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Jibachha's

Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis

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Od]nM vhrtc@yahoo.com, Tel: +977-56-570726
www.vhrtc.com.np
www.facebook.com/vhrtc

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Copyright material

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hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

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ISBN:

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A quality printing house

Quality Press

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kmf]gM )%^%@^&)!
E-mail: qualitypress14@gmail.com

Copyright material
2

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ljleGg /f]usf lgbfgsf lglDt k/LIf0f ul/g] lb;f, lk;fa, /ut, b"w,
5fnf OToflbsf] hfFr ljlwaf/] ;/n g]kfnL efiffdf ;lrq j0f{g ul/Psf]
5 . kz' :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;+nUg k|fljlws, k|flS6;g/x?n] /f]u lgbfgsf
nflu tyf k|fljlws lzIffnodf cWoog/t e]6]l/g/L ;fosf 5fq
5fqfx?n] kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf o; k':tsnfO{ pkof]udf NofOg] ljZjf;
lnOPsf] 5 .

k':tsdf e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnfdf /f]u lgbfgsf lglDt ckgfOg]
k|lqmofx? :6]lg, sNr/, jfof]s]ldsn k/LIf0f, hLjf0f' Pjd\ k/hLjL
klxrfgsf lglDt ckgfOg] 6]:6x? ljleGg ;|f]tx?sf] ;xof]udf ;ng,
k|:t'lt ul/Psf] x'Fbf xfd|f]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf k|fljlwsx?sf lglDt
j/bfg ;fljt x'g] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .

k':ts sltsf] pkof]uL 5 < k':tssf n]vg, ;ng, k|:t'lt s'g
?kdf s;/L ;Dej x'g ;s]sf] xf] . oxfFx? ;dIf 5 .

cGTodf k':tssf n]vg, ;\sng, k|:t'ltdf sltko sdL
sdhf]/Lx? /xg uPsf xf]nfg\ . To;af/] cfzfk"0f{ cfnf]rgf tyf ;'emfj
k7fO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g ;DalGwt kf7s Pjd\ ljfg\ ljz]if1x?df
xflb{s cg'/f]w ug'{sf] ;fy} k':ts n]Vgdf k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{
z'elrGtsx?k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f}F .

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lgb]{zg

lgb]{zg

(Instruction)

!= k':tsdf /f]u lgbfgsf lglDt k|:t't k|lqmofx? l/oh]G6sf

u'0f:t/Lotfdf e/ kg]{ u5{ t;y{ pRr Sjfln6Lsf l/oh]G6x?sf]
k|of]u pko'Qm x'G5 .
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5, cfgf] ;'ljwfcg';f/ s'g} Ps k|lqmof ckgfpg ;Sg' x'g]5 .
#= /f]u lgbfgsf ljleGg tl/sfx?nfO{ ljleGg k':tsx?, cg';Gwfg
a'n]l6gx?af6 ;\sng u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, lj:t[t ljj/0fsf]
lglDt ;Gbe{u|Gyx? x]g{ ;Sg' x'g]5 .
$= e]6]l/g/L k|fljlws zAbx?sf] cg'jfb ubf{ ;s];Dd ;/n efiffdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 t/ klg sltko zAbx? Pjd\ /f]u lgbfgsf
k|lqmofdf hl6ntf gxf]nf eg]/ eGg ;lsGg t;y{ kz'lrlsT;s,
k|of]uzfnfsf] ;xof]u lgtfGt cfjZos /xG5 .
%= o; k':tsdf s]xL ;\lIfKt zAbx? (Abbreviation) klg k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 h'g k':tssf zAbfjnL, tf}naf/] hfgsf/L zLif{sdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

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(Index)

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#
$
%!^

!=

!&@(

e]6]l/g/L /f]u lgbfg k|ljlwsf] Oltxf;

(History of Veterinary Diagnostic Technology)

!=! g]kfndf e]6]l/g/L /f]ulgbfgsf] ljsf;

!=@ e]6]l/g/L lSnlgsn k|of]uzfnf
(Veterinary clinical laboratory)

@^
@(

k|of]uzfnfdf ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLx?

