation is also zero.
10. Give some examples of guided waves.
1. Electromagnetic waves along ordinary parallel wire
2. Wave in wave guides
3. Wave guided along the earth surface from a radio parameter to the receives.
11. What do you mean by cutoff frequency?
Cut off frequency can be defined as the frequency at which the propagation constant changes
form being real to imaginary.
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m
2a M
PART B
1. Derive the field components of the wave propagating between parallel plates.
Consider an electromagnetic wave propagating between a pair of parallel perfectly
conducting planes of infinite in the y and z directions as shown in Fig 2.1.
Fig Parallel conducting guides

Maxwells equations will be solved to determine the electromagnetic field configurations in
the rectangular region.
Maxwells equations for a non-conducting rectangular region and given as
H j E
E j H
ax
H
x
Hx
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ay
y
Hy
az
z
Hz
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H y H x
H x H z
H z H z
ax
ay
z
x
y
x
z
x
j a x Ex a y E y a z E z
ax
Equating x ,y and z components on both sides,
H z H y
j Ex
y
z
H x H z
j E y
z
x
H y H x
j Ez
z
y
ax
Similarly, H
x
Ex
ay
y
Ey
az
z
Ez
E y Ex
ez EY
Ex Ez
ax
ay
z
x
y
z
y
x
j a x H x a y H y a z H z
ax
Equating x, y and z components on both sides
Ez E y
j H x
y
z
Ex Ez
j H y
z
x
E y Ex
j H z
X
y
The wave equation is given by

2 E 2 E
2 H 2 H
Where 2 =( +j ) (j )
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For a non-conducting medium, it becomes

2 E 2 E
2 H 2 H
2 E 2 E 2 E
2 2 2 E
2
x
y
z
2
2
2
H H H
2
2 2 H
x 2
y
z
.....(3)
It is assumed that the propagation is in the z direction an the variation of field components in this
z direction may be expressed in the form e-yz,
Where
is propagation constant
=+j
If =0, wave propagates without attenuation.

If is real i.e. =0, there is no wave motion but only an exponential decrease in amplitude.
Let
H y H y0e yz
H y
Similarly,
Let
H y0e yz H y
z
H x
H x
z
E y E y0 e yz
E y
Similarly
E y
z
E x
Ex
z
There is no variation in the direction i.e., derivative of y is zero substituting the values of z
derivatives and y derivatives in the equation (1), (2) and (3).
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H y j Ex
H z
H x
j E y
x
H y
j Ez
x
.....(4)
E y j H x
Ez
Ex
j H y
.....(5)
x
Ey
j H z
x
E
2 E 2 E
2
x
.....(6)
2
H
2
2
H H
x 2
2E
2 H
2
Where
E
and
2H
x 2
x 2
Solving the equation (4) and (5) , the fields Hx, Hy, Ex and E y can be found out.
To solve Hx
H z
j E y
x
E y j H x
Hx
From the above equation .

E y
Hx
j
Ey
1
j
H z
H x x
Substituting the value of Ey in the above equation.
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Hx
j j
Hx

H z
Hx
j
x
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H z
1
j H x x
2
H z
Hx 1 2 2

x
H z
H x 2 2
x
Hx
H Z
2
x
2
where
h 2 2 2
To solve h y'
Ez
j E y
x
H y j Ex
From the above equations,
j
Hy
Ex
Ex
Ex
1
E
j H y z
Substituting the value of Ex in the above equation.

Hy
j 1
E
. j H y z

x
Hy
2
j E2
Hy 2
2
2
j Ez
H y 1 2 2

x
E
H y ( y 2 2 ) j z
x
Hy
Ex
j
2
( ) x
2
h 2 2 2
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Hy
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j E2
h 2 x
To solve Ex,
Ex ,
E z
j H y
x
j
Hy
Ex
Substituting the value of H y in the above equation,
Ex
j
E z
j
Ex
x

Ex
E
2
Ex
Ex z
Ex
2
E
Ex
2
E
Ex [ 2 2 ] 2
x
Ex
To solve Ey,
Ez
h 2 x
H z
j E y
x
2
H z
Ey
j
x
j
H z
E y [ 2 2 ] j
x
Hx
Ey
j H z
h 2 x
h 2 2 2
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Where
The components of electric and magnetic field strength (E x,Ey,Hx and Hy) are expressed in
terms of Ez and Hz. It is observed that there must be a z components of either e or H; otherwise all
the components would be zero. Although in general case Ez and Hz may be present at the same
time, it is convenient to divide the solutions into two sets. In the first case, there is a component of
E in the direction of propagation (Ez), but no component of H in this direction . Such waves are
called E or Transverse magnetic waves. In the second case, there is a component of H in the
direction of propagation (Hz), but no component of E in this direction. Such waves are called H
waves or transverse Electric (TE) waves.
2. Derive the electro Magnetic field for TE waves.
TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC WAVES:
Transverse electric (TE) waves are waves in which the electric field strength E is entirely
transverse. It has a magnetic field strength Hz in the direction of propagation and no component
of electric field Ez in the same direction (Ez=0)
Substituting the value of Ez =0 in the following equations.
E
j E2
and H y
2
h x
h 2 x
E x 0 and H y 0
Ex
Then
The wave equation for the components Ey

2 E
2 EY 2 EY
2
x
2E
2 E y 2 E y
2
x
=-( 2 2 ) E y
But
h 2 y 2 2
2 Ey
x
h2 E y 0
This is a differential equation of simple harmonic motion. The solution of his equation is
given by
Ey=C1 sin hx + C2 cos hx
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Where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.

0 yz
If Ey is expressed in time and direction ( E y E y e ) then the solution becomes
Ey=(C1 sin hx + C2 cos hx)e-yz

The arbitrary constants C1 and C2 are determined from the boundary conditions.
The tangential components of E is zero at the surface of conductors for all values of z.
Ey=0 at x=0
Ey= 0 at x=a
Applying the first boundary condition (x=0)
0=0+C2
C2=0
Ey=C1 sin hx e-yz
Then
Applying the second boundary condition (x=a)

sinh a 0
m
h=
a
m=1,2,3........
Where
Therefore,
Equations (5) are
m
a
x e yz
E y m
m yz
C1 cos
x e
x
a
a
Ey=C1Sin
E y j H x
E y
x
j H z
Ey
j
Substituting the value of E y in the above equation:
From the first equation , H x
Hx
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x e
j
a
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From the second equation ,

Hz
1 E y
j x
Substituting the value of Ey, in the above equation.

=
Hz =
-m
m yz
C1Cos
x e
j a
a
-m
m yz
C1Cos
x e
j a
a
The field strengths for TE waves between parallel planes are
m yz
x e
a
E y C1Sin
Hx
m yz
C1 Sin
x e
j
a
.......(7)
m
m yz
Hz
C1Sin
x e
j a
a
Each value of m specifies a particular field of configuration or mode and the wave
associated with integer m is designated as TE m0.wave or TEm0 mode. The second subscript refers to
another integer which varies with y.
If m =0 , then all the fields becomes zero, E y=0,Hx=0, Hz=0. Therefore, the lowest value of m
=1. The lowest order mode is TE10. This is called dominant mode in TE waves.
The propagation constant =+j. If the wave propagates without attenuation, =0, only
phase shift exists.
=j
Then the fields strengths for TE waves.
m j z
x e
a
m j z
Hx
C1Sin
x e
j
a
E y C1Sin
Hz
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jm
m j z
C1Cos
x e
a
a
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The field distributions for TE10 mode between parallel planes are shown in fig.
Fig. Electric and magnetic fields between parallel planes for the TE10.
3. Derive the Electromagnetic fields expression for TM waves.
TRANSVERSE MAGNETIC WAVES:
Transverse magnetic (TM) waves are in which the magnetic field strength H is entirely
traverse. It has an electric field strength E z in the direction of propagation and no component of
magnetic field Hz in the same direction (Hz=0)
Substituting the value of Hz =0 in the following equations.
H z
j H z
and E y 2
2
h x
h x
Then
Hx 0
and E y 0
Hx
[ Q H z 0]
The wave equation for the component Hy

2 H y
x
2 H y 2 H y
2H y
x 2
But
( 2 2 ) H y
h 2 2 2
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2 H y
x
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h2 H y 0
This is also a differential equation of simple harmonic motion. The solution of this equation is
H y C3 sinh x +C 4 cosh x
Where C3 and C4 are arbitrary constants. If Hy is expressed in time and direction , then the
solution becomes.
H y (C3 sinh x +C 4 cosh x)e yz
The boundary conditions cannot be applied directly to H y, to determine the arbitrary
constants C3 and C4 because the tangential component of H I not zero at the surface of a
conductor . However Ez can be obtained in terms of Hz.
H Y
j Ez
[eqn.(4)]
x
1 H y
Ez
j x
h
=
[C3 cos h x C4 sinh x]e yz
j
Applying the first boundary condition (E z =0 at x=0)
C3 0
Then Ez
h
C4 sin hx e-yz
j
Applying the second boundary condition (Ez=0 at x=a)

m
a
where m is a mode m=1,2,3.........
h=
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m
m yz
C4 sin
x e
j a
a
jm
m yz
C4 sin
x e
a
a
Therefore, Ez
m
a
H y C4 cos
x e yz
But , H y j Ex
Ez
Hy
j
m yz
C4 cos
x e
j
a
The field strengths for TM waves between parallel planes are

m
a
x e yz
m
Ex
C4 cos
j
a
H y C4
Ez
x e yz
jm
m yz
C4 sin
x e
a
a
The transverse magnetic wave associated with the integer m is designated as TMm0 wave or
TMm0 mode. If m=0 all the fields will not be equal to zero i.e., E x and Hy exist and only Ez=0. In the
case of TM wave there is a possibility of m=0
If the wave propagates without attenuation (=0), the propagation constant become =j.
The field strengths for TM waves between parallel conducting planes are:
m
a
H y C4 cos
x e j z
m j z
C4 cos
x e
a
jm
m j z
Ex
C4 cos
x e
a
Ex
The field distributions for TM10 wave between parallel planes shown in fig 2.3
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Fig The TM10 wave

between parallel planes.
4. Describe the field
expression for TEM
wave guided by parallel
conducting plane.
TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES:
It is a special type
of transverse magnetic
wave in which electric
field
E
along
the
direction of propagation
is
also
zero.
The
transverse
electromagnetic (TEM)
waves in which both
electric and magnetic
fields are transverse entirely but has not component of E z and Hz. It is referred to as principal
waves.
The field strength for TM waves are:
m
a
H y C4 cos
Ex
C4 cos
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x e j z
m j z
x e
a
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jm
m j z
C4 sin
x e
A
a
for TEM waves E=0 and the minimum value of m=0
Ez
H y C4 e j z
C4 e j z
Ez 0
Ex
The fields are not only entirely transverse , but they are constant in amplitude between the parallel
planes.
Characteristics:
For, lowest value m=0 and dielectric is air.
0 2 0 0
=j 0 0
0 0
Velocity v=
0 0
Wavelength =
2 c
Unlike TE and TM waves, the velocity of TEM wave independent of frequency and has the
value c=3 x 108 m/sec.
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Fig. The TEM wave between parallel planes

The cut-off frequency for TEM wave is zero
fc
m
0
2a
(m=0)
This means that for TEM wave, all frequencies down to zero can propagate along the guide,
the ratio of E to H between the parallel planes for a traveling wave is
E
0
0
The fields distribution are shown.

5. Describe the different of various of propagation between 2 plates and prove that Vg Vp=C2.
VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION:
The velocity with which the energy propagates along a guide is called group velocity
d
d
If the frequency spread of the group is small enough
vg
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d
d
may be considered to be a constant through the group. It is always less then the free space velocity
c.
Phase velocity is defined as the velocity of propagation of equiphase surfaces along a guide.
It is denoted by
d
vp
d
It is always greater then the free space velocity c.
The phase-shift is given by
m

m
Squaring on both sides
a
Differentiate 2 d 2 d 0
d
d

2
vg
v2
vp
d
d
Where v p
1
v
vg
group velocity
phase velocity
free space velocity
The product of group velocity and phase velocity is the square of free space velocity
vg v p v 2
c2
vg v p c 2
6. Obtain the attenuation factor in parallel plane.
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The field strengths between parallel conducting planes for TE, TM and TEM waves have
been obtained without any loss. In actual wave guides, there are some losses. These losses will
modify the field strength by the introduction of multiplying factor e -z. The attenuation factor
that is caused by losses in the walls of the guide is determined as follows.
The voltage and current phasors in waveguide are
V = V0 e z e j z
I = I0 e z e j z
The average power transmitted is
1
Real part of VI*
2
1
= Real part of V0 e z e j z I 0e z e j z
2
1
= Real part of V0 I 0* e 2 z
2
Wav
Where I* is the complex conjugate of I

I * I 0*e z e j z
The rate of decrease of transmitted power
Wav
1
2 Re al V0 I*0 e 2 z
z
2
= 2 Wav
This is the power lost per unit length or power dissipated per unit length.
Power lost/unit length 2 Wav
2
power transmitted
Wav
The attenuation factor is
Power lost/unit length

2 power transmitted
This is the attenuation factor for more general case of guided wave transmission. The can
be determined for TE, TM and TEM waves.
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7. Derive an expression for attenuation Factor for TE Waves.

