u08sL k|b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s

Nxf] /fHosf]
/fhgLlts ;dfhzf:q

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, k[YjL gf/fo0f SofDk;

;dfhzf:q ljefudf k|:t't
cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg

0
 zf]wstf{
/fdrGb| a/fn
;dfhzf:q tyf u|fdL0f ljsf; ljefu
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, kf]v/f
@)&%

;dfhzf:q tyf u|fdL0f ljsf; ljefu

==========================================
==========================================
==========================================
================================

cg'df]bg kq

o; ljefusf lzIfsx?sf] k|fl1s j[lQ ljsf;df 6]jf k'of{pg] u/L k|fl1s ljsf;
sf]if dfkm{t n3' cg';Gwfg sfo{sfnflu cg'bfg sfo{qmd @)&$÷ )&
% cGtu{t ljefusf pk k|fWofks /fdrGb| a/fnn] uG8sL k|
b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHosf] /fhgLlts ;dfhzf:q lzif{sdf
zf]wsfo{ ul/ tf]lsPsf] ;dod} cfjZos k|lqmof k'/f u/L clGtd
d'Nof+sgsf nflu o; ljefusf] cg';Gwfg ;ldltdf zf]w k|ltj]bg
a'emfPsf]df cg';Gwfg ;ldltn] pko'{Qm zf]w k|ltj]bg :jLs[t ug{sf
nflu pko'Qm 7x¥ofO{ :jLs[t u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/G5 .

1
ldlt M @)&%. )%. !%

=====================================
=============
k|f=8f= ljZjsNof0f k/fh'nL
ljefuLo k|d'v

k|ltj4tf—kq

2
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; ;dfhzf:q tyf u|fdL0f ljsf; ljefusf]
k|fl1s ljsf; sf]if dfkm{t n3' cg';Gwfg sfo{sfnflu cg'bfg sfo{qmd
@)&$÷ )&% cGtu{t k|:t't uG8sL k|b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHosf]
/fhgLlts ;dfhzf:q lzif{ssf] o; zf]w k|ltj]bg d]/f] df}lns zf]wsfo{ xf] .
o; zf]w k|ltj]bg n]vgsf qmddf d}n] ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 ;fdu|L ;+sng u/L
tLgsf] pkof]u u/]sf] 5' / tL ;|f]tx? k|lt s[t1 5' . o; zf]w k|ltj]bgdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] lgisif{nfO{ d}n] o; cl3 sxL klg , s'g} klg pkfwL jf cGo k|
of]hgsf lglDt k|:t't u/]sf] 5}g / o; zf]w k|ltj]bgsf] s'g} kf7÷ c+z ,
k':ts jf k':tssf] c+zsf ?kdf k|sflzt u/] ÷ u/fPsf] 5}g . d}n] oxf k|:t't
u/]sf k|ltj4tfsf lj?4 s'g} k|df0f e]l6Pdf d To; k|lt k"0f{tM lhDd]jf/
x'g]5' .

ldlt M @)&%. )$. !&

========================================
==========
/fdrGb| a/fn -lkPr= 8L_
zf]wstf{
-pk—k|fWofks, ;dfhzf:q_

3
 ;Dks{ M 9846027841, rcbaral@gmail.com

s[t1tf

gofF k|fb]lzs /fhgLltsf] cEof; yfnLPsf] jt{dfg kl/j]zdf k|fl1s

cg';gwfgx?nfO{ klg k|fb]lzs hLjg;Fu} hf]l8Psf /}yfg] 1fgsf If]qdf
s]Gb|Lt ul/ ;fj{hlgs ;dfhzf:qsf] jxzdf Nofpg o;vfnsf cg';gwfgnfO{
hf]8 lbg' cfj:os 7fg]/ o;kfnL u08sL k|b]zsf] uh'/sf] ?kdf /x]sf]
d':tfË lhNnfsf] pkNnf] ynf] Nxf] pkTosfdf nIfLt ul/Psf] xf] . Plss[t
g]kfndf ufleg' eGbf klxn] Nxf] pkTosf tLg ufpF / l5d]sL rf/
ufp ;d]tsf] ;ft ufpsf] Nxf] /fHo ef]6 / ef/tsf] g'g sf/f]af/sf] gfsf
lyof] . olx >f]tsf sf/0fn] cfh{g u/]sf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf sf/0f oxf cEof;
ul/Psf] /fhgLlts zlQm lgdf{0f , lgoGq0f / kl/rfngsf tl/sfx? ljlzi6 k|
sf/sf] lyof] . /fhgLlts zlQm lgdf{0f , lgoGq0f / kl/rfngsf P]ltxfl;s
tl/sfnfO{ vf]h ug]{ k|of;df of] cWoog s]lGb|t 5 .
g'g dfu{ /f]lsPkl5 xfnsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw s:tf] s:tf] 5 eGg] ;afn
cWoogsf] k|]/s kIf xf] . Nxf] /fHosf] /fhtGqsf] tfTsflng /fhgLlts
aGbf]j:tL lgZro g} k|sfo{jfbL ;dfhzf:qL 6fnsf]6 kf;{gn] eg]
em} /}yfg] tgfj Joj:yfkgsf sfObf / l6sfpg] /0fgLlts ;lqmotfsf pkh
x'g\ . tL /0fgLlts pkhx? /fhtGq ljbf ePsf] bzs jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg gful/s
nf]s Joaxf/df cEo:t kfOg'n] lgZrog} o;sf] P]ltxfl;s w/ftn lj;{g
gx'g] b]vfpF5 . o;} dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHosf]
/fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf af/]df pTvgg\ ug{ yfnLPsf] xf] . of] cWoogsf]
;Dk'0f{tf xf]Og pTvgg\sf] k|f/De dfq xf] .
zf]wsfo{sf nflu km\ofsN6L l/;r{ u|fG6 Joj:yf u/]/ u'0f:t/
;Dkfbgsf nflu ljefuLo k|d'v k|f=8f= ljZjsNof0f k/fh'nLsf] k|
f]T;fxgn] of] ;f]wsfo{ ;fy{s t'NofPsf] 5 . of] cWoogdf b'n{e
P]ltxfl;s s[lt / ;Gbe{ pknAw u/fpg] hn;+:s[lt lj1 s'n/fh rfln;] k|lt
klg s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5' . Nxf] pkTosfdf :ynut cjnf]sg /
b'n{e ;"rgfdf ;3fpg] s[lif k|fljlws s[i0f uf}td, Nxf]sf hgk|ltlglw

4
OGb|wf/f lji6, ;'j0f{ lji6, 1fg]Gb| lji6, dx]Gb| ysfnL, lx/f nfdf,
gf]j"{ nfdf , ªjfª l5l/ª u"?Ë, l5dL cfËdf] u'?Ë, lemUdL u'?Ë, Nxf]
k'j{/fhfsf wd{k'q tyf k'j{ /fhs'df/ lhUdL lji6 / PSofksf :yfgLo
clws[t >Ls[i0f g]pkfg] tyf cfjf; ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] xf]6n y|L l;:6/
k|lt klg s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5' .
cGTodf of] d:of}bfdfly cd'No l6Kk0fL lbP/ o;nfO{ cem
kl/kSj agfpg of]ubfg lbg] ;dfhzf:qL k|f= r}tGo ld>, k|f= rGb|
eb|f, 7fg axfb'/ If]qL, g]qgf/fo0f kf}8]n, lzj yfkf, ?b| ltldN;Lgf tyf
Nxf] If]qsf hgk|ltlglw tyf u08sL k|b]zsf ;ef;b OGb|wf/f lji6 k|lt
s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5' .

zf]wstf{
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

JolQm / ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;lqmo / b"?:t kfg{

k|foM s'g} g s'g} aGbf]a:tL ;lqmo eO/xG5g\ . ;dfhdf pknAw ;|f]t
lgoGq0f / kl/rfng ug{ ;dfh JolQmx?n] h] h:tf jGbf]a:tL ldnfpFb}
cfP, tL ;j}h;f] ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt Joj:yfkg ug{sf vfFlt/ agfOPsf lyP .
o;/L g} aGbf]a:tL ldnfpg] cEof;df b]z—sfn—kl/j]z cg';f/ g]t[Tj
k2tLx? lgdf{0f x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
dflg;x¿sf] j;fO ;/fO, gofF ;d"x;Fusf] ;Dks{ / hLljsfsf nflu
ul/Psf k|oTgn] sltko ;fdflhs k|s[ofx¿sf] hGd u/fPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs k|
s[ofx¿ ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, ;ª\3if{, åGå cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf 5g\ . o:tf k|
s[ofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / dfgjLo e"ldsfsf] jGbf]a:tLsf nflu ;do /
kl/l:yltcg';f/ pko'Qm b]lvPsf] ;Ë7g / g]t[Tj Aojxf/ cEof; ub}
{ cfpFbf Toxfsf] /fhgLlts kl/k6Lsf] lgdf{0f x'b} uPsf] 5 .
ef}uf]lns tyf ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] ;d[4 u08sL k|b]z o:t} ljljw
/fhgLlts ;+:sf/ / / ;Eoftfsf] e"ldsf ?kdf klxrfg agfPsf] :yfg xf] .