#)#&

#=

k|of]uzfnf pks/0f k|of]u ljlw

#*&&

#=!
#=@
#=#
#=$
#=%
#=^
#=&
#=*

dfOqmf]:sf]k k|of]u ljlw (The Microscope)

c6f]Sn]e (Autoclave)
OGs'j]6/ (Incubator)
x6 Po/ cf]e]g (Hot air oven)
;]lG6km\o'h (Centrifuge)
lk=Pr= ld6/ (pH meter)
jf6/afy (Water bath)
t/fh' (Weighing balance)

@=

(Precaution in Laboratory)

(Use of Laboratory Equipment)

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#*
$&
$(
%!
%@
%#
%%
%%
5

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#=(
#=!)
#=!!
#=!@

DofUg]l6s l:6/{ (Magnetic stirrer)

e6]{S; ldS;/ (Vortex mixer)
jf6/ l8l:6n/ (Water distiller)
/]lk|mh]/]6/ tyf l8k lk|mh/

%&
%*
%(
^)

#=!# sn/Lld6/ (Colorimeter)

#=!$ x6 Kn]6 (Hot plate)
#=!% c6f]d]l6s jfof]s]ldsn PgfnfOh/

^)
^*
^(

#=!^ c6f]d]l6s An8 PgfnfOh/

&)

#=!&
#=!*
#=!(
#=@)
#=@!
#=@@

&!
&@
&$
&%
&%
&^

(Refrigerator and Deep freezer)

(Automatic biochemical analyzer)

(Automatic blood analyzer)

$=
$=!
$=!=!
$=!=@
$=!=#
$=!=$
6

n]ldgf/ km\nf] (Laminar flow)

lkk]6 (Pipette)
l8lh6n 6fOd/ (Digital timer)
Un'sf]ld6/ (Glucometer)
l/k|mfS6f]ld6/ (Refractometer)
k|of]uzfnfdf sfd nfUg] l;;fsf pks/0fx?

(Glassware used in laboratory)

:6]l/nfOh]zg ljlw

(Sterilization & Disinfection Method)

ef}lts ljlw (Physical method)

;'Vvf tfk ljlw (Dry heat)
jfik tfk ljlw (Moist heat)
lkmN6];g (Filtration)
/]l8P;g (Radiation)

&**#
&*
&*
&(
*)
*)

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$=!=% cN6fefon]6 nfO6

*!

$=!=^ ljljw ef}lts ljlw

*!

(Ultraviolet light (Germicidal lamps))

(Miscellaneous physical methods)

$=@ /f;folgs ljlw (Chemical method)

%= l;;fsf pks/0fxsf] ;kmfO
(Cleaning of Glasswares)

^=
^=!
^=!=!
^=!=@
^=!=#
^=@
^=@=!

*!
*$*%

uf]a/ k/LIf0f ljlw (Faecal Examination Method) *^!@!

*^
s[ld (Helminths)
*^
uf]nf] h'sf (Nematodes)
**
RofK6f] h'sf (Trematodes)
(!
lkmQ] h'sf (Cestodes)
(@
uf]a/ k/LIf0f (Faecal examination)
(@
uf]a/sf] gd'gf ;\sng ljlw
(Collection of faecal sample)

^=@=@ ljleGg kz'x?sf uf]a/sf ;fdfGo cfsf/

(#

^=@=#
^=@=$
^=@=%
^=#
^=#=!
^=#=@

(#
(#
((
!))
!)!
!)!

(Shape of faeces)

uf]a/sf] /\u (Colour of faeces)

uf]a/df kfOg] c;fdfGo j:t' (Abnormal elements)
uf]a/sf] uGw (Smell of faeces)
lb;f hfFrsf lglDt /f;folgs emf]n tof/ ug]{ ljlw
n'uf]N; cfof]l8g (Lugol's iodine) ;f]n';g
;fr'/]6]8 ;f]l8od Snf]/fO8 3f]n
(Satd. NaCl solution)

^=#=# ;fr'/]6]8 ;'u/ ;f]n';g

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(Satd. sugar solution)

!)!
7

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^=#=$ lh\s ;Nkm]6 ;f]n';g (Zinc sulphate solution)
^=#=% ;f]l8od gfO6]6 ;f]n';g (Sodium nitrate solution)
^=#=^ DofUg]l;od ;Nkm]6 ;f]n';g

!)@
!)@
!)@

^=$ dfOqmf]:sf]lks lb;f hfFr ljlw

!)$

(Magnesium sulphate solution)

(Microscopic faecal examination)

