:

)( .
:

:
)(
Sound Pressure level in dB (A) SPL dB (A).

)( :

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:
= p /

= po 2 5-10 /

.


)(

)( ).(2-1



1


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.

Curves

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63 8000


). (2-2

:


.



.

) (rumbly
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3/2/4-2
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Room Criterion
2





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.
:

31.5 4000
16
.

1000 500
2000 .
5 /
1000 .
.
5
31.5 500
3 1000
4000

:
1
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Neutral

500 31.5 4000 1000
.
2
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Rumbly

500 31.5
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3

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Hissy

4000 1000
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4
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Perceptible Vibration

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16
63 ). (2-3

3/4-2
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2

S pL
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.
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 )(2-12
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) (NC )RC(N

)(

)(NC

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- )(

25-35

20-30

20-30

30-40

25-35

25-35

35-45

30-40

30-40

) )(3-2(

35-45

30-40

30-40

35-45

30-40

30-40

40-50

35-45

35-45

45-55

40-50

40-50

45-55

40-50

40-50

30-40

25-35

25-35

35-45

30-40

30-40

40-50

35-45

35-45

40-50

35-45

35-45

45-55

40-50

40-50

25-35

20-30

20-30

30-40

25-35

25-35

35-45

30-40

30-40

35-50

30-45

30-45

40-55

35-50

35-50

40-55

35-50

35-50

)(2-13
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) (NC )(RC

)(

)(NC

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25-35

20-25

20-25

25-35

20-25

20-25

30-40

25-35

25-35

35-45

30-35

30-35

40-50

35-45

35-45

25-35

20-30

20-30

35-45

30-40

30-40

35-45

30-40

30-40

40-50

35-45

35-45

40-55

35-50

35-50

40-55

35-50

35-50

45-55

40-50

40-50

)(

35-45

30-40

30-40

- )(

40-50

35-45

35-45

45-55

40-50

40-50

40-50

35-45

35-45

40-55

35-50

35-50

40-50

35-45

35-45

45-55

40-50

40-50

- )(

)(2-14
)(
) (NC )(RC

)(

)(NC

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-

40-50

35-45

35-45

40-50

35-45

35-45

45-55

40-50

40-50

45-55

40-50

40-50

45-55

40-50

40-50

35-45

30-40

30-40

40-50

35-45

35-45

)
(

45-60

40-55

40-55

35-45

30-40

30-40

40-55

35-40

35-40

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60-75

60-75

5-2

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1/5-2

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2-1

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3.2 1.5

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1.25 0.35
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5 - 2.5

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1.5 0.5

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9

9-6

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45
35

14.2 17.8

8.9

25.4

20.3

12.7

10.1 12.7

6.3

17.8

14.2

8.9

4.3

12.7

10.1

6.3

6.8

8.6
25

45
35

6.3

22.9

18.3

11.4

10.1 12.7
8.9

7.1

4 4

15.2

12.1

7.6

6.1

4.8

3.00

10.2

8.1

5.1

25

45
35

10.2

8.1

5.1

19.8

15.8

9.9

7.4

5.9

3.7

13.2

10.5

6.6

4.8

3.8

2.4

8.6

6.8

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25

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2.8

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2.5

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30

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3.8

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3.4

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3.00
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25
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43

32
1.5 1
1.5 1

4/5-2
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11

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0.12

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

0.15-0.25

0.15-0.25
0.15
0.25 1.8
0.13-0.15
0.15 1.8
0.13 1.5
0.15-0.25
0.13-0.23
0.13
0.13
0.13-0.15
0.13-0.15
0.13 3.7
0.15-0.38
0.13-0.16
0.13-0.16
0.13 1
0.13 1
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.15-0.25
0.13
-

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0.1+ 0.46

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12

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0.1+ 0.46

0.1+ 0.46

0.13
0.13
0.13-0.15
0.13-0.16
0.13-0.16
0.13-0.28
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0.13-0.23
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6-2 .
1/6-2
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21
24
25.6
26.7

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)(

115

103

57

46

62

41

68

35

76

27

132

118

58

60

63

55

71

47

81

37

-
-
-

140
132

59

73

63

69

72

60

84

48

162

162

162

147

59

88

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13

82

75

72

85

62

3/

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65

97

220

65

155

250

72

178

294

294

88

206

97

440

425

136

289

142

147
235
264

71

91

82

80

94

68

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87

133

107

113

81

169

96

154

118

132

197

112

182

135

159

283

154

271

177

248

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480

310

160

470

2080

180

100

280

0.09-0.18

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2

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3822

900

80

1660

560 1100

660

220

440

14

40

120
1660
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1-2

100

66

34

100

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950-2000 380
/

50

110

160

340

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97

138

Hood type
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/
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1-6

