uf]ne]8fsf] j[l4, pTkfbg / pTkfbgf]k/fGtsf u'0fx?

df
gfO{6«f]hg / kf]6fl;odsf dfqfx?sf] k|efj
zf]w–;f/
gfd M ;Gtf]if kf}8]n kl/ro kq g+= M Prcf/l6–)!Pd–@)!#
;q / egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&) pkfwL M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f= b'uf{ dl0f uf}td ljefu M jfujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x? M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ hDdf k[i7 ;+Vof M ($
;x–k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7

gfO{6«f]hg / kf]6fl;od dnsf] ;lx ;b'kof]u ;DalGw jt{dfg cWoog, uf]ne]8fsf]]

pTkfbg, kmnsf] u'0f:t/ / e08f/0f cfo' nDAofpgsf] lglDt s]lGb|t lyof] . ;f] cWoog ;g\
@)!$ sf] ;]K6]Da/ b]lv l8;]Da/ ;Dd d+unk'/ uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= & lrtjgdf ul/Psf] lyof] .
gfO{6«f]hg dnsf ltg dfqf -) ls=u|f=÷x]=, !)) ls=u|f=÷x]=, @)) ls=u|f=÷x]=_ /
kf]6fl;od dnsf $ dfqf -) ls=u|f=÷x]=, *) ls=u|f=÷x]=, !^) ls=u|f=÷x]=, @$)
ls=u|f=÷x]=_ nfO{ pkrf/sf ?kdf /]G8f]dfOH8 slDKn6 Anu l8hfOg cGt{ut ltg k6s
bf]xf]¥ofP/ kl/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . b'j} lsl;dsf dnx?n] lj?jfsf] jfg:klts ;+u;u} pTkfbg
a9fpg] u'0fx?df cy{k"0f{ ?kn] c;/ u/]sf] kfOof] . gfO6«f]hgsf] k|of]un] klxnf] km'n
km'Ng] lbg l56f] u/fpg'sf ;fy} pTkfbgdf j[l4 u/]sf] kfOof] . kf]6fl;odsf] @$)
ls=u|f=÷x]= sf] dfqfn] ahf/ of]Uo pTkfbgdf cy{k"0f{ j[l4 u/]sf] kfOof] . kmnsf]
Jof;df gfO6«f]hgsf] @)) ls=u|f=÷x]= dfqfn] j[l4 u/]sf] lyof] eg] ) ls=u|f=÷x]=
gfO6«f]hg / !^) ls=u|f=÷x]= kf]6fl;odn] / To;kl5 !)) ls=u|f= / !^) ls=u|f= kf]6fl;odn]
*) lbgkl5 l6k]sf] kmndf /Ësf] pNn]vlgo ljsf; u/]sf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] ;do;Dd t'nfgfTds
?kn] tf}nsf] l:y/tf !)) ls=u|f=÷x]= gfO6«f]hg / @$) ls=u|f=÷x]= kf]6f;Loddf jl9
kfOPsf] lyof] . e08f/0fsf] ;dodf -!&=%±#);] / ;f]k]lIfs cfb|ftf *)=%±^=%Ü_ kmndf
/Ësf] ljsf; / e08f/0fsf] cfo' -!!=& lbg_ nfO kf]6fl;odsf] @$) ls=u|f=÷x]= n] j9fPsf]
kfOof] . e08f/0fsf] cfo' !)) ls=u|f=÷x]= gfO6«f]hgn] pkrf/ ul/Psf] kmndf klg jl9
kfOPsf] lyof] . kmnsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;'rsx? kmnsf] ltg j6f km/s cj:yfx? h:t}M
-a|]s/, k|fs[lts ?kdf kfs]sf] -lkmsf /ftf]_ / e08f/0f cfo'sf] clGtd cj:yf_ df hf+lrPsf]
lyof] . e08f/0f cfo'sf] clGtd cj:yfdf ) ls=u|f=÷x]= gfO6«f]hg / @$) ls=u|f=÷x]=
kf]6fl;od / To;kl5 !)) ls=u|f=÷x]= gfO6«f]hg / @$) ls=u|f=÷x]= kf]6fl;odsf]
;ld>0fdf kmnsf] bx|f]kgf j9]sf] kfOof] . kmnsf] /;sf] lk=Pr= klg e08f/0f cfo'sf]
clGtd cj:yfdf @$) ls=u|f=÷x]= kf]6fl;oddf sd kfOPsf] lyof] . s'n 3f]nglzn 7f];
kbfy{sf] dfqf kmnsf] e08f/0f cfo'sf] clGtd cj:yfdf @$) ls=u|f=÷x]= n] / k|fs[lts ?kn]
kfs]sf] lkmsf /ftf]_ cj:yfdf @)) ls=u|f=÷x]= gfO6«f]hgn] a[l4 u/]sf] kfOof] . a|]s/
cj:yfdf le6fldg l; sf] dfqf @)) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hgn] cToflws ?kdf a9fPsf] kfOof] .
To;}u/L kf]6fl;odsf] @$) ls=u|f=÷x]= sf] dfqfn] kmnsf] k|fs[lts ?kn] kfs]sf] /
e08f/0f cfo'sf] clGtd cj:yfdf le6fldg l; df pNn]vlgo j[l4 u/]sf] lyof] . ;j} glthfx?sf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ !)) ls=u|f=÷x]= gfO6«f]hg / @$) ls=u|f=÷x]= kf]6fl;odsf] ;ld>0fn]
lj?jfsf] jfgl:kts j[l4, pRr ahf/ of]Uo pTkfbg, kmnsf] u'0f:t/ / e08f/0f cfo'df cy{k"0f{
j[l4 u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

k|f=8f= b'uf{ dl0f uf}td ;Gtf]if kf}8]n

d'Vo–;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 lrtjg, g]kfnsf] ;dyn If]qdf /f]Kg] ;do / lj?jf jLrsf] b'/Ln]
a|f]sfpnLsf] jLp pTkfbgdf kfg]{] k|efj
zf]w–;f/
gfdM ;/:jtL >]i7 kl/ro g+=M Pr=cf/=6L=–)@–
Pd–@)!#
;q tyf egf{ jif{M k|yd pkflwM s[lif :gftf]sQ/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj ljefuM jfujfgL ljefu
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x?M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM
($
pk–k|f= ;Gtf]if d/xÝf
s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno, /fdk'/, lrtjgdf lj=;= @)&! ;fnsf] lxpbdf, lj?jf /f]Kg] ;do / lj?jf
jLrsf] b'/Lsf] ljleGg txsf] k|of]u jf6 j|f]sfpnLsf] Sofnfla|h hftsf] jLp pTkfbg / ljpsf]
u'0f:t/df x'g] c;/ x]g{ Pp6f cg';Gwfg ePsf] lyof] . pQm cWoog l:Kn6 Kn6 9frfdf
tLg k6s bf]xf]of{OPsf] lyof], k|of]u ePsf] sf/s dWo] /f]Kg] ;do -k|d'v Kn6_
gf]e]Da/ !, gf]e]Da/ !%, gf]e]Da/ #) / lj?jf jLrsf] b'/L -pk Kn6_ ^) ;]= dL × %) ;]=
dL, ^) ;]= dL × ^) ;]= dL / ^) ;]= dL × &% ;]= dL sf] pkrf/x? ;+nUg ul/Psf] lyof] .
cg';Gwfgsf] glthf cg';f/ /f]Kg] ;do / lj?jf jLrsf] b'/Ln] jLp pTkfbgdf c;/ b]lvof] .
gf]e]Da/ ! df /f]lkPsf] la?jf sf] prfO #) / ^) lbgdf a9L kfOof] / kftsf]] ;ª\Vof klg a9L
kfOof] . To:t} ^) ;]= dL × &% ;]= dL sf] b'/Ldf nufOPsf la?jfsf] prfO / kftsf] ;ª\Vof
;a}eGbf a9L kfOof] . gf]e]Da/ ! df / ^) ;]= dL × %) ;]= dL sf] b'/Ldf nufOPsf]
la?jfjf6 a|f]sfpnLsf] pTkfbg ;a}eGbf a9L -@=*& 6g÷x]=_ kfOof] . gf]e]Da/ ! df ^)
;]= dL × %) ;]= dL sf] b'/Ldf nufOPsf] lj?jfjf6 ;j}eGbf w]/} aLp pTkfbg !)*&=@)
s]=hL ÷ x]= kfOof] . a|f]sfpnLsf] jLpsf] u'0f:t/ h:t} xhf/ bfgfsf] tf}n, pdf/ k|ltzt,
cf]h;nfO{ klg /f]Kg] ;do / lj?jf jLrsf] b'/Ln] c;/ u/]sf] kfOof] . gf]e]Da/ !% df
/f]lkPsf] lj?jf / ^) ;]= dL × ^) ;]= dL sf] b'/Ldf /f]lkPsf] lj?jf jf6 xhf/ bfgf sf] tf}n w]/}
kfOof] t/ gf]e]Dj/ !% / ^) ;]= dL × %) ;]= dL sf] b'/Ljf6 w]/} cf]h; / pdf/zlSt kfOof] .
;j} pkrf/nfO{ x]bf{ gf]e]Da/ ! sf] / ^) ;]= dL × %) ;]= dL= b'/Lsf] /f]kfO jf6 lrtjgsf]
;dyn 7fpdf jLp pTkfbg ubf{ cfly{s ?kn] ;j}eGbf /fd|f] kfOof] .

k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj ;/:jtL

>]i7
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 6df6/nfO{ kl/jlt{t jfo'd08ndf e08f/0f ubf{ ljleGg KoflsË
Knfli6ssf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog
zf]w–;f/
gfd M ;latf s'df/L hf]zL kl/ro kq g+= M Prcf/6L–)$Pd–
@)!#
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&) pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L ljefu M jfujfgL
;b:o ;Nnxfsf/x? M k|f=8f= b'uf{dl0f uf}td hDdf k[i7 ;+Vof M %(
pk–k|f= dfwj lwtfn
æ;DemgfÆ hftsf] 6df6/df pko'Qm df]l8kmfO{8 P6\df];lkmP/ Kofs]lhË k|ljlwsf]
k|of]uaf6 ;fdfGo kl//j]; -!%=% ± $);]= tfkqmd / *@ ±17 Ü ;fk]lIfs cfb|tfdf lj=;+=
@)&! ;fn df3_ df e08f/0f u/L pTkfbgf]k/fGt cjlw a9fpg cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . kfSg
;'? u/]sf] xl/of] 6df6/ NofP/ ljleGg vfnsf Knfli6sdf !)÷!) lsnf]sf] b/n] xfjf gk:g] u/L
Kofs]lhË ul/Psf] lyof] . @% / %) dfOqmf]g df]6fOsf sd 3gTj kf]lnlyg (LDPE 25µ /
LDPE 50 µ), @% / %) dfOqmf]g df]6fOsf a9L 3gTj kf]lnk|f]kfOlng (HDPE 25µ / HDPE
50µ), lSnGh /\ofk elgg] ;'k/dfs]{6x¿df k|of]u ul/g] Knfli6s / lagf Kofs]lhËsf u/L
hDdf ^ j6f Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof]] / x/]s Joj:yfkgnfO{ tLg k6s
bf]xf]of{OPsf] lyof] . o;/L /flvPsf gd"gfx¿ kfFr lbg kl5 vf]Ng] / bz lbgkl5 vf]Ng]
u/L b'O{ d'Vo ;d"xdf afFl8Psf lyP . o;/L eG8f/0f kl5sf] 6df6/sf] u'0f:t/ x]g{ ljleGg
vfn] k/LIf0f h:t} M tf}ndf x|f;, ahf/ of]Uotf, 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{, clDnokgf, le6fldg ;L
cflb . of] cWoogdf e08f/0f kl5 6df6/sf] u'0f:t/sf cfwf/x?nfO{ t'ngf ubf{, LDPE 50 µ df
% lbg;Dd df]l8kmfO{8 P6\df];lkmP/ Kofs]lhËdf e08f/0f ubf{ 6df6/sf] tf}ndf x|f;
;aeGbf sd -)=^%Ü_ kfO{of] Knfli6s k|of]u gu/]sf]df ;aeGbf a9L -)=&&%) kfO{of]
. pTkfbgf]k/fGt cjlwnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] LDPE 50 µ df kfFr lbg;Dd KoflsË u/]sf]
6df6/df pTkfbgf]k/fGt cjlw sG6«f]ndf eGbf !# lbg a9L ePsf] kfO{of] . ctM
6df6/nfO{ % lbg;Dd Knfli6s lkmNddf KoflsË u/]/ e08f/0f ubf{ u'0f:t/ sd x'G5 .