^=%
^=^

8fO/]S6 :dLo/ (Direct smear) ljlw

nf]6]zg (Flotation) ljlw
;]l8d]G6]zg ljlw (Sedimentation technique)
df]l8kmfO8 Dofsdf:6/ (Modified McMaster
method) ljlw
O{=lk=hL= lkmN8 ljlw (E.P.G. field method)
:6f]n Pu u0fgf ljlw (Stoll egg counting method)
uf]a/df /x]sf k'mnsf ;\Vof / kfg]{ k|efjsf] l:ylt
uf]a/ hfFraf6 kmf]S;f]sf] h'sf (Lung worm)
hfFRg] ljlw
uf]j/sf /f;folgs hfFr (Faecal chemical tests)
cfGb|fsf k|f]6f]hf]jfxsf] hfFr ljlw

&=

lk;fa k/LIf0f ljlw (Urinalysis)

^=$=!
^=$=@
^=$=#
^=$=$
^=$=%
^=$=^
^=$=&
^=$=*

(Diagnosis of intestinal protozoa)

!)$
!)^
!)(
!!)
!!#
!!$
!!%
!!%
!!&
!!&

&=! lk;fa ;\sng tyf ;~ro

!@@!%&
!@#

&=@ lk;fasf] k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f

!@%

&=@=! ef}lts k/LIf0f

!@%

(Urine collection & storage)

(Laboratory examination of urine)

(Physical examination)

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&=@=!=@
&=@=!=#
&=@=!=$
&=@=!=%
&=@=!=^
&=@=@
&=@=@=!
&=@=@=@
&=@=@=#
&=@=@=$
&=@=@=%

lk;fasf] dfqf (Volume)

lk;fasf] /\u (Colour)
lk;fasf] uGw (Odour of urine)
lk;fasf] kf/blz{tf (Transparency)
lk;fasf] :k]l;lkms 3gTj (Specific gravity)
lk;fasf] lk=Pr= (pH)
/f;folgs k/LIf0f (Chemical examination)
lk;fadf k|f]l6g (Protein) hfFr ljlw
lk;fadf lrgL (Sugar) hfFr ljlw
lk;fadf ls6f]g (Ketone) hfFr ljlw
lk;fadf afOn ;fN6 (Bile salt) k/LIf0f ljlw
lk;fadf o'/f]jfOlngf]h]g (Urobilinogen)
hfFr ljlw
&=@=@=^ lk;fadf jfOln?ljg (Bilirubin) hfFr ljlw
&=@=@=& lk;fadf /ut (Blood) hfFr ljlw
&=@=@=* lk;fadf Ol08sg (Indican) hfFr ljlw
&=@=@=( dlN6:6LS; (Multistix) hfFr ljlw
&=@=@=!) lk;fadf x]df]Unf]lagdfof]Unf]ljg
(Haemoglobin/Myoglobin) hfFr ljlw
&=@=# lk;fasf] dfOqmf]:sf]lks k/LIf0f ljlw
&=@=#=! Olky]lnon ;]n (Epithelial cells)
&=@=#=@ k; ;]n (Pus cell)
&=@=#=# Ol/y|f];fO6 (Erythrocyte)
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!@^
!@^
!@*
!@(
!#)
!##
!#&
!#&
!$!
!$#
!$^
!$*
!$*
!$(
!%!
!%@
!%@
!%#
!%$
!%$
!%%
9

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&=@=#=%
&=@=#=^
*=
*=!
*=@
*=#
*=$
*=$=!
*=$=@
*=$=#
*=$=$
*=%
*=^

lqm:6n (Crystal)
!%%
sf:6 (Cast)
!%%
hLjf0f' (Bacteria)
!%&
/ut k/LIf0f ljlw (Examination of Blood) !%*@%%
/utsf gd'gf ;\sng ljlw (Collection of blood) !%(
/ut ;~ro (Storage) ug]{ ljlw
!^%
/utaf6 l;/d 5'6\ofpg] ljlw
!^&
/ut hDg] ;do (Coagulation time, CT)
!^*
Soflkn/L 6\o'a ljlw (Capillary tube method)
!^(
lnJxfO{6 ljlw (Lee-white method)
!^(
:nfO8 ljlw (Slide method)
!&)
Unf; la8 ljlw (Glass bead method)
!&)
/ut aUg] ;do (Bleeding time, BT)
!&!
/utsf :dLo/ agfpg] tl/sf
!&!
(Procedure for blood smear preparation)