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18760 6360 12400

20-70

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3020 1080 1940

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29

29

77

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21200

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95

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10590 3530 7060

7

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5300

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23100

970

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45900

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107000

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0.25

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25830 9030 16800 190

150

190

110

190

16

59

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209

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3840

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0.43-1.1

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1930 3600 1040 53600

14900

190

690

1970

5530

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2660

270

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)(

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2
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3
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0.26-0.74
2

3050

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1610 51900

750

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100

89700

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22800

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410

10700

1040 37200

/
/

21-204

180

17

14

23

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100/
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950-2000
/
5000-9000
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920

350
160

260

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12

110

97
8

370

138
20

120

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6

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1800-4600

1640-2810

1640-2810

1000-6570 10000 -1000

16-640

1000-6570

100-600

90-530

90-530

2200-6600

2200-6600

2200-6600

8 /

870

180

300

<5000
/

1000-5300

500-2550

730-3800

1200-6500

1000-4700

1000-4700

90-200

80-180

80-180

1150-12500

500-5000

1150-12500

30
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36006800/

1700-6600

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1700-6600

460-1700

300-900

460-1700

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600-3300

390-2150

19

1500-30000
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48

1150-1920

575-960

10

1500

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28

600

400

250-3000

200-2420

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700

1750

20

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0.05

0.04

0.06

0.09

0.08
0.125

1500

35

105

35

70

1500

35

170

59

110

1500

35

264

94

173

1500
1750

35
54

340
346

117
188

223
158

439

246

194

621
776
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1887
2763
4541
6651
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21184
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372
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249
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0.16
0.25

0.12
0.19

0.25 1750

56

0.50
0.75
1
1.5
2
3
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
200

1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
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60
72
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77
79
81
82
84
85
86
87
88
89
89
89
89
90
90
90
91
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30
37
45
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115

20

205

225

30

310

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70 35

445

1100 450

105 70

790

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1140

2300 - 450

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* ) ( 2-34

50
40
32
25
20

/
/
/

/
/

/
/
/
/
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4.6 5.4 3.7 2.5 3.4
1.5
2.7 0.9 2.4 0.4
20
5.5 6.8 4.9 3.3 4.3
2.0
3.7 1.1 3.4 0.5
40
7.3 8.7 5.8 4.2 5.2
2.5
4.6 1.5 4.0 0.7
80
8.2 10.5 6.7 4.7 6.1
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120
9.1 11.7 7.3 5.3 6.7
3.4
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170
9.8 12.5 7.9 5.9 7.6
3.9
6.7 2.2 5.2 1.0
250
9.8 12.9 8.5 6.4 7.9
4.2
7.3 2.4 6.7 1.2
350
10.1 14.5 10.1 7.5 9.4
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7.6 2.6 6.7 1.3
420

31

 )(2-35

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
250
300
350

0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.9
2.7
3.3
4.0
5.2
6.4
8.2
9.1

)(

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.9

0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
3.4
4.0
5.5
7 6
8.2
11
14
16
19

4
5
7
9
10
14
16
20
28
34
41
55
70
82
94

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
14
17
20
28
34
40
46

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20

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170 225
113
58
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85 25 85 25 85 25 85 25 85 25 85 25
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18
27
53
86
150
219
309
552

10
20
31
60
98
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252
363
643

10
21
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180
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378
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12
25
38
74
120
210
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436
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14
29
45
89
145
246
372
529
945

2.1 25
4.5 32
7.1 40
14
50
22
65
40
80
58
90
81 100
151 125

2.6
5.7
8,8
17
27
48
69
101
180

3,3
6.7
11
20
33
59
84
120
212

3.9
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24
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69
101
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4.7
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29
48
83
125
178
307

5.8
12
19
36
58
102
153
213
378

6.8
14
22
42
68
121
178
249
450

8.3
17
26
52
83
146
214
302
536

882 857 718 611 499 422 355 290 242 150

106
0
208
0
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126
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330 328 265 229 189 159 129 111 907 250
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517 504 416 358 295 246 208 173 144 300
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435
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25
32
40
50
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20
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17