The electric and magnetic field strengths between perfectly conduction parallel planes for
TE waves are
m j z
E y C1 sin
x e

Hx
m j z
C1 sin
x e
Hx
jm
m j z
C1 cos
x e
The amplitude of linear current density in the conduction planes will be equal to the
tangential component of H at x=0 and x = a,
J zy H z
m C1
The power loss in each conduction plane is
1 2
J zy Rs
2
Where Rs is the surface resistance.

Rs
The power loss in two conducting (upper and lower) planes

m2 2C12 / 2
1
2 J 2zy Rs
2
2 2 2
The power transmitted in the z direction is
1
Re al E H *
2
1
Power transmitted/unit area = 2 E y H x
c2
m
1 sin 2
x
2
a
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Power transmitted in z direction for a guide 1 metre wide with a spacing between conductors of
metres is
xa
c12
c12 2 m
2 m
sin
x
dx
sin
x dx
2 a
2
a
x 0
c12
m
sin
x
a
m
2
4
a
2
c a
4
2
1
Power transmitted/unit length =
The attenuation factor
C12 a
4
power lost/unit length

2 power transmitted
m 2 2C 2 / 2
2 2a2
=
C12 a
2
4
2m 2 2 / 2
a 3
m
Substitute the value of
2m 2 2 / 2
The attenuation factor decreases from infinity at cut-off frequency to a low value at higher
frequency.
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2
m
2
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2
m
a 2
2
m
Rs
a
where Rs
a 2
m
At cut- off frequency,
m
2
2

c
a

1 c

f
1 c
f
Substituting this value,
2 c2 Rs
f
1 c
f

2 Rs c

a
1 c
f
2 Rs c
f
f
a 1 c
f
Q =
8. Derive on Expression for Attenuation Factor for TM Waves.

The Expressions for E and H for the Transverse magnetic waves between perfectly
conducting parallel planes are
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m j z
x e
a
m j z
Ey =
C4 cos
x e
H y =C4 cos
Ez =-
m
m j z
C4 sin
x e
j a
a
The amplitude of the current density in each plane is

J = C4
The power loss per unit length in each conducting plane is
1 2
1
j Rs C42 Rs
2
2
m
Rs
2 m
The power transmitted down the guide per unit are
1
Re al (E H*)
2
1
= (E x H y )
2
1 C4
m
=
cos
2
a
m
x C4 cos
x
a
1 C42
m
cos 2
x
2
a
Power transmitted in the z direction for a guide 1 metre wide with a spacing between
conductors of s metre is
1 C42
1 C42
2 m
cos
x
dx
2 x0
4
a
Power lost/ unit lengh
Attenuation factor ( ) =
2 power transmitted
a
C 24
2
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m
2 m
C42
a
4
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2
But
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m
2 m
a
The attenuation factor for TM waves is

2 m / 2 m
TM
m
a
a
2
The attenuation factor for TE waves is

2m 2 2
TE
m
2 m
m
a 3 2
Dividing TE by TM
TE
TM
m 2 2 m
a 3 a
=
2
2 f
2
But
1
m

2a
2
f
m 1
fc
.
2a
f2
TE
c2
TM f
2
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f
TE c TM
f
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The attenuation factor for TM waves is

2 R s
TM
a 2
m
2
substituting the value of
c
a
TM
=
2 R s
a 2 c2
2 R s

a 1 c

=
2R s
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2R s
f
a 1 c
f
f m
m
fc m
m
Where
TM
a
1 c
Rs
f m
m
a
f
fc
f
fc
f
1 c
f
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fc m
m
2
or TM
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f
a c
f
f 2
1 c
f
f
, to zero.
f c
The minimum value of TM is determined by equating derivative of with respect to
fc m
m
a
K=
f
x
fc
2
Let
=K
=K
x
1
1
x
x3
x2 1
1
x3 2
=K 2
x 1
Differentiating with respect to x,
d
K
3 x 2 ( x 2 1) x 3 (2 x)
=
1
2
dx
x 2 1
x3 2
2 2
x 1
K
=
2
Equating
K
2
x 2 1 3x 4 3 x 2 2 x 4
2
2
x3
x
d
0
dx
x 2 1 x 4 3 x 2
0
x 3 x 2 1 2
4
2
x 3x 0
x 2 1 2
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x4 = 3 x 2
Dividing by x2,
x2 = 3
x= 3
f
But
x=
fc
f
3
fc
Take only positive value of frequency
f 3 fc
The attenuation TM reaches a minimum value at a frequency of 3 times the cut-off
frequency and then increases with frequency.
After substituting this value,
2 Rs
min =
a 1-
2.5R s
a
9. Define Wave Impedance. Obtain the wave impedance expressions for TE, TEM and TM
waves.
WAVE IMPEDANCES
In transmission-line theory power is propagated along one axis only, and only one
impedance constant is involved. However, in the three dimensional wave propagation power may
be transmitted along three axes of the coordinate system and consequently three impedance
constants must be defined.
Wave impedances are defined by the following ratios of electric to magnetic field strengths
for the positive directions of the coordinates.
Z xy
Ex
;
Hy
Z yx
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Ey
Hx
Z yz
Ey
Hz
; Z zy
Z zx
Ez
Hx
E
Ez
; Z xz x
Hy
Hz
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The wave impedances for the negative directions of the coordinates are
Z xy
Z yx
Ex
;
Hy
Ey
1 x
Z yz
Z zy
Ey
Hz
Z zx
Ez
;
Hy
Z xz
Ez
Hx
Ex
Hz
For TE waves, the wave impedance is given by

Z yx
Ey
Hx
j
j
Z yx
1
/
a
Z yx
1
f
1 c
f
Q c
f
1 c
f
m
+
At cut-off frequency 2
, wave impedance Z yx becomes infinity. At very high
a
frequency (greater than cut-off frequency) wave impedance becomes,
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Z yx
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2
Q
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At >> c, the wave impedance is equal to the intrinsic impedance.

Z+yx
For TM waves, the wave impedance is given by

2
a
Z xy x
H y
1
/
a
f
Z 1 c
f
xy
2
m
At cut-off frequency
, the wave impedance becomes zero.
a
At very high frequency (greater than cut-off frequency), the wave impedance becomes
Z xy
Z xy
For TEM wave, the wave impedance is
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Z xy
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Ex
Hy
= o intrinsic impedance
Z xy o
The wave impedances for TE, TM and TEM waves between parallel planes are shown as
functions of frequency in figure.
Wave impedance versus frequency characteristics of waves between

parallel conducting plane
10. A parallel plane wave guide consists of two sheets of good conductor separated by 10 cm.
Find the propagation constant at frequencies of 100 MHz and 10 GHz, when the wave guide is
operated in TE10 mode. Does the propagation take place in each case.
Given:
TE10 mode : m = 1, n = 0
a = 10 cm = 0.1 m
f = 100 MHz, 10 GHz
For free space = o and = o
Free space velocity c =
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1
3 108 m / sec
o o
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Propagation constant is given by

2
a

a
2
2
1

a
2 f
[Q 2 f ]
2 f

For f = 100 MHz

2 100 106
1
(0.1) 2
3 108
2
100
3
31.346 Nepers / metre
Here propagation constant has real value. i.e., =
Hence no propagation takes place at 100 MHz.
For f = 10 GHz
2 10 109
1

(0.1) 2 3 108
200
100
3
j 207.07
Here has imaginary value i.e., = j. Hence propagation takes place at 10 GHz.
11. A pair of perfectly conducting planes are separated 8 cm in air. For frequency of 5000 MHz
with the TM1 mode excited find the following.
(i) cut-off frequency
(ii) characteristic impedance
(iii) attenuation constant for f = 0.95 fc
(iv) phase shift
(v) phase velocity and group velocity
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(vi) wavelength measured along the guiding walls

Given : TM1 mode : m = 1
1
F /m
a = 8 cm = 0.08 m o
36 109
o 4 107 H / m
f = 5000 MHz
(i) Cut-off frequency:
2
2
2
m
c
a
m 1
c
.
a
fc
m
v
2a
[Q v
1
, 2 f ]
But v = c = 3 108 m/sec

1
3 108
fc =
2 0.08
18.75 108 Hz 1.875 GHz
(ii) Characteristic impedance:
o
120
o
120 ohms or 377 ohms
z=
(iii) Propagation constant becomes attenuation constant (i.e., real value) if the operating frequency
is less than the cut-off frequency.
f = 0.95 fc
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2
2
2 f
f 0.95 f c
Cut-off wave length c
v 2a
fc m
m
m

2 0.95
2 a
a
2
m
m

0.95
a
a
m
1 (0.95) 2
a
39.27 0.0975 12.26 Nepers / m

(iv) Phase shift:
m
f 5000 MHz
2
2 f m

v
a
2 5000 106
1

8
3 10
0.08
100
3
97.08

156.25
(v) Phase velocity:
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2 f
vp
2 5000 106
97.08
3.236 108 m / sec
or
vp
c
f
1 c
f
3 108
1.875 109
1
6
5000 10
3.236 108 m / sec

c2
Group velocity vg
vp
(3 108 ) 2
3.236 108
2.78 m / sec.
(vi) Wave guide wavelength:
g
2

1
c
But
3 108
0.06 m
50 108
12. For a frequency of 6000 MHz and plane separation = 7 cm, find the following for the TE 1
mode.
(i)
cut-off frequency
(ii)
angle of incidence of the planes
(iii)
phase velocity and group velocity is it possible to propagate TE3 mode?
Given : TE1 mode : m = 1, a = 0.07 m
f = 6000 MHz
(i) Cut-off:
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m
c 2
a
m 1
fc
.
2a
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m
v
2a
1
3 108
2 0.07
f c 21.4286 108 Hz
(ii) Phase velocity

c
vp
f c
3 108
21.4286 108
6
6000 10
3.2118 108 m / sec

c2
Group velocity vg
vp
(3 108 )2
3.2118 108
2.802 m / sec.
(iii) Angle of incidence

c
cos
c
3 108
cos
v p 3.2118 108
vp
cos 1 (0.934)
20.92
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m
2

a
m 2 f

v
a
2
m 2 f

a
v
2 6000 106
3

3 108
0.07
1836.735 16000
236.735
48.337 Nepers / m
Propagation constant has real value is v = .
Propagation is not possible for TE3 mode.
13. Consider a parallel plate wave guide with plate separation 20 cm with the TE 10 mode excited
at 1 GHz. Find the propagation constant, the cut-off frequency and guide wavelength assuming
r = 4 for medium of propagation in the guide.
Given: TE10 mode : m = 1, n = 0, a = 0.2 m
f = 1 GHz
m

0.2
2
2
2 109 2
8
3 10
Qv
1
1
o o r
j 39.3 radians / m
Cut-off Frequency
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fc
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m
2a
m c
2a 4
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1
c
3 108
2 0.2 2
375 MHz
Guide wavelength

1
c
2a
2 0.2
m
0.4 m
3 108
1109
0.3 m
0.3
0.3
1
0.4
0.16m
14. A 4 GHz signal is propagated in a rectangular wave guide with internal dimensions of 2.5
5 cm. Assuming the dominant mode, calculate:
(i) cut-off wavelength
(ii) guide wavelength
(iii) group velocity
(iv) phase velocity and
(v) wave impedance
Given : TE10 mode : m = 1, n = 0
f = 1 GHz
a = 0.05 m
b = 0.025 m
(i) Cut-off wave length
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2a
m
2 0.05
0.10 m
(ii) Guide wave length :

1
c
c
f
3 108
0.075 m
4 109
0.075
g
0.1134 m
2
0.075
1
0.1
(iii) Group velocity

c
g

vg
0.075
8
3 10
0.1134
1.984 108 m / sec.
(iv) Phase velocity
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vp
f
1 c
f
mv
2a
fc
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m
.c
2a
1
3 108
0.1
f c 30 108 Hz
3 108
vp
30 108
1
9
4 10
4.5356 108 m / sec.

g
c

vp
or
0.1134
8
3 10
0.075
4.5356 108 m / sec.
(iv)
Wave impedance
z0
zTE
2

1
c
Intrinsic impedance
z0 120 ohms
zTE
120
0.075
1
0.1
= 570 ohms.
15. An uniform plane wave at 2.45 GHz is transmitted through a medium having =2.17 s/m
=47 o = o. Find the complex propagation constant, phase velocity and the wave impedance
of the medium. If the electric field mag is 10V/m, find the time average power flow per unit
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area.
Given :
F=2.45GHz=2.45109Hz
W=2f=22.45109=15.394109
=2.17s/m
=47o=478.85410-12=416.1410-12 F/m
=o=4 10-7 H/m
j j
= j-2
= -123922.51+j41977.94
=361.5 80.63o
=58.85+j356.65
=58.85N/m
=356.65 rad/m
Vp=/=4316108m/s
wave impedance Z
=54.24
jo
Intrinsic impedance
j
Time average power flow / unit area
1
Pav= EH
2
1
= 10192=96w/m2
2
16. What are the characteristics of TE and TM waves?
(1) Propagation constant
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h 2 2 2 2
2 h 2 2 2
r h 2 2 2
sub h=
m
a
m 2
2
r

a
j
2
m ,
at lower freq. is <
becomes real with value of , and =0. there is only
a
attenuation, without any propagation.
2
m ,
2
At higher frequencies value of becomes greater than
making .imaginary.
a
2
m , 2
For f<fc
, =0
a
2
m ,
2
For f<fc
< , =0
a
2
m , 2
For f<fc
,
a
(ii) Cut off frequency:at f= fc
2
m 2
2
o

a
m 2
m
a
2 fc
fc
m
a
m
2a
(iii) Phase constant :VEL TECH
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183
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m 2
m
sub c
in eqn of =
a
a
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c 2 c 2
c 2 2
j
2 c 2
j ff2 c 2 j
2 ff2 c 2
(iv) cut-off wave length
c
V
fc
fc
m
1
mv
but v=
2a
2a
2a j1
2a
m
(v) Group wavelength:-
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v
2 f
ff
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2
m 2
m 2
2
sub
c
a
c 2
2
c 2
2 f 1 2
V
f
g
c 2
1 2
vi) Velocity of propagation:
m
2
a
m 2
2
c
a
sub
V
c 2
1 2
Vo
f
1 c
f
UNIT V
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PART A
1. Write down the Maxwells equation for the loss-free region within the guide?
Ez
EV jw H z
y
Ez
H z
E x jw Hv
H x jw EV ,
y
x
H y H x
E y E x
jw Ez ,
jw H z
x y
x y
Hz + Hv = j Ex,
2. What is the wave equation for E2 and H2?