*=^=! :nfO8 (Slide) ljlw

*=^=@ se/ Unf; (Cover glass) ljlw
*=& /utsf ;]n u0fgf ug]{ ljlw

!&!
!&#
!&&

*=&=! 6f]6n /ftf] /Qms0f (Erythrocytes) u0fgf ljlw

*=&=@ 6f]6n No'sf];fO6 (Total leucocytes) u0fgf ljlw
*=&=# l8/]lG;on No'sf];fO6 u0fgf (Differential
leucocyte count, DLC) ljlw
*=&=$ x]df]Unf]lag (Hemoglobin) gfKg] ljlw

!&&
!*#
!*%

(Counting of blood cell)

10

!($

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*=&=$=! ;fxnL Pl;8 x]dfl6g ljlw
*=&=$=@ ;fOgd]ydf]Unf]ljg ljlw
*=&=% Ol/y|f];fO6 ;]l8d]G6]zg /]6 (ESR) lgsfNg]
ljlw
*=&=^ Kofs]8 ;]n ef]n'd (Packed cell volume, PCV)
lgsfNg] ljlw
*=&=& /]l6s'nf];fO{6 u0fgf ug]{ ljlw
(Reticulocyte count method)

!($
!(*
@)@
@)$
@!^

*=&=&=! Kn]l6n]6 u0fgf ljlw (Platelet estimation)

*=* /utsf k/hLjL hfFr ljlw

@!&
@@!

*=( /utdf k/hLjL rn]sf] kQf nufpg] ljlw

@$%

*=!) kdf{g]G6 :nfO8 agfpg] ljlw

@$*

*=!! /ftf] /Qms0fsf agfj6 tyf ;DalGwt zAbfjnL

@%)

(Diagnosis of blood parasites)

(Determination of movement of parasite

under wet film)
(Preparation of permanent slide)
(Erythrocyte morphologic feature & terms)

*=!@
(=
(=!
(=@
(=@=!

kz'xsf ;fdfGo /utsf tTjxsf] dfqf

@%%
b'w kl/If0f ljlw (Examination of Milk)
@%^@^*
y'g]nf] hfFrsf lglDt gd'gf (Sample) lng] tl/sf @%^
y'g]nf] hfFr ljlw (Mastitis test)
@^!
df]l8kmfO8 XjfO6 ;fO8 6]i6
@^@
(Modified white side test)

(=@=@ Soflnkmf]lg{of d]:6fOl6; 6]i6

(=@=# P;=Pn=P;=l6= (SLST)
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(CMT)

@^@
@^#
11

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(=@=$
(=@=%
(=#
!)=
!)=!

Snf]/fO8 6]i6 (Chloride test)

b'wdf ;f]dfl6s ;]n u0fgf ug]{ ljlw
b'wsf] sNr/ (Milk culture) ug]{ ljlw
5fnfsf] kl/If0f (Skin Examination)
d]Gh dfO6 kQf nufpg] tl/sf

@^$
@^%
@^&
@^(@*@
@^(

!)=@
!)=@=!
!!=
!!=!

k|flS6sn ;fO6f]nf]hL (Practical cytology)

Pkm=Pg=P=;L= 6]i6 (FNAC test)
afof]s]d]:6L hfFr (Biochemistry Test)
l;/d SoflN;od k/LIf0f ljlw

@&^
@*)
@*#@(@
@*#

(Diagnosis of Mange, Mite)

(Serum calcium estimation)

!!=@ l;/d Ogcuf{lgs km:kmf]/; k/LIf0f ljlw

@*%

!!=# /utsf Un'sf]h k/LIf0f ljlw

@*&

!!=$ ljn'?jLg hfFr (Bilirubin)

!!=% afof]s]d]:6L ;fdfGo Eofn'

@()
@(@

(Serum inorganic phosphorus estimation)

(Blood glucose estimation)

(Biochemistry normal value)

!@= hLjf0f'sf] sNr/ ug]{ ljlw

(Bacterial Culture Technique)

!@=!
!@=@
!@=@=!
!@=#
!@=$
12

d]l8of agfpg] tl/sf (Preparation of media)

Kn]6df sNr/ ug]{ tl/sf
6]i6 6\o'adf sNr/ ug]{ tl/sf
hLjf0f'sf] j[l4 k|lqmof (Process of bacterial growth)
hLjf0f' j[l4sf] nflu cfjZos tjx
(Bacterial growth factors)