80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
400

25
36
54
99
176
378
718
1200
2390

36
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25 - 18 - 135
44 14 44 31 13 32 22 10 22 18

76 30 76 54 27 54 38 21 38 31 19 31

107 -

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169 -

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4
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1
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357 -

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9 9
275 19 26
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410 27 41
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567 42 57
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126 72 12
6
212 12 21
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338 22 33
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504 31 50
5 4
693 47 69
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34

252 179 93 17
6
422 300 15 29
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674 479 28 47
4 3
101 716 40 69
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139 984 60 97
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596 553 1424

1953

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5
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14

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31 14

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54 14

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31

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357 -

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300 95

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1730

1010
1390
2440

1424
1953
3440

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- 1950

2772

3910

5519

2/3/9-2
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56

( ) :(1- )

Ltem

System

01 AHU
01.0 Supply Air
1 Fan
Start/stop
Alarm
Status
Air Loss
01.0 Return Air
2 Fan
Start/Stop
Alarm
Status
Air Loss
01.0 Bag Filter
3
01.0 CHW C/C
4 calve
01.0 Electric
5 Heating
01.0 Over Heat
6
01.0 Outside Air

Di

Do Ai Ao

Remarks

DDC Relay O/P H-O-A sw.

VFC
Trip Relay
VFC
Aux. Switch
Diff. Press. Switch

x
x
x

Start/Stop

Eield Device

x
x
x
x

VFC
VFC
Diff. Press.Switch
Diff. Press.Switch

Relay H-O-A sw
O/P
Trip Relay
Aux. Switch

x Modulating Valve Actuator

x

DDC Relay O/P

4- stages

Over-Heat Safety Thermostat

x Mod.D.Actuator
57

Spring Return

Ltem

7
01.0
8
01.0
9
01.1
0
01.1
1
01.1
2
01.1
3
01.1
4
01.1
5
01.1
6
01.1
7
01.1
8

System

Di

Damper
Return Air
Damper
Exhaust Air
Damper
Outside Air
Temperature
Outside Air
R/H
Mixed Air
Temp
Supply Air
Temp
Return Air
Temp
Return Air
R/H
Supply Air Supply Air
Smoke
Smoke
Return Air
x
Smoke
Return Air
IAQ

Exhaust Air
Fans :
02.0 Exhaf -1
1
Start/Stop
Alarm
Status
Air Loss

Do Ai Ao

Eield Device

x Mod.D.Actuator

Spring Return

x Mod.D.Actuator

Spring Return

Temp. Sensor

R/H transducer

Temp. Sensor

Temp. Sensor

Temp. Sensor

R/H transducer

Remarks

Duct Smoke
Detector
Duct Smoke Detector
x

IAQ Duct Transducer

02

Fresh Air
Fans :
03.0 Faf -1
1
Start/Stop
Alarm
Status
Air Loss
Bag Filter

DDC Relay O/P H-O-A sw

VFC
Trip Relay
VFC
Aux. Switch
Diff.Press.Switch

DDC Relay O/P H-O-A sw

VFC
Trip Relay
VFC
Aux. Switch
Diff.Press.Switch
Diff.Press.Switch

x
x
x

03

x
x
x
x

58

 ):(1- )
(

Ltem

04
04.01

05
05.01

06
06.01

System

Chillers
Chiller -1
Start/stop
Alarm
Status
Supply water
temperature
Return water
temperature
Water Flow
Butterfly valve
position
Butterfly valve
open/close
CHW Pumps :
CHW P - 1
Start/ stop
Alarm
Status
Cooling towers :
CT - 1
CT fans speeds
Alarm
Status
Over flow
Intake valve
position
Intake valve
command
Butterfly valve
position
Butterfly valve
open/close
Supply water
temperature
Return water

Di

Do

Ai

Ao

Eield Device

DDC Relay O/P

VFC
VFC
Imm.Temp.sensor

Imm.Temp.sensor

x
x

x
x

Remarks

H-O-A sw.
Trip Relay
Aux. Switch

water flow switch

Actuator end sw.