5
oxfsf] bIfL0fL d}bfg kfNkfnL ;]g /fHosf] ;fdflhlss/0f k|s[ofn]
afUn'Ë eGbf dfly sfuj]gL d'QmLgfy ;Dd k|jfx ePsf] dfq geO
k'j{sf] rf}b08L ljhok'/ ;d]t hf]l8Psf] lyof] . o:t} ul/ xfnsf] DofUbL
3tfg If]qdf /x]sf] kj{t/fHosf l8d dNnsf] k|VoftL / rqmatL{ jfhk]o
klxrfg xhf/ 8f8f kf/L km}nLPsf] bfjL ul/G5 . sf:sL, :ofËhfsf zfx
dfq xf]Og ndh'Ësf 3n]x?sf] ;Qf ;fdflhs/0fsf] klxrfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
kf]v/f dxfgu/sf] ?kftfn lgsf;df /x]sf] …/fhfsf] rf}tf/fÚ k|ltsn]
g]kfn PsLs/0f eGbf klxn]sf] ;fgf afx« /fHosf] ;fd'lxs ldnfkqsf]
…;fs{ k|tLsÚ klxrfg lbPsf] 5 . o:tf cEof; / cjz]ifx? oxfsf]
/fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf] hLjGt kf7zfnf x'g\ .
g'g dfu{ /f]lsPkl5 xfnsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw s:tf] s:tf] 5 eGg]
;afn cWoogsf] k|]/s kIf xf] . Nxf] /fHosf] /fhtGqsf] tfTsflng
/fhgLlts aGbf]j:tL lgZro g} k|sfo{jfbL ;dfhzf:qL 6fnsf]6 kf;{gn]
eg] em} /}yfg] tgfj Joj:yfkgsf sfObf / l6sfpg] /0fgLlts ;lqmotfsf
pkh x'g\ . tL /0fgLlts pkhx? /fhtGq ljbf ePsf] bzs jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg
gful/s nf]s Joaxf/df cEo:t kfOg'n] lgZrog} o;sf] P]ltxfl;s w/ftn lj;
{g gx'g] b]vfpF5 . o;} dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHosf]
/fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf af/]df pTvgg\ ug{ yfnLPsf] xf] .
b'|t ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf ljlwsf] dfWod4f/f :ynut ;"rgf ;+sng
ul/ ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] of] cWoogdf k|sfo{afbL / ;dGjoafbL
b[li6sf]0faf6 Nxf] /fHosf] /}yfg] /fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf rl/qx? cfFsng
ul/Psf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHosf] abnLbf] /fhgLlts klxrfg;Fu}
abnL/x]sf /fhg}lts /0fgLltx? / gful/s tyf g]t[Tj aLrsf] ;DaGwsf
9fFrfx? ljutsf] /fhtGqfTds / casf] u0ftGqfTds k|0ffnLsf aLrsf]
t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ ;lsg] lgs6 eljiosf nflu u0ftGq klxn]sf]
cEof;nfO{ clen]vg ug{ of] cWoogn] ;fy{stf /fVb5 / eljiosf
zf]wstf{x?sf nflu gljg ljifosf] p7fgnfO{ cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] bfjL
ub{5' .
ljifo ;"rL

6
 k[i7
cg'df]bgkq !
k|ltj4tf kq @
s[t1tf #
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z $
lrq ;"rL ^

tflnsf tyf aS; ;"rL ^

cWofo Ps M cWoogsf] kl/ro

!=! cWoogsf] ;Gbe{
&
!=@= cWoogsf k|]/s ;afnx?
*
!=# cWoogsf] pB]Zo
(
!=$ cWoogsf] l;df
(
!=% cWoogsf] If]q 5gf}6sf] cf}lrTo / dxTj
!) !=^ cWoogsf] ljlw
!!
cWofo b'O M ;}4flGts / ;fdflhs ljj]rgf
@=!;fdflhs g]t[Tjsf] ;}4flGts ;Gbe{ M
!@ @=@ Nxf] /fHosf] /fhgLlts e"uf]n
!$
@=# Ps d':tfË M kfFr ;Eotf
!%

7
 @=$ Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs Oltxf;
!&
@=% Nxf]sf] ;fdl/stfsf sf/0fx?
@!
cWofo tLg M /fhgLlts ;+/rgf
#=! Nxf] /fHosf] /fhsLo ;+u7gsf] 9fFrf
@#
#=@ :yfgLo d'vLof k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf
@$
#=# Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f
@%
#=$= ;dflhs b08 / lgoGq0f Joj:yf
@*
#=% ;dflhs cGt/3'ng
@(
cWofo rf/ M kl/jt{gsf cfofdx?
$=!= ;fdflhs cGt/ ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g k|]/s tTjx?
#!
$=@ g]t[Tjz}nLdf kl/jt{gsf cfofdx?
#%
cWofo kfFr M lgisif{
%=!cWoogsf] lgisif{
$)

;Gbe{ ;"rL
$#

lrq ;"rL
lrq g+ @=! tLg lt/ ltJjtn] 3]/LPsf] Nxf] pkTosfsf] a:tLut dfglrq
!$

8
lrq g+ @= @ M d':tfËdf cGt/3'ng / km/s klxrfgsf] k|s[ofdf /x]sf
kfFr ;f:s[lts ;Eotfx? !^
lrq g+=#=! Nxf] /fhwfgLsf] a:tLut ;+/rgf
@#
lrq g+=#=@ Nxf] /fHosf] /fhsLo ;+/rgf
@#
lrq g+ #=# M :yfgLo d'vLof k|0ffnLsf] txut ;+/rgf
@%
lrq g+ #=$ M Nxf]df cEof; ePsf] ;fdflhs :tl/s/0f
@^
lrq g+ $=! g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf k|sf/x?
#&

tflnsf ;'rL

tflnsf g+ #=! Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f cg';f/sf] 3/w'/L ljj/0f

@&
tflnsf g+$=! Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|]/s tTjx?
##
tflnsf g $=@ Nxf] /fHosf] g]t[Tj z}nL kl/jt{gsf 9fFrf
#*

aS; ;"rL

9
aS; g+= @=! Nxf] j+zfjnLsf] ;f/
!(

cWofoM Ps
cWoogsf] kl/ro

!=! cWoogsf] ;Gbe{ M

zf;sLo :j?ksf cfwf/df g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] cEof; yfngL ePkl5
;Ktu08sL k|jfx If]qsf !! lhNnfx?sf] ;xefuLtfdf u08sL k|b]zsf]
gfdfs/0f ePkl5 k|fb]lzs klxrfg / uf}/ak'0f{ ;Dkbfx?sf] vf]hL x'g'
kg]{ / :yfgLo ;dfhzf:qsf] ljsf;df k|l1s k|of;x? a9fpg' kg]{ vfFrf]
dx;'; x'g yfNof] .
u08sL k|b]zdf !! lhNnfdf *% j6f :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf :yfgut ?kdf
ljlzi6 ;fdflhs klxrfg /x]sf 5g\ . ljutsf ;fdflhs klxrfg / ;f+:s[lts
x};Lotdf uf]/vf, tgxF', ndh'Ë, sf:sL, kj{t /fHox? aL/tfsf sf/0f
klxrfgdf lyP eg] ef]6 / ef/tsf aLrsf] g'g Jofkf/sf] ;fdfl/s uf}8fdf

10
/x]sf] Nxf] /fHosf] klxrfg g'g, ;'g / pmg ;+u} hf]l8Psf] tYo k'/ftTj
ljefusf] k|flrg g]kfn hg{nn] klg k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .
u08sL k|b]zsf] uh'/sf ?kdf ef}uf]lns cj:yLlt agfPsf] P]ltxfl;s
Nxf] /fHo u08sL k|b]zsf bIfL0fL /fHo;Fudfq cGt/;DaGwLt geO
Nxfzf b]lv hfnGw/L h'Dnf / n2fv ;Ddsf lxdfnL /fHox?df ;fdl/s /
sf}6'lDjs ;DaGwdf hf]l8b} /}yfg] /0fgLlts cEof;af6 c:tLTj lgdf{0f
ub}{ cfO/x]sf] lyof] . sfnLu08sL k|;j{0f If]qsf] pkNnf] ynf]df
;Eotfsf] lgdf{0fdf P]ltxfl;s dxTj af]s]sf] olx ;fdfl/s Nxf]
/fHosf] /fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf] pTvgg\ ug{sf nflu of] cWoog
ul/Psf] xf] .
k|flrg sfndf r/0f If]qsf ?kdf /x]sf] uf]7fnfx?n] a;f]jf;sf nflu
u'kmf / cf]8f/sf] pkof]u u/]sf] of] 3fF;] d}bfg kz'kfnsx? x'b}
v]ltkftL ug]{ ;d"xdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] :yfg ef]6 / ef/tsf aLrsf]
Jofkf/sf ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] / /fd|f] kbdfu{sf ?kdf :yfkLt ePkl5 oxf
dfgjLo pk:yLlt afSnf] x'b} uPsf] / Jofkf/Ls/0fn] sfnLu08sL
lsgf/fx?df eO/x]sf] zfnLu|fd tLy{f6g ;+u} ef]6—ef/t Aofkf/
km:6fP;Fu} oxfsf] ;fdflhs cGt/lqmofTds ;DaGwsf] lj:tf/df klg
ultzLntf cfPsf] xf] - Graafen and Seeber, 1993: 34-48 ) .