@(##%!
@(#
@(&
#))
#)!
#)#

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!@=% k|of]uzfnfdf hLjf0f'sf] j[l4 ug]{ tl/sf

#)$

!@=^ hLjf0f' /\ufpg] ljlw (Staining of bacteria)

!@=& hLjf0f'sf] sf]nf]gLsf] agfj6 cWoog

#)&
#@@

!@=* hLjf0f'sf] cfsf/x (Shape of bacteria)

!@=( hLjf0f'sf] ult x]g]{ ljlw (Motility check of bacteria)
!@=!) AofS6]l/ofsf] u0fgf ug]{ ljlw

#@^
#@&
##)

!@=!!
!@=!!=!
!@=!!=@
!@=!!=#

###
###
##%
##^

(Bacterial growth in laboratory)

(Study of bacterial colony)

(Bacterial enumeration)

afof]s]ldsn k/LIf0f (Biochemical test)

O08f]n 6]i6 (Indole test)
;fO6]6 6]i6 (Citrate test)
ldyfOn /]8 ef]u; k/f]:s/ 6]i6
(Methyl Red VP test)

!@=!!=$ cS;L8]h 6]i6 (Oxidase test)

!@=!!=% Sof6fn]h 6]i6 (Catalase test)
!@=!!=^ sf]jfu'n]h 6]i6 (Coagulase test)
!@=!!=& o"/]h 6]i6 (Urease test)
!@=!!=* l6=P;=cfO{= 6]i6 (TSI test)
!@=!!=( l;d 6]i6 (SIM test)
!@=!!=!) cS;L8]zg / kmd]{G6]zg 6]i6
(Oxidation & fermentation test)

##*
##(
#$)
#$@
#$#
#$$
#$%

!@=!@ AofS6]l/ofsf hLj/;fog k|ltlqmof

#$^

!@=!# PlG6afof]l6s ;]lG;l6lel6 6]i6

#$&

(Biochemical characteristic of bacteria)

(Antibiotic sensitivity test)

hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

13

ljifo ;"rL
!#= ?d]g km\n'O8 hfFr ljlw

#%@#%%

!$= kfgLsf] sNr/ ug]{ ljlw

#%^

(Rumen Fluid Test Method)

(Water Culture Method)

!%= k|of]uzfnfsf] l/kf]6{ x]g]{ ljlw

(Study of Laboratory Tests Result)

#%&#^@

!^= k|of]uzfnfdf k|of]u ul/g]

#^##^%
;f\s]lts zAbx? (Glossary of Terms)
!&= k|ltzt 3f]n tof/ kfg]{ ljlw (Percent Solution) #^^#^&
!*= lkk]l6\u tyf 8fon';g ljlw
#^*#&)
(Pipetting & Dilutions Method)

!(= gd{n ;n';g tof/ ug]{ ljlw

(Preparation of Normal Solution)

@)= df]nfl/6L lgsfNg] tl/sf

(Calculation of Molarity)

@!=
@!=!
@!=@
@!=#
@!=$
@!=%
@!=^
@!=&
@!=*
@!=(
@!=!)
14

/]lk8 6]i6 ls6 (Rapid Test Kit)

/]lah (Rabies)
a'|;]nf]l;; (Brucellosis)
PgfKnfHdf]l;; (Anaplasmosis)
O= s]lg; (E. canis)
kfef]{OG6]/fOl6; (Parvoenteritis)
s]gfOg l8:6]Dk/ (Canine distemper)
x6{ jd{ (Heart worm)
k|]Ug]G;L 6]i6 (Pregnancy test)
sf]/f]gf (Corona)
lhcfl8{of (Giardia)

#&!#&%
#&^
#&&#*$
#&&
#&&
#&*
#&(
#&(
#*)
#*)
#*)
#*!
#*!

hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

ljifo ;"rL
@!=!!
@!=!@
@!=!#
@!=!$
@!=!%
@!=!^
@!=!&
@!=!*
@@=

6f]S;f]KnfHdf (Toxoplasma)
n]K6f]:kfO/f]l;; (Leptospirosis)
:jfOg lkme/ (Swine fever)
PkmPdl8 (FMD)
;fNdf]g]nf]l;; (Salmonellosis)
P=cfO= (AI)
cfO=la=l8= (IBD)
Pg=l8= (ND)
s'v'/f /f]u lgbfg ljlw