H-O-A sw
Trip Relay

Valve actuator

Aux. Switch

Relay O/P
VFC
VFC

H-O-A sw
Trip relay
Aux. switch

DDC Relay O/P

VFC
VFC
Level Switch
VFC

4- stages
Trip Relay
Aux. Switch

Motorized valve

x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x

Actuator end sw.

two switvhes

Valve Actuator

H-O-A sw

Imm- Temp. sensor Limit Alarms

Imm- Temp. sensor Limit Alarms

59

Ltem

System

Di

Do

Ai

temperature
By-Pass valve

07
07.01

08
09

10
10.01

11
11.01

12
12.01

13

Condensing
water pumps
CWP -1
Start/Stop
Alarm
Status
Expansion tank
-1
Expansion tank
-2
Boilers
Boiler - 1
Start/stop
Alarm
Status
Supply Steam
Temperature
Return Steam
Pressure
Water Flow

Eield Device

Remarks

x Modulating valve actuator

x
x
x

relay O/P
VFC
VFC

H-O-A sw
Trip Relay
Aux. Switch

Level Switch

open type

Pressure Switch

Closed type

DDC Relay O/P

VFC
VFC
Imm.Temp.Sensor

H-O-A sw.
Trip Relay
Aux. Switch
Limit Alarms

Press.Transducer

Limit Alarms

x
x
x

Hot Water Pumps

HWP -1
Start/Stop
Alarm
x
Status
x
Heat
Exchangers :
HEX -1
Supply Steam
Temperature
Supply Water
Temperature
Return Water
Temperature
Steam Control
Valve

Ao

Water Flow Switch

DDC Relay O/P

VFC
VFC

H-O-A sw
Trip Relay
Aux. Switch

Imm. Temp.Sensor Limit Alarms

Imm. Temp.Sensor Limit Alarms

Imm. Temp.Sensor Limit Alarms

x Mod. Valve Drive

FAN Coil Units :

60

Spring Return

Ltem

13.01

14

15
15.01

System

FCU -1
Fan Speeds
CHW C/C valve
Electric Heating
Room
Temperature
Window Switch
Presence
Detector
Door Lock
Main Water Tank
High Level
Low Level
High Level
Alarm
Low Level Alarm
Tank Level
Tank Volumetric
Content
Intake Valve
Fire Fighting
Pumps :
FFP -1
Alarm
Status
Header Water
Pressure
Water Flow

Di

Cooling towers :
CT - 1
CT fans speeds

Ai

x
x
x

Ao

Eield Device

Magnetic sw.
IR Motion Detector

VFC

x
x
x

Level Switch
Level Switch
Level Switch

Level Switch
Level Transducer
Smart Level
Transducer
Motorized Valve

x
x
x

x
x

x
x

Remarks

DDC Relay O/P

3- speeds
x Modulating Valve Actuator
DDC Relay O/P
Room Temp. Sensor

x
x

Butterfly valve
x
position
Butterfly valve
open/close
CHW Pumps :
CHW P - 1
Start/ stop
Alarm
Status

Do

VFC
VFC
Press. Transducer

Trip Relay
Aux. Switch
Limit Alarms

Water Flow Switch

Actuator end sw.

H-O-A sw
Trip Relay

Valve actuator

Aux. Switch

Relay O/P
VFC
VFC

H-O-A sw
Trip relay
Aux. switch

DDC Relay O/P

4- stages

x
x

61

Ltem

System

Alarm
Status
Over flow
Intake valve
position
Intake valve
command
Butterfly valve
position
Butterfly valve
open/close
Supply water
temperature
Return water
temperature
By-Pass valve

Condensing
water pumps
CWP -1
Start/Stop
Alarm
Status
Expansion tank
-1

Di

Do

Ai

x
x
x
x

Ao

Eield Device

VFC
VFC
Level Switch
VFC
x

Remarks

Trip Relay
Aux. Switch

Motorized valve

x
x

Actuator end sw.

two switvhes

Valve Actuator

H-O-A sw

Imm- Temp. sensor Limit Alarms

Imm- Temp. sensor Limit Alarms

x Modulating valve actuator

x
x

relay O/P
VFC
VFC

H-O-A sw
Trip Relay
Aux. Switch

Level Switch

open type

1994 172


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) staved (enamel
:
)( )0(priming paint
)( )0(staved enamel
)( )0(hot-dip galvanized

.

) 7833 / (3
.
:
:
)(
.
)(
.
)( ) (

92

 .
-6 )(flexible metal conduit




:
)(

)(
.

.

-7 ) . .( .

) (7-3-7-2

-1

) (NEC ART 382 :

) /(

)(

70

100

90

150

110

200

93


0
-2
).
.(
.
-3 )(underflow ducts
)NEC
(ART-354
1000-600


. 0
-4 )(trenches

0.80 0.400
4040 3 6
.