o;} ;Gbe{df Plss[t g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] /fhg}lts OsfO / kl/rfngsf

9fFrfx?nfO{ ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf cEof; ug]{ yfngL ;+u} :yfgLo 1fg,
cEof; / klxrfgsf ;afnx? klg vf]h / ljZn]if0fsf ljifo agfpg' kg]{ k|
fl1s ;Djfbx?df :j/x? ;'lgg yfn]sf 5g\ . vf;ul/ :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;+/rgf /

11
gful/s ;DaGw Joj:yfkgsf ;afndf ljutdf ePsf :yfgut /0fgLlt /
cg'ejaf6} :yfgLo ;dfhzf:qsf] ljsf; ePsfn] k|fb]lzs /fhgLlts cEof;sf
qmddf k|b]zsf ljlzi6tfsf] vf]hL x'g' kg]{ ;Gbe{df u08sL k|b]zsf
ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s cEof;x?sf] vf]hL ug]{ qmd yflnPsf] xf] . olx
;Gbe{df u08sL k|b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHosf] /fhgLlts
;dfhzf:q lzif{sdf of] zf]wsfo{ ul/Psf] xf] .

!=@= cWoogsf k|]/s ;afnx? M

;dfhlj1fgn] ;dflhs ;+/rgf leq JolQm, kl/:yLlt / ;fdlhs OsfOx?sf
aLrsf ;DaGwut e"ldsf / To;df cfPsf kl/jt{gx? ljZn]if0f u/]/ cluNnf]
k':tf / kl5Nnf] k':tfsf aLrsf] 1fgfTds ;DaGwx?sf af/]df ljj]rgf
ug{ clek|]l/t ub{5 . ;dfhdf ;'/Iff tyf lgoGq0f / lg/Gt/tfsf nflu
agfOPsf :yfgLo /fhgLlts k2tLx?dflysf] lg/Gt/ ;ldIff ug]
{ kl/kf6Ln] ;fj{hlgs ;dfhzf:qsf] klg ljsf; ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . hLjLsf ;
+rfngsf tl/sfdf kl/jt{g;Fu} cfh{g ePsf cg'ejn] klg :yfgLo
;fdflhsLs/0fsf lsl;dx? lgdf{0f ub}{ nu]sf x'G5g\ .
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts klxrfg lgdf{0fdf ljleGg ;fdflhs, ;f:s[lts /
kof{j/0fLo kl/:yLltx?sf] cGt/lqmofTds ;dGjosf]
dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . tL P]ltxfl;s kl/:yLltdf …b]z–sfn–
kl/j]zÚsf] cGt/lqmofTds ;~hfndf oxfsf ;fdflhs OsfO, 36gf /
JolQmx?sf] cGt/;DaGwn] of]ubfg k'of{pb} cfPsf 5g\ .
P]ltxfl;s u|fd / ;+u|fd aLrsf] cGt/lqmofsf sf/0f lgdf{0f ePsf]
u|fdkf~rfnL u|fd k~rfot x'b} ufpkflnsfdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 eg] u|

12
fd kf~rfnLsf u|fd0fLx? d'vLof x'b} k|wfg / k|d'vdf kl/rLt x'g
yfn]sf 5g\ -a/fn,@)&) M%#Ù sf]zfDaL,!(^%M&* Ù 3'o{,!(^) M
@&–@(_.
o;/L u|fd–;+u|fd–;dGjo x'b} ljleGg ;fdflhs OsfOx?df :yfgLo
zlQm–;'/Iff–lgoGq0fsf /0fgLltx? ljsf; x'b} cfP . o:tf /0fgLlts
sfo{x?sf] qmd;+u} ;+u7g / g]t[Tj kl/kf6Lx? klg lgdf{0f x'b} cfP
. o:tf g]t[Tj kl/kfl6x? …jL/ ef]Uof j;'Gw/fÚ, …;d/ ljhoL ;d|f6Ú, …
dxfk'?if cjtf/Ú
-cf}tf/L_ / …h]i7 >]i7 k|hfkltÚ h:tf s'g} ljz]if dfGotfx?n] lgb]{lzt
ub}{ ljsf; x'b} cfPsf] kfOG5
-a/fn,@)&) M $*–%)_ . :yfgLo ;dfhzf:qsf] lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo
/fhgLlts g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf] ljz]if of]ubfg x'b} cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo
kl/:yLltsf] Joj:yfkgsf dfWofdaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf]
cWoogdf :yfgLo ;dfhzf:qsf] ;d]t k|s6tf x'g] ePsfn] /fhgLlts k|
0ffnLsf] cWoogdf :yfgLo ;dfhzf:qsf] k|s6tf x'g] ePsfn] o;vfnsf
cWoogn] :yfgLo 1fgsf] lgdf{0fdf 6]jf k'of{pg ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 .
l;dfGt If]qdf /x]sfn] Nxf] /fHosf sltko jf:tljstfx? cf]em]ndf
k/]sf 5g\ . ljB'lto k':tsfnosf] kx'Frdf cfPsf ldYof ;"rgf klg a9L
k|;f/0f x'g] / kx'Frdf gcfOk'u]sf jf:tljs ;"rgf cf]em]ndf ug]{ sfd
eO/x]sf] 5 . ldYof ;"rgfsf] ahfl/s/0fdf sltko ljb]zL / g]kfnL n]vsx?
dfq xf]Og :jo+ Nxf]sf gof k':tf ;d]t oxfsf] P]ltxfl;s jf:tljstf;Fu e|ldt
ag]sf x'gfn] Nxf]sf] ;fdflhs Oltxf; dfly ax; rnfpg cfj:os ePsfn]
Nxf] /fHosf] /fhgLlts ;dfh zf:qsf] zf]w yfnLPsf] xf] .

13
!=# cWoogsf] pB]Zo M
olx k[i7 e"ldsf cfwf/df of] cWoogn] lgDg @ pB]Zodf k|sfz
kf/]sf] 5 M
 Nxf] /fHosf] P]ltxfl;s /fhsLo ;+/rgf / kl/rfngsf /0fgLlt
klxrfg ug'{
 Nxf] /fHosf] /}yfg] /fhlgtLs cEof;df kl/jt{g Nofpg]
sf/0fx? klxrfg ug]{

!=$ cWoogsf] l;df M

of] pB]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu Nxf] /fHosf] P]ltxfl;s If]q xfnsf] d':tfË
lhNnfsf] Nxf]dGyfË pkTosfsf P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf c+u ag]sf
…Nxf] 5f] lbgÚ If]qdf dfq cWoog l;ldt ul/Psf] 5 . t/ tNnf] d':tfËsf
cGo ysfnL /fHox? / Toxfsf] /fhgLlts ;Gbe{nfO{ of] cWoogdf
;d]l6Psf] 5}g .
clwsf+z d':tfË If]qdf s]Gb|Lt cWoogx? tNnf] d':tfËsf ysfnL
/fHox?df bf]xf]/LPsf t/ pkNnf] ynf] Nxf] /fHodf efiff / ef}uf]lns
ljs6tfsf sf/0f g;d]l6Psf] kfOPsfn] To;sf] cg';GwfgfTds
dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ of] cWoog Nxf] If]qdf l;ldt ul/Psf] xf] .
!=% cWoogsf] If]q 5gf}6sf] cf}lrTo / dxTj M
of] cWoogsf] cf}lrTo / dxTj k'i6Lug{ lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfx?
kof{Kt b]lvG5g\ M

14
 ;gftg lxGb'x?sf] ljs6 t/ dxTjk'0f{ tLy{ s[i0ffef zL/ / bfdf]b/
s'08 o;} If]qdf kg]{ ePsfn] ,

 af}4 dfuL{x?sf nflu u"? kß;Dej 4f/f k|j4{g ul/Psf] ltJjtL

nfdfafbsf] P]ltxfl;s kf7zfnf o;} If]qdf /x]sfn]

 tGqjfbsf] ;fwgf / lg/Gt/tf wfg]/ /x]sf af]g ;d'bfosf] ;fwgf :yn

klg o;} If]qdf /x]sfn]

 u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fdl/s dxTj /fVg] sfnLu08sL nf]sdfu{sf] pQ/L

gfsf sf]/fnf o;} If]qdf kg]{ ePsfn]

 g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cfw'lgsLs/0fdf l;df ansf ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf rf/