#*!
#*@
#*@
#*@
#*#
#*#
#*#
#*$
#*%#(^

@@=!
@@=@
@@=#
@@=$

gd'gf ;ng (Sample collection)

sNr/ ug]{ ljlw (Culture)
/ut kl/If0f ljlw (Blood test)
s'v'/fsf k'Nnf]/d /f]u hfFr ljlw

#*%
#()
#(!
#(%

@#= km+u; hfFr ljlw (Fungal Test)

@$= jLo{ kl/If0f ljlw (Semen Examination)
@%= Eoflhgn Do'S; hfFr ljlw

#(&
#(*$))
$)!

@^= l;=P;=Pkm= hfFr ljlw (CSF Test)

@&= ljiffQm kl/If0f ljlw

$)@$)$
$)%$!!

(Poultry Disease Diagnosis Technique)

(Pullorum disease diagnosis method)

(Vaginal Mucus Test)

(Toxicological Examination)

@&=! ;fOgfO8sf] ljif (Cyanide poisoning)

@&=@ gfO6]6sf] ljif (Nitrate poisoning)
hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

$)%
$)^
15

ljifo ;"rL
@&=#
@&=$
@&=%
@&=^
@&=&
@&=*
@&=(
@&=!)

cShfn]6sf] ljif (Oxalate poisoning)

:6LSgLgsf] ljif (Strychnine poisoning)
cf;]{lgssf] ljif (Arsenic poisoning)
ln8sf] ljiffQm (Lead poisoning)
gfO6fO{6sf] ljif (Nitrite poisoning)
y]lnodsf] ljif (Thalium poisoning)
Ouf]{6sf] ljif (Ergot poisoning)
sfj{g df]gf]S;fO8sf] ljif
(Carbon monoxide poisoning)

@&=!! km]gf]yfolhgsf] ljif

poisoning)

(Phenothiazine

$)&
$)*
$)*
$)(
$)(
$!)
$!)
$!)
$!!

@*= /f]u lgbfgsf lglDt rflxg] Kofyf]nf]hL hfFr $!@$!$

(Pathological Test for Disease Diagnosis)

@(= gd'gf ;\sng ljlw (Collection of Sample) $!%$!&

#)= gd'gf k7fpg] ljlw (Sample Dispatch Method) $!*$@&
#!= s]ldsnsf df]lns'n/df;
$@*$#!
(Molecular Mass of Chemical)

#@= k|of]uzfnfdf :6]lg l/oh]G6

(Staining Reagents) agfpg] tl/sf
##= gfktf}n ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
#$= hgfj/sf ;fdfGo zf/Ll/s tfkqmd,
gf8Lsf ult tyf Zjf; k|Zjf; lqmof
j0ff{g'qmlds ;"rL (Alphabetical index)
;Gbe{ u|Gyx? (References)

16

$#@$#*
$#($$!
$$@$$$
$$%$^)
$^!$^&

hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

e]6]l/g/L /f]u lgbfg k|ljlwsf] Oltxf;

!= e]6]l/g/L /f]u lgbfg k|ljlwsf] Oltxf;

(History of Veterinary Diagnostic Technology)