200 : 1

0

-5 )(cable turning system

)( :

) (BS 2989 0

)

(BS 1474 ) (0

)(
.
)( 0
)(


94

 .
)(
.
)(

0
)(
) ( .45

) (7-3-7-3 )
(
)(Cable tray systems

-1

:
)( :
300
.

)( :

.

)( :

.
)( :

.


1.5.

95

 -2




.
-3
)(
.
)(
0

) (7-3-7-4

-1
)
(NEC ART 370

) (gasket .
-2

) (

.
-3

" IP20 "20



.
-4

96


.
-5

)(
50

) (




.
-6 )( )(terminal blocks


.

)(IEC 974-7-1

) (7-3-7-5

) (





20


IEC 439-2
.
:
-1
) (spring washers

97


.
-2
.
-3
.

) (7-3-8

) .IEC (41 .4-364 . 3-364



.

) (7-3-8-1

-1 .
-2
.
-3
.
-4
:
)( .
)(
.
)( .

) (7-3-8-2
98

-1 ) (

.
-2
.
-3
.
-4
.
-5
.

) (7-3-8-3

-1


.
-2
.
-3



.

) (7-3-8-4 )(foundation earthing system

99

 :

-1 0
2.530
10 .
-2 0
Closed loop
.

) (4-5 3-5

.
-3 0


.
-4

.
-5 ))(potential equalization busbar (peb

)(connection flag
.
:
)( 0
)( 0
)( 0
)( )(0
)( 0
)( 0
)( 0
)( 0
)( 0
100

)( )
(0

.

) (7-3-8-5

) (4-8-3-7


:
-1
:
)( 38 0
)(

18 0

)(

50 0

)(

18 0

:
3.5 30 0 10 0 95 0 2
.
-2
5
) (
5001000

1 0

.
-3 )(earthing service manholes

.
101

 600 600600
100 150
150



.

) (7-3-8-6

.

.

) (7-3-8-7

-1

.
-2


.

) (7-3-8-8

-1


.1:1

-2
102



5 2



-3
)(
.

)(



.

) (7-3-8-9

IEC 364

) (.

) (7-3-8-9-1 ) (TN-S

-1 5 0
-2
.

-3
.


.

103

) (7-3-8-10

)(

) (IEC 364 4 41 SEC 413

) (2-1 )(Definitions

1 )(controlled variable

.
2 ) (

))(measured value (control point

.
3 )(set point
.
)( ))sensor

4
.
104

 5 )(final control element

.
6 ))processing unit

.

)(controller
7
.

)(control loop

.
9 )(closed loop
) (feedback

.
10 )(open loop

0

.
11 )(error or deviation

.
-12 )(air conditioning

105

 0
-13 )(ventilation
0

-14 )(room air velocity

0
0
-15 )(thermal unit

0
-16 )(dehumidification

0

-17 )(specific heat

0

-18 )(heat pump

0
000

0
-19 )(radiant heating system

) (radiation
0
-20 )(electric heating unit

106

-21 )(humidity
0

-22 )(relative humidity

0
-23 )(infiltration
0

-24 )(isothermal
0

)(lag
-25
0

-26 )( )(estimated maximum load

0

)(radiator
-27


0
-28 )(recirculated air
0

-29 )(return air

0
-30 )(solar constant

107


0
2
415445 / ) /(
0
-31 )(dew point temperature
0 0

-32 )(dry bulb temperature

0
-33 )(effective temperature



0
-34 )(wet bulb temperature
)-( 0

-35 )(therm
)100000 ( 0
-36 )(thermal conductivity


0



0
-37 )(thermal diffusitivity
-1

108

-38 ))thermal insulator

)(
0
-39 )(thermal insulation
0
-40 )(thermal transmittance

) 0( U
-41 ) (

)(thermostat

)( 0

-42 )(ton of refrigration

12000 /

109

4/1

.
.


.


.


. )(
.

16



.


.

.

.
)
( . 20-

.
10 -
.

110

) (
25 33 50
.



.



.

.
economizer screw compressor

.



.


.
.

4/2
111

)(

.

4/2/1
...

4/2/1/1


19.3
10.6 .
50
30
10.6 .

.

.

.

90
booster

.
112




.

.