2
2E z 2E z
E z 2 Ez
2
2
x
y
2
2
H z 2H z
H z 2 H z
2
2
x
y
3. In waves between parallel plates what are the classification by field configurations?
1. Transverse Magnetic Waves (TM)
2. Transverse Electric waves (TE)
4. For Rectangular guide shown in figure what is the boundary condition?
Ex = Ez = 0 At y = 0, and y = b
Ev = Ez = 0 at x = 0 and x = a.
5. Write down the propagation constant for a rectangular guide for TM waves.
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G 2 2
A 2 B 2 2
n
b
6. What is the propagation constant for an ordinary transmission line?
j
Attenuation constant
Phase constant.
7. What is the expression of attenuation constant, propagation constant for a perfectly
conducting wall?
= 0 such that > c
m
=
n
b
m
=
1
The value of c =
n
b
8. The Cut-off frequency that is the frequency below which wave propagation will not occur, is
fc
1
2
m
=
n
b
9. The cur-off wavelength, that is the cutoff wavelength which wave propagation will not occur
is
2
0 =
2
2
m n
a b

10. What is dominant wave?
The wave which has the lowest cut-off frequency is called the dominant wave.
11. For TE10 wave, what is cut-off frequency?
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Cut-off frequency is that frequency for which the corresponding half wavelength is equal to
the width of the guide, the cut-off frequency is independent of the dimension b.
12. What is a waveguide?
A hallow conducting metallic tube of uniform section (rectangular or circular) is used for
propagating electromagnetic waves. Waves that are guided along the surface (walls) of the tube is
called waveguide.
13. What do you mean by propagation of waveguide?
Propagation of waveguide can be considered as a phenomenon in which waves are reflected
from wall to wall and hence pass down the waveguide in a zig-zag fashion.
14. Write down the maxwells equation for non-conducting medium.
xH = j E
ax ay
xH
x y
Hx Hy
=0
az
z
Hz
= j( a xEx+ a yEy+ a zEz]
15. Write down the wave equation for rectangular waveguide.

2E z 2E z
2E z 2 Ez
x 2
y 2
16. What is Dominant mode?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE 10 (m = 1, n = 0) whereas the lowest mode for TM wave is
TM11 (m = 1, n=1). This wave has the lowest cut-off frequency. Hence the TE 10 mode is the
dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide.
17. What is wave impedance?
The wave impedances defined as the ratio of electric field intensity to magnetic field
intensity are
E
E
E
Z xy
x ; Z yx
y ; Z zx z
Hy
Hx
Hx
18. What are the wave impedance for different modes?
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fc
For TM, z 1
f
z
2
For TE,
fc
1
f
For TEM, z
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19. What is characteristic impedance?

For transmission lines the integrated characteristic impedance Z o can be defined as in terms
of the voltage current or interms of the power transmitted for a given voltage or given current.
V
i.e., Zo (V, I) =
I
20. What are the sources of attenuation in wave guide?
Attenuation for propagating modes results when there are losses in the dielectric and in the
imperfectly conducting guide walls.
21. What is attenuation constant in propagation?
It is given by
Power lost per unit length
2 x power transmitted.
22. How will you calculate power?
The power transmitted is obtained by integrating the axial component of the pointing
vector through the cross-section of the guide the pointing vector P z is given by
Pt = |Etrans||Htrans|
23. What is attenuation constant in terms of power?
The attenuation constant is
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Power lost
2 x power transmitted.
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24. What is attenuation constant for TM11 mode?
a
b
2
2
b
a
2Rs
fc
ab 1
f
1 1
, 2
a2 b
in (dB|
m)
25. Draw the variation in attenuation with frequency due to wall losses in a rectangular
waveguide?
TM11
TE10
F
26. Write the field expression for rectangular TM waves.
j c
B cos Bx sin Ay
h2
j c
A sin Bx cos Ay
h2
j c
2 A sin Bx cos Ay
h
j c
B cos Bx sin Ay
h2
Ex0
Ey0
Hx0
H y0
27. Write the field expression of TE wave guide.

j
CB sin Bx cos Ay
h2
j
2 CA cos Bx sin Ay
h
Hx0
H y0
Hz0 = C cos Ay cos Bx

Ex0
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CA cos Bx sin Ay
h2
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j
CB sin Bx cos Ay
h2
28. What are the types of waveguides?
Ey0
1. Rectangular waveguide
2. Circular waveguide
3. Elliptical waveguide
29. Mention the application of waveguides.
The waveguides are employed for transmission of energy at every high frequencies where
the attenuation caused by waveguide is smaller.
Waveguide are used in microwave transmission circular waveguides used as attenuation
and phase shifters.
30. Why are rectangular waveguides preferred over circular waveguides?
Rectangular waveguides are preferred over circular waveguides because of the following reasons.
1. Rectangular waveguide is smaller in size than a circular waveguide of the same
operating frequency.
2. It does not maintain its polarization through the circular waveguide.
31. Why is rectangular or circular form used as waveguides?
Waveguides usually take the form of rectangular or circular cylinders because of its simpler
form in use and less expensive to manufacture.
32. For an air filled copper x-band waveguide with dimension a = 2.286 cms and b = 1.016 cms
determine the cut off frequencies for TE11 and TM11 modes?
a = 2.28 6 cm = 2.286 x 10-2 m
b = 1.016 cm = 1.016 x 10-2 m
For TE11 mode, m = 1, n = 1
Cut-off frequency, fc
c m
=
2 a
n
b

3 108 10 2
2
2.286
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2
m
a
n
b
10 2
1.016
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FC = 16.156 GHz.
The cut of frequency for TE11 mode is same as that of TM11.
33. What is an evanescent mode?
When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency the propagation constant
becomes real i.e., Y = . The wave cannot be propagated. This non-propagating mode is known as
evanescent mode.
34. Which are the non-zero field components for the TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide?
Hx, Hz and Ey
35. Which are the non-zero field components for the TM11 mode in a rectangular waveguide?
Ex, Hy Ey and Ez
Wave impedance,
36. Draw a neat sketch showing the variation of wave impedance with frequency for TE and
TM waves in a waveguide.
Region of
number
TE
Propagation
fc
TM
37. What is the cut-off wavelength and cut-off frequency of the TE 10 mode in a rectangular
waveguide?
Cut-off wavelength, c = 22
C
Cut-off frequency, fc =
22
38. What is the cut-off wavelength and cut-off frequency of the TM 11 mode in a rectangular
waveguide?
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2
Cut-off wavelength, c =
Cut-off frequency, fc =
1
a

1
a

1
2
1
=
2 a
1
b

2
1
b

1
b

39. What is the wave impedance of TEM waves in waveguide?

Wave impedance of TEM becomes the intrinsic impedance of the medium
40. Write down the expression for wave impedance of TE mode?

Z
f
1 c
f
41. Write down the expression for wave impedance of TM mode?

f
Z 1 c
f
42. Write down the expression for phase velocity in a waveguide?
n
b
43. Define character is the impedance in a waveguide.

For transmission lines the integrated characteristic impedance can be defined as in terms of
the voltage current ratio or in terms power transmitted for a given voltage or a given current.
V
i.e., Zo (V, I) =
I
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2w
II *
VV *
Zo w , I
2W
Zo w , I
Where V and I are peak phasors. W is the power transmitted. * indicates complex conjugate.
44. What are the types of power loss in waveguides?
There are two types of power loss occurs in waveguides
1. Loss due to attenuation of signals below cut-off frequency.
2. Loss due to dissipation with in the waveguide walls and the dielectric with in the
waveguide.
45. The larger dimension of the cross section of a rectangular waveguide is 2cm. Find the cut off
frequency and wavelength for the domain and TE mode.
The given data are a = 2 cm.
We know the dominant TE mode is TE10 mode, thus m = 1 and n = 0.
The cut-off frequency of rectangular waveguides is
2
v m
2 a
3 108 1
2 0.02
fc
n
a
vm
Since n = 0
2 a
1.5 108
7.5 109 7.5GHz
0.02
2
Cutoff wavelength c =
m
a
2 0.02
1
n
b
2a
m since n = 0
0.04mts
46. Explain why TEM waves are not possible in rectangular waveguide.
(Apr. 2004.)
Since TEM wave does not have actual component of a E or H. it cannot be propagated with
in a single conductor wave guide.
There fore for a displacement current the guide requires an axial component of E, which is
not present in TEM waves.
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47. A rectangular wave guide has the following dimensions l=2.54cm b=1.27cm,
thickness = 0.127 cm. Calculate the cut off frequency for TE11 mode.
2
wave guide
m n
a b
48. Explain why TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular wave guide do not exist. (May 2006)
C
fc
2
For the modes TM01 and TM10,

Fe > f
Where f frequency of the wave to be propagated The dominant mode in TM mode is TM11
49. Define the difference between the wave impedance and the intrinsic impedance.
The intrinsic impedance is given by the ratio between the permeability and the
permittivity.
M
; 377 for cu.
For free space,
The wave impedance is the radio between the electrostatic energy and the magnetic field energy.
Z
Ey
Hx
Ex
Hy
50. Define surface impedance.

The surface impedance is defined by the conductivity. Rs
w
2
51. Give the attenuation factor for TM waves
Power lost / length

2 Power transmitted/length
where the power loss in the 4 walls of the guide is the sum of losses in x=0 and y=0.
52. Which mode is the dominant mode in a rectangular wave?
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The dominant modes are, TE10 and TM11

But the lowest mode is TE10
53. Show the excitation method of TE11 and TM11 modes is a rectangular wave guide.
Fig. (a) TE11
(b) TM11
54. Give the attenuation factor for TM wave is a rectangular wave guide. (Apr. 2005)
TM
a
b
a2 b2
2Rs
ab 1 1
fc
a2 b2 1 c
where
Rs
w
2
55. What is a guided wavelength?

1
c
where
c
and c = cut off wave length.
f
56. Mention the applications of circular waveguides.

Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters.
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57. Which mode in a circular waveguides has alternation effect decreasing with increasing in
frequency?
TE01
58. Mention the dominant modes in rectangular and circular waveguides.
For a rectangular waveguide, the dominant mode TE 10, For a circular waveguide the
dominant mode TE11.
59. Write down the expression for cut-off frequency in a circular waveguide.
fc
hnm
2
where hnm =
ha nm
a
60. Calculate the cut off frequency of copper tube with 3 cm diameter inside with air filled, in
TE11 mode.
fc
hnm
2 m
h11
;a
3
10 2 m
2
ha 11
a
3.85 2
3 102
= 2.566 x 102
[ (ha)11 = 3.85]
2.566 102
3 108
2
= 12.25 GHz
fc
1
Q c
61. Determine the cut-off frequency of a circular waveguide with a diameter of 2.36 cms
operating in the dominant mode.
2.36
102 m.
2
Dominant mode is TE11,
ha nm
hnm =
a
a=
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ha 11
a
3.85 2 102
2.36
= 3.263 x 102
fc
hnm
2
3.263 10 2
3 108
2
fc = 15.58 GHz.
1
8
Q 3 10
62. Why is TM01 mode prepared to the TE01 mode in a circular waveguide?
TM01 mode is preferred to the TE 01 mode, since it requires a smaller diameter for the same
cut-off wavelength.
63. Define Q of a waveguide.
Quality factor Q is given by Q =
energy stored/unit length

energy lost / unit length / second.
64. Give the relation b/w quality factor and attenuation factor of a waveguide?
Q
2Vg 2
65. Which of the following wave guide is easier to manufacture?

Circular
Rectangular
Elliptical
none
Ans (a) circular
66. Which of the following waveguide / transmission line would offer the maximum
attenuation?
a) Coaxial
b) Rectangular waveguide
c) Circular waveguide.
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Ans: (a) coaxial.

67. A circular waveguide will behave like
a) Low pass filter
b) Band pass filter
c) High pass filter
d) Non of the above
Ans: (c) High pass filter.
68. What are the uses of circular wave guides?
Circular waveguides are used as attenuators and phase shifters.
Attenuator
69. Draw the variation of attenuation as a function of frequency for different modes.
TE11
TM01
TE11
70. What is the wave impedance

Frequency of a circular waveguide?
The wave impedance of a circular waveguide is the ratio of the resultant transverse electric
fields to the transverse magnetic field.
For TM waves
E
2TM =
H
71. What is Bessel function?
In solving for the electromagnetic fields within guides of circular cross section, a differential
equation known as Bessels Equation is encountered.
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1

r 2
P = C1
1
2
r 0
r !
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2r
This series is convergent for all values of p1 either real complex. It is called Bessel function
of first kind of order zero d is denoted by J0 (P).
72. What the cut-off freq or critical frequency below which the transmission of a wave will not
occur?
hnm
fc =
2
where hnm =
ha nm
a
73. What is the expression for TM waves in circular guides?