____________________ ______________
k|f=8f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L ;latf s'df/L
hf]zL
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
ljleGg lj?jfj4{s tTjx?sf] t/af/] km"n -cd]l/sg Jo"l6_ sf] j[l4,
km"n km"Ng], ufgf] pTkfbg / km'nbfg hLjgdf kg]{ k|efj
zf]w–;f/
gfd M cl:dtf vgfn btf{ g+= M Pr=cf/=l6=–
)%Pd–@)!#
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&) pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M ;x–k|f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L ljefu M afujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x? M 8f= pldb s'df/ k'g hDdf k[i7 ;+Vof M &#
pk–k|f= dfwj lwtfn
g]kfndf v]tL ul/g] / b}lgs k|of]udf NofOg] s6\ˆnfj/x? dWo] Unfl8of];sf] :yfg
dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] Joj;flos v]tL ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs b]lv g} ul/b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
o;sf] pQd s6\ˆnfj/x? u'0f / nfdf] pTkfbgf]k/fGt hLjgn] ubf{ g]kfnL km"n ahf/df
o;sf] dfu lbgfg'lg al9 /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ 7"nf] zx/x?sf] 5]p5fp / glhssf lhNnfx?df
o;sf] Jofj;flos v]tLsf] 7"nf] ;DefJotf /x]sf] 5 . Unfl8of]n; s6\ˆnfj/sf] u'0f:t/nfO{ w]/}
s'/fn] k|efj kfb{5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ljleGg lj?jfjw{ssf] ljleGg dfqfn] jfg:klts ljsf;, km"n
km"Ng], gofF ufgf / 5fp/fsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbgf]k/fGt hLjg tyf u'0f:t/df kg{] c;/sf]
n]vfhf]vf ug{sf] nflu @)&) sflQ{s b]lv @)&) kmfNu'g;Dd lrtjg lhNnf,, zf/bfgu/
uf=lj=;= l:yt s[lif / jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnodf Pp6f cWoog kl/If0f ul/of] . of] cg';Gwfg
¥of08dfOH8 slDKn6 Ans l8hfOgdf ul/Psf] lyof] h;df tLgj6f lj?jfjwPs -Pg=P=P=,
lh=P= # / sfOg]l6g_ sf] tLgj6f km/s dfqfnfO{ ufgf] /f]k]sf] #) lbg / $% lbgkl5
kmf]lnP/ :k]| ul/Psf] lyof] / # k6s bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] lyof] . ufgf] pd|]b]lv g} af]6sf] j[l4
ljsf;, s6\ˆnfj/ / 5fp/fx?sf] pTkfbg tyf u'0f:t/ ;DalGw ;Dk"0f{ tYof+sx?sf] ;+sng ul/
ltgsf] a}1flgs n]vfhf]vf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cg'Gwfgaf6 leGg dfqf cg';f/sf lj?jfjw{ssf]
ljleGg c;/x? b]lvof] . lh=P= # sf] !%) lk=lk=Pd= n] lj?jfsf] prfO{, kftsf] nDafO{ /
kftsf] ;+Vofdf /fd|f] k|efj u/]sf] b]lvof] . lj?jfdf km"n km"Ng] 8's' lg:sg nfUg] ;do /
km"nn] /Ë b]vfpg nfUg] ;dodf eg] lh=;= # sf] !)) lk=lk=Pd=df /fd|f] k|efj b]lvof] .
km"n km"Ng] 8's'sf] nDafO{ / km"n km"ng] efusf] nDafO{ lh=;=# sf] !%)
lk=lk=Pd= df ;j}eGbf /fd|f] b]lvof] . t/ 8's'sf] Jof; eg] Pg=P=P=–!%) lk=lk=Pd= df
pTs[i6 b]lvof] . 8's'df km"nsf] ;+Vof / 8's'sf] tNnf] km"nsf] nDafO{ lh=P= #–!))
lk=lk=Pd= df cToflws kfOof] la?jfdf ufgf] / e'/f ufgf] pTkfbg / ltgsf] /fd|f] u'0f:t/ klg
lh=P=#–!%) lk=lk=Pd= sf] k|of]uaf6 b]lvof] . o;sf ;fy} pTkfbgf]k/fGt hLjgdf klg
lh=P=#–!%) lk=lk=Pd= sf] k|of]u ubf{ pTs[i7 k|efj b]lvof] . o; cg'Gwfgaf6
lj?jfjw{s k|of]u ug'{ cl3 pTkfbgsf] cfjZostf a'‰g' h?/L b]lvof] . lj?jfsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ul/
s6\ˆnfj/sf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg, pTkfbgf]k/fGt hLjg a9fpg / ufgf] tyf e'/f ufgf]sf] ptkfbg /
u'0f:t/ a9fpg lh=P=#–!)) b]lv lh=P=#–!%) lk=lk=Pd= sf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L b]lvG5 .

____________________
;x–k|f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L cl:dtf
vgfn
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/
n]vs
uf]ne]F8fsf hftx?sf] Knfli6s / k/fnsf] 5fkf] k|ltsf]
k|ltlqmof
zf]w–;f/
gfdM lgzf s8]+n kl/ro kq g+=M Pr=cf/=6L–
)^Pd–@)!#
;q tyf egf{ jif{M k|yd, @)&) pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxfsf/M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ ljefuM afujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x?M ;x–k|f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM *#
pk–k|f= xf]dgfy lu/L

uf]ne]F8fsf] jif]{ / z/b afnL pTkfbgdf k/fn / Knfli6s 5fkf]x¿n] kfg]{ c;/x¿sf] cWoog
ug{ lj=;= @)&! ebf} b]lv kf}if ;Dd Pp6f kl/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . uf]ne]8fsf rf/ hftx¿
:j/Iff, Pg=P; *!%, Pg=P;=@%#% / ;L=Pn= !!#! df k/fn / Knfli6ssf] 5fkf] k|of]u
ul/Psf] lyof] eg] t'ngfTds sfo{sf] nflu 5fkf] k|of]u gul/Psf lj¿jfx?nfO{ lgolGqt ?kdf
lnOPsf] lyof] . kl/If0f /]G8dfOH8 slDKn6 Ans l8hfO{gdf u/L # k6s bf]xf]¥ofOPsf]
lyof] . la?jfsf] a[l4, df]6f]kg, emf/kftsf] j[l4, ljlqmof]Uo kmnsf] pTkfbg df6f]sf]
tfkqmd, df6f]sf] lr:ofg cflb ;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍx?sf] /]s8{ lnO{Psf] lyof] . ;L=Pn=
!!#! hftsf af]6x?sf] 8fF7sf] Jof;, km"nsf] ;+Vof, km"nsf] em'Kkfsf] ;+Vof, kmnsf]
;+Vof k|lt af]6df c¿ hftdf eGbf t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L b]lvof] . :j/Iff hftsf] s'n pTkfbg -
@=% s]=hL k|lt af]6_ / lalqmof]Uo kmn pTkfbg -%%d]l6«s 6g k|lt x]S6/_ c?
hftx? eGbf a9L / Pg=P;= *!%-@( d]=6 k|lt x]S6/_ df ;a}eGbf sd b]lvof] . 5fkf]
k|of]u gul/Psf -lgolGqt_ Kn6x?df af]6sf] a[l4 / kmnsf] pTkfbg lgs} sd ePsf]
kfOof] . Knfli6ssf] 5fkf] k|of]un] ;a}eGbf a9L la?jfsf] prfO{ -&( ;]=dL=_ / 8fF7sf]
Aof; -*=$ ;]=dL=_ kfOof] . k/fnsf] 5fkf] /fv]sf] Kn6df k|lt af]6 km'nsf] em'Kkfsf]
;+Vof -!)_, km'nsf] ;Vof -@(=$_, kmnsf] ;+Vof -@)_ s'n lalqmof]Uo kmn pTkfbg
-%!=# d]=6 k|lt x]S6/_ w]/} kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;a}eGbf a9L s"n gfkmf -
¿=@!,@^,()) k|lt x]S6/_ . :j/Iff hftsf] uf]ne]F8fdf Knfli6ssf] 5fkf] k|of]u ubf{ x'g]
b]lvof] eg] To;kl5 l;=Pn= !!#! hftsf] uf]ne]F8fdf klg Knfli6ssf] 5fkf] k|of]u ubf{ a9L
gfkmf -¿= !(,#!,))) k|lt x]S6/_ x'g] b]lvof] . cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa ubf{ eg] :j/Iffdf
Knfli6ssf] 5fkf] k|of]u ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L -^=^M!_ x'g] kfOof] . k|of]u ul/Psf 5fkf]x?
dWo] Knfli6s / k/fn b'a}n] b]vfPsf] k|bz{g pTs[i6 lyof] .

k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ lgzf

sF8]n
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/
n]vs
 bzxl/ cfFksf] pTkfbgf]k/fGt u'0f:t/df /f;folgs / ef}lts
pkrf/ / s'zlgË j:t'sf] k|of]un] kf/]sf] k|efj
zf]w–;f/

gfdM ;ldIff a8fn kl/ro kq g+M Pr=cf/=6L–)& Pd–

@)!#
;qfGt / egf{ jif{M k|yd, @)&) pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxfsf/M ;x–k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7 ljefuM afujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x? M k|f=8f= b'uf{dl0f uf}td hDdf k[i7 ;+Vof M &)
>L clgn s'df/ cfrf{o
/f;folgs / ef}lts pkrf/ Pj+ s'zlgË j:t'sf] k|of]un] bzxl/ cfFksf] pTkfbgf]k/fGt u'0f:t/df
kfg]{ k|efj x]g{sf nflu b'O{ 5'§f5'§} kl/If0fx? ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] kl/If0f s[lif tyf jg
lj1fg ljZjljBfno, /fdk'/, lrtjgsf] afuafgL k|of]uzfnfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . b'j} kl/If0fx?
slDkN6 /]G8dfOH8 l8hfOgdf /flvPsf] lyof] . klxnf] kl/If0fsf] pkrf/x? )=%Ü / !Ü
SoflN;od Snf]/fO8, %Ü / !)Ü cShflns Pl;8, tftf]kfgL / lk|s'lnË /x]sf lyP . To; cjlwe/
e08f/0f sf]7fsf] tfkqmd / ;fk]lIft cf›ftf qmdzM #@±% l8u|L ;]= / &!±%Ü lyof] .
cWoogsf] qmddf ljleGg Kof/fld6/x? rf/–rf/ lbgsf] cGt/fndf lnO{Psf] lyof] .
e08f/0fdf ;a}eGbf a9L P:saL{s Pl;8 %Ü cShflns Pl;8af6 pkrfl/t cfFkdf kfOof] .
To;}ul/ s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ )=%Ü SoflN;od Snf]/fO8åf/f pkrfl/t cfFkdf a9L
b]lvof], eg] pkrfl/o cDnsf] dfqf !)Ü cShflns Pl;8 / lk|s'lnËåf/f pkrfl/t cfFkdf w]/}
kfOof] . kmnsf] tf}ndf x|f; eg] tftf]kfgLåf/f pkrfl/t cfFkdf sd b]lvof] . cShflns
Pl;8sf] %Ü em]fnåf/f pkrfl/t cfFkdf ;8g ;d:of yf]/} kfOof] . s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ /
pkrfl/o cDnsf] cg'kft )=%Ü SoflN;od Snf]/fO8af6 pkrfl/t cfFkdf al9 kfOof] . bf];|f]
kl/If0f kmnsf] Kofs]lhËdf ljleGg s'zlgË j:t'sf] k|of]u ul/ /fdk'/, lrtjgaf6 kmnkm"n
ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, sLlt{k'/, sf7df08f}+sf] k|of]uzfnf;Dd 9'jfgL ul/Psf] lyof] . s'zlgË
j:t'x? k/fn,:6fO/f]kmf]d, sfuh / Pn=l8=kL=O{ %) dfOqmf]gsf] Knfli6s lyP .
clDnokgf k/fn /fv]/ ul/Psf Kofs]lhËdf / lgolGqtdf sd / :6fO/f]kmf]d k|of]u u/]sf]df
w]/} b]lvof] . To;}ul/ s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ sfuh k|of]u u/]sf]df pRr b]lvof] eg]
kmnsf] tf}ndf x|f; k/fndf /fv]/ 9'jfgL u/]sf]df a9L kfOPsf] lyof] .

;x-k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7 ;ldIff a8fn

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 kg]{ c;/ kl/If0f

zf]w–;f/
gfd M ;Gtf]if nf]xgL kl/ro kq g+= M Pr=cf/=l6=–)*Pd–
@)!#
;q / egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&) pkfwL M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ ljefu M jfujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= >LrGb| ;fx hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM !@*
;x–k|f= 8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7

gfO{6«f]hg dnsf] dfqfn] ljleGg hftsf e]8] v';f{gLsf] pTkfbg / u'0f:t/df kg]{ c;/ kQf
nufpg ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] z/b–lzlz/ Ct'df d+unk'/ lrtjgdf k/LIf0f ul/of] . e]8] v';f{gLsf
hftx? -SofnLkmf]lg{of jG8/, ;fu/, Pg=P;= ^#@ / O{Gb|f_ nfO{ klxnf] ˆofS6/ / rf/
j6f gfO{6«f]hgsf dfqf -@%), @)), !%) s]=hL= gfO{6«f]hg÷x]= /f;foflgs dnaf6 /
@)) s]=hL= gfO{6«f]hg÷x]= uf]7]dnsf] dfWodaf6_ nfO{ bf];|f] ˆofS6/ dfgL !^ j6f
pkrf/x? tof/ ul/ tLg k6s bf]xf]¥ofP/ b'O{ ˆofS6f]l/on /G8f]dfO{H8\ slDkN6 Ans
l8hfO{gdf k/LIf0f ul/of] . j0f{z+s/ hftx? O{Gb|f / Pg=P; ^#@ sf] pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTj v'Nnf ;]+lrt hftx? Solnkmf]lg{of jfG8/ / ;fu/ eGbf /fd|f] /x]sf] kfO{of] .
Pg=P;= ^#@ hftsf] af]6df Soflnkmf]lg{of jG8/ eGbf l56f] km"n km"n]sf] kfO{of] .
;aeGbf al9 af]6sf] prfO{ %@=!* ;]=ld=, 8fF7sf] km]bsf] df]6fO{ !@=$# ld=ld=,
;xfos xfFufsf] ;+Vof k|lt af]6 !#=%! j6f O{Gb|f hftdf @%) s]=hL= gf=÷x]= /f;folgs
dn k|of]u ul/Psf]df kfO{of] . ;a}eGbf al9 kftsf] ;+Vof k|lt af]6 %&=@@ j6f Pg=P;
^#@ hftsf] e]8] v';f{gLdf kfO{of] / ;a}eGbf sd kft ;+Vof $&=#& j6f eg] ;fu/ hftdf
kfO{of] . kmfnsf] tf}n ;a}eGbf al9 *&=%( u|f= / al9 pTkfbsTj #(=$% 6g÷x]=
O{Gb|f hftsf] e]8] v';f{gLdf k|fKt eof] t/ Pg=P; ^#@ hftdf k|lt af]6 kmn ;+Vof w]/}
lyof] . s'n 7f]; kbfy{sf] w]/} dfqf Pg=P; ^#@ hftdf / w]/} le6ldg l; -**=*! ld=u|f=÷!))
u|f=_ rflx O{Gb|f hftdf kfO{of] . kmnsf] tf}n 36\g] ;d:of ;a}eGbf w]/} O{Gb|f hftdf
-!$=#^Ü_ lyof] eg] ;a}eGbf sd -!)=*&Ü_ Soflnkmf]lg{of jfG8/df lyof] . dnsf] dfqf
a9fpb} hfbf af]6sf] j[l4 klg a9\b} uPsf] kfO{of] t/ km"n km"Ng] sfo{ eg] clws dfqf
dn k|of]u ul/Psf] Kn6df l9nf] eof] . /f;folgs dn -@%) s]=hL= gf=÷x]=_ sf] ;xfotfn]
Pg=P; ^#@ hftdf ;a}eGbf al9 pTkfbg kfO{of] . ;a}eGbf w]/} cfDbfgL vr{sf] cg'kft
klg Pg=P; ^#@ hft / @%) s]=hL= gf=÷x]= /f;folgs dn k|of]u u/]sf]df kfO{of] .
cg';Gwfgsf] cGTodf df6f]sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ lk=Pr= yf]/} dfqfdf 36]sf] / k|fËfl/s kbfy{,
gfO{6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; eg] a9]sf] kfO{of] t/ pkrf/x?sf] lardf tflTjs km/s b]lvPg .
kf]6fl;odsf] dfqf eg] pkrf/x?df km/s kfO{of] . @%) s]=hL= gf=÷x]= uf]7]dn af6
k|of]u u/]sf]df ;a}eGbf al9 kf]6f; kfO{of] . To;}n] j0f{z+s/ hftsf] e]8] v';f{gLnfO{
@%) s]=hL= gf=÷x]= /f;folgs dn k|of]u ul/ v]tL ubf{ ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbg ePsf]
b]lvof] . cem}klg o:tf] cg';Gwfg cGo :yfgdf ug{ ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ ;Gtf]if nf]xgL