4/2/1/2

) (

)(4/1

) : (4/1

10.6

19.6
50

30

10.6
30

14.5
40

19.3
50

o


15.9

29.0

15.9

21.8

29.0

-
13.8

25.1

113

13.8

18.9

25.1

10.6

19.3

10.6

14.5

19.3

4/2/1/3

:

-/

) (
-

114

 4/2/2



surge drums
)(
150 ) 6(.
4/2/2/1

:
-

, 10.6

BS5500
BS3274
ASME VIII
Standards of Tubular
Exchanger
Manufacturers Association.

:
14.5
115

 4/2/2/2

.
)
.(4/1

) (4/1 .

4/2/2/3
ancillary equipment

) 4/2/2/1 ( .
4/2/3

.
4/2/3/1

)(
.

.

)(

19.3
.
14.5
.
10.6 .
116

 4/2/3/2

). (4/1
4/2/3/3

o -

-/

) (
-

4/2/4

. :

117

) (

) (

.downstream pressure regulators

.valves pilot operated

.
4/2/4/1

19.3 .
4/2/4/2

4/2/4/2/1
118

4/2/4/2/2
) (

) (4/1

device
.

4/2/4/3

) (

.:

4/2/5

pipe fabrication.

4/2/6
4/2/6/1 ) (
119


anhydrous .
.

4/2/6/2

)(
.
4/2/6/3

.

4/2/6/4

) ( butt-welded


.
/ 40
.socket connection

) (.
) (

.


.

4/2/6/5

.BS2633
120

 4/2/6/6

) (


:
.

4/2/7 .



.
4/2/7/1 .
.

- damping device
-
.
- -

.
jacket heating
.

.
4/2/7/2

.

4/2/8

121



4/2/8/1
) ( bursting disk
.


.

4/2/8/2

4/2/14/2/3
4/2/8/3




change-over
device -:
-:

) (1 300
) (2
) (3 )
(
-:

)(1

152 .

) (2 76 .
122

 4/2/9

.
2


.

errosion
.



/
.

.


.


/
.

.

)(
) (.

4/2/10

.
pour point 30
40 .

123

.



.oil drain receiver

4/3

4/3/1

)
.(4/2
:
.1
.2
.3 copper plating
.4

.5 hydrolysis of lubricants


desiccators
) :(4/2
124

Solubility, mg/kg
R-502
1780
1580
1400
1220
1080
930
810
690
580
490
400
335
278
225
180
146
115
90
69
53
40
30
22
16
11
8
5

R-134a
4200
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1800
1500
1300
1100
880
730
600
490
390
320
250
200
150
120
89
66
49
35
25
18
12

R-123
2600
2300
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
900
770
660
560
470
400
330
270
220
180
140
110
90
70
53
40
30
22
16

R-114
450
380
320
270
220
180
148
120
95
74
57
44
33
25
18
13
10
7
5
3
2
1.5
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1

R-113
460
400
344
290
240
200
168
140
113
90
70
55
44
34
26
20
15
11
8
6

R-22
4100
3600
3150
2750
2400
2100
1800
1580
1350
1140
970
830
690
573
472
384
308
244
195
152
120
91
68
50
37
27
19

R-13

44

26

14

R-12
700
560
440
350
270
210
165
128
98
76
58
44
32
23.3
16.6
11.8
8.3
5.7
3.8
2.5
1.7
1.1
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.1

R-11
460
400
340
290
240
200
168
140
113
90
70
55
44
34
26
20
15
11
8
6
4
3
2
1
0.8
0.5
0.3

.Temp
o
C
71.1
65.5
60.0
54.4
48.9
43.3
37.8
32.2
26.7
21.1
15.6
10.0
4.4
-1.1
-6.7
-12.2
-17.8
-23.3
-28.9
-34.4
-40.0
-45.6
-51.1
-56.7
-62.2
-67.8
-73.3

4/3/2




) (4/3
.) :(4/3
)(13

Partially Miscible
125

Immiscible
Ammonia
CO2
R-134a
R-407C
R-410A

Low
Miscibility

Intermediate
Miscibility

R-13
R-14
R-115
R-152a
R-C318
R-502

R-22
R-114

High
Miscibility
R-123

Completely
Miscible
R-11
R-12
R-113

. )
(4/4
.

4/3/3







.

4/3/4
synthetic lubricants

R-134a R-410A


.