H20 = Cn Jn (hp) cos n
j Cn
Hp0 =
Jn (hp) cos n
h
jn Cn
H 0 =
Jn (hp) sin n
h2 p
0
Fp0
H
p
0
E0
Hp
74. What are the boundry conditions for TM waves in circular guides?
The boundry conditions to be met for TM waves are that E = q at P = a.
75. What is the wave impedances at a point?
Z xy
Z yx
Ex
Hy
E y
Hx
Z yz
Ey
Zzx
Hz
Z zy
Ez
Hy
Ez
Hx
Z xz
E x
Hz
76. What is the work impedence for waves guided by transmission lines / wave guides?
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E x2 Ey2
Etrans
Z2 =
Htrans
H x2 H y2
Zz = ZP = -Zp =
Zz TM
w2
1 c 2
w
c2
= 1-
DE
77. Draw the characteristic between wave impedance and frequency.
TE
Wave
impedance
TM
78. Define wave impedance.

f
fc
The wave impedances are defined by the following rations of electric to magnetic field
strengths for the positive direction as well as negative direction of the co-ordinates.
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Z xy
Ex
Hy
Z -yx
Ey
Hx
Z yz
Ey
Hx
Z -zy
Ez
Hy
Z zx
Ez
Hx
Z -xz
Ex
Hz
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79. Write condition for minimum attenuation for TM waves.

d
=0
f
d
fc
TM =
2w w
.
a
=
2w
.
2f
2
m
.a
a
simplifying we get,
f= 3fc
80. Write the wave impedances for TE, TM Q TEM at cut off frequency.
* For TE waves at fc 1 ZTE =
For TM waves at fc 1 ZTM = 0
For TEM waves at fc 1 ZTEM =
81. Relationship between TM
and TE:
TE fc 2
=
TM f 2
The ratio between the attenuation factors of TM and TE waves is given by the ratio
between the cutoff frequency and the wave frequency.
82. Give the equation for the power loss at the magnetic field.
Power loss = I2R
= (JYZ)2 . Rs
= (Hy)2 . Rs
(Hy)
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PART B
1. Write the expression for transverse magnetic waves in rectangular wave guides.
The wave equations are partial differential equations that can be solved by the usual
technique of assuming a product, solution. This procedure leads to two ordinary differential the
solutions of which are known. Nothing that
Ez (x, y, z) = Ez0 (x, y) e-y2
Ez0 = xy
Where X is a function of x alone, and y is a function of y alone.
y
2
d 2x
d 2y
x
y xy 2 xy
2
2
dx
dy
Putting h2 = y + 2 as before
y
d 2x
dy
x 2 h 2 xy 0
2
dx
dy
Divide by XY
1 d 2x
1 d 2y
2
X dx 2
y dy 2
The above equation equates a function of x alone to a function of y alone. The only way in
which such a relation can hold for all values of x and y is due to have each of these function equal
to some constant.
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1 d 2x
h 2 A2
2
X dx
1 d 2y
A2
y dy 2
The solution of equation is
X = c1 cos Bx + c2 sin Bx
B2 = h2 A2
The above solution is
y = c3 cos Ay + c4 sin Ay
This gives
E20 = xy = c1c3 cos Bx cos Ay+c1c4 cos Bx sin Ay + c2c3 sin Bx cos Ay + c2 c4 sin Bx sin Ay.
The constants c1, c2, c3, c4, A and B must now be selected to fit the boundary condition.
E20 = 0 when x = 0, x = a, y = 0 y = b.
If X = 0 the general expression.
E20 = c1 c3 cos Ay + c1 c4 sin Ay
E20 = c2 c3 sin Bx cos Ay + c2 c4 sin Bx sin Ay
When y = 0 reduces to
E20 = c2 c3 sin Bx
For this to be zero for all values of x if it possible to have either c 2 (or) c3 equal to zero
(assuming B 0) putting c2 =0 would make E20 identically zero. So instead c 3 will be put equal to
zero.
E20 = c2 c3 sin Bx sin Ay
In addition to the amplitude constant c = c2 c4
If x = a
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E20 = c sin Ba sin Ay.

In order for this to vanish for all values of y (and assuming A 0) (Because A = 0 would
make E20 identically zero)
The constant B must have
B
m
when m = 1, 2, 3
a
Again if y = b;
E20 = c sin
A=
m
x sin Ab
a
n
where n = 1, 2, 3.
b
Therefore the final expression for

E20 is = c sin
y j
m
n
y
x sin
a
b
j c
B cos Bx sin Ay
h2
j c
Ey0 =
A sin Bx cos Ay
h2
Ex0 =
H z0
j c
A sin Bx cos Ay
h2
H y0
j c
B cos Bx sin Ay
h2
m
n
and A =
a
b
These expressions show how each of the components of electric and magnetic field
strengths varies with x and y. The variation with time and along the axis of the guide, that is M the
z direction, is shown by putting back intro each of these expressions the factor e jwt- xz and then
taking the real port.
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In the division of the fields it was found necessary to restrict the constants A and B to the
values given by expressions.
A2 + B2 = h2
h2 = y 2 +
y h 2 2
= A2 B 2 2
2
m n
=
a
b
The above equation defines the propagation constant for a rectangular guide for TM waves.
For low frequencies where 2 is small y will be a real number. This propagation constant met
with in ordinary transmission-line theory is a complex number. That is y a j where a is the
mathematics constant and is the phase shift constant. If y is real, must be zero and there can
be no phase shift along the tube
2
n
b
= 2
This means there can be no wave motion along the tube for low frequencies y = j. The
attenuation constant a is zero for all frequencies such that w > wc.
c =
fc =
m
a
n
b
m
a
1
2
c =
n
b
2
m
a

n
b

fcc = v0
v=
a
2
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This last expressions indicates than the velocity of propagation of the wave in the guide is
greater than the phase velocity in free space.
Since the wave length in the guide is given is given by L v f it will be longer than the
corresponding free space wave length.
2
L=
n
b
In the above expressions the only restriction on m and n is that they be integers. However
from the above equations it is seen that is either m or n is zero fields will all be identically zero.
Therefore the lowest possible values for the either m or n is unity. The lowest cut off of frequency
will occur for m = n = 1 This frequency TM waves which can be propagated through the guide.
This particular wave is called the TM 11 wave for obvious reasons. High order waves require higher
frequencies in order to be propagated along a guide of given dimensions.
2. Derive the Expression for Transverse Electric waves in Rectangular waveguides.

The wave equation, in a rectangular waveguide is given by
H z 2H z
2H z 2 H z
2
2
x
y
The solution of the equation is,
2
Hz (x, y) = Hz0 (x, y) e-vz

Hz0 (x, y) = xy
Let
Where x function of x only.
Y function of y only.
Substituting the value of H2 in wave equation,
y
d 2x
d 2y
x
2 xy 2 xy
dx 2
dy 2
d 2x
d 2y
x
h 2 xy 0
2
2
dx
dy
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where G2 = + 2
Dividing by xy
1 d 2 x 1 d 2y
h2 0
2
2
X dx
y dy
1 d 2x
1 d 2y
2
X dx 2
y dy 2
The equation relates a function of x alone to a function of y alone and this can be equated to
a constant.
1 d 2x
h 2 A2
2
X dx
1 d 2x
h 2 A2 0
2
X dx
let
1 d 2x
B2 o
2
X dx
The solution of this equation is,
X = C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx
Similarly
1 d 2y
A2
2
y dy
1 d 2y
A2 0
2
y dy
The solution of this equation is
y = C3 cos Ay + C4 sin Ay
But H20 = xy
= (c1 cos Bx + c2 sin Bx) (c3 cos Ay + c4 sin Ay)
= c1 c3 cos Ay cos Bx + c2 c3 cos Ay sin Bx + c1 c4 cos Bx sin Ay + c2 c4 s in Ay sin Bx
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It is known that,
Ex
2 E2 j H z
2
h 2 x
h y
For TE waves Ez = 0
j H z
h 2 y
j
=
[ -c1 c3 A sin Ay cos Bx c 2 c3 A sin Ay sin Bx + c1 c4 A cos Bx cos Ay + c 2 c4 A cos Ay
h2
sin Bx]
Applying Boundary conditions.
Ex =
E2 = 0, when y = 0, y = b
If y = 0, the general solution is
Ex =
j
(c1 c4 A cos Bx + c2 c4 A sin Bx ] = 0
h2
For Ex = 0, C4 = 0 ( c4 is common)
Then the general solution is
Ex =
j
[ - c1 c3 A sin Ay sin Bx c2 c3 A sin Ay Sin Bx]
h2
If y = b,
Ex = 0
For Ex = 0, it is possible either B = 0 or A =
n
,
b
It B = 0, the above solution is identically new, so it is bitter to select A =
n
.
b
The general solution is

Ex0 =
j
[ c1 c3 Ay cos Bx + c2 c3 A sin Ay + Sin Bx]
h2
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Similarly for Ey
Ey
2 E2 j H z
2
h 2 y
h x
j H z
h 2 x
j
[ -c1 c3 B cos Ay Sin Bx + c2 c3 cos Ay cos Bx -c1 c4 B sin Bx sin Ay + c2 c4 B sin B sin Ay cos Bx]
h2
Applying boundry conditions,

Ey = 0;
Ey0 =
x = 0 and x = a
j
[c2 c3 B cos Ay+c2 c3 B cos Ay + c2 c4 B Sin Ay]
h2
For Ey0 =0, c2 = 0

Then the general solution is
Ey0 =
j
[- c1 c3 B cos Ay sin Bx c1 c4 B sin Bx Sin Ay]
h2
If x = a, then Ey0 = 0
j
Bc1 sin Bx [c3 cos Ay + c4 Sin Ay]
h2
m
For Ey0 = 0, either A = 0 or B =
a
Ey0 =
Since A = 0, will make Ey identically zero, it is better to take B =

j
[ c1 c3 B sin Bx cos Ay + c1 c4 B sin Bx Sin Ay]
h2
j
Ex0 = 2 [c1 c3 A sin Ay cos Bx + c2 c3 A sin Ay Sin Bx]
h
m
a
Ey0 =
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Substituting the value of c2 = c4 = 0

j
c1 c3 A sin A cos Bx
h2
j
Ey0 =
c1 c3 B sin Bx cos Ay
h2
Let C = c1 c2
Ex0 =
Ex0 =
j
CA sin A cos Bx
h2
Ey0 =
j
CB sin Bx cos Ay
h2
Where A =
n
m
,B=
b
a
Similarly for Hx0
h2
2
h
H xo
H z j E z
2
x
h y
H z
x
for propagation = j,
H xo
j H z
h 2 x
Ey =
j H z
h 2 x
but
H z
h2
Ey
x
j
Substituting the value of

H xo
j h2
E yo
2
h j
H z
in the above Hx0 equation.
x
0
E
y
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Substituting the value of Ey0 in the above Hx0 equation.
j
CB sin Bx cos Ay]
h 2
Similarly for Hyo
H z j Ez
2
h 2 y
h x
H z
2
h y
H yo
[ E2 = 0]
For propagation = j
But
H y0
j H z
h 2 y
Ex =
j H z
h 2 x
H z h2
Ex
y
j
Substituting this value of
H yo
H z
in the above Hy0 equation.
y
j h2 o
Ex
h 2 j
0
E
x
Substituting the value of Ex in the above equation Hy0.
H y0
j
CA sin Ay cos Bx]
h 2
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212
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H y0 =
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j
CA sin Ay cos Bx
h2
H20 = xy
= c1 c3 B cos Ay cos Bx + c2 c3 cos Ay sin Bx +c1 c4 cos Bx sin Ay + c2 c4 sin Ay sin Bx.
But
c2 = c4 = 0
Hz0 = c1 c3 cos Ay cos Bx
C = c1 c3
Hz0 = C cos Ay cos Bx
The field equation of TE waves are as follows,
j
CB sin Bx cos Ay
h2
j
Hy0 = 2 CA cos Bx sin Ay
h
0
Hz = C cos Ay cos Bx
j
Ex0 = 2 CA cos Bx sin Ay
h
j
Ey0 =
CB sin Bx cos Ay
h2
n
m
Where A =
,B=
b
a
Hx0 =
For TE waves the equation for , fc, c iv and are found to be identical to those of TM
waves.
m
=
m
a
n
b
n
b
fc
m
a
n
b
The corresponding cut off wavelength is

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m
a

n
b

The velocity of propagation.
2
m
2

a
n
b
n
b
3. Explain about dominant mode in rectangular waveguide.