/hf}6fx?
-hfh/sf]6, ;Nofg, aemfË / d':tfË_ dWo] d':tfËL /fhfsf] ?kdf
P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fhj+zsf pTt/flwsf/Ln] ;DxfNb} cfPsf] cf]8f/]
a:tL / df6fsf kvf{nn] 3]/LPsf] /fhwfgL o;} If]qdf /x]sfn]

 ltJjtsf lgjf{l;t g]tf bnfOnfdfsf kIfdf u'd]sf] ltJjtL /fHo

lkmtf{sf nflu 5fkfdf/ o'4 ug{ bnfO nfdfsf lgjf{l;t ;]gf vDkfx?
n] ljb|f]x u/]sf] :yn / To;kl5 aGbePsf] ef]6sf] g'g sf/f]af/sf]
If]q oxL ePsfn]

 /fHo leqsf] /fHosf ?kdf xf]; ls /fhgLlts ?kdf g]kfndf hf]l8P/

klg Psnf; ?kdf /x]sf] tyf ;f:s[lts ;fdflhs ?kdf ltJjt;Fu} hf]l8Psf]
a:tLsf ?kdf klxrfg ePsfn]

15
  vDkf ljb|f]x kl5 lrgLof ;Qf / klZrLdL ;Qfn] l5b|tf vf]Hg
lgu/fgL a9fpg] u/]sf] If]qsf ?kdf ko{6sLo cg';Gwftfx?sf] rfk
a9Lx'g] If]q ePsfn]

 PsLs[t g]kfndf ;dfj]z ePsf /fHox? dWo]] kl5Nnf] /fhtGqfTds

OsfOsf ?kdf /xg] u08sL k|b]zsf] Psdfq If]q ePsfn]

Toxfsf] P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] phfu/ ug{ cGo

cg';Gwfg sdL{x?nfO{ clek|]/0ff ug{sf nflu klg
dxTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] of] cWoogsf nflu Nxf] If]qnfO{
/f]lhPsf] xf] .
!=^ cWoogsf] ljlw M
Nxf] /fHosf] /fhgLlts ;DaGw cWoog ug{] hdsf]{ ul/Psf] of]
cWoog d'nt P]ltxfl;s cWoog ljwLdf cfwfl/t 5 . P]ltxfl;s tYo / ;fdlhs
jf:tljstf lgodg ug{ :ynut cjnf]sg / hfgsf/ JolQmx?;Fusf] ;d'x
5nkmn tyf Psn ;Dafb cyf{t cGt/jftf{ klg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZjljBfnosf] dg;'gL ljbfsf] !% lbg] df}sf pkof]u ub}{ :ynut
cjnf]sg ul/Psf] of] cWoogdf b|'t ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf ljlw cjnDag u/]/
k|fyflds tYofÍ ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . yk ;"rgfsf] nflu lålto >f]tsf tYofÍx?
klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't k|ltj]bg d'ntM Nxf] pkTosfsf] /fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf]
cEof; / ljsf;sf 9fFrfx?sf af/]df cWoog ul/Psf] ;fdflhs clen]v x'gfn]
k|hftLo Oltxf; / /fhgLlts g]t[Tj lgdf{0f tyf kl/rfngsf sfObfx?sf]
vf]hL ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf Nxf] pkTosfsf] g]t[Tjsf]

16
;dfhzf:q - Leadership sociology) sf] rl/q klxNofpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . o; sf/0f
klg g]t[Tj lgdf{0f / kl/rfngsf ljleGg ;fdflhs cjoj;Fu hf]l8Psf kIfx?
sf] ;DaGwut ljj]rgfdf s]Gb|Lt ePsfn] k|ltj]bg d"nt M ljj/0ffTds 5 .
s]xL tfsL{s ;Gbe{ / tYof+snfO{ k|:t't ljj/0fsf] k'li6sf nflu pkof]u
ul/Psf] 5 . o;qmddf k'j{ cWoog / ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LnfO{ pkof]u ul/
P]ltxfl;s ljj]rgfnfO{ ;s];Dd t'ngfTds agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
j:tLut cjnf]sg / b|'t ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/
hg;f+lVos ;"rgf ;+sng ul/ ;s];Dd kl5Nnf] gful/s ;Ttf lgdf{0fsf]
cjwL;DdnfO{ hf]8\g vf]lhPsf] 5 .
of] cWoogsf] ;f/f+z / lgisif{nfO{ ljefuLo ;+uf]i7Ldfem
;fj{hlgs ubf{ cWoog s]Gb|Lt Nxf] If]qsf hg k|ltlgwLx?sf] /f]xj/df
klg v'Nnf ;ldIff ul/ o;sf] ljZj;lgotf / cg';GwfgfTds g}lts ;hutf
a9fpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

cWofoM b'O{
;}4flGts / ;fdflhs ljj]rgf

@=! ;fdflhs g]t[Tjsf] ;}4flGts ;Gbe{ M

17
 ;fdflhs l:yltnfO{ l6sfO /fVg ;dfh Joj:yfn] b]z sfn kl/:yLlt
cg's'n x'g] ul/ ljleGg /0fgLltx? qmlds?kdf agfPsf] x'G5, rfx]
Tof] ;fdflhs >d ljefhg xf]; jf ;fdflhs :tl/s/0f g} lsg gxf]; . lt ;a}
;dfhsf] ;xdltk'0f{ sd{ ;Gt'ng / ;fdflhs cGt/lqmofTds ;DaGwsf]
lg/Gt/tfsf nflu clt cfj:os s'/f dflgG5g\-Davis and moore,1970_ .
;dfhzf:qdf k|sfo{jfbL b[li6sf]0fn] ;dflhs Joj:yf, 36gf /
JolQmut ;DaGwnfO{ x]g{ vf]Hg] bfz{lgsx?n] o;nfO{ ;fdflhs
;xdlt l;4fGtsf ?kdf klg JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf]ls
;fdflhs :yL/tf lg/Gt/tfsf nflu s]xL ;femf d'No / dfGotfnfO{ ;dfhsf]
g}lts d'Nosf] ?kdf lgdf{0f ul/G5 / To;nfO{ kfngf ug{df hf]8
lbOG5 . Tof] kfngf u/fpgdf s]xL /0fgLlts sfObfx? klg Tolx ;dfhn]
ljsf; ub{5 / ;fdflhs gLlt lgodx?sf] kfngf u/fpg] tyf ;fdflhs ;Gt'ng
sfod ug{] k|oTgn] ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf 9fFrfx? lgdf{0f x'b} hfG5g -
Bernard, 1983_ .

;dfh Joj:yfsf] of] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu Toxf dfgjLo ;DaGwdf ;'/Iff /

lgoGq0f k|0ffnLx? ljsf; x'b} uPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f,
l6sfpkg / lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;fdflhlss/0fn] g} Plss[t zlQmsf] ?kdf sfd
ug]{ x};Lot /fV5 eGg] ts{ ;dfhzf:qL 6fnsf]6 kf;{G;sf] 5 . kf;
{G;sf cg';f/ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / lgoGq0f sfObfsf dfWodaf6 ;dfhn] ;
+/If0f, kl/rfng / b'?:tLsf nflu ;fdflhlss/0f k|s[of ;lqmo kf5{ / o;n]
g} Plss[t zlQmsf ?kdf sfd klg ub{5 -Parsons,1967 : 849 ) .

;fdflhs kl/:yLltsf] Joj:yfkg ul/ ;fdflhs cl:tTjsf nflu dflg;x?n]

lgdf{0f ug]{ /0flgtLx?sf ;jfndf ;dfhzf:qL kf;{G;sf] ts{ clxn] ;Ddsf

18
;dfhzf:qLx?n] a9L e/f];f u/]sf] k|sfo{afbL ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0f xf] .
pgn] ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|sfo{jfbL ljZn]if0f ub}{ rf/
k|sf/sf d'n sfo{ut e"ldsfx? -cg's'ntf, nIf k|fKtLsf nflu k|oTg, Pstf /
tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;lqmotf_(AGIL)sf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg ePsf] bfjL u/] .
;dfh Joj:yfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu cg's'ngtf, nIf k|fKtLsf k|oTg, ;fdflhs
Pstfsf nflu k|oTg / ;fdflhs ;DaGw Joj:yfkg, vf;ul/ kl/:yLltut tgfj
Joj:yfkgsf sfObfx? lgdf{0f ug{ / ;dfh Joj:yfsf c+u, PsfO, 36gf /
JolQmut cGt/lqmofx? ;lqmo /xG5g\ eGg] ts{ 6fnsf]6 kf;{gsf] 5
(parson 1953; 140-43),( Ritzer, 1992 : 241-42) .