.
:
.1 ) alky-benzene R-22, R-
(502
126

poly-glycol .2
polyol-esters .3
R-134a
.R-32

(13)

:(4/4)
Small and Commercial Systems

Refrigerant

Ammonia
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Refrigerant 11
Refrigerant 12
Refrigerant 12
Refrigerant 12
Refrigerant 123
Refrigerant 22
Refrigerant 22
Refrigerant 22
Refrigerant 22
Refrigerant 134a
Refrigerant 134a

Type of
Compressor

Lubricant Viscosities
At 38oC,mm2/s

Screw
Reciprocating
Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Rotary
Centrifugal
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Scroll
Screw
Scroll
Screw

60-65
32-65
60-65a
60-65
60-65
32-65
60-65
60-65
60-86
32-65
60-65
60-173
22-68
32-100

Refrigerant 134a
Refrigerant 407C
Refrigerant 407C
Refrigerant 410A
Halogenated refrigerants

Centrifugal
Scroll
Reciprocating
Scroll
Screw

60-65
22-68
32-687
22-68
32-800
127

 4/4
liquid overfeed system






.

4/4/1
) (4/1



) (
.
.


.

.

). (4/1




.

4/4/2
1/ 4/4/2
evaporator



128

 2/ 4/4/2

:
.

.

.

swelling

.

. surge
3/ 4/4/2

.
drives
magnetic clutch.

turbine vane .

gear type
. 900/

( flashing
. / )

regenerative .
129

 . swings
.
4/ 4/4/2

:
floatswitches
solenoidvalves
sensors
.

/

.

. carryover

. legs

. )(

4/5
secondary coolants systems
)
(

) (



.

4/5/1
coolant selection

.

130


: .
1-
.
. 2-
. 3-
) o (8 o 4- 3
.
5-

.
vapor pressure 6-
.


.

flash point and explosive limits
stability
.

4/5/2
load versus flow rate

.

spring turbulators spiral tapes
.

4/5/3
performance comparisons
) (4/5 ) (4/6 ) (4/7


.

131



.

brake
. power
4/5/4

:
design working pressure 1-

.
. 2-
3-
.
4-
.

-5 :
- ASHRAE standard 15, Safty Code for Mechanical Refrigeration.

- ASME standard B31.5, Design Standard for pressure Piping.

- ASME, Section VIII, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

) (4/5
Heat Transfer
Coefficientb
)hi, W/(m2 * K

Drop,a kPa

L/(s.kW)c

Point. oC

1164
2305
2686
2169
3214
3022
2453
18223
3222
2430

20.064
16.410
14.134
15.585
16.685
16.823
14.548
10.204
12.824
14.341

0.0459
0.0495
0.0468
0.0459
0.0500
0.0445
0.1334
0.1160
0.1146
0.1364

-20.6
-21.6
-20.7
-20.6
-22.1
-22.7
-86.1
-96.7
-96.7
-111.1

Pressure

Freeze

Concentration

)Secondary Coolant by Mass(%

39
38
26
22
22
14
100
100
100
100

132

Propylene glycol
Ethylene glycol
Methanol
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Aqua-ammonia
Trichloroethylene
d-Limonene
Methylene chloride
R-11

) (13

a
Based on one length of 4.9m tube with 26.8
mm ID and use of Moody Chart (1944) for an
average velocity of 2.13 m/s. Input/output

losses equal V2
for 213 m/s velocity.
Evaluations are at a bulk temperature of -6.7
o
C and a temperature range of 5.6K.

b
Based on a curve fit equation for Kern's
adaptation (1950) of Sieder and Tate heat
transfer equation (1936) using a 4.9-m tube
for L/D = 181 and a film temperature of 2.8
K lower than average bulk temperature with
2.13 m/s velocity.

c
Based on inlet secondary coolant
temperature at the pump of 3.9 oC.

(13 )

( 4/6)
Secondary Coolant

Heat Transfer Factor

Propylene glycol
d-Limonene
Ethylene glycol
R-11
Trichloroethylene
Methanol
Aqua-ammonia
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Methylene chloride

1.000
1.566
1.981
2.0881
2.107
2.307
2.639
2.722
2.761
2.854

a Based on Table 1 values using 27-mm ID tube 4.9 m long. The actual ID
and length vary according to the specific loading and refrigerant applied
with each secondary coolant, tube material. and surface augmentation.
( 13 )

(ASHRAE) ( 4/7)
Secondary Coolant

Energy Factor

Aqua-ammonia
1.000
Methanol
1.078
Propylene glycol
1.142
Ethylene glycol
1.250
Sodium chloride
1.295
Calcium chloride
1.295
d-Limonene
1.447
Methylene chloride
2.406
Trichloroethylene
3.735
R-11
4.787
a Based on the same pump pressure, refrigeration load, -6.7oC average
temperature, 6 K range, and the freezing point (for water-based
secondary coolants) 11 to 13 K below the lowest secondary coolant
temperature.