2
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE 10 (m = 1, n =0) whereas the lowest mode for TM waves is
TM11 (m = 1, n = 1). This wave has the lowest cut-off frequency. Hence the TE 10 mode is the
dominant mode of a rectangular wave guide. Because the TE 10 mode has the lowest attenuation of
all modes in a rectangular wave guide and its electric field is definitely polarized in one direction
every where.
For TE10 mode m = 1, n = 0
m
h
a

a
n
b
The field expressions are

Hx0 =
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j
CB sin Bx cos Ay
h2
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j
0
x
H =
C a sin a x
j ac
sin a x
H y0 = 0
Hz0 = C cos a x
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Ex0 = 0
0
y
E =
C a sin a x
j wac
sin a x
The instantaneous field expressions for the dominant TE 10 mode are obtained by the phasor
expressions in above equations with ej(wt - z) and the taking the real part of the product.
Hx0 (x, y, z, t) =
ac
sin a x sin (wt - z)
Hz0 (x, y, z, t) = C cos a x cos (wt - z)

Ey0 (x, y, z, t) =
w a
C sin a x sin (wt - z)
Ex0 = Hy0 = 0
For TE10 mode m = 1, n = 0
c
C.
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2 a
2a
1
where C
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fc
c
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0 0
2
1
a

- 3 x 108 m/sec
c 2a.
For TE10 mode the cutoff wave length is equal to twice the width of the guide. Its cut off
frequency is independent of the dimension b the field configurations for the lower order TE
waves in rectangular wave guider.
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TE10 Wave
Electric and magnetic field configuration for the lower order mode in a rectangular wave
guide.
The surface current density on surface waveguide walls is given by
Js = an x H
At t = 0
When x = 0
Js = ay Hz
Js (x = 0) = ay C cos (0 - z)
When x = a
Js = a y H z
Js (x = a) = ay C cos z
When y = 0
Js = ax Hz ay Hx
ac
Js (y = 0) = ax C cos a x cos z - az
sin a x sin z
When y = b
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Js (y = 0) = J3 (y = b)
The surface currents on side walls at x = 0 and at y = b are selected the below figure.
Surface currents on wave guide walls for TE10 mode in rectangular wave guide.
4. Explain Wave Impedance.
In a Cartesian coordinate s/m three wave impedances (impedance constants) must be
defined. The wave impedances defines as the ratio of electric field intensity to magnetic field
intensity are
E
E
E
Z xy
x ; Zyx
y ; Zzx z
Hy
Hx
Hx
The wave impedance in the opposite directions are the negative of those given above.
(i.e.)
Z xy
E
Ex
E
; Z yx
y ; Zzx z
Hy
Hx
Hx
For waves guided by transmission liens or wave guides, the wave impedance which is seen
in the direction of propagation z is given by
Zz = zxy = Zyz
Zz
E x2 E y2
H x2 H y2
For TM waves in a rectangular waveguide.

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ZTM
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E x E y
Hy
Hx
It is known that, the propagation constant is

y h 2 2
At cut-off frequency fc, = 0
h 2 c2 0
h2 wc2 = 0,
w c2 h
fc2
wc2 = h2
h2
The cutoff frequency is

h
fc
2
For propagation must be imaginary
= h2 w 2
= w 2 h 2
= w 2 w c2
wc
=w 1
w
f
= w 1 c
f
The wave impedance of TM waves
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Z M p
f
w 1 c
f
f
1 c
f
1 c
f

ZTM
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Where is a characteristic impedance
The wave impedance of propagating TM modes in a waveguide with a loss less dielectric is
purely resistive and is always less than the intrinsic impedance of the dielectric medium.
When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency. The propagation constant is
real.
W < wc
= h2 w 2
= w c2 w c2
=w c
(or)
w
1
wc
f
a =h 1
fc
For a given mode the waves with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency cannot be
propagated i.e. waves are attenuated as e-y2 = e-az with z. It propagates if the operating frequency is
greater than the cutoff frequency. Therefore a waveguide exhibits the property of a high pass filter.
The wave impedance in a non propagation mode is
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ZTM
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f
h 1
fc
f
jh
fc
for f < fc
wave impedance is purely reactive, indicating that there is no power flow for f < fc
For TE waves in a rectangular wave guide
ZTE
E x E y
Hy
Hx
For propagation Y must be imaginary
y j y j = h2 w 2
= w 2 h 2
= w 2 w c2
wc
=w 1
w
f
= w 1 c
f
The wave impedance of TE waves
ZTE =
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221
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f
w 1 c
f
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f
1 c
f
ZTE
fc
Where is the characteristic impedance
The wave impedance of propagating TM modes in a waveguide with a loss less dielectric is
purely resistive and is always larger than the intrinsic impedance of the dielectric medium.
When the operating frequency is lower than the cut-off frequency. The propagation codes
does not take place. i.e, propagation constant becomes real.
f
y h 1
fc
The wave impedance in a non-propagating mode

ZTE
f
h 1
fc
f<fc
Wave impedance is purely reactive, indicating that there is no power flow for f < fc.
For TEM waves in a rectangular wave guide.
Wave impedance
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ZTEM
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E x
j
Hy
or
ZTEM
The propagation constant y = a + j

= j
j
Substituting in wave impedance equation
ZTEM
or
ZTEM
j
j
j
Wave impedances of TEM waves is the characteristic impedance of any medium

ZTEM =
The variation of wave impedance with frequency is below.
Wave impedance versus frequency characteristics of waves between parallel conducting plane.
The wave impedance for different are given below.
Mode
TM
Wave Impedance
f
Z = 1 c
f
TE
Z=
TEM
fc
The phase velocity in a waveguide is given by

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f
w 1 c
f
f
where =w 1 c
f
1
r
2
fc
1
f
Vo
f
1 c
f
Where Vo =
The wave length in the waveguide is

Vo
V

f
f
2
fc
2

fc
o
Since
f
c
ho

1 o
c
o c
c2 02
or
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o2c2
c2 02
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224
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2 c2 o2 o2c2
2c2 o2c2 o2 c2
2c2 o2 2 o2c2
o2 2 c2 2c2
2 c2
2
c2
2
0
c
c
5. Explain the Excitation methods for various modes?

In order to launch a particular mode, a type of probe is chosen which will produce lines of
E and H that are roughly parallel to the lines of E and H for that mode possible methods for
feeding rectangular waveguides are shown.
In figure the probe is parallel to that y axis and so produces lines of E in the y direction
and lines of H which the in the xz plane. This is the perfect field configuration for the TE 10 mode.
In Figure the parallel produces fed with opposite phase tend to set up the TE 20 mode in
figure the probes which are parallel to the z-axis produces electric field liens in the xy plane for
TE11 mode.
In figure the probe parallel to the z-axis produce magnetic field lines in the xy plane. This is
the perfect field configuration for the TM11 mode.
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It is possible for several modes to exist simultaneously in waveguides, if the frequency is

above cut-off for these particular modes. However the waveguide dimensions are often chosen so
that only the dominant mode can exist.
6. Derive the equation for Alternation in waveguides.
For the practical consideration we assumed that the waveguides has infinite conductivity
that the waveguides has infinite conductivity thus there is the no loss, but impractical the
conductivity is not infinite, but some high value, due to this the is some less occurs in the
waveguide, which is known as waveguide attenuation.
Attenuation due to waveguide walls can be defines as
1 Power lost in guide walls
2
Power transmitted
TM Waves
The current induced in the waveguide alls depend on the magnitude of the H x and Hy at
the surfaces these the power lost and be written as
b
a 2
1 2
P Js Rs Rs H x dx H y2dy
2
0
0
2
2
Where Js2 = H, n$ H x i H y j = linear current density per meter length per conducting wall.
Rs = Surface impedance =
m
2 m
m a 2
H
dx
H y2dy
x
2 m 0
0
Substitute the value of Hx and Hy integrate and simplify we get,
m
2 m
VEL TECH
v 2f 2c 2 m 2a m 2b

2 4
8
f
b
a
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Power transmitted,
P
1
E x H y E y H x
2
1 m c
m x
2 n

cos
sin
0 0 a a y dxdy
2 a c2
a b
1 n c
m x
n y
sin2
cos 2
dxdy
2
2 b c
a
a
0 0
a b
abc 2 f
PT

8 fc
watt
m v 2f 2c 2 n 2a m 2b
2 m 8 2fc4 b
a
f
1 c
f
1
2
abc 2 f

8 fc
f
1 c
f
2
n
f b
m v 2
2 m 2 fc2
m
a

f
1 c
f
N /m
for TE waves
The power lost
R
s
2
1 2
1
Jsx Rs dx Jsz2 Rs dz
2
2
2 m
m x
dx
A cos
0 h 4 a
a
0
a
2 m
x
A2 sin
a dx
Rs A2 2 m
4
A2 . a for y 2 plane.
2
2 2
h a
2
Rs aA2 2 m
4
A2 . a for y 2 plane
2
2 2
h a
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227
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2
Rs A2
2 m
a b 4
Total power lost =
2
h a
Power transmitted PT = [Ex Hz + Ey Hx]
2 a b
1 A2 n
m x 2 n
PJ
cos 2
sin
a y
4
2 h
a
b 0 0
m 2 a b 2 m x 2 n y

sin
cos
dxdy
a
a
a 0 0
ab 2
abA2
f
A 2
1 c
8
c
8
f
2
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2
n
a
dxdy
ab 2 fc
f
A
1 c
8
f
f
1
Power lost

2 Power transmitted
R A2
2 m
s a b 4
h a
2
n
a
After simplifications,
2a fc
1
b f nepers/m
f
2
f
a 1 c
c
7. Explain the characteristics of TE & TM waves.

The propagation characteristics of TE & TM waves are obtained as follows,
From the above analysis we got
m
h p A B

a
2
m
or P

a
n
b
or
m

a
P=
VEL TECH
n
b
n
b
2
2

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We know P is Q complex number I e

P j
m
P j

a
n
b
2
2
m
At low frequencies
a
2
n
b
Thus P becomes real i.e. p = , the wave is hence the wave cannot propagate.
m
Hence =
n
b
m
At high frequencies

a
2
2
n
b
Thus p becomes purely imaginary [i.e. = 0] hence the wave propagates

m
j j
a
2
n
b
At the transition p becomes zero, the frequency at which p becomes just zero, is defined as cutoff frequency At
F = fc: P = 0
Hence the equation (1) becomes
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m
0

a
n
b
VEL TECH HIGHTECH
2
2
m n
or

b
a
2
2
1 m n
2
or
c
b
a
2
c
m
fc

2 a
1
or
v
f=
2
or
Where v
m
a

n
b
n
b
4 10 8.854 10
7
12
3 108 m / sec
The cutoff wavelength is
fc v
2
v
m n

a b
2
2ab
mb
na
Guide wavelength:
It can be defined as the distance traveled by the wave in order to undergo a phase
shift of 2 radians. It is denoted by,
2
m

a
2
2
~
Practically the guide wavelength is different from free space wavelength.

W.K.T.
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a
2
c
n
b
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230
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2
Thus
2 v
f
1- c
f
W.K.T.
1
1
, & v
fc
f

1 c

v
2
f

f 1 c
1
f
c
2 c2
VEL TECH HIGHTECH

1
c
squaring on both sides we get,

g

1
c
1
1
1
2 2
2
c g
Phase Velocity:W.K.T. The wave propagates in the waveguide
Wavelength g is greater than the free space wavelength , thus the velocity of propagation is
defined as the rate at which the wavelength changes its phase in terms of g
v p g f
=
2 f .g
2
2 f
(2 / g )
m 2 n

b

a
2
2 c2
Since at cut-off frequency

a
2
c
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n
b
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231
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vp
Then
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c
1

vp
v
2
fc
1
c
VEL TECH HIGHTECH
2
fc
1
f
velocity of light
The phase velocity is the velocity of TE & TM waves.

Group velocity
It can be defined as vg
d
dP
m

a
W.K.T.
n
b
2 2 ( 2 c2 )
Differentiate the above equation w.r.t. w we get,
d
2
d 2 ( 2 c2 )
fc
1
d
f
or
or
fc

d
vg
v 1

d
y
8. For an a/r filled copper x brand wave side with dimensions a=2.286cm, b=1.016cm determine
the cut-off frequency of the first four propagating modes. What is the alteration for metre
length of the guide when operating at the frequency of 10GHZ?
Given a =2.286cm; b=1.016cm
F = 10GHZ length = 1m
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TE10 ,TE01,TE11,TE2
2
m n

a b
c 2
m n
c

M a b
1
c m n
fc

2 a
b
for TE10 mode:

m=1, n=0
c
fc
2a
3 108
2 2.286 10 2
6.56 GHZ
for TE01 mode :
m 0, n 1
fc
c
2b
3 108
14.76 GHZ
2 1.016 10 2
for TE11 mode

m=1, n=1
2
c 1 1
fc=
2 a b
3 108 10 2
10 2
2 2.286 1.016
= 16.156 GHZ
for TE02 mode:
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m 0, n = 2
fc
=
c2
2b
c
3 108
29.53 GH2
b 1.016 10 2
Pr opagation constant,
2
m n
=

a b
2
2M
m n 2f

a b c
If the operating frequency is less than the cut-off frequency alternation takes place i.e.,
propagation does not take place.
For TE01, TE11, TE02 modes propagation will not take place i.e., propagation constant .
For TE11 mode, m =1, n = 1
102

2.286
10 2

1.016

2 10 109
.
3 10 8
265.77 Nepers in
Alternation l = 337.4 1
= 337.4 Nepers
for TE01 mode; m=0, n=1
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2
102 2 10 10
9

3 108
1.016
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227.5 Nepers / m
Alternation l 227.5 1
=227.5Nepers
2
2 102 2 10 10
9
=

3 108
1.016
581.88 Nepers / m
Alternation l 581.88 1 581.88 Nepers
9. A rectangular waveguide has cross-section dimensions a = 7cm & b = 4cm. Determine all the
modes which will propagate through the waveguide at frequency of 6 GHZ
Given a = 7cm = 7 x 10-2m
b = 4cm = 4 x 10-2m
f = 6GHZ
The cut-off wavelength
2
c
2
2
m n
a b