kf;{G;s} egfOdf ;fdflhs tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf

ljleGg sfObf jf /0fgLlt dWo] x/]s ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;"/Iff / lgoGq0fsf
nflu ;fdflhs :yLlt a;fNg / lg/Gt/tfsf nflu :yfgLo 9fFrfsf] g]t[Tj k|
0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . Tolx :yfgLo 9fFrfsf] g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{ut ;xhtfsf nflu agfpg] cfr/0f / g}lts rfnrngsf] ;+of]hg ul/
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] z}lIfs tyf wfld{s k|0ffnL ;dfh Joj:yfs} ;fdflhsLs/0f
k|s[of jf 9fFrfsf ?kdf a'em\g' cfj:os x'G5 .
To;}n] ;dfh Joj:yfn] ;fdflhs lgoGq0f / ;'/Iffsf] sfObf Joj:yfkgsf
nflu lgdf{0f ug]{ g]t[Tj k|0ffnL ;du| ;fdflhs cGt/;DaGws} w/ftndf
cfwfl/t eP/ lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . o:tf] k|0ffnL klg g]kfnL u|fdL0f
1fgsf] ?kdf eGg' kbf{M b]z—sfn—kl/:yLlt cg';f/ abnL/xG5 .
;dfhsf] wfdL{s k|rng / ljZjf;n] vf;ul/ ;fdflhs tgfj Joj:yfkg ul/
phf{pGd'v ug{sf nflu g} ;lqmotf ub{5g\ . o;f] ubf{ cfr/0f /

19
g]t[Tj kl/rfngsf sfObfx? klg :yfgut ?kdf , P]ltxfl;s 36gf / 1fgut ?
kdf km/sz}nLsf ckgfpb} cfPsf x'G5g\ .
o:tf] km/s g]t[Tjz}nLsf] lgdf{0f x'g'df Toxfsf] km/s ;fdflhs
jftfj/0f cg's'nsf] g]t[Tj lgdf{0fsf] k|oTg eO/xbf l6sfpg] tTj /
abNg'k5{ eGg] tTjsf aLrdf ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfsf] ?kdf ljsf; x'b}
uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . sltkon] o;vfnsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ åGåfTds
;DaGwsf ?kdf JofVof ug{ vf]h] klg of] cWoog ;/f]sf/ kIfx?sf]
cGt/lqmofTds 9fFrf Psn] csf]{nfO{ aGrLlts/0f ug]{ Wo]osf] geO
;fdflhs Joj:yf ;a}sf nflu dfGo ;xdltsf] agfpg k|oTg u/]sf] kfOPsfn]
o;nfO{ ;dGjojfbL b[li6sf]0fdf g} ljZn]if0f ug'{ plrt x'g] 7fgLPsf]
xf] .
sltko zf]wstf{x?n] åGåfTds / e'd08nLs/0f h:tf cfyL{s k|s[of
ljj]rgf ug]{ b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df klg :yfgLo g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf]
cWoog ug{ ;lsg] bfjL ub{5g / k|sfo{jfbL tyf ;dGjojfbL
b[li6sf]0fn] cf}klgj]zjfbL ;f]rsf] ahf/Ls/0f u/fPsf] bf]if nufpF5g\ .
Nxf] pkTosfsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f / bLuf] kl/rfngdf
:yfgLo tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] /}yfg] tl/sfx? g} lhDj]jf/ ePsfn] :yfgLo tgfj
Joj:yfkgsf /}yfg] sfObfx? cWoogsf nflu /}yfg] tgfj Joj:yfkgsf
sfObfx?s} ;dGjofTds b[i6sf]0fsf cfwf/df g} Nxf] /fHosf]
/fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf] ;Gbe{ cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
@=@=Nxf] /fHosf] /fhgLlts e"uf]n
/fhgLlts lx;fjn] g]kfndf hf]l8Psf] t/ ;f+:s[lts ;fldKotf / gful/s
cGt/;DaGwn] ltJjt;Fu lgs6tf /x]sf] P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHo u08sL k|

20
b]zsf] w'/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] sfnLu08sL glbsf] k|;j{0f If]q
d':tfËsf] lzv/ If]qdf kb{5 . d':tfËdf pkNnf] ynf]df Nxf] pkTosf,
dWo] If]qdf h'D;f pkTosf / blIf0fL If]qdf yf;fË pkTosf /x]sf 5g\ .
ef}uf]lns agfj6sf lx;fjn] Nxf] pkTosf k|flrgsfndf Ps lxdfnL tfn
If]q g} /x]sf] / tfnnfO{ sfnLu08sL k|jfxn] vf]n] kl5 ag]sf
3fF;]d}bfgx?df a:tL a:g yfn]sf] To;If]qsf a'9fkfsfx?n] atfPsf 5g\ .
of] tYonfO{ cWo]otf xs{ u'?Ën] klg p7fg u/]sf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn]
cfkm\gf] k|f]kmfOndf klg p2[t u/]sf] 5-lhlj; d':tfË,@)&@_ .
:yfgLo h]i7 gful/sx?sf] sygnfO{ ufpsf gfdx?n] klg k'i6L
ub{5g\ . ltJjtL efiffdf /fvLPsf ufpsf gfdx?sf] cy{ cg'jfb ubf{,
ef}uf]lns agfj6 cjnf]sg ubf{ , gbL If]qn] agfPsf df6] uN5L /
anf}6] kxf8x?sf] :j?kn] ubf{, Nxf] pkTosf lxdfnLtfn km'6]kl5 g}
ag]sf] a:tLsf ?kdf ag]sf ;+s]tx? ldN5g\ .
Nxf] pkTosfdf ag]sf
a:tLx?sf]
gfdfs/0fnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{
xf] eg] P]ltxfl;s Nxf]
/fHosf] /fhwfgL ePsf]
:yfgaf6 jl/kl/sf j:tLx?
nfO{ lbzf / ef}uf]lns
cj:yLltsf cfwf/df gfdfs/0f
ePsf] kfOG5 .
ufpF gfd / g]kfnLdf cy{

21
  5f]g'kM klZrdL tfn
 5f];]/ M k'lj{ tfn
 dGyfË Mdfem ufpF, a'6L d}bfg
 r/f]Ë M blIf0fL r/g
 ;'vf{Ë M cnUu} ynf]
 8fnf]d] M tNnf] ufpF

lrq g+ @=! tLg lt/ ltJjtn] 3]/LPsf] Nxf] pkTosfsf] a:tLut

dfglrq .

ljutsf] /fhgLlts k|zf;gdf Nxf] /fHosf ;ft ufpFnfO{ 5 ufpljsf;

;ldltsf ?kdf ljefhg ul/ %$ j8f OsfOdf /flvPsf] lyof] eg] ;+3Lo
cEof;sf qmddf @ ufp kflnsf nf]dGyfË / 8fnf]d] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5
eg] Ps kflnsfdf % j8fsf lx;fjn] !) j8f sfod ul/Psf] 5 . oL !) j8fdf (!
& 3/w'/L /x]sf 5g\ eg] dlxnf !%@# hgf / k"?if !&(( ;d]t ul/
##@@ hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 - lhlj; d':tfË ,@)&@_ .
xfnsf] ;+3Lo /fhgLltn] Nxf] pkTosfdf dGyfË, 5f]g'k / 5f];]/
tLg ufpFsf] Ps :yfgLo tx M nf]dGyfË agfOPsf] 5 eg] bIfL0fL ufpF
r/f]Ë, 3dL , l3n'Ë / sfnLu08sL kf/L cnUu} /x]sf] ;'vf{ËnfO{ ldnfP/
cnUu} :yfgLo txsf ?kdf 8fnf]d] gfdfs/0f u/]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] lbgdf
8fnf]d] -tNnf] ufpF_gfdn] P]ltxfl;stf af]s]g eg]/ nf]w]s/
bfdf]b/s'08 ufpkflnsf gfddf ?kfGt/0f ug{ :yfgLo txn] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] ufp sfo{kflnsfsf Ps ;b:o lx/f nfdfn] atfP .
k/Dk/fut?kdf efiff ;+:s[lt / gful/s cGt/lqmofTds ;DaGw tyf
P]ltxfl;s lx;fjdf klg Nxf] /fHosf k'/fgf ;ft ufpFnfO{ /}yfg] efifdf

22
nf]5f]lbg eGg] ul/G5 . pkNnf] d':tfËsf xfnsf @ kfnLsf of] k'/fgf]
/fhtGqsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0f If]q dflgGYof] , tLg} ;ft
ufpnfO{ nf]5f]lbg eGg] ul/G5 . o;sf] cy{ Nxf] /fHosf ;ft tfn eGg]
cy{nfUg] / xfnsf] dfgj a:tLsf lx;fjn] klg Nxf] /fHosf ;ft ufpF jf ;ft
ufpsf] Nxf] /fHo eGg] a'lemG5 .
:ofËaf]r] dflysf l3n'Ë, 3dL, r/fË, dGyfË, 5f]g'k,
5f];]/ / ;'vf{Ë ;ft ufpFx? d':tfËL /fhtGqsf] k|ToIf /fh x'g] u/]sf
ufpFx? x'g\ . oL ;ft ufpFsf] ;fdflhs , ;f:s[lts / eflifs klxrfgdf Ps?ktf
kfOG5 . oxfsf afl;Gbfx?n] cfkm'nfO{ Nxf] /fHosf nf]jf hftLsf ?kdf
klxrfg lbgdf uj{ ub{5g\ .