d'Vo–;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 ef}lts / /f;folgs pkrf/n] d'hˆkm/k'/ hftsf] lnlrsf]
u'0f:t/sf] pTkfbgf]k/fGt kf/]sf] k|efj
zf]w–;f/

gfd M /fhLj s'df/ ofbj kl/ro kq g+= M Prcf/l6–!)Pd–@)!#

;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&) pkfwL M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M ;x–k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7 ljefu M afujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x? M k|f=8f= ;'Gb/dfg >]i7 hDdf k[i7 ;+Vof M &$
pk–k|f= xf]dgfy lul/

s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno /fdk'/ lrtjgdf cjl:yt jfujfgL ljefusf] kf]i6 xfj]{i6 k|of]uzfnfdf
lnrLsf] k|l;4 hft æd'hˆkm/k'/Æ sf] kfs]sf kmnsf] cfo' Pj+ u'0f:t/ nDAofpg] p4]Zon]
ljleGg /;fogx? km/s km/s dfqfdf /fvL lj=;= @)&! / @)&@ sf] h]i7 b]lv cfiff9;Dd
cWoog ul/of] . ;dfg ?kdf kfs]sf kmnx?nfO{ e08f/0f ubf{ k|of]uzfnfsf] sf]7fdf
;fdfGo cj:yfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . o; cWoog cjlwe/sf] ;/b/ tfkqmd #) ±%) ;]= / ;fk]lIfs
cfb{|tf &!±%)Ü lyof] . kl/If0f sfo{ æl;=cf/=8L= ljlwdfÆ ul/Psf] lyof] . tn pNn]v ul/P
cg';f/sf /;fogx? Pj+ ltgLx?sf] km/s dfqf Pj+ ldnfj6n] lnrLsf] e08f/0fdf u'0f:t/ sfod
/fVg] p2]Zon] cWoog ul/of] pkrf/ – -!_ lgolGqt -@_ l8l:6n kfgLdf % ldg]6;Dd
8'jfOPsf] -#_ lk|s'ln+u !)) ;]= df !) ldg]6sf] nflu -$_ lk|s'ln+u ± kf]6fl;od d]6f
afO;nkmfO6 &% efu k|lt !) nfv efudf -%_ lk|s'ln+u ± kf]6fl;od d]6f afO;nkmfO6
!)) efu k|lt !) nfv efudf -^_ kf]6fl;od d]6f afO;nkmfO6 &% efu k|lt !) nfv efudf -&_
kf]6fl;od d]6f afO;nkmfO6 !)) efu k|lt !) nfv efudf -*_ cShflns Pl;8 !)Ü sf] emf]n .
kl/If0fsf nflu /flvPsf ;j} PsfO{x?sf] cWoog ug{ vf]lhPsf] kIfx?sf] cjnf]sg e08f/0f
kZrft hf]/ lbgx?df ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L kl/If0fjf6 cjnf]sg ul/Psf tYof+sx?sf] cfwf/df
lgDg tYox? ;f/f+zdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pkrf/ ul/Psf kmnx?sf] ahf/of]Uo u'0f:t/ tyf
kmnsf] :jLsf/ of]Uo /+u @ jif{sf] cjnf]sgdf ;j}eGbf j9L cShflns Pl;8 !)Ü sf]
emf]naf6 pkrfl/t kmndf kfOof] . pkrf/ ul/Psf kmnx? dWo] kl5Nnf] ;do;Dd t'ngfTds
?kn] tf}nsf] l:y/tf cShflns Pl;8 !)Ü sf] emf]nåf/f pkrfl/t kmndf kfOof] . s'n 3'nglzn
7f]; kbfy{sf] dfqf ;j}eGbf j9L kf]6fl;od d]6f afO;nkmfO6 !)) efu k|lt !) nfv efudf /
To;kl5 cShflns Pl;8 !)Ü sf] emf]nåf/f pkrfl/t kmndf kfOof] . clDnokgfsf] xsdf
;j}eGbf j9L pkof]uL glthf cShflns Pl;8 !)Ü sf] emf]ndf 8'jfOPsf] kmndf b]lvof] .
le6fldg l; sf] dfqf kf]6fl;od d]6f afO;nkmfO6 &% efu k|lt !) nfv efun] pkrf/ u/]sf]
kmndf ;j}eGbf j9L kfOof] . o;/L g} s'n 3'nglzn 7f]; kbfy{sf] / clDnokgfsf] cg'kft
;j}eGbf j9L cShflns Pl;8 !)Ü sf] emf]nn] pkrf/ u/]sf] kmndf kfOof] . u'bLsf] -Pl/n_
tf}n klxnf] jif{df ;jeGbf j9L lk|s'ln+u !)) ;]= df !) ldg]6sf] nflu pkrf/ u/]sf]df kfOof] /
bf];|f] jif{df lk|s'ln+u ± kf]6fl;od d]6f afO;nkmfO6 &% efu k|lt !) nfv efudf kfOof] .
/;sf] lk=Pr= / lnrLsf] af]s|fsf] tf}ndf dflysf] pkrf/x?n] ubf{ vf;} km/s b]lvPg .
af]s|fsf] lk=Pr= cShflns Pl;8 !)Ü sf] emf]ndf 8'afPsf] kmndf sd b]lvof] . lapsf]
tf}ndf klxnf] aif{df vf;} km/s b]lvPg t/ bf];|f] jif{df ;a}eGbf j9L lk|s'ln+u ± kf]6fl;od
d]6f afO;nkmfO6 &% efu k|lt !) nfv efudf pkrfl/t kmndf kfOof] . of] cWoogdf
lnrLsf] Ps hft / l;ldt dfqfdf /;fogx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] . t;y{ lnrLsf cGo hftx? ;dfj]z
ul/ /;fogx? ljleGg dfqfdf k|of]u ul/ cfufdL lbgx?df cem} lj:t[t cWoog ug'{ kg]{
b]lvG5 .
;x–k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7 /fhLj s'df/ ofbj
d'Vo–;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 g]knfsf] lrtjg lhNnfdf kmfl;{sf] kmn / ljpsf] pTkfbdf
k/fu;]rgsf] ljleGg tl/sfn] kfg]{ c;/
zf]w ;f/

gfdM clgn ltjf/L kl/ro kq g+=M Pr=cf/=6L=–)(–

Pd–@)!#
;q tyf egf{ aif{M k|yd, @)&) pkfwLM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= v]d/fh Gof}kfg] ljifoM afujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x?M k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM ^*

k/fu;]rgsf] ljlwx?sf] c;/ kml;{{ pTkfbgdf yfxf kfpgsf] nflu dfr{ @)!% b]lv h'g @)!%
;Dd cg';Gwfg sfo{ ul/of] . cf/=l;=lj=l8= l8hfOgdf $ k6s bf]xf]l/g] u/L pkrf/x? /flvP
. cg';Gwfg k|efjsf] nflu % ljlwx? Plk; d]lnkm]/f4f/f k/fu;]rg, xft4f/f k/fu;]rg, ljiffbL
k|of]u gu/L v'Nnf k/fu;]rg, ljiffbL k|of]u u/L v'Nnf k/fu;]rg / lgolGqt ljlwx? d'NofÍg
ul/of] . Plk; d]lnkm]/f4f/f ;]lrt lj?jfdf k|lt kmnsf] tf}n ;j}eGbf a9L kfOof] -%=##
ls=u|f=_ / To;kl5 qmdzM ljiffbL k|of]u gu/L v'Nnf k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -$=@(* ls=u|f=_,
xft4f/f k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -#=$(^ ls=u|f=_, ljiffbL k|of]u u/L v'Nnf k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -@=**(
ls=u|f=_ / lgolGqt lj?jf -@=@& ls=u|f=_ df kfOof] . Plk; d]lnkm]/f4f/f k/fu;]lrt
lj?jfdf k|lt x]S6/ kml;{sf] pTkfbg ;j}eGbf j9L -$#=&! d]=6g_ df kfOof] . To;k5L
qmdzM ljiffbL k|of]u gu/L v'Nnf k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -#!=!* d]=6g_, xft4f/f k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -
@!=^( d]=6g_, ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Psf] v'Nnf k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -!%=%) d]=6g_ / lgolGqt
lj?jf -!)=!& d]=6g_ df kfOof] . kmnsf] Jof; Plk; d]lnkm]/f4f/f ;]lrt kmndf clwstd
kfOof] . Plk; d]lnkm]/f4f/f k/fu;]lrt lj?jfdf k|lt x]S6/ kml;{sf] ljpsf] pTkfbg ;j}eGbf
j9L kfOof] -*%) ls=u|f=_ To;kl5 qmdzM ljiffbL k|of]u gu/LPsf] v'Nnf k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -
^($ ls=u|f=_, xft4f/f k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -%#) ls=u|f=_, ljiffbL k|of]u u/LPsf] v'Nnf
k/fu;]lrt lj?jf -$)@ ls=u|f_ / lgolGqt Kn6sf] lj?jfdf -@#@ ls=u|f=_ kfOof] . kl/kSs
kmndf jLp;+Vof Plk; d]lnkm]/f4f/f ;]lrtkmndf a9L kfOof] . jLpsf] pdf/zlQm
lgolGqt Kn6df eGbf, Plk; km]lnkm]/f4f/f ;]lrt jLpdf #@=@% k|ltzt, ljiffbL k|of]u
gul/Psf] v'Nnf Kn6df @$=&% k|ltzt, xft4f/f ;]lrt kmndf !&=% k|ltzt, ljiffbL k|of]u
ul/Psf] v'Nnf Kn6df !!=@% k|ltztn] j9L kfOPsf] lyof] . xhf/ bfgfsf] tf}n Plk;
d]lnkm]/f4f/f ;]lrt jLpdf @$) u|f= kfOof] eg] lgolGqt Kn6df @)@ u|f= dfq kfOof] .
lgolGqt Kn6df af]6sf] prfO / k|ltaf]6 xfuf ;+Vof c? eGbf a9L kfOof] . ls/f 5f]Kg]
hfnLn] k'mnk'mNg] cj:yfdf k'mndf ljr/0f ug]{ ls/fx?sf] ;+sng ul/ klxrfg ul/of] .
ls;fgdf kml;{sf] k/fu;]rg, Joj:yfkg / ljiffbL ;DaGwL 1fg, ;f]r / Jojxf/ d'Nof+sgsf]
;j]{If0f ubf{ ls;fgx?df lj?jfsf] k/fu;]rgsf] 1fgsf] sld kfOof] .

k|f= 8f= v]d/fh Gof}kfg] clgn ltjf/L

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 g]kfnsf] kfNkf lhNnfdf ljleGg gfO6«f]hg tyf jf]/gsf
dfqfsf] sfpnLsf] aLp pTkfbgdf k|efj

Gffd M ef:s/ kf}8]n kl/ro kq g+= Pr=cf/=6L–!! Pd–

@)!#
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&) pkfwL M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f 8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj ljefu M afuafgL lj1fg
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x? M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ hDdf k[i7 ;+Vof M *@
k|f=8f= >j0f s'df/ ;fx

;'Gtnfhft kmnkm"n ljsf; s]Gb|, kfNkf, g]kfndf lj=;+= @)&! lxpFbdf gfO6«f]hg tyf
af]/gsf] ljleGg dfqfsf] k|of]ujf6 sfpnLsf] aLp pTkfbgdf x'g] c;/ x]g{ Pp6f cg';Gwfg
ePsf] lyof] . pQm cWoog b'O{ sf/s ¥ofG8f]dfOH8 slDKn6 Ans 9fFrfdf ltg k6s
bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] lyof] . k|of]u ePsf sf/s dWo] -s_ gfO6«f]hg qmdzM !)), !%), @)) /
@%) s]=hL=÷x]= -v_ af]/]S; !) / @) s]=hL=÷x]= pkrf/x? ;+nUg ul/Psf] lyof] .
cg';Gwfgsf] glthf cg';f/ gfO6«f]hgsf] tx tyf af]/gsf] ljleGg txn] aLp pTkfbgdf c;/
u/]sf] b]lvof] . @)) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg÷x]=,@) s]=hL= af]/]S;÷x]= n] ubf{ ;a}eGbf
w]/} aLp pTkfbg !)#$=)* s]=hL=÷x]= kfO{of] . sfpnLsf] aLpsf] u'0f:t/ h:t} xhf/
bfgfsf] tf}n, pdf/ k|ltzt / cf]h;nfO{ klg gfO6«f]hg tyf af]/gsf] txn] c;/ u¥of] . @))
s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg÷x]=, @) s]=hL= af]/]S;n] ubf{ ;j}eGbf w]/} xhf/ bfgsf] tf}n
kfO{of] . ;fy} pdf/ k|ltzt / cf]h; klg @)) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg÷x]=, @) s]=hL= af]/]S;
c?eGbf w]/} pRr kfO{of] . ;a} pkrf/nfO{ x]bf{ @)) s]=hL= gfO6«f]hg÷x]=, @)
s]=hL= af]/]S;÷x]= sf] pkrf/ dWokxf8L If]q kfNkfdf sfpnLsf] aLp pTkfbg ubf{
cfly{s ?kn] ;a}eGbf pQd kfO{of] .