I m ethod,
o c
f
3 108
=
5cm
6 109
for TE10 mode : m 1,n 0
c 2a
= 2 7=14cm
If c>o then the propagation takes place the cut off wavelength .c, should be greater then the
minimum wavelength (o) for propagation, since c,o propagation is possible for TE10 mode,
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for TE01 mode : m 0;n 1

c 2b
= 2 4=8cm
c o ,propagation is possible for TE 01 mode,
for TE11 mode; m=1, n=1
2
102 10
2
=
4
7
1600
87.228 rad / m
propagation is possible for TE11 mode for
TE zo mode
m = 2, n = 0
2 102
1600
7
j87.95rad / m
Propagation is possible for TE20 mode
For TE02 mode:
2 102
1600 94.24
4
Becomes real value i.e., = ( =0)

Propagation will not take place in this made
TE10, TE01, TE11, TE20 modes will propagate
10. A rectangular waveguide measures 3 x 5 cm in equally of ahs a 10GHz signal propagated in
it. Calculate the cut off wavelength the guide wavelength of the characteristic wave impedance
for the TE10 mode.
Given
a = 5 cm = 5 x 10-2 cm
b = 3 cm = 3 x 10-2 cm
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f = 10 GHz, TE10, m = 1, n = 0
Cut off wavelength
2a
C
m
=2 5 10 2
= 10 10 -2m
Cut off frequency
c
fc
C
3 108
10 10 2
3GHz
Guide wavelength
0
g
fe
1
f
But 0 c
3 10
10 109
3cm or 3 10-2m
8
3
3
1
10
3.145cm / 2.145 10 2 m
Characteristic wave impedance
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2z
fc
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Q =120
120
3
1
10
395.19
11. Design a rectangular waveguide with the following specifications a) At a 7.5 GHz the guide
wave length for TE10 mode is 90% of the cut off wave length. B) TE 30 & TE12 wave the same cut
off frequency.
Given
f 7.5GHz
g
0.9
e
0 c
f
3 108
4cm
7.5 109
0

1 0
C
2
g

c
1

1 0
c
cross multiplying
2
s
g
1
0
c
2
g

g
1
0
c
= 1+(0.9) 2 1.81
g 1.810 1.81 4
= 7.24 cm
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g
0.9
c
c g
0.9
7.29
=
8.04 cm
0.9
2a
c
m
c =2a
a = c
2
8.04
a =
2
a = 4.02 cm.
But
TE10 :
2a
m
m
a= c
2
a = 12.067cm
for TE 30 :
for TE12 : m = 1, n = 2
m n

a b
2
2
m n

a b
0.0619 0.00687
0.055
A
b2
0.055
b = 8.5cm
a = 12.067 cm
2/b
4
c2
4
1
2
(8.04) 12.069 2
s
g
1
o
o
= 1+(0.9) 2 1.81
g 1.81 0 1081 4
=7.24cm
=7.24cm
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9
0.9
c
7.24
=
8.04cm
0.9
But
2a
c
m
For TE10:
c 2a
a c / 2
8.04
2
a 4.02cm
a
For TE30:
2a
m
xm
a
2
a 12.067cm.
For TE12:
M=1, n=2.
2
m n

a b
2
m n

a b
4 / 2
4
1
2

2
(8.0 ~) (12.067) 2
b
= 0.0619-0.00687
= 0.055
b2
4
0.055
b = 8.5 cm
a =12.067 cm.
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12. An air filled hollow rectangular conducting waveguide has cross section dimensions of 8x10
cm. How many TE modes will this waveguide transmit at frequencies below 4 GHz? How
these mode are designated & What are their cut-off frequencies?
Given a = 0.1m, b = 0.08m, f = 4 GHz
c/ f
3 108
=
0.075m.
4 109
The cut-off wavelength
2
2
m n

a b
2
n
m
0.1 0.08
Propagation constant,
2
m n

a
b
2
2
2
2 f
m n
=

a
b
c
2
m n
2f

a b
c
f 4 109 40
c 3 108
3
2
n
2 40
m

0.1 0.08

3
Let m = 1, n = 0
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2
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1
80
0
0.1
3
= j77.66rad/metre
1
m=0, n=1 = 0+
0.08
80
= j74 rad/m
m=1, n=1,
2
1 80
= 0

0.08 3
= j74rad/m
m=1, n=1,
2
1 80
1
=

0.1 0.08
3
=j64 rad/m.
m = 2, n = 0,
2
80
0
0.1
3
= j 55.4 rad/m
m=0, n=2
2
2 80
= 0+

0.08 3
=j39.1 rad/m
m=1, n=2
2
1
2 80
=

1 0.8
3
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= 11.708 nepers/m
m=2, n=2
2
2 80
2
=

1 0.08
3
It propagation constant is imaginary, propagation will take place.

For TE10, TE01, TE11, TE20, TE02, TE21 modes, is imaginary. These are the nodes will be nodes
will be propagated.
The corresponding wavelength for each mode is given by.
2
TE10 :
c m n
fc

2 a b
2
3 108 1
fc
0
2
1
= 1.5 GHz.
TE01:
3 108
1
fc
0
2
0.08
= 1.875 GHz
TE11:
TE20:
TE02:
3 108 1
1
=
2
0.1 0.08
= 2.5 GHz
3 108 2
0
2
0.1
= 3 GHz
fc
fc
3 108
2
0
2
0.08
2
TE21:
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3 108 2
1
2
0.1 0.08
= 3.457 GHz
fc
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13. A rectangular air filled copper waveguide with dimension 2cm x 1cm cross-section & 300m
length is operation at a cuttz with a dominant mode find cut-off frequency, guide wavelength,
phase velocity, characteristic impedance and atomization. Assume 5.8 107 for copper .
Given
a 2cm 2 102 m
b 1cm 1 102 m
f 9 109 Hz
l 30cm 30 102 m
c
f
3 108
=
3.33 102 m
9
9 10
The dominant mode is TE10,
Cut-off frequency
c
c
fc
2a
3 108
=
2 2 102
f c 7.5GHz
Guide wavelength
fc
1
f
3.33 10
7.5
1
6.02 102 m
Phase velocity
VP
c
fc
1
f
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3 108
7.5
VP 5.43 108 m / sec

Characteristic impedance
7
ZTE
2
fc
1
f
120
ZTE
7.5
1
9
682ohms.
Surface resistance
Rs
9 109 4 107
5 : 8 107
Rs 2.475 102 ohms.

Alteration constant
2
2b fc
Rs 1
a c
2
fc
o
b
1
o
f
2
1 7.5
2.47 10-2 1 2
2 9
7.5
1102 120 1
= 0.02 Nepeirs/m
Total Alteration
l 0.02 0.30 0.006nepers.

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14. What are the reasons for impossibilities of TEM mode in a rectangular waveguide?
TEM mode cannot propagate in a rectangular waveguide can be proved by the following
argument:
1) By definition, TEM wave means that there is no variation of electric & magnetic fields in the
transverse plane. If this is to be satisfied than the transferees field components Ex, Ey, Hxy &
Hy have to be constant w.r.t x & y. if this so, then this will violate the boundary conditions E tan
= 0< H normal =o. if the boundary conditions are to be satisfied for a rectangular waveguide,
then this wave cannot be a TEM wave.
2) In the expression for the field components, if we put E 2=H2=0 then all other field components
Ex, Ey, Hx & Hy will also be zero as could be seen from equation.
X 11
kx 2
X
y11
ky 2
y
&
are not zero for a rectangular
x y
waveguide. Hence no TEM wave propagation can take for a rectangular waveguide.
There is no wave propagation if both E 2 & H2=0 since
3) Let us assume that a TEM wave exist inside a rectangular waveguide which is a single
conductor system. Existence of TEM wave means the magnetic field must the entirely in the
transverse plane. For a magnetic field, div H 0 that is the magnetic field lines must form closed
loops in the x-y transverse plane inside the waveguide. If use apply amperes circuit law tot his
magnetic field, the lines of this magnetic field aloud these closed path us must be equal to the
current enclosed in the axial direction current or a displacement orient in the 2-direction existence
of such displacement current will require an axial component of electric field E 2 B~A if E2 is
present then this wave cannot a TEM wave. Further, if instead of displacement current conduction
current exist, then there should be a centre conductor to provide return path, which is not the case
in a rectangular waveguide. This argument holds good for any ingle conductor waveguide. There
no TEM wave can exist inside a single conductor waveguide.
15. A x-band waveguide which is over filled has inner dimensions of a =2.286 cm and b=1.016
cm. Calculate the cut-off frequencies of the following modes. TE 10, TE20, Tm11, TM21 and TM12.
Also find our which of the modes will propagate along the waveguide and which of them will
evince when the signal frequency is 10 GHz?
The cut-off frequency for a rectangular waveguide equation.
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1/ 2
m 2 n 2
fcm,n

2 a
b
For the TE10 mode put m=1 and n=0 in the above equation
1
fc / TEVo
c 2
c 3 1010
2

6.56GHz
2 9
2a 2 2.286
For the TE01 mode put m= 0 and n = 1.

1/ 2
2
f c / TE01
2
2 m b
1
1
2b
3 1010
2 1.016
For the TE20 mode

f c / TE20
=
c
2
4
a z
1/ 2
c 2 c
2 a a
3 1010
13.12GHz
2 2.286
For the TE11 mode.

c
f c / TE11
2
c a 2 b 2

2 a 2b 2
b2
a
2
1/ 2
3 1010 2.5
2 2.32
1/ 2
2
3 1010 (2.286) 2 (1.016)
2
(2.286) 2 (1.016) 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
16.16GHz
For the TM11 mode

f c / TM 11 will be same as above Fc /TM11 = 16.16 GHz
For the TM21 mode
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3 1010 4 1
f c / TM 21
2 a 2 b 2
1/ 2
3 1010 1 4
f c / TM 12
2 a 2 b 2
1/ 2
4
1
1.5 10
2
2
(0.286) (1.06)
=1.5 1010 [0.765 0.887]1/ 2 19.28GHz
1
4
= 1.5 10
2
2
(2.286) (1.016)
= 1.5 1010 (0.191 3.875)1/ 2
= 30.24 GHz.
10
10
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1/ 2
For the TM12 mode
1/ 2
Since the signal frequency is 10 GHz only the modes with cutoff frequencies less than 10
GHz will propagate and the others will evanesce. The waves that will propagate is only TE 10 mode.
The modes that will evanesce are: TE01, TE20, TE11, TM21 and TM12.
16. A 10GHZ signal is propagated is a dominant mode in a rectangular wave guide if vg is to be
90% of the free space velocity of the light, then what be the breath of the waveguide. Find the
characteristic impedance also.
Given:
Vg
C
0.9
f 10GHZ
a?
Z TE ?
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fc
Vg C 1
c
sub. fc=
fc
1
C
c
0.9
V
2a
Vg
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fc
1
c
fc 4.358GHZ
for f= 10 GHZ
ii
fc=
V
4.358GHZ
2a
a 0.0344m
and Z TE
fc
Z TE 418.868
17. Design a rectangular wave guide with following specifications (a) at .5 GHZ the guide g for
TE10 is 90% of c (b) TE30 & TE12 have same fc.
Given:
f 7.5GHZ
g
0.9
c
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1

1
c
2
g g
1
c
g
2
1 0.9

g2 1.8 2
c
g 1.8
f
g 0.053m
g
0.058
0.9
WKTc 2a
0.058=2a
a = 0.029 m
TE30
fc=
3V
fc
2a
3V
2a
2a
3
TE10 & TE30 have sane 0.024

fc & c
c 30 0.059
a 3
c
2
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a 0.08m
fc
fc
3V
5.08x109 Hz
2a
1
2
m n
a b
fc 30 fc 12
at TE12 c 12
2
2
m n
a b
sub a=0.08m, we get,

b=2.063m
18. Derive the Equation for Beset function:
Beset Function :
In solving for the electromagnetic fields with in guides or circular cross section a
differential equation known as Bessels equation is encountered. The solution of the equation
dents to Bessel functions. These functions will be considered briefly in this section in propagation
for the following section on circular wave-guides. These same functions can be expelled to appear
in any two dimensional problem in which these is circular symmetry. Examples of such problems
are the vibrations of a circular membrane. The propagation of waves within a circular cylinder ,
and the electromagnetic field distribution about an in finitely long wire.
The differential equation involved in there problems these the form.
d2p 1 dp
n2
1 2 p 0
dp2 e de
p
Where n is any integer. One solution to this equation can be obtained by assuming a power series
solution.
p a0 a1e a2p 2 .............
Substitution of this assumed solution back into and equating the coefficients of like power leads to
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a series solution for the direrential eqauation, for example in me special case when n=0
d2p 1 dp
p 0
dp2 p de
When the power series is interasted in and the sums of the coefficients of each power of p are
equated to zero. The folowing series is obtained.
1
2 e
1
e
2
p p1 C1 1
.......
2
2
2

2!
3!
2
4
2
P
P
P
C1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 ....
2
2 4 2 4 6
2r
(1/ 2e)
C1 1
(r1 )
T 0
this series is convergent for all values of p, either real or complex. iT is called bissels funtion of the
first kind of order zero and is denoted by the symbol.
J0 (p)
r
The zero order refers to the fact that if is the solution case of n=0. The coresponded solution for
n=1,2,3etc are designated.
J0 (p), J2 (p), J3 (p) where the subscript n donotes the order of the bessel function since second
order differential equation, thermust be two linearly independent solutions for each value of n .
The second solution may be obtained ina manner somewhat similar to thaeir used for the first but
starting with a slightly different senes that is suitably manipulated to yield a solution. The second
soulution is known as bessels function of the seond kind, or neumans function and is designated
by the symbol
Nn (p)
Where again n indicates the order of the funtion. In the zero order of this solution of the secend
kind the following series is obtained
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N0 (p)
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2 P
ln r Jo(p)
R
2
1 1
1
r 1/ 2p
1
1 ....
2
r 1
r
r! 2 3
2r
p AJ0 (p) Bw 0 (p)

A plot of Jo (p) and No (e) is shown is shown in figure. Because all the neumarn function
become infinte at p=0; these second solutions cannot be used for any physical problem in which
the origin is included us for example the hellow waveguide problem
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In is apperent the (except near the origin for No (p) ) these curves beat a marked similary to
J E ( e)
2
cos( P / 4)
e
No( P )
2
sin( P / 4)
e
19. Derive the solution of the field equations of cylindrical co-ordinates.

