Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted to:
Submitted by:
Dr.S.P.Singh
Rohit sinha(601)
Faculty, (Pol.science)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The views, opinions, statements and conclusions contained in this project are those of the
author, and also represent official statements or opinions. Any errors or misstatements in this
project are exclusively those of the author. These guidelines are provided by the POL.
SCIENCE faculty DR. S.P.SINGH in an effort to provide better understanding of and the
implication process.. They simplify and broadly generalize complex issues of History. II
appreciate the assistance of my friends (LL.Bs), who provided the initial drafts of the
materials in this assignment.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Aims and Objectives:
The aim of the project is to present a detailed study of the topic NON ALIGN MOVEMENT
through decisions and suggestions and different writings. The aim has been to come to a
conclusion very much indigenous.
Scope and Limitations:
Though the topic is NON ALIGN MOVEMENT an immense project and pages can be
written over the topic but because of certain restrictions and limitations we might not have
dealt with the topic in great detail. Cause for calling conference is dealt in detail.
Sources of Data
The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project1. Books
2. Website
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................
........... 05
2. HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND.................................................... 06
3. ARTICLE
IN
CONSTITUTION...................................................... 08
4. HOW
TO
ACQUIRE
CITIZENSHIP
IN
INDIA............................10
5. OCI.......................................................................................
.............12
6. CONCLUSION........................................................................
.........14
7. BILIOGRAPHY........................................................................
........15
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INTRODUCTION
Non aligned movement is an international organisation of states considering themselves not
formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in 1950s; as of 2007 it
has 118 members. The purpose of the organisation as stated in the Havana declaration of
1979 is to ensure the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of
non aligned counties in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo- colonialism,
racism and all form of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony
as well as against great power and block politics. They represent nearly two third of united
nation members and comprises 55% of the world population.
Important members have included Yugoslavia, Brazil, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Cuba,
Pakistan, South Africa, Iran ,Malaysia. Brazil has never been a formal member of the
movement, but shares many of the aim with NAM and frequently send observer to Non
Alignment Movement Submit.
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The after effects of the second world-war were actually the reason for the
origin of non-alignment, which came into the scene after the victory of the
Allied Powers in the Second World-War. Each of the allies, the British, the
Americans and the Russians were anxious to enlarge and expand its area
of influence in the new shape of Europe. During the Cold War, between the
USSR and Eastern Europe on the one hand and the USA and Western
Europe on the other, the world split into two camps. However, during the
1960s a third camp, the non-aligned movement emerged. Made
up of
countries that had gained independence from the European empires in the
period after World War II, the movement tried to act as a stabilizing force
between the two superpower blocs, as well as giving its members a more
powerful voice through unity. So basically the theory of non-alignment
rests on the principle of national independence and self-reliance on one
hand and international co-operation on the other. When India got freedom,
Russia was spreading its ideological concept over a large number of
countries, whereas America was entering into military alliance with newly
emerging states. But country like India successfully resisted such
pressures because of her firm convictions and practical reasons and did
not join any of the blocks. This mature consideration gave birth to the
concept of non-alignment.
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nonalignment to establish a significant role for itself as a leader of the newly independent
world in such multilateral organizations as the United Nations (UN) and the Nonaligned
Movement. The signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation between India
and the Soviet Union in 1971 and India's involvement in the internal affairs of its smaller
neighbours in the 1970s and 1980s tarnished New Delhi's image as a nonaligned nation and
led some observers to note that in practice, nonalignment applied only to India's relations
with countries outside South Asia.
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The principle of non-alignment has received wider acceptance, while the second NonAligned Conference held in October 1964 was attended by 47 participant countries and 10
observers. The third conference held at Lusaka in 1970 was attended by 54 participants and
11 observers and the fourth Summit Conference held at Algiers in December 1973 by 75
participants and 14 observers. The participant included countries not only from West Asia and
South Asia, but also from Africa, the Caribbeans and Latin America. The eighth NonAligned Summit held in Harare in Sept. 1986 was attended by over a hundred countries
representing all the continents and bulk of humanity.1
The seventh Non-Aligned Summit Conference was held in New Delhi in March, 1983 and it
reiterated its decision on all important issues before the world community and appealed to the
big powers to co-operate willingly in the efforts of creating a new order in the world.2
The policy of non-alignment has over the year won worldwide appreciation as a sound and
lasting instrument of world co-operation and world peace. Even the people who were once
against this policy have come round to view that greater peace, co-operation and prosperity
are possible not by military alliances and power blocs and sorting out of problems by resort to
arms, but by giving up die-hard colonial and imperialistic policies in favour of the policy of
"live and let live" by pursuing the attitude of friendship with all and ill-will towards none.