k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj ef:s/

kf}8]n
d'Vo ;Nnfxfsf/
n]vs
g]kfnsf] lrtjg lhNnf /fdk'/df s]/fpsf] ljleGg hftx?sf] ljleGg lj?jf b'/L
sfod u/L jLp pTkfbg cg';Gwfg
zf]w–;f/

gfdM kbdaxfb'/ ;'j]bL btf{ g+=M Pr=cf/=6L=—!@

Pd—@)!#
;q tyf egf{ jif{M k|yd, lj=;+= @)&) pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj ljefuM afujfgL
pk–k|f= xf]d gfy lu/L hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM *!
OGb| /fh kf08]

s[lif tyf ag lj1fg ljZjljBfno, s[lif ;+sfo, /fdk'/ SofDk; lrtjgdf cf=a=@)!$÷@)!% sf]
hf8f] ofddf v]tL ul/g] ljleGg rf/ s]/fpsf hftx? h:t}M l;lSsd] , l;+ufk'/], cfs]{n /
lk=P;=!!)) hftsf ljleGGf s]/fpsf hftx?nfO{ ljleGg b'/Ldf nufFpbf aLp pTKffbg /
o;sf] u'0f:t/ vf;u/L Ps xhf/ bfgfsf] tf}ndf kg]{ cGt/lqmof k|efjaf/] Ps kl/If0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . pQm kl/If0f b'O{ km}S6f]l/on /]G8f]dfO{H8 :6«Lk Kn6 l8hfOgdf # j6f
/]KnLs]zgdf ul/Psf] lyof] . kl/If0fdf pkrf/sf] ?kdf g]kfndf k|rlnt rf/ j6f s]/fpsf hftx? -
l;lSsd] ,l;+ufk'/],cfs]{n / lk=P;=!!))_ Ps af]6b]lv csf]{ af]6;Ddsf] b'/L ljleGg -
$%;]=dL=×!) ;]=dL ,$%;]=dL=×!% ;]=dL, $%;]=dL=×@) ;]=dL, $%;]=dL=×#)
;]=dL_ u/L nufOPsf] lyof] . l;lSsd] hftdf Ps jLp b]lv csf]{ jLpsf] b'/L $% ;]=dL×@)
;]=dL df aLp /f]k]sf] #) lbgkl5 clwstd af]6sf] prfO{ #@=^) ;]=dL= / cg'Tkfbs
xfFufx? #=*## ePsf] kfOof] . l;lSsd]df k|ltaf]6 sf];f ;+Vof #*=^( kfOof] eg]
s]/fpx? $%;]=dL=×#) ;]=dL sf] b'/Ldf /f]Kbf klg k|ltaf]6 ;a}eGbf a9L s]/fpsf sf];f -
@*=(@@_ kmn]sf] kfO{of] . sf];fsf] tf}n l;lSsd] s]/fpsf] hftdf a9L /x]sf] 5 -
@$=%*u|fd_ / olb of] hft $%;]=dL=×#) ;]=dLsf] km/sdf /f]k]sf] a]nfdf klg sf];fsf]
;+Vof k|ltaf]6 a9L -$$=!)_ /x]sf] kfO{of] . af]6sf] b'/L a9L /fv]sf] a]nfdf sf];fsf] tf}n
klg a9L ePsf] kfOof] . l;lSsd]nfO{ $%;]=dL=×#) ;]=dL sf] b'/Ldf /f]Kbf k|ltaf]6
sf];fsf] tf}n -$$=!)u|fd_ / k|lt af]6 jLpsf] pTKffbg -##=$^u|fd_ cGo s]/fpsf hftx?
eGbf a9L kl/df0fdf pTKffbg ePsf] kfOof] . jLp pTKffbgdf hftx? ljr cGt/lqmofTds
c;/ b]vfPsf] 5 h:f cg';f/ l;lSsd]df a9L jLp pTKffbg -@=@) d]=6g÷x]=_ / sd
lk=P;=!!)) s]/fpsf] hftdf )=*& d]=6g÷x]= kfOof] . t/ jLp pTkffbgdf s]/fpsf hftx? /
nufpg] b'/Lsf] ljrdf cGt/lqmofTds c;/ / lj?jfsf] b'/Lx?sf] tYof+sLo c;/ b]lvPg t}klg
cf};tdf x]bf{ s]/fpsf ljleGg hftx?nfO{ ljleGg b'/Lx? dWo] $%;]=dL=×!% ;]=dL sf]
b'/L sfod ubf{ jLp pTKffbg !=$$ d]=6g÷x]=kfOof] . xhf/ jLp bfgfsf] tf}n l;+ufk'/]
hftsf] s]/fpdf @$#=$ u|fd kfOof] eg] cfs]{n hftdf !*&=% u|fd kfOof] .

k|f= 8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj kbdaxfb'/ ;'j]bL

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ ljBfyL{
 cShflns Pl;8 / df]l8kmfO8 P6df]:km]o/ Kos]lhËåf/f pkrfl/t
lnrLsf] …d'hfˆkm/k'/Ú gfds hftsf] pkrf/ kZrft\ u'0f:t/ sfoddf
kg]{ c;/
zf]w–;f/

gfd M ;'hftf kf}8]n kl/ro kq g+ M Pr=cf/=l6=–)!

Pd=–@)!$
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&! pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M ;x–k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7 ljefu M afujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x?M ;x–k|f= 8f= sNof0fL ld> hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM !))
j}1flgs 8f= 6]s k|;fb uf]tfd]
s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno /fdk'/ lrtjgdf cjl:yt afujfgL ljefusf] kf]i6xfe]{i6 k|of]uzfnfdf
lnrLsf] …d'hfkm\km/k'/Ú hftsf] kmnnfO{ cShflns Pl;8sf] ljleGg dfqf / df]l8kmfO8
P6df]:k]mo/ Kofs]lhËåf/f ;+o'Qm pkrf/ u/L kmn l6k] kZrft\sf] tfhfkg / u'0f:t/ sfod
/fVg] p2]Zon] lj=;= @)&@ / @)&# ;fnsf] h]i7 b]lv c;f/;Dd cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .
;dfg ?kdf kfs]sf kmnx?nfO{ pkrf/ kZrft\ k|of]uzfnfsf] sf]7fdf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf -klxnf]
jif{df ;/b/ tfkqmd #)±)=%);]= tfkqmd / &!=%Ü ;fk]lIfs cfb|{tf tyf bf];|f] jif{df
#!±)=%);]= tfkqmd / &@=%Ü ;fk]lIfs cfb|{tf_ /flvPsf] lyof] . k'0f{tof 5of;\ldl;s/0f
9fFrfdf klxnf] jif{ % j6f pkrf/x? -lgolGqt, lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] kfgL, cShflns Pl;8 !Ü,
cShflns Pl;8 #Ü / cShflns Pl;8 % Ü_ / bf];|f] jif{ !) j6f pkrf/x? -lgolGqt, lgd{nLs/0f
ul/Psf] kfgL, cShflns Pl;8 !Ü, cShflns Pl;8 #Ü, PShflns Pl;8 %Ü, df]l8kmfO8
P6df]:k]mo/ Kofs]lhË -Pd=P=lk=_, lgd{nLs/0f ul/Psf] kfgL ± Pd=P=lk=, cShflns
Pl;8 !Ü ± Pd=P=lk=, cShflns Pl;8 #Ü ± Pd=P=lk= / cShflns Pl;8 %Ü ±
Pd=P=kL= ;dflji6 ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] jif{ k|To]s pkrf/nfO{ rf/ k6s bf]xf]¥ofOPsf]
lyof] eg] bf];|f] jif{ tLg k6s bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] lyof] . cWoog cGtu{tsf OsfO{x?sf]
e08f/0f kZrft hf]/ lbgx?df tYofÍ /flvPsf] lyof] . kmnsf] /Ë klxnf] jif{ cShflns Pl;8
%Ü / bf];|f] jif{ cShflns Pl;8 %Ü ± Pd=P=lk= åf/f pkrfl/t kmndf ;a} eGbf /fd|f]
kfOof] . kmnsf] tf}ndf cfPsf] x|f; cWoog ubf{ cShflns Pl;8 %Ü pkrfl/t kmndf
klxnf] jif{ / bf];|f] jif{ cShflns Pl;8 %Ü ± Pd=P=lk= pkrfl/t kmndf ;a} eGbf sd
b]lvof]] . b'j} jif{sf] cWoognfO{ lgofNbf e08f/0fsf] clGtd lbgdf cShflns Pl;8 %Ü
åf/f pkrfl/t kmnx? ;a}eGbf sd ;8]sf] kfOof] eg] s'n 3'nglzn 7f]; kbfy{sf] dfqf /
clDnokgf clws kfOof] . klxnf] jif{ s'n 3'nglzn 7f]; kbfy{ / clDnokgfsf] cg'kft
cShflns Pl;8 %Ü åf/f pkrfl/t kmndf Go'g e]l6of] eg] bf];|f] jif{ cShflns Pl;8 %Ü ±
Pd=P=lk= df e]l6of] . cShflns Pl;8 %Ü n] klxnf] jif{ pkrf/ ubf{ kmndf ;a}eGbf w]/}
le6fldg ;L / ;a}eGbf sd u'bLsf] /;sf] lk=Pr= kfO{of] eg] bf];|f] jif{ cShflns Pl;8 %Ü
± Pd=P=lk= df kfO{of]] . To:t}, cShflns Pl;8 #Ü n] pkrfl/t kmndf pkrf/ ;a}eGbf
a9L u'bLsf] tf}n / ;a} eGbf sd af]qmfsf] lk=Pr= kfOof] / ;f]xL glthf bf];|f] jif{
cShflns Pl;8 %Ü ± Pd=P=lk= df kfO{of] . cShflns Pl;8 %Ü k|of]u ul/Psf] kmndf
klxnf] jif{ af]qmfsf] tf}n ;a} eGbf a9L kfOof] eg] bf];|f] jif{ cShflns Pl;8 !Ü ±
Pd=P=kL= df kfOof] . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} OsfO{x?sf] b'O{ jif{ cWoog ubf{ kmn
l6k] kZrft\ ul/Psf] pkrf/x? dWo] cShflns Pl;8 %Ü ± Pd=P=lk= pkrf/ k4lt kmnsf]
cfo' / u'0f:t/ !) lbg;Dd nDAofpg ;lsg] b]lvof] . o; cWoog Ps lsl;dsf] /;fog /
Pd=P=kL= df l;ldt ul/Psf] sf/0f cfufdL cWoog sd tfkqmddf laleGg lsl;dsf /;fog /
Kofs]lhÍ l;:6d ;dfj]z ul/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;x–k|f=8f=ch'{g s'df/ >]i7 ;'hftf kf}8]n

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 zf]w–;f/

gfdM rGb| k'/L kl/ro kq g+= M Pr=cf/=l6=–)@

Pd–@)!$
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&! pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f= df]x bQ zdf{ ljefu M jfujfgL

a'4afl6sf gu/kflnsf !, slknj:t' lhNnf l:yt ls;fgsf] v]tdf @)!$ / @)!% df pknAw laleGg
k|f+ufl/s dnx?sf] Aoa:yfkg u/]/ /f;folgs dnsf] t'ngfdf km'nuf]eLsf] k5f}6] hft
dfw'/Ldf pTkfbg / u'0f:t/ ;DalGw k|efasfl/tf kl/If0f ug{ Pp6f cg';Gwfg ul/of] .pQm
cg';Gwfgdf laleGg cf7 yl/sf dnx? -s'v'/fsf] dn, u8o"nL dn, tf]/Lsf] t]n s]s, O= Pd=
af]sfzL, uf]a/ dn, cl:6«h r/fsf] dn, afv|fsf] dn / /f;folgs dn l;kmfl/z dfqfdf !)) k|lt;t
gfO6«f]hg_ sfpnLsf] k5f}6] hft dfw'/LnfO ^)*^) ;]dLsf] b'/Ldf km]s6f]l/on
of{gbdfOHb slDKn6 Ans 9f+rfdf ltg k6s bf]xf]of{P/ nufO{Psf] lyof], h;df afg:klts
j[l4, pTkfbg Ifdtf, u'0f:t/ cWoog / cfly{s d'Nof+sg k|d'v cfwf/x? lyP ./f;folgs dnsf]
k|of]u ul/ ul/Psf] v]tLdf cf}ift af]6sf] prfO{ -^@=!( ;]dL_, kftsf] ;+Vof -!(=%#_,
af]6sf] km}nfj6-&!=&) ;]dL _, kftsf] nDafO{ -%*=%# ;]dL_, kftsf] rf}8fO{ -#@=&#
;]dL_ c?df eGbf a9L kfOof] . /;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ul/ ul/Psf] v]tLdf ;a} eGbf l56f] -
^* lbg_ %) k|ltzt s8{sf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOof] . To:t} /f;folgs dn k|of]u ul/Psf] v]tLdf
;a} eGbf al9 km'nsf] tf}n -**& u|f=_, km'nsf] nDafO{ -!#=%) ;]dL_, km'nsf] Aof; -
!*=*$ ;]dL_ / s'n pTkfbg -@$^#( lsnf] k|lt x]S6/_ kfOof] / bf]>f]df s'v'/fsf] dnsf]
k|of]uaf6 ul/Psf] v]tLdf a9L pTkfbg kfOof] . O{d af]sfzL dnsf] k|of]uaf6 ;a} eGbf
a9L h/fsf] tf}n -!@@=(* u|fd_ kfOof] eg] s'v'/fsf] dnsf] k|of]uaf6 8fysf] tf}n -!**=#
u|fd_ / h/fsf] nDafO{ -@)=&& ;]dL_ ;a} eGbf a9L kfOof] . e08f/0f u/]sf] !) lbg kl5
/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u u/LPsf] sfpnLdf tf}n 36]/ x'g] gf]S;fgL k|ltzt -$^=@!_ ;a}
eGbf a9L kfOof] eg] u8o"nL dnsf] k|of]uaf6 tf}n 36]/ x'g] gf]S;fgL k|ltzt -@*=**_
;a} eGbf sd kfOof] | e08f/0f u/]sf] * lbg kl5 u8o"nL dnsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] sfpnLdf
;a} eGbf /fd|f] -#=)^&_ /+u kl/at{g kfOof] eg] /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] sfpnLdf
/+u kl/at{g -!=^(_ ;a} eGbf g/fd|f] kfOof] | sfpnL pTkfbf]k/fGt ul/Psf] df6f] kl/If0fdf
lkor dfg -&=)$_ s'v'/fsf] dn k|of]uaf6 ;a} eGbf a9L a9]sf] kfOof], To:t} df6f]sf]
k|f+ufl/s kbfy{sf] kl/If0f ubf{ O{d af]sfzL dn k|of]u ul/Psf] Kn6df ;a} eGbf a9L -
$=)* k|ltzt_ a9]sf] kfOof] hxfF ;'?sf] ca:yfdf lkor dfg -^=*_ / k|f+ufl/s kbfy{ -@=(
k|ltzt_ /x]sf] lyof] | s'v'/fsf] dn k|of]u ul/ sfpnL pTkfbg ubf{ gfkmf vr{ cg'kft ;a}
eGbf a9L -@=$(_ kfOof] eg] ;a} eGbf sd cg'kft -)=*#_ afv|fsf] dn k|of]u af6
kfOof] . /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]uaf6 sfpnLsf] pTkfbg cGo dnsf] eGbf a9L ePtf klg of]
dn k|of]u ubf{ df6f]sf] ef}lts, /f;folgs / h}ljs laz]iftfdf bL3{sfnLg ?kdf gs/fTds c;/
kg]{ x'gfn] s'v'/fsf] dn k|of]u ul/ sfpnL pTkfbg ubf{ pTkfbg klg ;f]lx xf/fxf/Ldf x'g] /
sfpnLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod x'g'sf] ;fy} gfkmf vr{sf] cg'kftdf klg j[l4 x'gfn] s'v'/fsf] dnsf]
plrt Joj:yfkg u/]/ sfpnL Aoa;flos sfpnL pTkfbg ug{ l;kmfl/z ul/G5 .