The method of solution of the electromagnetic equations for guided of-circular cross section
is similar to that followed for rectangular guides however, in order to simplify the applications of
the boundary conditions, it is expedient to express the field equations & the wave equations in the
cylindrical co-ordinate system.
In cylindrical co-ordinates in a non-conducting region mass ells equations are.
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2
jE
E2
E jE
E2
j E
E2
jw H
1 ( H ) H
jE2

1 ( E ) E
j Hz

These equations can be combined to give

h2 H j
E2
2
E2 2

E
j H 2
h 2 E 2

h 2 H j
H2E
2
H 2
j
l
h 2 2 2
The wave equation in cylindrical co-ordinates for E2 is
2 f 2 1 2 E2 2 E2 1 E2
2
2 2
2
2
2

2

proceeding in a manner similar to that followed in the rectangular case, let
2
E2 = P(P) e () e
E2c e
Where P(p) is a function of P alone & Q() is a function of alone. Sub the expression for E 2 in the
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wave equation gives.

Q
2
d 2 P QdP
d 2Q
P
PQ 2 PQ 0
2
2
dP
Pdl
dQ
by PQ,
1 d 2P 1
1
d 2Q
h2 0
2
2
2
P dP
P QP dQ
As before equation above can be broken up in to two ordinary different equations
d 2Q
n 2Q
2
dQ
d 2 P 1 dP 2 n 2
h
P0
dP 2 P dP
P 2
Where n is a constant. The structure of above equation is,
Q ( An cos b sin n )
Through by h2, equation (32) is founded in to
d 2P
1 dp
n2
p0
d ( ph) 2 Ph d ( ph)
( p 2) 2
This is a standard form of Bessels equation is term of (eh) using only the solution that is
finite at (eh)=0, gives
P(eh)=Jn(eh)
Where Jn (ph) is Bessels function of the first kind of order n sub the solution of (3) & (5) in (2
E2 = S-7 ( ( h)( An cos n )e
V2
The solution of Hz will have exactly the save form as fel E2 & can be written
V2
H 2 Jn( Ph)(cn cos n Dn sin n )e
for Tm waves the remaining beld components can be obtained by inserting (b) into equation (b) for
7E waves (7) must be inserted into the set corresponding to(b).
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20. Derive the equation for Tm & TE waves in circular waveguides.

As in the case of rectangular guides, it is convenient to divide the possible solution for
circular guides into transverse magnetic & transverse electric waves for the TM waves H 2 is
identically zero and the wave equation for E 2 is used. The Bonn dry conditions require the E 2 must
vanish at the surface of the guide from (6)
Jn(ha) = 0 (8)
Where a is the radius of the guide. There is an infinite number of possible TM waves
2
corresponding to the infinitive number of roots of (8) As before h 2= 2 & in the case of
2
rectangular guides h2 must be less than 2 for transmission to occur. There extract high
frequencies will be required. This in turn means that only the first few roots of (8) will be of
practical interest the first few roots are.
(ha)01= 2.405 (ha)11 = 3.85
(ha)02= 5.25 (ha)12 = 7.02
The first subscript refers to the value of n & the second refers to the roots n their order of
magnitude. The various Tm waves will be referred to as Tm0, & Tm12 etc.
Since h 2 2 this gives for
= 2 h 2 nm
mn
the cut-off or critical frequency below which transmission of a wave will not occur is
hnm
2 m
Where
fc
(ha)nm
a
The phase velocity is
hnm=
h 2 nm
2
from equation (b) the various components of TM waves can be computed of Tm waves can be
computed in terms of E2. The expression for Tm waves in circular guides are
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E20=An Jn (h )cos n
jAn 1n
Jn((h) sin n )
H =
h2
jAn
H
jn( h) cos n
h
El
H
E
H
The variation of each of there field components with time & in the 2 direction are shown by
multiplying each of the expressions of (3) by the factor ei ( t z ) & taking the real part. In the
original expression (6) for E 2 1 the arbitrary constant b n has been part equal to zero. The relative
amplitudes of An & Bn determine the orientation of the field in the guide, & for a circular guide &
any particular value of n1 the =0, can always i.e. oriented to make either An or Bn equal to new.
For transverse electric waves E2 is identically zero & H2 is given by equation (6), by
substituting (6) into (5), the remaining for Tm waves in circular guides are.
H 2 CnJn(hl ) cos n
j cn
Jn '(h ) cos n
h
jo cn
H 2
Jn(h )sin n
h
E
H
Hl
The boundary conditions to be met for Tm waves are that E at a1 from (b) Eis proportional
to Hz / & to Jn (h ) (h ) where the prime denote the derivative write (h ) for Tm
waves the boundary conditions require that
Jn 1 (ha) o
& its the roots of (47) which must be determined. The first few of these roots are
(ha)101= 3.83
(l a)102 = 7.02
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(ha)112 = 3.33
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The corresponding TE waves are referred to as TE01, TE11 & so on

The equations for fc, , , & are identical to those for the Tm waves. It is understood, of
course that the roots of equation (7) are to be used in connection with TE waves only.
The equations shows that the wave having the lowest cut-off frequency is the TE 11 wave.
The wave having the next lowest cut-off frequency is the Tm01.
21. Derive the expression for wave impedance & characteristic impedance.
The wave impedances at a point have been defined by equation already. For waves guided
by transmission lines 1 wave guider, interest centers on the wave impedance which is seen when
looking in the direction of propagation that is along the =axis.
Hy
Ey
Hx
2xy = 2yx =
Ex 2 Ey 2
Hx 2 Hy 2
2z
The wave impedances looking in the 2-direction are equal & may be put equal to 2 z, where
Etrans
2z =
H trans
x 2 y 2
Hx 2 Hy 2
is the ratio of the total transverse electric field transverse electric field straits to the total transverse
magnetic field strength.
A similar inspection of egn (b) for in waves in circular grids shows that for them also
2z=2p = -2 =
If is seen that for in waves in rectangular a circle girder a indeed in cylindrical grids of any cresssection the wave impedance in the direction of propagation U
Constant over the cross section of the guide, & is the same for girder of different shapes reaching
that.
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2 h2
& that the cut-off angular frequency c has been defined is that frequency that wakes.
c2 h 2
it follows that
M 1 ( c 2 / 2 )
Then from (3) a (+) the wave impedance is the 2-direction for Tm waves is
2 z (Tm)
m
1 ( c 2 / 2 )
= 7 1-( c 2 / 2 )
Thus for any cylindrical guide the wave impedance for Tm waves is dependent only on the
intrinsic impedance of the dielectric & the ration of the frequency to the cut-off frequency
For TE waves the same conclusion can be recharged. However for TE waves it is found that.
Z z (TE )
7
1 ( c2 / 2 )
for TEM waves between parallel planes or on ordinary parallel wire or co-trig transmission lines
the cut-off frequency is zero, d the wave impedance reducer to,
Zz (TEM) =7
The dependence of on the ratic of frequency to cut-off frequency as shown by (3) effects
the phase velocity & the wavelength in a corresponding manner thus the phase or wave velocity in
a cylindrical guide of any cross section is given by.
uo
1
1
1 ( c 2 / 2 )
1 ( c 2 / 2 )
Where Vo = 1 , d & are the constants of the dielectric. The wavelength in the guide
measured in the direction of propagation, is
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V 2
1
f 1 ( c 2 / 2 )
=
>o
1-( c 2 / 2 )
Where o is the wavelength of a TEM wave of frequency f in a dielectric having the constants
& . Since 2 / 2 = o 2 / c 2 it follows that
o c
c2 o2
o c
A quantity of great usefulness in correction with ordinary two-conductor transmission liner
is the characteristic impeding, 20 of the line for such lines , 20 can be defined in terms of the
voltage-current ratio or in terms of the power transmitted for a given voltage or a given current.
That is for or infinitely long line.
v
Zo ;
I
zo
2
v
;
20=
Where V & I are peak phasors. For ordinary transmission fives these definitions are
equivalent but for wave guides they lead to three values that depend upon the guide dimensions
in the same way but which differ by a constant.
For example consider the three definitions given by (6) for the case of the TE 10 mode in a
rectangular grids. The voltage will be taken as the maximum voltage from the lower face of the
grids to the upper face this warms at x=9/2 & has a value,
Un=-Hx=
j ac
x
sin
The total longitudinal current in the lower face is

a
I=
J 2 dx
b
j 2a 2 c
2
Then the integrated characteristic impedance by the first definition
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20(V .I )
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bGwm b 2
2a
2a
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b7
2a
1 ( fc 2 / f 2 )
Terms of the second definition, the characteristic impendence for the TE 10 wave in a rectangular
guide is found to be.
Z o (w. I) =
2b
Z z Z o (u , I )
8a
x
Terms of the third definition the integrated characteristic impedance.

Zo(W, V) =
2b 4
Z z Z o (u , I )
a
Explain the excitations of modes in circular waveguides:TE modes here no 2 component of an Electric field , & TM modes have no 2 component of
magnetic field. If a device is used in a circular waveguide in such a wary that it excites only a 2
component of electric field, the wave propagative through the guide will be in the TM mode, or
the other hand if a device is placed in a circular waveguide in such a way that it exists only the 2component of magnetic field, the traveling wave will be in the TE mode. The methods o excitation
for various modes in circular waveguides are shown.
A common method of excitation of TM modes in a circular waveguide by co-axial line is
shown. At the end of the co-axial line a large magnetic field exists in the direction of propagation
the magnetic field from the co-axial line will excide the TM modes in the guide however, when the
guide is connected to the source by a co-axial a discontinuity problem. At the function will
increase the eventually decrease the power transmission, it is after necessary to place a turning
device around the function in order suppress the reflection.
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22. Given a circular waveguide used for a signal at a frequency of 11GHz propagated in the TE 11
mode & the internal diameter is 4-5 cm, Calculate.
1) Cut-off wavelength
2) Group velocity
3) Grid wavelength
4) Phase velocity
5) Characteristic impedance
Given f = 11 GHz d = 4.5 cm,
a = 2.25
for TE01,
(ha)11 = 1.84
= c/f
3 108
=
11 109
= 0.02727 m.
i)
cut off wavelength:

2 a
c
(ha )11
2 2.25
1.84
= 7.68 cm / 0.0768 m.
=
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ii)
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Guide wavelength:
A

1
c
0.02727
iii)
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0.02727
1-
0.0768
= 0.029 m.
Phase velocity :
g
c

VP
iv)
0.029
8
3 10
0.02727
0.029 108 m / sec.

Group velocity:
u
c

Vg
0.02727
8
3 10
0.029
2.80u 108 m / sec

v)
Characteristic impedance:
20

1
c
120
0.2727
0.029
1108 ~ .
23. Calculate the cut-off wavelength the guide wavelength & the characteristic wave impedance
diameter is ucm for a g GHZ signal propagated in it is the TE11 mode.
Given:
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F = 9 GHZ
D = 4cm; a=A/2 =2cm
For TE11:
(ha)11 = 1.8~
cut-off wavelength
2 a
=
ha 11
2 a
6.8 cm / 0.068.3m
Xc 1.8~
x c/ f
=
3 102
3.33cm / 0.0333m,
9 109
Guide wavelength,
1 ( / c ) 2
3.33
.33
6.83
1-
= 3.81cm/ 0.0381 m.
Diacharacteristic wave: m Polence
=
=
1 ( / c) 2
120
2
3.35
1-
6.83
Zz =435.7 ohms.
24. Determine the cut-of frequencies of the first two propagating modes of circular waveguide
with a=0.5 cm & 1 2.25 if the guide is 50cm in length operating at f=13 GHz determine the
attenuation
Given :
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A=0.5cm = 0.5x10-2m
r 2.25, 0
l 50cm,
0.5m
f 13Hz
Cut-off frequency:
(ha )11c
Fc
2 a
Fx TE01 mode:
(ha) 0.1 = 3.832
3.832 3 108
for = 2 0.5 102
=36.6 GHz
for TE11 mode:
(ha)11=1.8~1
1.8 ~ 1 3 108
Fc=
2 0.5 102
Propagator constant
hnm 2
(ha) nm
=
2
(or)
1
c
TE01
2
2 f
(ha )01

a
c
2
2 13 109 2.25
3.832
=

3 108
0.5 10
648.5 Nepers / m.
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Propagation constant becomes real value i.e. v=