In certain quarters, the concept of non-alignment was misinterpreted. It was regarded as a
negative concept leading to isolation. But Jawaharlal Nehru cleared this concept in 1949 by
saying," When I say that we should not align ourselves with any power bloc, obviously it
does not mean that we should not be closer in our relations with some countries than with
others. That depends on entirely different factors chiefly economic, political, agricultural and
many other factors. These close relations will no doubt develop and we will encourage them
to develop, but we do not wish to place ourselves in a position, where poetically speaking, we
are just lined up with a particular group or bound up to in regard to our future 'foreign
activities." This statement made India's position very clear in so far as. the policy of nonalignment was concerned.3
1 www.nam.gov
2 ibid
3 PRAKASH CHAND PREM ARORA,COMPARATIVE POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL
RELATION,CBDPUBLICATION,206
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4 www.nam-math.org
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(1) Opposition to Cold War-----The new states were keen to avoid the cold war, as it
was considered to be highly dangerous development for international peace and
security. They felt that cold war can lead to a new war and hence wanted to seriously
limit rather virtually end their independence of action.
(2) Opposition to military alliance ---- Establishment of military alliance wad an
important feature of cold war era but the non aligned felt that these alliance were
harmful for world peace as well as keep out of the alliance. Hence they decided to
remain out of alliance and power politics of the super powers. This aspect, combined
with opposition to cold war provided a formidable basis for the origin of non
alignment.
(3) Opposition to Imperialism, Colonialism and Neo-colonialism--- In contemporary
times the need to meet and overcome the threat posed by neo colonialism to the
independence, stability and security of the new states, further upholds the case for
adoption of non-alignment, which alone can provide a chance for a united cooperation
and struggle against forces of neo colonism5.
(4) Desire of independent foreign policy: Non alignment was adopted because it helped
the new states to preserve their individuality. While justifying non aligned movement,
Nehru again declared, policy itself can only be a policy of acting according to our best
judgement. We must be free to judge issues on their merits. Alignment means only
one thing- to relinquish the right to free judgement and action. New states were not
prepared to accept such a position and hence they adopted Non- alignment.
(5) Love for peace and peaceful means: Another positive reason which lead to the
adoption of Non alignment was the acceptance of peace and peaceful means as the
fundamental values. The struggle for independence that took place in most of the
states was governed by the values of peace and prosperity. The newly emerged
independent nations, like India felt greatly concerned and wanted to help the
preservation of world peace, with which was linked their own peace and chance of
development. Non alignment was regarded as the best principle designed to prevent
5 ibid
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the spread of cold war and alliance as well as the tensions that these two generated. It
was adopted by them with a view to strengthen the chances of peace against war.
It is necessary that the NAM countries elected to the Security Council, and who form
the NAM Caucus in the Security Council, constantly strive to adopt unified positions,
and that the decisions and the positions of NAM as adopted at its Summits and
Ministerial Conferences and by the Coordinating Bureau be properly reflected by
them in the Security Council, without prejudice to their sovereign rights. At the
Cartagena Summit the Heads of State or Government called for the need to continue
to enhance this coordination, including the possibility of holding consultations on a
regular basis, between members of the NAM Caucus and other members of the
Coordinating Bureau.
6 ibid
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The Chair of the Coordinating Bureau in New York should attend and address the
Security Council on matters of particular importance to members of the Movement.
To enlarge the scope of coordination, the Chairman of the Coordinating Bureau may
at the invitation of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus attend the meetings of
the Caucus.
The Chair of the Coordinating Bureau should hold regular meetings with each
coordinator of the Non-Aligned Security Council Caucus with a view to being briefed
on the work of the Council and in turn, to convey to the Caucus coordinator the
positions of the Movement. Similarly, the Caucus coordinator should keep the Chair
apprised of upcoming discussions and issues of general importance to the Movement.
Although hosting the 1983 summit boosted Indian prestige within the movement, its close
relations
with
the Soviet
Union and
its
pro-Soviet
positions
expressed concern over new trade barriers being raised by the industrialized countries despite
the conclusion of a new world trade agreement.
CONCLUSION
There were three basic elements that influenced the approaches of the Movement to
international issues the right of independent judgment, the struggle against imperialism and
neo-colonialism, and the use of moderation in relations with all big powers. The Movement
also worked towards the restructuring of the international economic order.