k|f=8f= df]x bQ zdf{ rGb| k'/L

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 zf]w–;f/

gfdM ;'k|ef kf08] kl/ro kq g+=M Pr=cf/=l6–)# Pd–

@)!$
;q tyf egf{ jif{M k|yd, @)&! pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M ;x–k|f=8f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L ljefuM jfujfgL

udL{ ofddf pTkfbg x'g] t/sf/LafnLsf] hLjg a9fpg z'Go pHff{ zLte08f/ / ;+zf]lwt
jftfj/0f Kofs]lh+un] ug]{ c;/x?sf] cWoog ug{ lj=;= @)&@ j}zfv df Pp6f k/LIf0f
ul/Psf] lyof] . t/sf/L xf]n;]n ahf/ e/tk'/ lrtjgjf6 NofOPsf] – uf]ne]8f, ld7f] v';f{gL,
le8L / jf]8LnfO{ %)) u|fd j]Unf j]Un} u/L Kjfn kf/LPsf] @% dfO{s|f]g jfSnf]
kf]lnOyfOlngsf] k|of]u u/L z'Go pHff{ zLte08f/df e08f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k/LIf0f
s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno /fdk'/ lrtjgsf] jfujfgL ljefudf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . oL
t/sf/Lx?nfO{ ;fdfGo jftfj/0f / z'Go pHff{ zLte08f/df e08f/0f ul/ ;+zf]lwt jftfj/0f
Kofs]lhËsf] k|of]u ePsf] / gePsf]df t'ngfTds cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] / k|To]snfO{ tLg
k6s bf]xf]/fOPsf] lyof] . ;fdfGo jftfj/0fsf] dWod tfkqmd ##±#) ;]= /;fk]lIfs cfb|tf
#%=%±(Ü kfOof] eg] z"Go e08f/0f cj:yfdf @%±#) ;]= / &)–*%∞ kfOPsf] lyof] .
t/sf/Lsf] tf}n, tfhfkg, e08f/0f hLjg cjlw / Nofadf kmLlhof]s]ldsn u'0fx?;+u ;DjlGwt
tYof+sx¿sf] /]s8{ lnO{Psf] lyof] . ;+zf]lwt jftfj/0f Kofs]lh+u ;lxt z'Go pHff{
zLte08f/df /fVbf uf]ne]8f / ld7f] v';f{gLdf nfdf] hLjg b]lvof] . uf]ne]8f -(=& lbg_,
ld7f] v';f{gL -&=$ lbg_, le+8L -^=& lbg_ / af]8L -#=$ lbg_ ;Dd tfhf cj:yfdf g} /xg
;kmn ePsf] lyof] . o;}ul/ tf}n dfkg ubf{ ;+zf]lwt jftfj/0f Kofs]lh+usf] k|of]u gu/L
;fdfGo jftfj/0fdf /flvPsf] t/sf/Lx?df jhg sd kfOof] . ;+zf]lwt jftfj/0f;xLt z"Go phf{
zLte08f/df /fVbf uf]ne]8fdf -%=# ∞_, ld7f] v';f{gLdf -^=& ∞_, le+8Ldf -^=$∞_ /
af]l8df -!=%∞_ n] jhgdf sld b]lvof] . ;+zf]lwt jftfj/0f Kofs]lh+u ;lxt z'Go pHff{
zLte08f/df /fv]sf t/sf/Lx?df ;a}eGbf w]/} cldnf]kgf kfOof] t/ u'lnof]kgfdf vf;} km/s
b]lvPg . uf]ne]8fdf le6fldg ;L -!$=@* ldnL u|fd÷!)) ldnL u|fd_ jf6 -@^=^& ldnL
u|fd÷!)) ldnL u|fd_ a9]sf] kfOof] eg] ld7f] v';f{gL, le8L / jf]8Ldf 36]sf] kfOof] .
kL=Pr= klg uf]ne]8fdf a9]sf] kfOof] eg] ld7f] v';f{gL, le8L / jf]8Ldf 36]sf] kfOof] .
;du|df ;+zf]lwt jftfj/0f Kofs]lh+usf] k|of]u ul/ z'Go pHff{ zLte08f/df e08f/0f ul/Psf]
t/sf/LnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd /fVg ;lsg] b]lvof] .

;x–k|f=8f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L ;'k|ef kf08]

d'Vo ;nfxsf/ n]vs
;'Gtnfsf] pTkfbg pk/fGt cfo' tyf u'0f:t/df jfg:klts t]n / Knfli6s Kofs]lhËsf] c;/
zf]w–;f/
gfdM cg'hf l/hfn kl/ro kq g+=M Pr cf/ l6–)$Pd–@)!$
zq / egf{ jif{M k|yd,@)&! pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]t/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M ;x–k|f= 8f= ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 ljefuM jfujfgL
;xfos ;Nnfxsf/M k|f= 8f= b'uf{ d0fL uf}td
;xfos ;Nnfxsf/M pk—k|f= cgGt /fh b]jsf]6f
If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]G›, n'Dn] sf:sLdf cjl:yt afujfgL ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfdf /fËvf]nf
:ofª\hfaf6 NofOPsf] :yfgLo hftsf] ;'Gtnfdf jfg:klts t]nsf] tyf Knfli6s Kofs]lhªsf]
k|of]u ul/ pTkfbgf]k/fGt cfo' Pj+ u'0f:t/ nDAofpg] jf ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL lj= ;=
@)&@ ;fn kf}if @* ut] b]lv df3 !$ ut];Dd cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cWoogsf]
cjlwe/ e08f/0f sIfsf] ;/b/ tfkqmd !!±@ ˚;] / ;fk]lIft cf›tf %^–*& Ü lyof] . kl/If0f
sfo{x? slDKn6nL /\ofG8f]dfOH8 l8hfOgdf ul/Psf] lyof] . b'O{j6f km/s km/s
kl/If0f cGtu{t klxnf] kl/If0fdf rf}w j6f pkrf/ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof], h'g o; k|sf/sf lyP; -!_
n]dgu|f; t]n )=% Ü -@_ n]dgu|f; t]n ! Ü -#_ n]dgu|f; t]n @ Ü -$_ ldG6 t]n )=% Ü
-%_ ldG6 t]n ! Ü -^_ ldG6 t]n @ Ü -&_ l;gfdf]dd t]n )=% Ü -*_ l;gfdf]dd t]n ! Ü -
(_ l;gfdf]dd t]n @ Ü -!)_ o'SoflnK6; t]n )=% Ü -!!_ o'SoflnK6; t]n ! Ü -!@_
o'SoflnK6; t]n @ Ü -!#_ 8foy]g Pd–$% )=@ Ü -!$_ lgolGqt . o:t} ul/ bf];|f]
cWoogdf kfFr j6f pkrf/ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof], h'g o; k|sf/sf lyP; -!_ @% dfOqmf]g
df]6fOsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLlyg , -@_ %) dfOqmf]g df]6fOsf] sd 3gTj ePsf]
kf]nLlyg -#_ %) dfOqmf]g df]6fOsf] kf]nLk|f]kfOlng, -$_ Knfli6s 6«], -%_ sf6{"g
6«] . k|yd kl/If0fsf] nflu /flvPsf] ;a} kl/If0fLo OsfOx?sf] tLg–tLg lbgsf] cGt/df
u'0f:t/sf] cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] kl/If0fdf rf/–rf/ lbgsf] cGt/ /flvPsf] lyof] .
k|yd kl/If0fdf o'SoflnK6; t]n @ Ü / l;gfdf]dd t]n @ Ü åf/f pkrfl/t kmnsf] u'0f:t/ nfdf]
cjlw ;Dd sfod /x]sf] kfOof] . e08f/0f ul/Psf] clGtd lbgdf o'SoflnK6; t]n @ Ü k|of]u
ul/Psf] kmndf kmnsf] tf}ndf x'g] x|fz ;aeGbf sd kfOof] . ;aeGbf sd g/dkgf
n]dgu|f; t]n )=% Ü pkrfl/t kmndf kfOof] . To:t} ul/ s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ ljleGg
t]nx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] kmndf eGbf lgolGqt kmndf a9L kfOof] / cDnLokgf eg]
l;gfdf]dd t]n @ Ü af6 pkrf/ ul/Psf] kmndf kfOof] . ;aeGbf a9L le6fldg l; sf] dfqf /
sd lau|]sf] kmn o'SoflnK6; t]n @ Ü k|of]u ul/Psf] kmndf kfOof] . kmnsf] /;df
;aeGbf a9L l:y/tf l;gfdf]dd t]n @ Ü k|of]u u/LPsf]] kmndf kfOof] . bf];|f] kl/If0fsf]
xsdf ;aeGbf a9L tf}n l:y/tf, cDnLokgf / le6fldg l; sf] dfqf @% dfOqmf]g df]6fOsf]
sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLlygdf /flvPsf] kmndf kfOof] . @% dfOqmf]g df]6fOsf] sd 3gTj
ePsf] kf]nLlygdf /flvPsf] kmndf sd g/dkgf / lau|]]sf kmn sd kfOof] . s'n 3'nglzn
7f]; kbfy{ / s'n cDnLokgfsf] cg'kft lgolGqt kmndf a9L kfOof] / ;du| kmnsf]
:jLsfo{tf @% dfOqmf]g df]6fOsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLlygdf /flvPsf] kmndf kfOof]
.

;x–k|f= 8f= ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 cg'hf l/hfn

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 o'l/of / s'v''/fsf] ;'lnsf] ld>0fn] lh/L ;fusf] ljleGg hftx?sf] pTkfbg /
pTkfbgd'vL u'0fdf kfg]{ k|efj
zf]w–;f/

gfdM ;':df l3ld/] btf{ g+=M Pr cf/ 6L–)%Pd–@)!$

;q tyf egf{ aif{M k|yd, @)!$ txM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ ljefuM jfujfgL
;xfos ;Nnfxsf/M pk—k|f= xf]d gfy lu/L
;xfos ;Nnfxsf/M pk—k|f= ;Gtf]if d/x§f
…o'l/of / s'v''/fsf] ;'lnsf] ld>0fn] lh/L ;fusf] ljleGg hftx?sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbg d'vL
u'0fdf kfg]{ k|efjÚ gfds zLif{s cGtu{t s[lif / jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno cWoog ;+:yfgsf]
afujfgL kmfd{df ;g\ @)!%÷@)!^ sf] lxpFbdf cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] lyof] . of]
cg';Gwfgdf !) j6f pkrf/x?sf] b'O{ ˆofS6/, /]G8dfOh l8hfOgdf rf/k6s bf]xf]¥ofO{
ul/Psf] lyof] . pkrf/x? dWo] % j6f gfO6«f]hgsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf o'l/of / s'v''/fsf] ;'lnsf]
ld>0fx? -!)) Ü gf=—o"l/of, &% Ügf=—o"l/of ± @% Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'ln, %) Ü
gf=—o"l/of ± %) Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'ln , @% Ü gf=—o"l/of ± &% Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf]
;'ln / !)) Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'ln,_ Pp6f ˆofS6/ tyf b'O{j6f hftx? -u|Lg :Kofg / gfO /]
s'O bf Pkm jfg_ csf]{ ˆofS6/ lyP . b'j} hftx?sf ;fy} gf=—o"l/of / gf=—s'v''/fsf]
;'lnsf] ld>0fn] a[lå dfkg ug]{ u'0fx? h:t} lj?jfsf] prfO{{, kftsf] nDjfO{, kftsf] rf}8fO{ /
kft ;+Vof, pTkfbsTj tyf pTkfbgd'vL u'0fx? / jfnLsf] u'0f:t/df tYof+sLo ?kdf
pNn]vLo k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvof]] . gf=—o"l/of / gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'lnsf] ld>0fdWo] %) Ü
gf=—o"l/of ± %) Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'lnn] ;a}eGbf j9L cfly{s pTkfbg, -!%=% 6g
k|lt x]S6/_ / !)) Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'lnn] w]/} h}ljs pTkfbsTj -@)=!^ 6g k|lt x]S6/_
lbPsf lyP . ;a} eGbf sd cfly{s pTkfbg / h}ljs pTkfbg qmdz !@=^& 6g k|lt x]S6/ /
!&=^& 6g k|lt x]S6/ !)) Ü gf=—o'l/ofn] lbPsf] lyof] . To;}ul/ lh/L ;fusf hftx?dWo]
u|Lg :Kofgsf]] h}ljs pTkfbsTj -!%=@( 6g k|lt x]S6/_ / cfly{s pTkfbsTj - !*=^^ 6g
k|lt x]S6/_ a9L lyof] . pkrf/x? dWo] u|Lg :Kofg hft !)) Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'ln;uF gfO
/] s'O bf Pkm jfgn] %) Ü gf=—o"l/of ± %) Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'ln ld>0f;uF ;a}eGbf
j9L h}ljs pTkfbg tyf cfly{s pTkfbg lbPsf] kfO{of] . ;Dk"0f{ u'0fx?df h:t} kftsf] /Ë,
cfsf/, :jfb tyf ;du| ;fusf] :jLsfo{tf u|Lg :Kofg hftdf gfO /] s'O bf Pkm jfg eGbf a9L
/fd|f] kfOof] . !)) Ü gf=—o"l/ofdf tfhf tf}nsf] x|f; c¿ pkrf/x?df eGbf a9L b]lvof] /
v'nf ¿kdf klqsf dfly /fVbf x|f; a9L ePsf] kfOof] eg] Kjfn k/]sf] Knfli6df /fVbf 36]sf]
kfOof] . cfly{s ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;j} eGbf j9L s'n d'gfkmf / nfutsf] cg'kft !)) Ü / %) Ü
gf=—o"l/of ± %) Ü gf=—s'v''/fsf] ;'ln ld>0f;Fu u|Lg :Kofg hftn] lbPsf] lyof] . ctM
lh/L ;fusf] Jofks lj:tf/ / l;kmfl/; ug'{ cl3 o;sf ljljw kIfx?df yk cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 .