dflg; tyf kz'x?df /f]u lgbfgsf lglDt ul/g] k/LIf0fx? h:t}
lb;f, lk;fa, /ut, 5fnf, b'w OTofbLsf] ;'jft k|flrgsfn b]lv g} x'g]
u/]sf] ljZjf; Oltxf;ljbx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . k|flrg sfndf /f]ulgbfg ug]{
k|ljlw ld>df dflg;sf /f]usf nIf0f, 5fd]/ (Palpation), :y]l6:sf]kn]
;'g]sf] (Auscultation) cfwf/df ug]{ ub{Yof] h;sf] cfwf/df kfrg
k|0ffnL, d'6' tyf /Qm;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?sf lgbfg
x'g] ub{Yof] . To;sf] cnfjf sn]hf], lkmof] (Spleen) tyf dlxgfjf/L
(Menstrual) sf] u8a8Lsf] lgbfg ug]{ ub{Yof] t/ oL ;]jfx? s]jn
/fhkl/jf/ / ;DkGg JolQmx?df dfq pknAw x'g] ub{Yof] . u/La tyf
dWod ju{sf dflg;x?n] b]ptfnfO{ e]8fsf anL lbg] rng /x]sf] lyof] .
anL lbPsf e]8fsf sn]hf]sf cfsf/, lkmof] OTofbL efux? /f]uLnfO{
O{Zj/ k|ltsf cf:yf a9fpgsf lglDt s]jn b]vfpg] rng dfq /x]sf]
lyof] . tL ju{sf dflg;x?df /f]u lgbfg ug]{ rng lyPg .
$)) O{zfk"j{ k|flrg lrlsT;sx?n] ;j{k|yd /f]uL dflg;nfO{
/f]ulgbfgsf lglDt e'O{+df lk;fa km]g{ nufO{ To;df sldnf nfu] gnfu]sf
x]g{] ub{y] . olb To;df sldnf nfUg uof] eg] /f]uLsf] z/L/df kmf]8f,
kmf]sf] (Boils) 5 eGg] lgbfg ug]{ sfo{ x'GYof] .
;j{k|yd s/La #)) O{zfk"j{ lxkf]qm]6\; (Hippocrates) n] /f]u
lgbfgsf lglDt z/L/sf t/n kbfy{sf hfFrsf] ;'jft ug'{eof] h;n] ubf{
pxfFnfO{ kmfb/ ckm d]l8l;gsf] gfdn] hflgG5 . pxfFn] /f]uL dflg;sf
lk;fa k/LIf0f, kmf]S;f]sf] cfjfh ;'Gg], 5fnfsf /sf] k/LIf0f h:tf
/f]ulgbfg ug]{ sfo{sf ;'jft ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lxkf]qm]6\;n] lk;fa dfly
kmf]sfx? (Bubbles) cfpg' eg]sf] d[uf}nfsf /f]u (Kidney disease) tyf
hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

17

e]6]l/g/L /f]u lgbfg k|ljlwsf] Oltxf;

hL0f{ k|sf/sf (Chronic disease) /f]u xf] eGg] s'/fsf] olsg u/fpg'
ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] cnfjf pxfFn] lk;fadf /ut, lkksf] klxrfg
;d]t lk;fasf /, wldnf]kgsf] cfwf/df 5'\ofpg] sfo{ ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
;j{k|yd lk;fadf /ut (Haematuria) cfpg] /f]usf lgbfg O{=;+=
%) df ?km'; ckm Okm];; (Rufus of Ephesus) f/f d[uf}nf c;kmn
(Kidney failure) sf sf/0f cfPsf] eGg] kQf nufpg'ePsf] lyof] .
;g\ !#!@)! tfsf Uofn]g (Galen) hf] PS;k]l/d]G6n lkmlhof]nf]hLsf
;+:yfks x'g'x'GYof], pxfFn] lxkf]qm]6\;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{
lrgL/f]u (Diabetes) df w]/} lk;fa cfpg] tyf kfgL lkPsf] cg'kftdf
lk;fasf] dfqf af/] kQf nufpg'ePsf] lyof] .
dWoo'utfsf lqmlZrogx?sf] /fodf /f]u eGg] s'/f kfksf
;hfo x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVby], t/ klg dflg;x?sf] gf8L
5fDg], kmf]S;f]sf] cfjfh ;'Gg], jLo{sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ h:tf sfo{x?sf]
lg/Gt/tf wd{u'?x?af6 eOg} /x]sf] lyof] . o'/f]:sf]kL (Uroscopy)
ljlwf/f lk;fa k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'jft ;g\ ()) df O:ofs h'l8o;
(Isaac Judaeus), ox"bL (Jewish) lrlsT;s Pj+ bfz{lgsf/f ePsf]
xf] . /f]uLn] cfgf] lk;fa lnP/ lrlsT;sf/f tof/ ul/Psf] sfFrsf
ef8fdf n}hfg' kb{Yof] . To;tfsf h]?;n]d (Jerusalem) sf] sfg'g
sf]8 g+= !)() cg';f/ /f]uL dflg;n] cfgf] lk;fasf] k/LIf0f clgjfo{
?kdf u/fpg' kg]{ lyof] . cGoyf cfd dflg; ;dIf b08sf] ;xefuL x'g'
kb{Yof] . lk;fasf] k/LIf0fsf lglDt lrlsT;sx?f/f tof/ ul/Psf]
ljz]if k|sf/sf nf:sdf nfdf]b'/Laf6 lk;fax? lnP/ cfpg' kb{Yof] .
s/La ;g\ !#)) tfsf ljZjsf klxnf] k':ts k|sfzg eof] h;df lk;fasf
/, dfqf, uGw, kf/bzL{tf OTofbLaf/] la:t[t j0f{g ul/Psf] lyof] .
kmn:j?k o'/f]:sf]kL o'/f]k afx]s ljZje/L g} /f]ulgbfgdf k|rlnt /xg
uof] / /f]u lgbfgsf lglDt lk;fasf] k/LIf0fn] Jofkstf kfPsf] lyof] .
18

hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

e]6]l/g/L /f]u lgbfg k|ljlwsf] Oltxf;