Non-Alignment has made self-determination and equality of all peoples, the free
development of the individual, the economic and social progress of society and of nations its
central preoccupations. By combining the question of peace and development with the
emancipation of peoples from all forms of subordination and exploitation, Non- Alignment
has become one of the principal promoters of a positive development of international
relations on a global scale and a movement whose political stance, concepts and strategy are
of worldwide relevance.
The Non-Aligned Movement can also be seen in terms of the Movement of the newlyindependent countries from the 1940s to 1960s. They strived for Non-Alignment to make
their voice heard on the international stage. The Cold War, the imminent danger of
confrontation, the necessity to defeat colonialism in its orthodox or new form, the necessity to
erase the global causes of anomaly for even distribution of wealth and technology, but mainly
the necessity of consolidating independence for the newly independent countries and of
creating a new code of interstate relations strengthened the Non-Aligned Movement.
The Movement in a real sense represents the poor of the world. Over eighty per cent of those
countries classified as being the worlds least developed belong to the Non-Aligned
Movement. Most of the countries which are seriously affected by the balance of payment
deficits, food scarcity and inflation are members of the Movement. Whether one looks at life
in terms of the Gross National Product, terms of trade, industrial stagnation, caloric intake,
health and service delivery, adult literacy, population growth or life expectancy at birth, the
non-aligned countries are among the world's disadvantaged.
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The Jakarta Summit in 1992 was a turning point in Non-Aligned history since it was the first
Summit after the end of the Cold War. It allowed the Movement to shift its focus from the
rhetoric of the past to concrete work. The emphasis has shifted from the demands from the
developed countries to cooperation with the developed countries.
The Non-Aligned Movement does not have a formal constitution or a permanent secretariat.
It has a practice of a rotating Chair, under which its Chair is formally rotated to the Head of
State or Government of the host country of the Summit. The Foreign Ministry and Permanent
Mission in New York of the Chair at the same time assume the responsibility of the
administrative management of the Movement. The Co-coordinating Bureau (CoB) at the
United Nations in New York forms the focal point for coordination among the NAM
Members.
Since the Non-Aligned countries meet regularly at the UN and conduct much of their work
there, the Chairs' Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York functions as
the Chair of the CoB. The Bureau reviews and facilitates the harmonization of the work of the
NAM Working Groups, Contact Groups, Task Forces and Committees.
Some of the Working Groups, Task Forces and Committees formed by NAM are: High-Level
Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations, Working Group on Human
Rights, Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations, Working Group on Disarmament,
Committee on Palestine, Task Force on Somalia, Non-Aligned Security Caucus, Standing
Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation, and Joint Coordinating Committee
(chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM).
An important mechanism of NAM is the Troika of past, serving and future Chairs. This
concept is operationalized at the discretion of the incumbent Chair and can act as a
clearinghouse for solutions of problems and issues confronting developing countries on
which the Movement must take a position.
The fifteenth Summit of the Non-Aligned Heads of State or Government took place at Sharm
El-Sheikh in Egypt in 2009 and the next Summit is scheduled to be held in Tehran in 2012.
Apart from Belgrade, where the first and the ninth Summits were held, Summits have been
held at Cairo, Lusaka, Algiers, Colombo, Havana, New Delhi, Harare, Jakarta, Cartagena de
India's, Durban and Kuala Lumpur.
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The Non-Aligned Movement has been quite outspoken in its criticism of current UN
structures and power dynamics, mostly in how the organisation has been utilized by powerful
states in ways that violate the principles of NAM. It has made a number of recommendations
aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. NAM considers
the UN Security Council to be the most distorted and undemocratic of all UN Organs.
Hence, it demands for reshaping and restructuring of the Security Council. NAM accepts the
universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenization. In
line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural
diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio- cultural, and historical particularities that
define human rights in a specific region.
Lately, NAM has collaborated with other organizations of the developing world, primarily the
Group of 77, forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents
representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken
as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political
clout.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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SCIENCE,S.CHAND,210
3.Ram jai jai upadhyaa,LOCAL ORGANISATION , central law publication, 2010
4MACLAM.D.EVANS,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT, INTERNATIONAL LAW,OXFORD
PUBLICATION
5.S.K.KAPOOR,CONCEPT OF NAM,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN
RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW AGENCY,206
6.Dr.H.O.Agrawal, NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMAN
RIGHT,CENTRAL LAW PUBLICATION,340
7.Dr.S.R.Myneni,NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT,INTERNATIONAL LAW,ALLAHABAD
LAW PUBLICATION,356
8.www.nam.gov
9.www.nam-math.org
10.www.namresturant.com
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