k|f= 8f= df]xbQ zdf{ ;':df l3ld/]

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 भभभभभ भ भभभभभभभभ भभभभभभभ भभभभभभभभ भभभभभ भभभभभभभभभभभभभभभ भभभभभभभ भ भभभभभभभ
भभभभभभ भभभभभभ भभभ

zf]w–;f/
gfd M gf/fo0f kf}8]n kl/ro kq g+=M Pr=cf/=l6=–
)^Pd–@)!$
;q / egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&! pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M ;x–k|f=8f= ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 ljefu M jfujfgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f= ;'Gb/dfg >]i7 hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM %&
pk–k|f= cgGt /fh b]jsf]6f

ljleGg ef}lts Pj+ /f;folgs ljlwåf/f pkrfl/t cd|kfnL cfFksf] kmn e08f/0f Pj+
pTkfbgf]k/fGt u'0f:t/df kfg]{ k|efj k/LIf0fsf] nflu s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno, /fdk'/,
lrtjgdf cjl:yt jfujfgL k|of]uzfnfdf of] k/LIf0f @)&@ ;fnsf] c;f/–>fj0f dlxgfdf ul/OPsf]
lyof] . kl/If0f cjlwdf e08f/0f sf]7fsf] cf};t tfkqmd / ;fk]lIft cf›tf qmdz M #@±@ l8u|L
;]= / *#±%∞ lyof] . pQm k/LIf0f slDkN6 /]G8dfOH8 l8hfOgdf /flvOPsf] lyof] h;df
k|To]s % j6f pkrf/ k4ltx¿ rf/ k6s bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] lyof] . k/LIf0fdf k|of]u ul/Psf pkrf/
k4ltx¿M kmnnfO{ pkrf/ lagf, l8l:6n kfgLdf !) ldg]6, %) l8u|L ;]= sf] tftf]kfgLdf !)
ldg]6, cShflns Pl;8 @Ü sf] emf]ndf !) ldg]6 / ;f]l8od xfOkf]Snf]/fO6 !%) lklkPdsf]
emf]ndf @ ldg]6 8'afO{ 5'§f 5'§} Knfl:6ssf 6«]x?df /fvL x/]s # lbgsf] km/sdf
ljleGg dfkb08x?sf] gfk lnOPsf] lyof] . %) l8u|L ;]= sf] tftf]kfgLdf 8'jfOPsf] kmndf
;a} eGbf a9L bx|f]kg b]lvOPsf] lyof] eg] l8l:6n kfgLdf !) ldg]6 / %) l8u|L ;]= sf]
tftf]kfgLdf !) ldg]6 8'afOPsf] kmndf ;a}eGbf yf]/} tf}n x|f; ePsf] b]lvOof] . pkrf/
gu/L /flvPsf] kmndf e08f/0fsf] !@ cf}+ lbgdf ;a}eGbf a9L cDnLokg kfOof] eg]
tftf]kfgLdf 8'afOPsf] kmndf ;j}eGbf sd cDnLokg kfOof] . ;f]l8od xfOkf]Snf]/fO6
!%) lklkPdsf] emf]nåf/f pkrfl/t / pkrf/ gu/L /flvPsf] kmn ;a}eGbf a9L s'lxPsf]
kfOof] eg] tftf]kfgLdf 8'afOPsf] kmn sd s'lxPsf] b]lvof] . P:sla{s Pl;8sf] dfqf
e08f/0f cjlwdf 36\b} uPsf] kfOof] h'g ljgf pkrf/ /flvPsf]] / @Ü cShflns Pl;8åf/f
pkrfl/t kmndf ;a}eGbf a9L b]lvof] eg] ;f]l8od xfOkf]Snf]/fO6 !%) lklkPdsf]
emf]ndf / tftf]kfgLdf 8'afOPsf] kmndf sd b]lvof] . of] kl/If0faf6 tftf]kfgLåf/f pkrf/
ul/OPsf] cfFksf] e08f/0f / u'0f:t/ cGo ljlwåf/f pkrf/ ul/Psf] Pj+ pkrf/ g} gu/L To;}
e08f/0f ul/Psf] kmnsf] t'ngfdf /fd|f] kfOof] .

;x–k|f=8f= ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 gf/fo0f kf}8]n

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 zf]w–;f/

gfdM lbk]Gb| l3ld/] kl/ro kq g+=M Pr=cf/=6L=–)&

Pd–@)!$
;q tyf egf{ jif{M k|yd, @)&! pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M k|f= 8f= df]xbQ zdf{ ljefuM afujfgL
la=;= @)&@ ;fn kf}if dlxgfdf sf]xf]nk'/ kmnkm'n tyf t/sf/L ahf/df laBdfg Kofs]lh+u
ljlwsf] ;j]{If0f ubf{ sfpnL / 6df6/ ahf/ ;Dd Nofpg l;w} Knfl:6s leq /fVg], Knfl:6ssf]
qm]6df Kofs]lh+u ug]{ h:tf ljleGg Kofs]lh+usf pkfox? canDag u/]sf] kfOof] .
o;}u/L la=;= @)&@ ;fn kf}if dlxgfdf sfpnL / 6df6/sf] 9'jfgL ubf{ s'g Kofs]lh+u lalw
pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg kf]:6xfe]{:6 XofG8ln+u kl/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
afFs] l:yt af;'b]jk'/ s[ifssf] af/Laf6 !) s]=hL= sfpnL &–* kft /fvL Knfli6ssf] af]/fdf
Kofs u/L ;fOsndf 9'jfgL ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L !) s]=hL= sfpnL klqsfdf a]/L /
klqsfdf ga]/Lsg Knfli6ssf] qm]6df Kofs u/L lksck uf8Ldf 9'jfgL ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L
9'jfgL ul/Psf] sfpnLx?sf] d'Nof+sg ug{ ldNg] cfwf/x?nfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf ! b]lv % /
! b]lv ( gDa/ k|bfg ug]{ ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof] . o;/L Kofls+u u/L 9'jfgL ul/Psf]
sfpnLsf] tf}ndf cfPsf] x|f;, gf]S;fgsf] k|ltzt, eflrPsf], /ul6Psf], tfhfkg / u|fxssf]
:jLsfo{tf d'Nof+sg ul/Psf] lyof] . Knfli6ssf] af]/fdf Kofs ul/ ;fOsndf 9'jfgL ul/Psf]
sfpnLdf tf}ndf sd x|f; -)=*(_ kfOPsf] lyof] t/ gf]S;fg k|ltzt -$$=$)_ kfOPsf] lyof] .
o; kl/If0fjf6 q]m6df Kols+u ul/ lksck uf8Ldf 9'jfgL u/LPsf] sfpnLdf sd gf]S;fg
k|ltzt -!*=@)_, elrPsf] -@=#&_ / /ul6P/ gf]S;fg ePsf] -!=&%_, tfhfkg -*=#&_ /
u|fxs :jLsfo{tf -*=^@_ kfOPsf] lyof] . o;}ul/ k|yd / bf]>f] n6df @) s]=hL= tfhf
6df6/nfO u]|l8+u gul/ Knfli6ssf] af]/f / q]m6df Kofs ul/ ;fOsn / lksck uf8Lsf]
dWodaf6 9'jfgL ul/Psf] lyof] eg] t];|f] / rf}yf] n6nfO xl/of] / kl/kSs cj:yfdf kfs]sf]
cfwf/df u|]l8+u ul/ km/s–km/s Knfli6s qm]6df Kofs ul/ lksckuf8Ldf 9'jfgL ul/Psf]
lyof] . tf}ndf cfPsf] x|f;, gf]S;fgsf] k|ltzt, lylrPsf] / 3fprf]6 nfu]/ ePsf] gf]S;fgsf]
d'Nof+sg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; kl/If0faf6 xl/of] kl/kSs cj:yfdf l6kL Knfl:6s qm]6df
Kofls+u ul/ lksck uf8Ldf 9'jfgL ul/Psf] 6df6/df tf}ndf )=%@ sd x|f;, sd gf]S;fg
k|ltzt -*=%%_, sd lylrPsf] -@_ / sd 3fprf]6 -@_ nfu]sf] kfOof] . k/Dk/fut /
;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlwsf] nfe nfut ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlw cjnDjg ubf{ s[ifsnfO{ ?=
^=$ k|lt s]=hL= sfpnLdf / ? (=)@ k|lt s]=hL= 6df6/df kmfObf ePsf] kfOof] .

k|f= 8f= df]xbQ zdf{ lbk]Gb| l3ld/]

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ ljBfyL{
 lrtjgdf ljleGg hftsf d'nfx?sf] j[l4 ljsf;, pTkfbg / u'0f:t/df
k|fËfl/s / /f;folgs dnx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf
zf]w–;f/

gfdM z+s/ ;'j]bL kl/ro kq g=M Pr=cf/=l6=–)*Pd–@)!$

;q tyf egf{ jif{M k|yd, @)&! pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d''Vo ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj ljefuM jfujfgL lj1fg
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x?M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM &&
k|f=8f= >LrGb| ;fx
g]kfndf lj?jfnfO{ cfj:os kg]{ vfBtTjx? k'lt{ ug{ d''Vo ?kdf k|fËfl/s dnx? Dffq k|of]u
ul/G5 . /f;folgs dnsf] pRr d"No tyf ;lhn} pknAw gx''g] x''bfF k|of]u Go"g 5 .
k|fËfl/s / /f;folgs b''j} vfn] dnsf] ldl>t k|of]u g]kfndf k|rlnt 5}g . To;}n], s[lif tyf
jglj1fg ljZjljBfno, /fdk''/, lrtjgdf @)&@ ;fn d+l;/ b]lv df3;Dd Pp6f cg'';Gwfg
u/LPsf] lyof], h;df d''nfsf] pTkfbgdf k|fËfl/s / /f;folgs dnsf] ldl>t k|of]usf]
k|efjsfl/tfaf/] cWoog u/LPsf] lyof] . pQm cg'';Gwfg ¥ofG8f]dfO{H8\ slDKn6 Ans
9frfFdf ltgj6f Aofj;flos d''nfsf hftx? -ldgf] cln{ nË XjfO{6, cn l;hg XjfO{6 / Ko''7fg]
/ftf]_ / kfFryl/ k|fËfl/s dn -uf]a/ dn / s''v''/fsf] dn_ / /f;folgs dnsf] -!)):*):$) gf.ˆmf].
kf]]. ls=u|f= k|lt x]S6/_ ld>Lt pkrf/x? k|of]u u/L tLgk6s bf]xf]/fOPsf] lyof] . k|of]u
ul/Psf pkrf/x? dWo] s''v''/fsf] dn / /f;folgs dnsf] ldl>t k|of]u ;a}eGbf /fd|f] b]lvPsf]
lyof] h;n] la?jfsf] prfO{ -#&=% ;]=ld=_, kftx?sf] ;ª\Vof -@$=&&_, h/fsf] df]6fO{ -
#(=)! ld=ld_, h/fsf] pTkfbg -&#=(* d]=6g k|lt x]S6/_, kftsf] nDafO{ -#%=)#
;]=ld_, rf}8fO{ -!@=*^ ;]=ld_, kftsf] pTkfbg -^@=%@ d]=6g k|lt x]S6/_ df c?
pkrf/sf] eGbf /fd|f] k|efj b]vfPsf] lyof] . uf]a/ dnsf] dfq k|of]u ubf{ pTkfbg tyf j[l4
ljsf; sd ePsf] kfO{of] . ;du|df s''v''/fsf] dn dfq} jf /f;folgs dn / s''v''/fsf] dnsf] ldl>t
k|of]u ubf{ pTkfbg /fd|f] b]vLPsf] lyof] . d''nfsf] hftx? dWo] ldgf] cln{ nË XjfO{6
xfO{a|L8 hft ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 b]lvPsf] lyof] . To;}n], o; cg'';Gwfg cg'';f/ w]/} /
u''0f:tl/o d''nf pTkfbg ug{ ldgf] cln{ nË XjfO{6 xfO{la|8 hftsf] d''nf / dnvfbsf] ?kdf
s''v''/fsf] dn / /;folgs dn ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{'' pko''Qm b]lvG5 .

