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IJETAE - 0614 - 01analisis de Falla de Lineas Con Reconectador Unico
IJETAE - 0614 - 01analisis de Falla de Lineas Con Reconectador Unico
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 5200, Thailand
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140,
New Zealand
I. INTRODUCTION
More than 90 % of all line faults are single phase to
ground type and most of these are transitory. For these
faults, phase-to-ground faults have received the most
attention in system studies. The fault arc will be quenched
and the fault path dielectric will completely restore during
the dead time of the breaker, usually 25 30 cycles (0.5
0.6 s) for 500 kV systems. Three-phase reclosing, however,
may cause system instability and result in system breakup
and outages. For such instances, single phase reclosing
provides an improvement, without causing system
instability, to enhance transmission system availability.
Over the years analog and digital techniques have been
extensively used by the researcher to predict system
performance, but the main difficulty has always been the
arc modeling during the secondary arcing phase with
resultant uncertainty associated with the predictions of
secondary arc extinction times and the empirical rules used
as measures of acceptability and subsequent reclosing.
1
I fs I fc I fm
(1)
1
I fc Vth (
)
1 / j 2Ch
(2)
1/ jC g
Vr Vth
(3)
B.
Arc Current
The single phase reclosing of a typical 500 kV
untransposed line with length of 135 km has been
investigated by the analysis of arc measurement on the arc
tests at FGH in Germany [13 and 14]. The single phase to
ground fault of phase b at the sending end is isolated by
single phase switching. The secondary arc voltage and
current obtained from the simulations are presented in Fig.
3. The arc duration determined from the Fig. 3 is 0.42 s.
The primary fault arc period is considered between fault
inception and clearing at both ends of the faulted phase.
After the transition of primary arc to secondary arc occurs,
it can be observed that the voltage across the arc path is
gradually built-up until the final extinguishment of arc.
Then both end breakers are reclosing consequently which
characteristic offset of the recovery voltage is noticed as
shown in Fig. 3(a). The arc duration determined from the
Fig. 3(b) is 0.42 s.
The simplification of Johns, et al. [15] in this study can
be represented according to the principle of thermal
equilibrium for modeling the fault arc. This arc is evaluated
by the following differential equation:
dg fi
dt
1
(G fi g fi )
T fi
G fi
i
V fi l fi
(5)
(4)
T fp
T fs
I fp
l fp
I 1fs.4
l fs (t r )
(6)
(7)
A.
Fig. 5 Simulation result from the proposed arc model on 500 kV line
from [14]
Fig. 7 Simplified arc model for fault arc at the fault location
Fig. 7 The comparison of field test (a) and the simulation results (b)
V. RESULTS
Having developed the proposed simplified arc model, it
was decided to utilize the digital simulation to evaluate the
studied existing EHV transmission system. By making the
pessimistic assumptions with respect to still air conditions,
the more severe conditions derived from the studied system
were simulated using EMTP to determine the longest likely
extinction times. For the 500 kV circuit MM3 TTK#1,
the studied system is considered to be at steady-state
operating condition prior to the inception of a phase-toground fault on phase A at time 0.25 s (T 1). The sending
end phase A breaker clears at time 0.5 s (T2), followed by
the opening of the receiving end breaker at time 0.52 s (T 3).
The primary arc is taken during the primary arc period (T 1T3). The arc transition is occurred at the time the current in
fault arc path first reached zero, after the receiving end
breaker interrupts current. Actual current interruption is
arranged to occur at the first current zero following contact
separation of breaker pole inquisition. It can be seen that
the voltage exhibits the usual high frequency travelling
wave induced distortion during the primary arc period.
Follow arc transition to secondary arc period at time T3,
there is a gradual build-up of the voltage across the arc
path. Initial oscillations in the secondary arc current are
observed. The source of the oscillation is caused from the
excitation of the natural frequency formed by the fault
points with transmission line. This does not appear to
hinder arc extinction. Considerable high frequency
distortion is observed near final arc extinction, and this is
caused by collapse of voltage across the secondary arc
following sudden restrike. After final extinction of
secondary arc at time 0.604 s (T 4), the line is re-energized
by sending end phase breaker closing at time 1.05 s (T 5)
and then time 1.07 s (T6) for the receiving end.
8
Fig. 8 Simulation result for fault arc at the fault location (System
response of Current and Voltage for phase A to ground fault at
sending end, MM3-TTK#1)
Fault location
Sending End
Middle Line
Receiving End
Sending End
Middle Line
Receiving End
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Clearance of short-circuit faults on EHV transmission
line is critical for power system stability. Therefore, most
system operators use single phase tripping and reclosing in
order to give single phase arcing faults a chance to
extinguishing while keeping the two healthy phases of the
line in operation. The dead time of the reclosing should be
long enough for the secondary arc to stop burning, and yet
as short as possible in order to reduce the power system
disturbance. Since a same fixed time setting is used for all
EHV lines. In this case, the operators have to decide
whether it is appropriate to manually reclose the line after a
couple of minutes, by assessing the risk of fault restrike.
Due to highly random and complex behavior of the fault
arc, it is almost impossible to reproduce the exact arc
duration by digital simulations. However, the proposed
simplified arc model has been evaluated and can employed
to determine maximum dead times (worst case) and to
evaluate the performance of arc suppression schemes in
single phase reclosing studies.
TABLE 2
SECONDARY ARC CURRENT AND RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR PHASE
TO GROUND FAULT MM3 TTK#1
Fault location
Sending End
Middle Line
Receiving End
Ifs, A
12.10
11.20
9.10
Recovery voltage, kV
43.60
41.45
32.84
TABLE 3
SECONDARY ARC CURRENT AND RECOVERY VOLTAGE FOR PHASE TO
GROUND FAULT MM3 TTK#2
Fault location
Sending End
Middle Line
Receiving End
Ifs, A
11.00
10.35
8.34
Recovery voltage, kV
39.21
37.54
30.35
TABLE 1
SECONDARY ARC EXTINCTION TIME FROM SINGLE PHASE TO
GROUND FAULT
Fault location
Ifs, A
10.81
10.17
8.18
Recovery voltage, kV
39.96
38.22
30.92
10
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Acknowledgements
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[16]
[17]
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