@=#= Ps d':tfË M kfFr ;Eotf

23
 d':tfËsf] /fhg}lts
Nxf]
;Eotf
Oltxf; ljZn]ifsx?n]
ljleGg If]qut ?kdf l7gL afx«ufp
;Eotf ;Eotf
ljleGg /fhfx?n] d':tfËdf
zf;g u/]sf] b]vfPsf 5g\ .
pkNnf] d':tfËdf Nxf]
kfFrufp yf;fË
/fHo /x]sf] , sfua]gL n] ;Eotf
;Eotf

If]qdf afx« ufp /fHo

/x]sf] , gLnuL/Lsf] km]bL 7LgLdf 3/khf]Ë /fHo /x]sf] / dfkm{f
If]qdf kfFr ufpn] ysfnLx?sf] :jfoTt d'vLof k|0ffnL / yfsvf]nf
If]qdf nf/h'Ë /fHo ktg eP kl5 !) ufpsf d'vLof ;xefuL /x]sf] t]x«
d'vLof k|0ffnLsf] yf;fË If]qsf ?kdf lrgLPsf] 5 . olx /fhgLlts k|
0ffnLsf]] k|efjsf sf/0f d':tfËdf xfn kfFr k|sf/s} /}yfg] ;Eotfsf]
lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . Nxf] ;Eotfdf Nxf]5f]lbg, afx« ufpn] ;Eotfdf
sfua]gL — 5';fË, 7LgL If]qdf tLg ufpn] ysfnL, dfkm{f If]qdf
kfFrufpFn] / 6's'r] yfs vf]nf If]qdf yf;fË ;Eotfsf df}lns klxrfgx?
ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g\ .

lrq g+ @= @ M d':tfËdf cGt/3'ng / km/s klxrfgsf] k|s[ofdf /x]sf

kfFr ;f:s[lts ;Eotfx?

oL kfFr k|sf/sf ;Eotfdf hftLo Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt klg km/s 5g\ eg]
ufpsf] zf;g Joj:yfkgsf z}nLx? klg km/s 5g\ . oLlgx?sf] of] km/s

24
klxrfg hf]ufpg] cfwf/ eg]sf] :yfgLo k/Dk/fut /fhgLlts ;+u7g
d'vLof tyf 3]Gkf k|0ffnL g} xf] . d'vLof tyf 3]Gkf g} /fhgLlts Pstf
/ cGt/lge{/tfsf] s8L xf] .
kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLn] ufpkflnsfdf ljleGg ufpx? ;d]6]sf
sf/0f / oftfoftsf] ;xh cfjfudgsf ;fy;fy} ko{6sLo ahf/df a9bf]
;xeflutfn] plgx?sf aLrdf x'g] ;lqmo ;fdflhs cGt/3'ngsf sf/0f
klxrfgsf 9fFrf ablng ;S5g\ . t/ cfh;Dd gful/s ;DaGwsf lx;fjn] kfFr
k|sf/s} klxrfg ;lqmo b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;f:s[lts lx;fjdf x]g]{ xf] eg]
Nxf] /fHosf] kl5Nnf] k|efj If]q sfod /x]sf] afx« ufpF b]lv
nf]dGyfË ufpkflnsfdf nf]jf hftLsf] klxrfg lbg ?rfpg] ;d'bfosf]
afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] 3/khf]Ë b]lv yf;fË ;Dd ysfnL ;d'bfosf]
jfx'Notf / s]xL Go'g bnLt ;d'bfosf] pk:yLlt /x]sf] 5 . oL kfFr
;fd'bflos klxrfg leq kfFr k|sf/s} /fhgLlts ljlzi7tf ;lxtsf] df}lns
/fhgLlts Oltxf; /x]sf] x'gfn] oLgLx?sf] ljlzi7 cWoogsf nflu 5'§f—
5'§} cWoog cfj:os 5 .
tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ ysfnL ;d'bfosf af/]df htL
cWoogx? eP/ ysfnLsf] d'vLof k|0ffnL / 9's'6L k|0ffnLsf cWoogx?
afxL/L b'lgofsf nflu k|s6 ePsf 5g\ plt pkNnf] d':tfËsf] af/]df
cWoog ePsf] kfOb}g . ;g\ !(() ;Dd ljb]zLx?sf nflu Nxf] lgif]lwt
If]q ePsfn] klg pkNnf] d':tfË /x:os} ljifo /x]sfn] Toxfsf]
/fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf af/]df vf]hL ug]{ Wo]on] of] cWoog Nxf]
s]lGb|t ul/Psf] xf] .

25
@=$= Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs Oltxf; M
Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs Oltxf; s]nfpFbf b'O vfnsf tYox?sf] e/
kg{' kb{5 M /}yfg] j+zfjnL cWoogsf cfwf/ / g]kfnL cWoogstf{sf
vf]hx? , ljb]zL ld;g/Lx?sf k|ltj]bg / cWoogsf l6kf]6x?df g} cfwf/Lt
x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
g]kfnL lj1x?df ;fdflhs Oltxf; vf]Hg] tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|rng
gj;]sf] / d':tfËL /fhkl/jf/x?sf] j+zfjnL ltAatL efiffdf n]lvPsf] /
gful/sx? z]sf]Ë efiff -klZrdL tLJjtL efiff_af]Ng] ePsfn] ;fdfGo
cWo]otfx?sf] kx'Fr afxL/ x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . k|fo d':tfË;DaGwL
cfn]vx? ljb]zL n]vsx?sf ljB'lto k':tsfnosf] kx'Frsf ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t
kfOG5g\ .
g]kfn ;DaGwdf k|fo ljb]zL n]vsx?sf] n]vgsf] rf;f] / z}nLnfO{
ljZn]if0f ug]{x?n] ljb]zL cWo]otfx?sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ ljZj;gLotfsf]
sdLsf ?kdf klg s]nfpb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
clwsf+z :ynut cjnf]sg u/]sf, ljb]zL n]vsx?sf] n]vg k|
j[QLnfO{ s]nfPsf dfgjzf:qL 8f]/jxfb'/ lji6n] ;fj{hlgs l6Kk0fL ub}{
eg]sf 5g\ ls, …ljb]zL cWo]otfx?sf] rf;f] g]kfnL hghLjgsf] ;Dks{sf]
9fFrf, cfGtl/s åGå / plgx?sf aLrsf] kmf6f] jf lje]bsf af/]df ljb]zLx?
sf] crfSnL rf;f] /x]sf] t/ oxfsf gful/sx?sf] ljljwtfdf cfGtl/s Pstf,
cg's'ngtf, ;xh :jLsfo{tf / w/ftnLo ;fdflhs a'emfOsf] vf]hLdf
ljb]zLx?sf] rf;f] gePsf], Ifdtf gb]lvPsf] sf/0f plgx?n] k|s6 / bfjL
u/]sf sltko …tYoÚx? ;fdflhs jf:tljstf / a'emfO;Fu d]n gvfPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5Ú-lji6, !(*@M!_ .

26
 vf;ul/ lxdfnL ;dfhsf af/]df lxdffnL hLjg s]Gb|Lt n]vsx?n]
Toxfsf hghLjgsf] ljut / jt{dfgsf af/]df k|fKt l;ldt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df
cltzo JofVof ug{ vf]Hg' / cflwsfl/s P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{sf] cefjdf klg
;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ vf]Hbf o:tf] ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] d':tfËsf ysfnLsf] Ps
cWo]otf d];;{dLtn] dxz'; u/]sf 5g\ - Messerschmidt,1982_.

of] ;Gbe{ oxf p7fpg'sf] tfTko{ s] 5 eg] d':tfËsf] ;fdflhs Oltxf;sf

af/]df klg o:t} lj/f]wfef;x? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . ljb]zL n]vs tyf
tLgs} ;"rgfsf cfwf/df sltko n]vsn] d':tfËsf] Nxf] /fHosf] ;+:yfks
cfd]kfn atfO/x]sf 5g eg] d':tfËL /fhkl/jf/ j+zfjnL ljZn]ifsn]
tTsfnLg /fhf lhUdL bf]h]{ k/jn lji6sf] ;xof]udf efiff cg'jfb u/fP/
x]bf{ cfd]kfn eGg] gfd g} j+zfjnLdf g/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ - If]qL
,@)$$_ .