_________________ ________
k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj z+s/ ;'j]bL
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
Olykmf]g jfg:ktLs lg:;f/0f tyf jfo'd08nLo Kofs]lhË k|of]u u/L s]/f ksfpg' ;fy}
u'0f:t/df pTkfbgf]k/fGt ;'wf/
zf]w–;f/

gfdM pd]z ltldlN;gf kl/ro kq g+=M Pr cf/ l6–)( Pd–

@)!$
;q tyf egf{ jif{M k|yd,@)&! pkflwM s[lif :gftsf]t/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M ;x–k|f= 8f=ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 ljefuM jfujfgL
;xfos ;Nnfxsf/M k|f= 8f= c/laGb >Ljf:tj
;xfos ;Nnfxsf/M pk—k|f= lazfn >]i7
s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno /fdk'/ lrtjgdf cjl:yt jfujfgL ljefusf] pTkfbgf]k/fGt
k|of]uzfnfdf s]/fsf] k|l;4 hft dfNef]u Olykmf]gsf] ;xoftfn] ksfpg] / jfg:klts lg:;f/0f
;xotfn] kmnsf] cfo' Pj+ u'0f:t/ nDAofpg] jf ;'wf/ ug]{ pb]Zo /fvL lj= ;= @)&@ ;fn
j}iffv @! ut] b]lv lj= ; @)&# ;fn h]i7 !* ;Dd k/LIf0f u/LPsf] lyof] . ksfpg of]Uo ePsf
kmnx?nfO{ leqfO ;s]kl5 e08f/0f ubf{ k|of]uzfnsf] sf]7fdf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /flvPsf]
lyof] . kl/If0f slDKn6nL /ofG8dfOh8 l8hfOgdf u/LPsf] lyof] . b'O{j6f km/s km/s
k/LIf0f h; cGtu{t klxnf] kl/If0fdf kfFr j6f pkrf/ ljlw lyP -!_ lgolGqt -@_ Olykmf]g
@%) lk= lk Pd -#_ Olykf]g %)) lk= lk Pd -$_ Olykf]g &%) lk= lk Pd -%_
Olykmf]g !))) lk= lk Pd . o:t} u/L bf];|f] cWoogdf cf7 j6f pkrf/ lalw ckgfOof] . -!_
lgolGqt -@_ n;'gsf] lg:;f/0f -#_ lgdsf] lg:;f/0f -$_ Kofhsf] lg:;f/0f -%_ ltnsf] t]n -
^_ cb'jfsf] lg:;f/0f -&_ Kjfn gkf/LPsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLOyfOlng / skf;df kf]6fl;od
k/DofUg]6 -*_ Kjfn kf/LPsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nL OyfOlng skf;df kf]6fl;od
k/DofUg]6 . k|yd kl/If0fsf] nflu /flvPsf] ;a} kl/If0fLo O{sfOx?sf] cWoog b'O{ lbg
lj/fP/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L kl/If0fjf6 cjnf]sg ul/Psf] tYof+sx?sf] cfwf/df lgDg tYox?
;f/f+zdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] kl/If0fjf6 Olykf]g lk= lk Pd / Olykf]g &%) efu lk=
lk Pd s]/f ksfpgsf nflu c? pkrf/ lalw eGbf k|efjsf/L b]lvof] . e08f/0f ul/Psf] clGtd
lbgdf ;aeGbf a9L tf}nsf] l:y/tf -@$=%@ Ü_ Olykf]g lk= lk Pd kfO{of] eg] ;aeGbf
sd g/dkgf -)=%#& s]=hL=÷ju{ ;]=dL_ OyfOlng &%) lk= lk Pd / Olykmf]g !))) lk=
lk Pd df kfOof] . To:t} ul/ s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{sf] -!(=#@) la|S;_ / cDnLokgf -
)=*# Ü_ / ;du| :jLsfo{tf OyfOlng k|of]u ul/Psf] kmndf eGbf lgolGqt kmndf
kfOPsf] lyof] . ;a} eGbf sd lau|]sf] -@% Ü_ kmnx? Olykmf]g !))) lk= lk Pd df
kfOPsf] lyof] . o:t} u/L ;a eGbf a9L cfo' -!$ lbg_ lgolGqt kmnsf] kfOof] . To:t}
u/L bf];|f] kl/If0f cg';f/ ;aeGbf sd tf}n l:y/tf -&=$^ Ü_ kf]6fl;od k/DofUg]6df 8'jfPsf
Kjfn gePsf] sd 3gTjsf] kf]nLOyfOlngdf b]vfkof]{ . lgoGq0fdf cGo pkrf/sf]
bfhf]df e08f/0f ;do a9\b} hfbf sd g/dkgf b]vLof] . s'n 3'ngl;n 7f]; kbfy{sf] -!(=#&
Ü_ dfqf lgoGq0f df ;aeGbf a9L kfOPsf] lyof] . To:t} u/L ;aeGbf a9L cDnLokgf
lgd pkrf/ u/]sf] kmndf kfO{of] . s'n 3'ngl;n 7f]; kbfy{ / s'n cDnLokgfsf] -^!=#*
Ü_ cg'kftdf lgolGqt kmnsf] kfOof] . le6fldg l;= sf] dfqf lgd pkrf/ u/]sf] kmndf
eGbf a9L] kfOof] . :jflbnf]kgf, u'lnof]kgf / ;du| :jLsfo{tfsf] cfwf/df lgoGq0f pkrf/
u/]sf kmnn] ;aeGbf a9L c+s -)=*&_ xfl;n u/]sf] kfOof] . ;aeGbf sd lau|]sf kmn -
$#=&& Ü_ Kjfn gePsf] kf]nLOyfOlng ± kf]6fl;od k/DofUg]6 pkrf/df b]vLof] .
;aeGbf nfdf] e08f/0f cfo' -@& lbg_ Kjfn gkf/LPsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nL OyfOlng ±
kf]6fl;od k/DofUg]6df kfOof] . To:t} u/L ;aeGbf sd /f]usf] -@% Ü_ b]vfkg sd
3gTj ePsf] kf]nL OyfOlng ± kf]6fl;od k/DofUg]6df / lgd p4/0f u/]sf] kmndf b]lvof]
. cfufdL lbgx?df oL /;fogx?, jg:klt lg:;f/0f / kl/dflh{t jfo'd08lno Kofls+usf]
l:yl/s/0fsf nfuL cWoog ug{'kg]{ h?/L b]lvG5 .

;x–k|f= 8f= ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 pd]z ltldlN;gf

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 ljleGg e08f/df e08f/0f ubf{ Sofnl;g]6]8 Sofnl;od /
df]l8kmfO8 P6df]:km]o/ Kofs]lhËn] uf]ne]8fsf] cfo'df
kf/]sf] c;/
zf]w–;f/

gfd M ;[hgf 9'+ufgf kl/ro kq g+= M

Pr=cf/=l6=–!!–Pd–@)!$
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&! pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/M ;x–k|f=8f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L ljefu M jfujfgL lj1fg
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/x?M k|f=8f= b'uf{dl0f uf}td hDdf k[i7 ;+Vof M *&
pk–k|f= cgGt /fh b]jsf]6f

s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno, /fdk'/, lrtjgsf] jfujfgL k|of]uzfnfdf Sofnl;g]6]8 Sofnl;od /
df]l8kmfO8 P6df]:km]o/ Kofs]lhË k|ljlwsf] s]–s:tf] k|efj uf]ne]8fsf] cfo'df kbf{] /x]5
x]g{sf] lgldQ ;fwf/0f jftfj/0f -tfkqmd ##±#º ;]= / ;fk]lIft cfb|tf #%=%±(=%Ü_ /
Oefkf]/]l6e s'lnË -tfkqmd @%±#º ;]= / ;fk]lIft cfb|tf &)–*%Ü_ df cg';Gwfg u/LPsf]
lyof] . of] k/LIf0f sfo{df # ˆofS6/ ;dfj]z u/LPsf] lyof] . h; cGtu{t e08f/0f -;fwf/0f
jftfj/0f / Oefkf]/]l6e s'lnË_, ;]lg6fO{h/ -)=!Ü Sofnl;g]6]8 Sofnl;od, lr;f]kfgL, )=!Ü
Sofnl;g]6]8 Sofnl;od ± lr;f]kfgL / ;fwf/0f kfgL_ / df]l8kmfO{8 P6df]:km]o/
Kofs]lhË -;lDdlnt u/L / ;lDdlnt gu/L_ k|of]u u/LPsf] lyof] . o;/L k/LIf0fjf6 cjnf]sg
u/LPsf] tYof+sx?sf] cfwf/df lgDg tYox? ;f/+zdf pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 . gjf} lbgdf
Oefkf]/]l6e s'lnËdf /flvPsf] uf]ne]8fsf] cf}ift tf}ndf x|f; -^.%Ü_ ;fwf/0f jftfj/0fdf -
!^.@Ü_ /flvPsf] uf]ne]8fsf] eGbf sd kfO{of] . To;}u/L df]l8kmfO{8 P6df]:km]o/
Kofs]lhË gu/LPsf] -!@.*Ü_ eGbf Kofs]lhË u/LPsf] uf]ne]8fsf] cf}ift tf}ndf x|f; sd -
(.(*Ü_ kfO{of] . ;fwf/0f jftfj/0fdf /flvPsf] eGbf Oefkf]/]l6e s'lnËdf /flvPsf]
uf]ne]8fsf] cf}ift cfo' %=& lbgn] jl9 b]lvof] . ;]lg6fOh/ dWo] )=!Ü Sofnl;g]6]8
Sofnl;odsf] k|efj uf]ne]8fdf /fd|f] kfO{of] . o;n] uf]ne]8fsf] cf}ift cfo' (=# lbg ;Dd
j9]sf] kfO{of] . To;}u/L sd cf}ift cfo' -^=* lbg_ lr;f] kfgLn] pkfrfl/t uf]ne]8fdf kfO{of]
. Oefkf]/]l6e s'lnËdf e08f/0f ul/Psf] kmndf tfhfkg, s'n 3f]ngl;n 7f]; kbfy{, s'n
clDnokgf, kmnsf] g/dkgf / le6fldg ;L sf] dfqf jl9 kfO{of] . To:f}u/L uf]ne]8fsf] cf}ift
cfo', s'n clDnokgf, lk=Pr= / kmnsf] g/dkgf df]l8kmfO{8 P6df]:km]o/ Kofs]lhËdf
jl9 kfO{of] . ;]lg6fO{h/ dWo )=!Ü Sofnl;g]6]8 Sofnl;odn] pkrfl/t uf]ne]8fdf s'lxg] b/
sd b]lvof] . ;fy} o;n] kmnsf] c? c;n u'0fx? klg sfod /x]sf] kfO{of] . t;y{ Oefkf]/]l6e
s'lnË / df]l8kmfO{8 P6df]:km]o/ Kofs]lhËn] tfkqmd / ;fk]lIft cfb|tf Joj:yfkg ub{]
kmnsf] cfo' nDjfpg ;lsg] kfO{of] .

;x–k|f=8f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L

;[hgf 9'+ufgf
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/
n]vs
 g]kfnsf] ?kGb]xL lhNnf, ltnf]Qdf gu/kflnsfdf laleGg tf}nsf
a0f{z+s/ hftsf k|yd k':tfsf] aLp cfn'sf] tf}n / la?jfsf] 3gTjsf]
pTkfbgdf kfg{] k|ltlqmof
Zff]w ;f/
Gffd M hf]u]Gb| sfGb' kl/ro kq g+=M Pr=cf/=6L–
!# Pd=–@)!$
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&! pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
D'fVo laifo M jfujfgL ljefu M jfujfgL
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f= 8f= >L c/ljGb >Ljf:tj hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM !)#
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{
;x=k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7

jfg:klts jLpjf6 pTkflbt Pr= kL= P;= @/^& j0f{z+s/ hftsf] k|yd k':tfsf] jLp cfn'sf]
bfgfsf] tf}n / la?jfsf] 3gTjsf] vfog cfn' pTkfbgdf kg]{ k|ltlqmofaf/] ?kGb]xL
lhNnfsf] ltnf]Qdf gu/kflnsf–@# df cf=j=@)&@÷&# df v]t kl/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
kl/If0f /]08f]dfO{H8 slDKn6 Ans l8hfO{g -km]S6f]l/on_ df !@ j6f pkrf/sf]
;+of]hgnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/ # k6s bf]x¥ofOPsf] lyof] . pQm pkrf/df la?jfsf] tLg 3gTj -^)
;]=dL= × !) ;]=dL=, ^) ;]=dL= × @) ;]=dL= / ^) ;]=dL= × #) ;]=dL=_ / tf}n cg;f/ aLp
cfn'sf] rf/ ;fOh -% u|f= eGbf sd, %–<!) u|f=, !)– <@) u|f= / @) u|f=eGbf a9L_
nfO{ pkrf/df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . la?jfsf] 3gTj / tf}n cg';f/ aLp cfn'sf] ;fOhn] aLp
pd|g a[l4 x'g, pTkfbg / pTkfbgsf u'0fx?df pNn]vlgo ?kdf k|efj kf/]sf] kfOof] .
a[l4sf u'0fx? h:t} af]6sf] prfO{, k|lt af]6 kftsf] ;+Vof, k|ltaf]6 sf08sf] ;+Vofdf ;d]t
cfn'sf] aLpsf] bfgfsf] ;fOh / la?jfsf] 3gTjn] pNn]vlgo k|efj kf/]sf] kfOof] . k|lt ufFh
;a} eGbf w]/} sf08 @) u|f= eGbf a9L aLp cfn'sf] ;fOh / ^) ;]=dL= × #) ;]=dL=
la?jfsf] 3gTj sfod ePsf] pkrf/df kfOof] . aLp cfn'sf] ;fOh / la?jfsf] 3gTjnfO{ a9fpb}
hfFbf k|lt af]6 cfn'sf] ;+Vof / k|lt af]6 pTkflbt cfn'sf] tf}n a9b} uPsf] kfOof] . k|lt
af]6 ;a} eGbf w]/} cfn' ;+Vofdf -!#=@&_ / k|lt af]6 tf}ndf -)=%@ s]=hL=_ cfn'sf]
pTkfbg @) u|f= eGbf a9L aLpsf] ;fOh / ^) ;]=dL= × !) ;]=dL= / ^) ;]=dL= × #)
;]=dL= la?jfsf] 3gTj sfod ePsf] pkrf/df kfOof] . k|lt Kn6 klg oxL pkrf/df ;a} eGbf
a9L -@@=#* s]=hL=_ pTkfbg ePsf] kfOof] . ;a eGbf w]/} ;Vofdf -#%^=&_ ;fgf]
;fOhsf] cfn'sf] bfgf -<@%_ @) u|f= eGbf a9L ;fOhsf] aLp cfn'nfO{ ^) ;]=dL= × !)
;]=dL= sf] b'/Ldf /f]Kbf kfOof] . To;} u/L @) u|fd eGbf a9L ;fOhsf] aLp cfn'nfO{
^) ;]=dL= × @) ;]=dL= df nufpbf ;a eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf -!@(=&_ ;aeGbf 7"nf]
;fO{hsf] cfn' pTkfbg ePsf] kfOof] . h'g ^) ;]=dL= × #) ;]=dL= sf] b'/L df nufPsf
cfn'sf] pTkfbg ;+u ;dfg /x]sf] kfOof] . @) u|fd eGbf a9L ;fOhsf] aLp cfn' nfO{ ^)
;]=dL= × #) ;]=dL= sf] b'/Ldf nufpbf tLg} ;fOhsf cfn'sf] pTkfbgsf] tf}n a9L ePsf]
kfOof] . kfFr u|fd eGbf sd ;fOhsf cfn' aLp k|of]u ubf{ k|lt Kn6 ;aeGbf sd pTkfbg
;fgf] ;fOhsf -!=@^ s]=hL=_, demf}nf ;fOhsf -!=&@ s]=hL=_ / 7'nf] ;fOhsf -#=)%
s]=hL=_ qmdzM ^) × @) ;]=dL=, ^) × #) ;]=dL= / ^) × !) ;]=dL= sfod ubf{ kfOof] .
@) u|f= eGbf a9L ;fOhsf] aLp cfn'nfO{ clwstd b'/L ^) ;]=dL × #) ;]=dL= df /f]Kbf
k|lt x]S6/ #!=@# d]=6g vfog cfn'sf] pTkfbg ePsf] kfOof] . h'g c? pkrf/df eGbf
a9L ePsf] kfO{of] . lalQo laZn]if0faf6 @) u|fd eGbf a9L ;fOhsf] aLp cfn' nfO{ ^)
;]=dL= × #) ;]=dL= sf] b'/Ldf /f]Kbf ;a} eGbf a9L nfe nfut cg'kft -$=#$_ ePsf]
kfO{Psf]n] vfog cfn' pTkfbgsf] nflu of] pkrf/sf] ;dof]hg pko'Qm x'G5 .