/f]uL dflg;n] cfgf] lk;fasf] k/LIf0f sfFrsf efF8fdf o;/L g} b]vfP/ ug]{ ub{y] .

ef/tdf ;d]t cfo'j]{b pkrf/ k4ltdf /f]u lgbfgsf lglDt

lk;fasf k/LIf0fn] lgs} dxj kfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . To;sf] jfjh'b klg
/f]u lgbfg ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'g;s]sf] lyPg . /Qm;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf]
cfljisf/ ljlnod xfj]{n] -;g\ !%&*!^%&_ ug'{ ePkl5 /f]ulgbfg ug]{
k|ljlwn] gofF :j?k kfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . pxfFn] kfrg, d]6faf]lnHd,
Zjf;k|Zjf; lqmof tyf uef{j:yfsf af/]df pNn]v ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
To;nfO{ d"t{?k k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ sfo{ j}1flgsx?af6 x'g yfNof] h;
cGtu{t /QmgnL, /Qm;~rf/, d'6'sf] sfo{ OTofbLaf/] la:t[t pNn]v
ul/Psf] lyof] .
dfOqmf]:sf]ksf] cfljisf/n] /f]ulgbfg ug]{ sfo{sf] 9f]sf v'Ng]
sfo{ eof], x'g t u]lnlnof]f/f ul/Psf] 6]ln:sf]ksf] cfljisf/n]
;'Id j:t'x? x]g{ ;lsg] s'/fsf] ljZjf; hufpg yfn]sf] lyof] . To;
tfsf dfOqmf]:sf]lk:6 lh;; k'hf/L hd{gsf km'N8f lgjf;L PyfG;Lo;
lsr{/ (Athanasius Kircher, !^)@!^*)) f/f ;DejtM klxnf] k6s
dfOqmf]:sf]ksf] k|of]u /f]u lgbfg ug]{ sfo{df ul/Psf] lyof] . pxfFn]
hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg

19

e]6]l/g/L /f]u lgbfg k|ljlwsf] Oltxf;

;j{k|yd /utdf Kn]u (Plague) /f]usf ls6f0f' b]v] eGg] s'/fsf] pNn]v
ug'{ePsf] t/ sfnfGt/df j}1flgsx?sf] /fodf Kn]usf ls6f0f' geO{
/ftf] /Qms0f, k;;]nx? x'g ;Sg] wf/0ff /flvPsf] lyof] . lsg eg]
#@% kfj/sf n]G;n] Kn]usf ls6f0f' Aof;Ln; k]:6L; (Bacillus pestis)
b]Vg ;Sg] ;Defjgf g} lyPg . ;g\ !^#%!&)# ;j{k|yd /f]j6{ x's
(Robert Hooke) f/f dfOqmf]:sf]kaf6 /utsf ;]nx?sf] kQf nfUof]
To;kl5 lx:6f]nf]hLsf] ljsf;sf] k|f/De eof] .
O{6flnog dfOqmf]:sf]lk:6 df;]{nf] dfnlk3L (Marcelo Malpighi,
!^@*!^($) nfO{ lx:6f]nf]hLsf] ;+:yfkssf] ?kdf hfGg yflnof], pxfFn]
rNnf e'|0fsf] lx:6f]nf]hL cWoog ug'{ePsf] lyof] To;sf] cnfjf Un}08,
kfrg csf efux?sf] ;d]t lx:6f]nf]hL ljlwf/f cWoog ug'e
{ Psf] lyof] .

o'/f]:sf]kL ljlwf/f lk;fasf] k/LIf0f

k|mfGh lqm:6f]km h]g]s -!&)#!&^!_ f/f x'g] ub{Yof] .
20

hLa5 e]6]l/g/L k|of]uzfnf 1fg