pkNnf] d':tfËsf] Nxf] /fHosf] ;+:yfkssf] ;afndf rrf{ ubf{ cfd]

kfnn] :yfkgf u/]sf] eg]/ Pshgf k|mfG;]nL gful/s ldr]n hh{ k|
mfGsf]O; k]O;]nn] ;g\ !(^$ sf] e|d0fsf cfwf/df tof/ kf/L ;g\ !(^&
df k|sfzgdf NofPsf] …d':tf+u M c n:6 l6j]6]g lsË8d Ú df d':tfË
/fHo cfd]kfnn] :yfkgf u/]sf] / d':tfËL /fhvnssf] k'vf{ g} plx ePsf]
bfjL k|:t't u/]sf lyP -k]O;]n, !(^&_ . olx ;Gbe{df cfwfl/t eP/ c?n]
klg Tolx ;|f]t pb[t u/]sf] kfOG5 . oxL ;|f]tsf e/df d':tfË Nxf]
/fHosf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df ljBfjf/LwL u/]sf /d]z k|;fb 9'Ë]nn] klg
d":tfËsf] Nxf] /fHosf] ;+:yfks cfd]kfn g} /x]sf] / ;g\ !$$) df :yfkgf
u/]sf] bfjL g} ug{ k'u] -9'Ë]n, @))@_ . h'Dnfsf] /fhf;Fu k6s—k6s

27
o'4 ePsf] / n4fvsf] /fHo;Fu ;}Go ;xof]u dfu]/ h'Dnf;Fu o'4 ug]
{ klZrLdL ltAatsf] u'GyfË hgkbsf If]qkfn /x]sf clh kfnsf]
;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ u'GyfËsf] clh kfn g} cfd]kfn x'g'kg]{ cg'dfg u/]/
cfd]kfnn] Nxf] /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf] cg'dfg ug]{ k]O;]n-!(^&_ sf]
bfjLnfO{ 9'Ë]nn] ;fy lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
s0f{fnL ;Eotfdf c;lxi0f' / vnkfqnfO{ clhkfn ;+1f lbg]
u/]sf] ;'lgG5 . of] nf]s ;+1f h'Dnfaf6 a;fO;/L u08sL If]qdf a;f]af;
ub}{ cfPsf v; ld>Lt kl/jf/df klg c;lxi0f' vnkfqnfO{ clhkfn eGg] k|
rng cem} klg kfOG5 . ltJjtL /fhf >ËrË uËkf]sf 5f]/f l7/f]Ë b]jr]gsf
kfFrf} k':tfsf kgftL clhkfn u''GyfË hgkbdf If]qkfn /x]sf] /
h'Dnfsf /fhf hfnGw/L ;Fu k6s k6s o'4 ePsf] tyf c;fwf/0f vnkfqsf ?
kdf h'Dnfdf clhkfnsf] rrf{ x'g] u/]sf sf/0f h'DnLx?n]
vnkfqnfO{ clhkfn h:tf] eg]/ ;+s]t ug]{ k|rng kfOG5 . h'Dnfsf
/fhf hfnGw/Ln] ef]6sf] If]qkfn clhkfnsf] aw u/]/ k/f:t u/]kl5
ef]6af6 h'Dnf ;'/lIft /x]sf] cg'e't u/]sf] ;Gbe{ h'Dnfsf] Oltxf;df
b]lvG5 -If]qL, @)$$ M !*(_.

28
 Tof] clhkfn jf cke|+;
ePsf] cfd]kfn eGg]
/fHosf] /fhf ePsf] ;Gbe{ Nxf]
/fh a+zfjnLdf klg kfOb}g /
h'Dnfsf] Oltxf;df klg kfOb}g
eg] h'Dnfsf]
cfqmd0faf6 Nxf] /fHo k|d'v
df/LPsf] klg st} ;Gbe{ 5}g .
a? Nxf]sf]] ;qf} k":tfsf] /fhf
cfËaf] vd;'d jfËbL ltJjtL 8fsf
bnsf] cfqmd0fsf sf/0f b]xfGt
ePkl5 u'Djfdf nfdfsf] ?kdf
/x]sf pgsf h]7f bfh' cfËsf]
P]g5]k 8]6 k|j/- 86'
nfO{ /fhfdf :yfkgf u/fOPsf] / k|
jHof kl5 /fhf ePsf] pgsf kfnf
b]lvsf /fhfn] cfkm\gf] gfddf k|
a/ jf k|jn hf]8g yfn]sf]
j+zfjnLn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
aS; g+= @=!
Nxf] Nxf] j+zfjnLsf] ;f/
ltJjtL efiffdf n]lvPsf] j+zfanLdf
cGtLd /fhf lhUdL bf]h]{ k|an lji6sf]
/f]xa/df ldlt @)#$ ;fndf ul/Psf]
cg'jfbsf cfwf/df k|sflzt s[lt d':tfË
lbUbz{g- @)$$_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/
ljZn]i0f ubf{ Nxf] /Hosf ;+:yfks /fhf
/fhfsf] ldr]n £o'Ësnsf] hGdnfO{ dxfk'?ifsf]
cjtf/sf ?kdf JofVof ul/Psf] 5-If]qL,@)$$
M !(!_ . …dfyLsf b]jtfn] dg'io of]lg
lnP/ hGd]sf] tyf ;fwgfsf qmddf
ci6bnsf] sdn / d0fLsf] d08nfsf] bz{g
kfPkl5 k/fk'j{sfndf x]n'Ë ;vf/ gfdsf]
Tof] e"ldnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfldTjsf] 7fgL
x'Da'v/- b/jf/_ agfP eg] rf/} lbzfsf
ufpFx?sf] gfdfs/0f ug'{sf ;fy}
cfkm'nfO{ Zofªz'ª cyf{t 7'nf] hftLsf]
3f]if0ff u/] Ú eg]/ j+zfjnLdf pNn]v 5 .
oLgsf 5f]/f /fhs'df/ cfËf]g ;fËkf]n]
b/jf/ k5f8L em\ofDaf u'Daf agfO ;'gsf
cIf/n] !)* j]nL sËo'/ klg n]Vg nufP .
k|j/_
Nxf] j+zfjnL >[+vnf cg';f/ !=
ldr]n £o'Ësn ,@=cfËf]g ;fËkf] ,#=
cfxd 5fË5]g 6f;Luf]g, $= cfxd Wofsf]/
kf;fË, %= cfxd b08' bf]h]{, ^ cfxd
;G6 /08], & cfxd t]GhLË jfË]n, !%=
cfxd emf]Dkf 908'n, !^= cfxd s'ËGx'j
, !&= cfËaf] vd;'d jfËbL-dfOnf5f]/f_, !
*=cfËsf] P]g5]k 8]6 k|j/- 86' k|j/_ k|
jHof kl5 /fhf ePsf] , !(= cfu]o

d':tfËL /fhvnssf]
j+zfjnLnfO{ tTsfnLg d':tfËL /fhf lhUdL bf]h]{ k|jn lji6sf]
;xhLs/0fdf ltJjtL efiffsf lj1 cg'jfbsx? ;d]t lemsfP/ cg'jfb ug]
{ qmddf @@ cf} >[+vnfsf] /fhj+zfjnLdf cfd] kfn eGg] /fhfsf]

29
s'g} gfd ;Gbe{ gkfOPsf] ts{ Pshgf cg';Gwftf gf/fo0f k|;fb If]qL-
@)$$ M !*(–()_ n] k|sfz kf/]sf 5g\ . If]qLn] lbPsf] ;Gbe{ cg';f/
d':tfËsf] 1ft Oltxf;df l7gL / dfkmf{df kfOPsf] lznfn]v cg';f/
9]kfcfª cs/;G6'n] d':tfËdf k|e'Tj hdfPsf]df 6'luª /fKr]gn] lj:yfkg
u/]sf] / pgnfO{ lj:yfkg ub}{ ldr] £o"ª sn n] /fHo :yfkgf ul/
pgsf ;Gtfgn] g} @@ k':tf;Dd d':tfËsf] /fhtGq lg/Gt/tf lbb}
clGtd /fhf lhUdL bf]h]{ k|jn lji6 /x]sf] j+zfjnLdf pNn]v 5 -If]qL,
@)$$ M !()–(!_ .
clwstd ljb]zL n]vssf] >f]tdf cfwf/Lt x'g]x?n] cfd]kfnn] :yfkgf
u/]sf] Nxf] /fHo elgP klg :yfgut?kdf j+zh vnssf] pk:yLltdf
tLAatL efiff lj1sf] /f]xj/df j+zfanL pk/ 5nkmnu/L g]kfnL
zf]wstf{ gf/fo0f k|;fb If]qLn] lbPsf] tYodf cfwf/Lt d':tfË lbubz{g-
@)$$_ cflwsf/Ls dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . d':tfËdf k|fKt lznfn]v, clen]v /
j+zfjnL cWoog tyf h]i7 gful/sx?;Fusf] 5nkmndf cfwf/Lt eO{ tof/
kfl/Psf] If]qL-@)$$_ sf] d':tfË lbubz{g a9L cflwsf/Ls
;Gbe{ x'g;S5 .
cfd] kfn eGg] kfqdf k]O;]n-!(^&_ / 9'Ë]n-@))@_ sf] ;xdlt
x'g'df h'Dnfsf] Oltxf; cg';f/ /fhf hfnGw/Ln] ef]6sf] /fhf clhkfn ;
+u k6s k6s o'4 ug'{ k/]sf] / clhkfnsf] ktg kl5 h'Dnf /fHo ef]6sf
tkm{af6 vt/fd'St /x]sf] eGg] ;Gbe{ kfOg' / olx tYosf cfwf/df
ef]6sf] /fhf clhkfn eg]sf] d':tf+uL /fhf cfdLkfn g} xf] eGg]
k]O;]n-!(^&_ / 9'Ë]n-@))@_sf] cg'dfg x'g ;S5 . t/ /fhj+zfjnLdf
/fhfx?sf] hGd, ljjfx / /fhsfh ;DaGwL ljj/0fdf cfdLkfnsf]