__________________ _________
k|f= 8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj hf]u]Gb|
sfGb'
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 g]kfnsf] sf:sL lhNnf, kf]v/fdf ljleGg nufpg] ;dodf cfn'sf hftx?sf]
k|ltlqmof
zf]w–;f/
gfdM ;/f]h clwsf/L btf{ g+ M Pr=cf/=6L=—
!$Pd—@)!$
;q tyf egf{ aif{ M k|yd, @)&! pkflw M :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj laefuM afuafgL
;b:o ;Nnfxsf/M k|f=8f= df]xbQ zdf{ hDdf k[i7 ;+VofM &!
;x=k|f=8f= ch'{g s'df/ >]i7

kf]v/f tyf cfzkfzsf If]qdf vfog cfn'afnL pTkfbgsf nfuL pko'Qm nufpg] ;do / hft kQf
nufpg] pb]Zon] ;g\ @)!% cS6'a/ b]vL ;g\ @)!^ dfr{ ;Dd afuafgL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|,
dfn]kf6g, kf]v/fdf of] cg';Gwfg u/LPsf] lyof] . of] k/LIf0f /]G8f]dfOH8 sdlKn6 Ans
l8hfOg cGtu{t b'O j6f ˆofS6/ ePsf] o; k/LIf0fdf gf}j6f pkrf/x?sf] ;+of]hgnfO{ ;dfj]z
u/L ltg k6s k'g/fj[lQ ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm pkrf/x?df ltg j6f nufpg] ;do -cS6'a/ #),
gf]e]Da/ !$ / gf]e]Da/ @(_ / ltgj6f cfn'sf hft -hgsb]a, PnaLcf/ $) / lkcf/kL
@^^@^$=!_ /x]sf lyP . ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] glthf cg';f/ afnL nufpg] ;do / cfn'sf hftn]
w]/}h;f] af]6sf] j[l4, pTkfbg tyf pTkfbgsf ljleGg cjojx?df pNn]vlgo k|efj k/]sf]
b]lvof] . afnL nufpg] ;do / hft ljrsf] cGt/s[ofTds ;DaGwn] k|lt af]6 hldg dfyLsf]
xfFuf ;+Vof, u|fp08 se/ k|ltzt, bfgf ;+Vof k|lt af]6, ;fgf bfgf -@% u|fd d'gL_ ;+Vof
tyf tf}n, ljp tyf 7'nf bfgfsf] tf}n, k|lt Kn6 s'n bfgf ;+Vof tyf tf}n, ahf/of]Uo pTkfbg
k|lt x]S6/, s'n pTkfbg k|lt x]S6/df pNn]vlgo k|efj k/]sf] b]lvof] . gf]e]Da/ !$ df cfn'
nufpbf pNn]vlgo ?kdf a9L ahf/of]Uo pTkfbg #%=)( 6g k|lt x]S6/ / s'n pTkfbg
#&=)% 6g k|lt x]S6/ kfOof] . PnaLcf/ $) cfn'sf] hftn] ;a}eGbf a9L ahf/of]Uo
pTkfbg #$=(% 6g k|lt x]S6/ / s'n pTkfbg #^=)% 6g k|lt x]S6/ kfOof] . cS6'a/ #)
afnL nufpg] ;do / lkcf/kL @^^@^$=! sf] cGt/s[ofTds ;DaGwn] pNn]vlgo ?kdf
a9L s'n pTkfbg $!=#$ 6g k|lt x]S6/ lbPsf] kfOof] . PnaLcf/ $) cfn'sf] hftn]
pNn]vlgo ?kdf a9L bfgf ;+Vof -@!%_ / tf}n -@)=*( s]hL_ k|lt Kn6 lbPsf] kfOof] .
;a}eGbf al9 7'nf bfgf ;+Vof -@#!=^_ / tf}n -!(=)& s]hL_ k|lt Kn6 gf]e]Da/ !$ df
nufpbf kfOof] . nufpg] ;do l9nf] x'b} hfFbf ;fgf bfgf -@%u|fd d'gL_ cyjf
cahf/of]Uo bfgfsf] ;+Vof a9]sf] kfOof] . nfe nfutsf] cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L gf]e]Da/ !$
/ PnaLcf/ $) sf] cGt/s[ofTds ;DaGwn] kfOof] .

k|f=8f= c/ljGb >Ljf:tj ;/f]h clwsf/L

d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 zf]w–;f/

gfd M lgnf kf}8]n kl/ro kq g+= M Prcf/l6–)^Pd–

@)!%
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&@ pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]t/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f=ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 ljefu M jfujfgL

s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnosf] afujfgL ljefu l:yt kf]:6 xfe]{:6 k|of]uzfnfdf dgsfdgf uf]/vfaf6
NofOPsf] :yfgLo hftsf] ;'Gtnfdf jfg:klts t]n, d}g tyf 9';Lgf;ssf] k|of]u ul/ cfo' Pj+
u'0f:t/ nDAofpg] jf ;'wf/ ug]{ pb]Zo /fvL lj=;+= @)&# ;fn kf}if % ut] b]lv lj=;+=
@)&# ;fn df3 # ut];Dd cWoog ul/of] . o; cWoogsf] cjlwe/ e08f/0f sIfsf] ;/b/
tfkqmd !&=@! ˚;] / ;fk]lIft cf›tf &&=!!Ü lyof] . kl/If0f sfo{ sDKnL6nL /ofG8fdfOh
l8hfOgdf u/L ;du|df 5 j6f pkrf/ ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof], h'g o; k|sf/sf lyPM -!_
lgolGqt -@_ o'SoflnK6; t]n @Ü -#_ l;gfdf]dd t]n @Ü -$_ d}g !)Ü OdN;g -%_
9';Lgf;s -a]lel:6g_ )=!Ü -^_ d}g !)Ü ± a]lel:6g )=!Ü . b'O{–b'O{ lbgsf] cGt/fndf ;a}
kl/If0fLo OsfOx?sf] cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . t;y{ o;/L kl/If0faf6 cjnf]sg ul/Psf]
tYof+sx?sf] cfwf/df lgDg tYox? ;f/f+zdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . kl/If0faf6 d}g !)Ü
OdN;g ± a]lel:6g )=!Ü sf] dfqfdf k|of]u ubf{ kmnsf] c;n u'0f sfod /fVg c? pkrf/
ljlw eGbf k|efjsf/L b]lvof] . e08f/0f ul/Psf] clGtd lbgdf d}g OdN;g ± a]lel:6g k|of]u
ul/Psf] kmndf ;aeGbf a9L kmnsf] tf}ndf l:y/tf kfOof] t/ ;aeGbf sd g/dkgf kfOof] .
To:t} ul/ s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ ljleGg lalwx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] kmndf eGbf lgolGqt
kmndf a9L kfOof] / cDnLokgf eg] d}g OdN;g ± a]lel:6g k|of]u ul/Psf] / To;kl5
l;gfdf]dd t]n @Ü sf] k|of]udf kfOof] . ;aeGbf a9L le6fldg l;= sf] dfqf d}g OdN;g ±
a]lel:6g k|of]u ul/Psf] / l;gfdf]dd t]n @Ü df a/fa/ h:tf] kfOof], To;}u/L sd lau|]sf]
kmn eg] 9';Lgf;s -a]lel:6g_ )=!Ü k|of]u ul/Psf] kmnx?df kfOof] . To;}u/L kl/If0f
cg';f/ kmnsf] /; ;aeGbf a9L d}g !)Ü OdN;g k|of]u ul/Psf] kmndf kfOof] . of]
cWoogn] dfq ;jf]{Qd pTkfbg pkf]/fGt k|ljlw l;kmfl/; ug{ kof{Kt gx'g] b]lvPsfn] yk
cg';Gwfg u/L e08f/0fsf nflu k|ljlw l;kmfl/; ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

_________________ ________
k|f=8f= ch{'g s'df/ >]i7 lgnf kf}8]n
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ n]vs
 zf]w–;f/

gfd M nf]s]G› kf08]o kl/ro kq g+= M Pr=cf/=l6–)%Pd–

@)!%
;q tyf egf{ jif{ M k|yd, @)&@ pkflw M s[lif :gftsf]Q/
d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ M k|f=8f= sNof0fL ld> lqkf7L ljefu M jfujfgL

s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno /fdk'/ lrtjgsf] jfujfgL ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfdf lj=;+ @)&$ ;fn
j}zfv dlxgfdf o'=P;= &!)( hftsf] /fdtf]/Lofsf] hLjg cjlw a9fpg e08f/0f / ljleGg
Kofs]lh+u ug]{ kf]lnlygn] ug]{ c;/x? cWoog ug{ Pp6f kl/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;
kl/If0fdf b'Oj6f sf/sx?nfO{ cf/=;L=la=8L l8hfOgdf !@ j6f pkrf/ ;+of]hgnfO{ # k6s
bf]xf]of{P/ /flvPsf] lyof] . ;fdfGo cj:yfdf sf]7fsf] cf};t tfkqmd / ;fk]lIfs cf›tf qmdzM
@*–#) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 / ^)–&)Ü lyof] eg] z'Gophf{ lzte08f/0fsf] cf};t tfkqmd /
;fk]lIfs cf›tf qmd;M @)–@^ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 / (%–((Ü lyof] . /fdtf]l/ofsf] kmnsf]
zf/Ll/s tf}ndf sdL, s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{, 6fO{6«]an clDnokg, s8fkg, lk=Pr,
le6fldg ;L, s'n b[:6Lsf] u'0f:t/ / hLjg cjlwsf] tYof+s /]s8{ lnO{Psf] lyof] .
tYof+sx?sf] tYof+sLo ljZn]if0f cf/=:6f6 / 8LPdcf/l6 af6 ul/Psf] lyof] . ljleGg
e08f/0f cj:yfx?sf] k|efj zfl/l/s tf}ndf x|f;, s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{, lk=Pr=, hLjg cjlwdf
;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ lyof] eg] 6fO{6«]an clDnokg, s8fkg, le6fldg ;L / s'n b[:6Lsf]
u'0f:t/ d'Nof+sgdf dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . e08f/0f ul/Psf] ;ftf} lbgdf ;j}eGbf yf]/} zf/Ll/s
tf}ndf sdL -!#=!%Ü_ z'Gophf{ lzte08f/0fdf b]vfk/]sf] lyof] eg] ;j}eGbf w]/} -
#(=^^Ü_ ;fdfGo e08f/0fdf b]lvPsf] lyof] . e08f/0fsf qmddf /fdtf]l/ofsf] hLjgsf]
cGTodf s8fkgsf nfuL ;a} eGbf w]/} :sf]/ -@=^!_, nfdf] e08f/0f hLjg cjlw -*=%
lbg_, ;a}eGbf yf]/} lk=Pr -%=(&_, yf]/} s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ -^=*#º la|S;_,
;j}eGbf w]/} le6fldg ;L -!&=!& ldln u|fd k|lt!)) u|fd_ z'GozLt e08f/0fdf kfOPsf]
lyof], kf]lnlygx? dWo] s8fkgsf nfuL ;a} eGbf w]/} :sf]/ -@=!&_ %) dfOqmf]gsf]
kf]nLk|f]kfO{nLgdf kfOPsf] lyof], ;a}eGbf w]/} nfdf] hLjg cjlw -*=% lbg_ %)
dfOqmf]gsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLOyfOlngdf kfOPsf] lyof], lk=Pr ;a}eGbf a9L
kf]lnlygdf Kofs gu/Lsg v'Nnf ?kdf /flvPsf /fdtf]l/ofdf b]lvPsf] lyof], ;a}eGbf sd
tf}ndf x|f; -@@=%@Ü_ %) dfOqmf]gsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLOyfOlngdf kfOPsf]
lyof], ;a}eGbf sd s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{ -^=%# º la|S;_ %) dfOqmf]gsf] sd 3gTj
ePsf] kf]nLOyfOlngdf kfOPsf] lyof] / ;a}eGbf w]/} le6fldg ;L %) dfOqmf]gsf]
kf]nLk|f]kfO{nLgdf kfOPsf] lyof] . %) dfOqmf]gsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLOyfOlng /
z'Gophf{ lzte08f/0f sf] ;+of]hgdf ;a} eGbf sd tf}ndf x|f; -(=*#Ü_ b]lvof] / ;a}eGbf
w]/} le6fldg ;L -!(=^& ldlnu|fd k|lt !)) u|fd_ . ;du|?kdf x]bf{ /fdtf]l/ofsf] zf/Ll/s tf}ndf
x|f;, s'n 3'ngzLn 7f]; kbfy{, 6fO{6«]an clDnokg, s8fkg, lk=Pr, le6fldg ;L, s'n
b[:6Lsf] u'0f:t/ / hLjg cjlw ;fdfGo e08f/0f eGbf z'Gophf{ lzte08f/0fdf /fd|f] b]lvof]
;fy} %) dfOqmf]gsf] sd 3gTj ePsf] kf]nLOyfOlng / z'Gophf{ lzte08f/0fsf] ;+of]hg
klg kf]:6xfj]{:6 u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg /fd|f] b]lvof] . ;du|df ljleGg kf]lnlygx?sf] k|of]u u/L
z'Gophf{ lzte08f/0fdf /flvPsf] /fdtf]l/ofnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd u'0f:t/o'Qm /fVg ;lsg]
b]lvof] .
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