If the length of the waveguide is 0.5~ than the
Alternation l = 648.5 x 0.5
= 324.26 Nepers/m
25. A TE11 mode is propagating through a circular waveguide. The radius of the guide is 1cm
and the guide content an air dielectric a) Determine in the out-off frequency b) Determine the
wavelength in the guide for an operating frequency of 3GHz. c) Determine the wave impedance
in the guide. For TE11 mode (ha)11 = 1.8~1
A = 5 x 10-2m
(a) Cut off frequency:
(ha )11 c
2 a
1.8 ~ 1 3 103
2 5 102
b) The phase constant in the guide is
.
2 h2
f 3 109
4 107
8.854 1012
( ha)11
h
a
1.8 ~ 1
12
5 10
(2 3 109 ) 2 4 107 8.85412

the wavelength in the guide is
2
50.9
12.3 cm.
c) the wave impedance is
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2TE
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2 3 109 4 107
50.9
2TE 465 ohms.
26. An air filled circular loan guide having an inner radius of icon is excited in dominant mode
at 10 GHz. Find the a) cut off frequency of dominant mode at 10GHz . Find the cut-off
frequency: guide wavelength and wave impedance. Find the bandwidth. For operation in
dominant mode only.
The dominant mode is TE,
For TE,, mode (ha)11 = 1.84)
F = 10x10-9H2
A = 1x10-2m
a) unit off frequency:

(ha ), c
fc
2 a
1.841 3 108
2 1 102
b) Guide wavelength:
fc
1 2
1
c/ f
3 102
10 109
3 102 m
3 102
8.795
1
10
6.3 102 m
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c) wave impedance:
zTE
fc
1
f
120
8.795
10
1
792
Bandwidth = cut-off frequency of TM01-cut-off frequency of TE,,

ha 01 c
fc of TM 01
2 a
(ha) 01 2.405
fc of TM 01
1.405 3 108
2 1103
Band width = 11.49 - 8.795
11.49 GHz
= 2.695 GHz
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES
27. Derive the field configuration, cut-off frequency and velocity of propagation for TM waves
in rectangular wave guides.
Consider the shape of the rectangular waveguides above with dimensions a and b (assume
a > b) and the parameters e and m. For TM waves, H z =0 and E, should be solved from equation
for TM mode;
2 xy E 0 h 2 E 0 0
N
z
z
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0
gz
Since Ez (x,y,z) = Ez x, y e , we get the following equation,
h 2 Ex0 x, y 0
2
2
x y
0
If we use the method of separation of variables, that is Ez x, y X x , Y y we get
2
d 2 X x
1 d Y y
h2
X x dx 2
Y y dy 2
Since the right side contains x terms only and the left side contains y terms only, they are both
equal to a constant. Calling that constant as kx2, we get,
d 2 X x
k x2 X x 0
2
dx
2
d Y y
k y2Y y 0
dy 2
2
2
2
Where k y h k x
Now, we should solve for X and Y from the preceding equations. Also we have the boundary
conditions of;
Ez0 0, y 0
Ez0 a, y 0
Ez0 x, 0 0
Ez0 x, b 0
From all these, we conclude that
X(x) is in the form of sin k, x where kx = mp/a, m= 1,2,3
Y (y) is in the form of sin kyy, where ky = np/b, n=1,2,3.
0
So the solution of Ez x, y is
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m n
x sin
y
Ez0 x, y E0 sin
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V /m
2
2
2
From k y h k z , we have
m
h
a
2
For TM waves, we have

H x0
jW Ez0
h 2 y
H y0
jW Ez0
h 2 x
Y Ez0
h 2 x
E 0
E y0 2 z
h y
Ex0
From these equations, we get

Ex0 x, y
m
n
m
x sin
E0 cos
y
2
h a
a
E y0 x, y
n
n
m
x cos
Eo sin
y
2
h b
a
H x0 x, y
jw n
n
m
x cos
Eo sin
y
2
h b
a
H y0 x, y
jw m
n
m
x sin
Eo cos
y
2
h b
a
Where
2
m n
j j w

a
b
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Here, m and n represent possible modes and it is designated as the TM mn mode. M denotes
the number of half cycle variations of the fields in the x-direction and n denotes the number of half
cycle variations of the fields in the y-direction.
When we observe the above equations we see that for TM modes in rectangular waveguides
neither m nor n can be zero. This is because of the fact that the field expressions are identically
zero if either m or n is zero. Therefore, the lowest mode for rectangular waveguide TM mode is
TM11
Here, the cut-off wave number is
2
m n
kc

a
b
and therefore,
k 2 kc2
The cut-off frequency is at the point where g vanishes. Therefore,
1
f
2
m n

a b
Hz
Since I= u/f, we have the cut-off wavelength
2
2
m n

a b
At a given operating frequency f, only those frequencies , which have f c < f will propagate. The
modes with f < fc will lead to an imaginary b which means that the field components will decay
exponentially and will not propagate. Such modes are called cut-ff or evanescent modes.
The mode with the lowest cut-off frequency is called the dominant mode. Since TM modes for
rectangular waveguides start from TM11 mode, the dominant frequency is
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1
f c 11
2
1 1

a b
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Hz
The wave impedance is defined as the ratio of the transverse electric and magnetic fields,
Therefore, we get from the expressions for Ex and Hy (see the equations above).
ZTM
Ex
Y
j
j
ZTM
H y jW jw jw
k
The guide wavelength is defined as the distance between two equal phase planes along the
waveguide and it is equal to
2
2
Which is thus greater than 1, the wavelength of a plane wave in the filling medium.
up
w w

k
Which is greater than the speed of light (plane wave) in the filling material
Attenuation for propagating modes results when there are losses in the dielectric and in the
imperfectly conducting guide walls. The attenuation constant due to the losses in the dielectric
can be found as follows:
2
f
f
j j k k jk 1 c jw 1 c
f
f
2
2
c
fc
jw
1
jw f
28. Derive the field configuration cut-off frequency and velocity of propagation for TE waves in
rectangular wave guide.
TE Modes
Consider again the rectangular waveguide below the dimensions a and b (assume a>b) and
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the parameters e and m.
For TE waves Ez =0 and Hz should be solved from equation of TE mode;

0
gz
Since Hz (x,y,z) = H z x, y e , we get the following equation,
2
2 h 2 H z0 x, y 0
2
x y
If we use the method of separation of variables, that is Hz0(x,y) =X(x), Y(y) we get,
2
d 2 X ( x)
1 d Y y
h2
2
2
X x dx
Y y dy
Since the right side contains x terms only and the left side contains y terms only, they are both
equal to a constant. Calling that constant as kx2, we get;
d 2 X ( x)
k z2 X x 0
2
dx
d 2Y y
k y2Y y 0
2
dy
2
2
2
Where k y h k x
Here, we must solve for X and Y from the preceding equations. Aslo we have the following
boundary conditions:
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H z0
0 Ey 0
at x=0
dx
H z0
0 Ey 0
at x=a
dx
0
H z
0 Ex 0 at y=0
dy
H z0
0 Ex 0 at y = b
dx
From al these, we get
m
n
x cos
y
b
a
H z0 x, y H 0 cos
A / m
2
2
2
From k y h k z , we have;
m n
h

a
b
For TE waves, we have
h2
H y0 2
h
H x0
H z0
x
H z0
y
Ex0
jw H z0
h 2 y
E y0
jW H z0
h 2 x
From these equations, we obtain
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Ex0 x, y
jw n
n
m
x sin
H 0 cos
y
2
h b
a
E y0 x, y
jw m
n
m
x cos
H 0 sin
y
2
h b
a
H x0 x, y
m
n
m
x cos
H 0 sin
y
2
h a
a
H y0 x, y
n
n
m
x sin
H 0 cos
y
2
h b
a
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Where
2
m n
j j w s

a
b
As explained before, m and n represent possible modes and it is shown as the TE mn mode. ,m
denotes the number of half cycle variations of the fields in the x-direction and n denotes the
number of half cycle variations of the fields in the y-direction.
Here, the cut-off wave number is
2
m n
kc

a
b
And therefore,
k 2 kc2
The cut-off frequency is at the point where g vanishes, Therefore,
fc
1
2
m n

a b
Hz
Since I = u/f, we have the cut-off wavelength
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2
m n

a b
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At a given operating frequency f, only those frequencies, which have f>f c will propagate. The
modes with f<fc will not propagate
The mode with the lowest cut-off frequency is called the dominant mode. Since TE 10 mode is the
minimum possible mode that gives nonzero field expressions for rectangular waveguides, it is the
dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide with a>b and so the dominant frequency is
f c 10
1
2a
Hz
The wave impedance is defined as the ratio of the tranverse electric and magnetic fields.
Therefore, we get from the expressions for Ex and Hy (see the equations above);
ZTE
Ex
jw jw
k
ZTE
Hy
The guide wavelength is defined as the distance between two equal phase planes along the
waveguide and it is equal to
2
2
Which is thus greater than 1, the wavelength of a plane wave in the filling medium.

up
w w

k
Which is greater than the speed of the plane wave in the filling material
The attenuation constant due to the losses in the dielectric is obtained as follows:
2
f
f
j j k k jk 1 c jw 1 c
f
f
2
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2
c
fc
jw
1
jw f
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After some manipulation, we get
cn
f
2 1 c
f
k 2 tan
2
Example:
Consider a length of air-filled copper x-band waveguide, with dimensions a=2.286 cm, b= 1.016
cm. find the cut-off frequencies of the first four propagating modes.
Solution:
From the formula for the cut-off frequency
fc
1
2
m n

a b
air filled
c

2
m
n

a
b
Hz
B.E./B.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2008

FIFTH SEMESTER
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC 1305 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES
(COMMON TO B.E. (PART TIME) FOURTH SEMESTER REGULATION 2005)
PART - A
1. Briefly discuss the difference between wavelength and period of a sine wave.
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2. Find the attenuation and phase shift constant of a wave propagating along the line whose
propagation constant is 1.04810-4 88.8o.
3. Give the minimum and maximum value of SWR and reflection coefficient.
4. Why is the quarter wave line called as copper insulator?
5. Enumerate the properties of TEM waves between parallel planes of perfect conductors.
6. Plot the frequency versus attenuation characteristic curve of TM and TE waves guided
between parallel conducting plates.
7. How is the TE10 mode launched or initiated in rectangular wave guide using an open ended
coaxial cable?
8. Calculate the cut-off frequency of a rectangular wave guide whose dimensions are
a=2.5cm and b=1.5cm operating at TE10 mode.
9. Why is the Bessels function of the second kind (neumanns function applicable for the field
analysis inside the circular wave guide?
10. Distinguish between wave guides and cavity resonator.
PART B
11. (a) Derive the general transmission line equations for voltage and current any point on a
line.
Or
(b)(i) Write a brief notes on frequency and phase distortions.
(ii) The characteristic impedance of a 805m-long transmission line 94-23.2o, the
attenuation constant is 74.510-6 Np/m and the phase shift constant is 17410-6 rad / m
at 5KHz. Calculate the line parameters R, L, G and C per meter and the phase velocity
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on the line.
12. (a) (i) A 75 loss less transmission line is to be matched to a resistive load impedance of
ZL=100 via a quarter-wave section. Find the characteristic impedance of the quarter
wave transformer.
(ii) A 50 loss less transmission line is terminated in a load impedance of Z L=(25+j50).
Use the SMITH chart to find.
(1) Voltage reflection coefficient,
(2) VSWR,
(3) Input impedance of the line, given that the line is 3.3 long and
(4) Input admittance of the line.
Or
(b) A 50 loss less feeder line is to be matched to an antenna with Z L(75-j20) at 100MHz
using SINGLE shorted stub. Calculate the stub length and distance between the antenna
and stub using smith chart.
13. (a)(i) Derive the components of Electric and Magnetic field strength between a pair of
parallel perfectly conducting planes of infinite extent in the Y and Z directions.
The planes are separated in X direction by a meter.
(ii) A parallel perfectly conducting plates are separated by 5cmin air and carries a signal
with frequency of 10 GHz in TM 11 mode. Find the cut-off frequency and Cut-off wave
length.
Or
(b) (i) Discuss on the characteristics of TE, TM and TEM waves between parallel conducting
planes. And also derive the expressions for the cut off frequency and phase velocity
from the propagation constant.
(ii) Describe the Velocity of propagation of wave between a pair of perfectly conducting
plates.
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14. (a) Derive the field configuration, cut of frequency and velocity of propagation for TE waves
in rectangular wave guide.
Or
(b) A TE10 wave at 10 GHz propagates in a X-band copper rectangular wave guide whose
inner dimensions are a=2.3cm and b =1cm, which is filled with Teflon r=2.1, r=1.
Calculate the cut-off frequency, velocity of propagation, Phase velocity, Phase constant,
Guide wave length and Wave impedance.
15. (a)(i) Derive the expression for TM wave components in circular wave guides using Bessel
function.
(ii) Write a brief note on excitation of modes in circular wave guides.
Or
(b) Derive the equation for Q factor of a rectangular cavity resonator for TE101 mode.
***************
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Transmission Lines Wave Guides

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Transmission Lines Wave Guides

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VEL TECH

VEL TECH MULTI TECH

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Transmission Line Parameters

III. The Line at Radio Frequency

Guided Waves Between Parallel Planes

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VELTECH, VEL TECH MULTI TECH engineering colleges Accredited by TCS

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Preface to the First Edition

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TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES

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TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

THE LINE AT RADIO FREQUENCY

GUIDED WAVES BETWEEN PARALLEL PLANES

Application of Maxwells equations to the rectangular waveguide. TM waves in Rectangular guide. TE

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7. Give the common types of filters?

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11. Give the characteristic impedance of low pass constant K filter

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23. What are the advantages of m- derived filters?

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High Pass filter

Band elimination filter

An ideal band elimination filter is as

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