4/5/5
piping and control valves

.
133

4/5/6
storage tanks
) (4/2
.

.

.

.
24
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .


.stratification 90
- :
: ) (4/3
) (4/3
sodium chloride 6.7o-
) 23( . 176
4.4 .
4,4o 4,4 ]= Cp
) .[3.314 kJ/ (Kg.K 2,2o
) (L 1183/ 3 6.7o-
) 1185 (L/ .3
90
.
:

134

 ) :(4/3


. -
6.7o
4,4

6.7o -.
: x
x
:
(x Q1) h1 + (x Q2) h2 + (x Q3) h3 = 0
4 (x - 176) + 14 (x - 31.7) = 0 + (x - 0)6
x = 47.8 kW

1W .W = Q3 / Cp T = 176/ (3.314 x 4.4) = 12.07 kg/s

47.8 .W2 = 47.8 / (3.314 x 4.4) = 3.28 kg/s

135

W = W1 W2 = 12.07 - 3.28 = 8.8 kg/s

0
)vW0001

v 20

= x 3.28 / 1183 = 2.77 L/s 1000

v0

= x 8.8 / 1185 = 7.43 L/s 1000

" "2 90:

:

Total mass (M) = 8.8 kg/s x 4 h x 3600 s/h / 0.9 = 140,800 kg

=118.8m3=140,800/1185

M
density@ 6.7o C V
=
) ( 190 3

stratification .

heat gain 2.3 .

4/5/7
expansion tanks
) (4/4
. ) (4/5
Salt brines


t1

t1 .
20 .
level indicator
.

136

 : 190 3
23 t1 = - 6.7 oC
37.8oC
residual Volume 10
vapor space 20
.

]V s [( 1 / 2 ) - 1
) ETV= 1 ( RF V F

:
ETV = expansion tank volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VS = system secondary coolant volume at t1 temperature. .

1 = density at t1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 = density at maximum temperature

RF = residual volume of tank liquid (low level) at t1 expressed as a fraction . . . . . . . . .

.
t1
VF = volume of vapor space at highest temperature, expressed as a fraction

1155/ 3 38
o .
]190 [( 1185/1155) - 1
7.05 m 3
)ETV= 1 (0.10 0.20

137

 4/5/8
pulldown time

) ( .



.

4/5/9
corrosion prevention

-1
.inhibitor

-2 )
( .pH Value

-3 .

-4



.

-5
)(4/4

.ice-making-tanks
138

-6

copper-nickel .
pH
.

electrolysis .

.

-7 pH
brass .
stainless
.steel

-1 pH
caustic soda
carbonic gas
.hydrochloric acid

-2 sodium dichromate


2/ 3
/ 3 .
chromate concentration
0.31/ 0.21/
.

-3
polyphosphate-silicate
orthophosphate-boron
.

139

 Compressor
Compressor name plate reading

140

.

,
,
. )(
. ,

. ,
) ( )) : ,
,
)(
((.









141




.








.

.

, 95 )35
( 29.92 )
( , 80
,
6 89 ) 3.36
.(31.70
142

 50 ,
15 80
) 8.4 .(27.7
20
28 67 ) 15.7
.(19.4

) (
,
) (.

,
.

,
)
(.

143


.
,
.

AC Cleaning

144

145

146

147

 Water Heater

.




20 120
.

148




Heated Element




.

] [
:

.
) ( 1
: : heated Element )
149

 ( Resistance ) ( .

2000 -1500
: Contact


.

) (

.
) ( ) (2
:

:





150

:


.
1000 2000
.
) (3




.

) : ( Thermostat

) (

151

) (
)(4
.




.
:
.



01.25 2

152

:

) 1 (


.

.

: Check Valve


.
) (
) (5

153

:


) . ( 6






.

154

 11 12

R11

R12

CCL3F

CCL2F2

8 74 )7 7 - 21 )-
29 (
23 (

48 /

2 68 /

3 18/ 108 2 / 2

86

24

8 26 /
2

R 123 ,R141b

R 134a

http://www.qariya.com/a_c/ac_prec.htm#ixzz0P5wdl2Ou

155

AC Guides

)(

156

157

158

25

159

 27

160