30
;Gbe{ gePsfn] d":tfË /fHosf] ;+:yfks cfdLkfn eGg] egfO ts{;+ut
b]lvb}g .
Nxf] /fHosf] /fhwfgL dGyfË ePklg o;sf] l;dfgf s'g}a]nf n4fv
b]lv e'6fg ;Dd klg k'u]sf] bfjL ul/G5 . s'g} kfnfdf h'Dnf, x'Dnf ,
8f]Nkf / d':tfËsf] kGy]vf]nfb]lv pTt/sf] efudf Nxf] /fHo l;ldt /x]sf]
klg kfOG5 . xfnsf] lx;fjdf sfuj]gLb]lv dfyLsf] If]qnfO{ afx«ufp /
nf]dGyfË If]q g} kl5Nnf] k6s;Dd /fhtGqsf] k|ToIf e"ldsfdf k|efljt
If]q dflgGYof] . ef]6 / u08sL If]qsf /fHox? aLr g'gsf] sf/f]jf/L
;DaGw;Fu} km:6fPsf] d':tfË gfsfsf] Jofkf/n] Nxf] /fHo ;d[4 x'b}
uPsf] lyof] . of] ;d[l4sf sf/0f Nxf] /fHosf /fhs'df/x?sf] ltJatsf]
Nxfzf / hfnGw/L /fHo h'Dnfsf /fh3/fgfaf6 ljx]af/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
Tolt a]nf Nxfzf sGofaf6 ;Gtfg gePsf] / h'Dn]nL /fgLaf6 # 5f]/f
hGd]sf dWo] h]7f 5f]/f cfu]P emRofa3fª k|an Nxf] /fHosf] !( cf}
k':tfsf /fhf ePsf] tYo j+zfjnLdf kfOPsf] If]qLn] p2[t u/]sf 5g\-
If]qL, @)$$M !($_. h'Dnfsf /fhfn] x]k]/ Nxf]sf] klZrLdL If]qsf]
l;dfgf ldr]sf sf/0f p;Fu Nxf] /fHosf] /fd|f] ;DaGw lyPg . uf]/vf
b/jf/n] Nxf]sf tTsfnLg /fhf cf]+Uofn bf]h]{;+u ;Dks{ / ldqtf a9fO
h'Dnf k'Ugsf nflu ef]6sf] af6f] klxrfg ug{ / kl5 ;}Go zlQm h'Dnf
xfGg hfg]a]nf d':tfËsf] g/l;+x vf]nfsf] af6f] 5fsf{ufpF x'b}+ lqlj|
sf]6 k'of{pg d':tfËL /fhfn] g} cu'jfsf] e"ldsfdf af6f] b]vfPsfn]
o'4df ;3fPafkt h'Dnfn] x8k]sf] If]q aS;L; lbPsf lyP -dNn, @)#!—
@)#$ M !(—@@_ . zfob oxL aS;L;sf sf/0f pgsf] /fHonfO{ ;+/If0f
u/]sf x'gfn] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgdf c? /fHox? ljno ePklg

31
;xof]uL /fHosf ?kdf d':tfËsf] cl:tTj axfn eO/x]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] /fh b/af/n] d':tfËL /fhfsf] k'/fgf] ldqtfsf] ;Ddfg /fhtGq
/x];Dd lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvof] .

@=% Nxf]sf] ;fdl/stfsf sf/0fx? M

s= ef]6sf] Jofkfl/s gfsf M ef]6sf] Jofkfl/s gfsf x'gfsf
sf/0f ;d[l4 xf;Ln u/]sf] To; If]qnfO{ cfkm\gf] ks8df kfg{ jf ;DaGw
:yfkgf ug{ h'Dnf /fHo, kj{t /fHo ;d]tn] lg/Gt/ k|oTg ul//xGy] .
o;}n] t Nxf] /fHosf] l;dfgf ;+s'rg, sfnLu08sLsf bIfL0fL t6df
cj:yLt d':tfËs} 3/khf]Ë / nf/h'Ë /fHo;Fuklg p;sf] Jofkf/Ls nfesf nflu
;f}bf–;+3if{ eOg} /xGy] . tNnf] t6Lo 3/khf]Ë / nf/h'Ë kj{t /fHosf]
clwgdf cfPkl5 Nxf] /fHo 3]/faGbLdf k/]kl5 h'Dnfsf] clwg:y
x'gk'u]sf] lyof] / g]kfn PsLs/0fdf h'Dnf uflePkl5 Nxf] /fHo
g]kfns} d'ne"lddf hf]8Lg cfPsf] lyof] -If]qL, @)$$_ .
v= ljs6 ef}uf]lnstfM ljs6 ef}uf]lnstfsf sf/0f s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/sf] k'xFr sdhf]/ x'g' / :yfgLo ;f+:s[lts /fhfsf ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
dfGotf lbPsf sf/0f Nxf] /fHosf] /fhkl/jf/n] g]kfns} lxt cg's'n
l;dfgf ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg ul//x]sf sf/0f Nxf] /fHosf kl5Nnf]
pTt/flwsf/Lsf ?kdf /x]sf tTsfnLg d':tfËL /fhf lhUdL bf]h]{ k|jn lji6
g]kfn ;/sf/s} :yfgLo k|ltlglwsf ?kdf lqmofzLn / dfGotf k|fKt lyP .
of] vfnsf] /fhsLo ;Ddfgsf sf/0f Nxf]sf hgtf / cGo g]kfnLsf aLrsf]
cGt/3'ng tyf PsLs/0fdf ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

32
 g]kfndf /fhtGq ;dfKt eO u0ftGq :yfkgf eP;Fu} k'/fgf ;a}vfn]
;f:s[lts /fhfx?sf] e"ldsf ;dfKt eof] / d":tfËL /fh kl/jf/sf] zf;sLo
x};Lot klg ;dfKt eof] . sfg"gL ?kdf Nxf] /fHosf] k/Dk/fut x};Lot /
d':tfËL /fhfsf] e"ldsf ;dfKt ePklg jf:tljs gful/s Jojxf/df d':tfËL
/fhtGq sfodg} 5 .
u= ;f:s[lts /fhtGq M Nxf] sf hgtfsf nflu cfkm\gf] /fhf
g]tfdfq geP/ ckm\6]/f]df Gofo lbg] wdf{lwsf/L / wd{ ;++/If0f
ug]{ bnfO nfdfsf] k|ltlglwsf ?kdf ;Ddfg ub{y] . To;}n] /fhb/af/ /
x/]s k}hfsf] 3/df /fhf / bnfOnfdfsf] t:jL/ uf}/jsf ?kdf ;hfPsf]
kfOG5 . cfkm'x?nfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg /fhfn] g]kfn ;/sf/ / tLJatL
;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ ;+/If0f ug]{ jf:tljs cleefjssf ?kdf /fhfnfO
a'em\g] ub{y] . plgx?sf] ;+:s[lt /fhf;lxtsf] ;fdflhs ;lqmotf
hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] df};dL a;fO;/fO / 3'dGt] Jofkf/sf avtsf] u|
fd ;'/Iffsf] lrGtf /fhf k|0ffnLn] g} ;dfwfg u/]sf] lj:jf; ub{5g\ . plgx?
nfO{ cem} ;+/Ifs /fhf rflxPsf] / afxL/Lofaf6 ;'/lIft x'g] lj:jf; aGg
g;s]sf] atfpFg]x? klg 5g\ .
gful/sx?sf] :yfgLo hLjgz}nL / ;f+:s[lts e"ldsfx?df
/fhf;lxtsf] ;fF:s[lts e"ldsf ;lqmo /x]sfn] utjif{ :juf{/f]x0f ePsf /fhf
lhUdL k|jn lji6sf pTt/fwLsf/L /fhs'df/ lhUdL lji6nfO{ gofF /fhf
3f]if0ff ug]{ / ;f:s[lts /fhtGqsf] lg/Gt/tf lbg] vfnsf] ljrf/wf/f klg
;lqmo b]lvG5 . of] ljrf/sf] jsfnt ub}{ Nxf]dGyfË ufpFkflnsfsf]
klxnf] lgjf{rg @)&$ df cWoIfsf] :jtGq pd]b\jf/ /x]sf OGb|wf/f
lji6n] olx Ph]08fdf ef]6 dfu]sf lyP . t/ lemgf] dtn] plg k/flht x'g

33
k'u] . lgjf{rgn] pgsf] Ph]08f cl:jsf/ u/]kl5 plg ;lqmo bnLo
/fhgLltdf cfpg rfx] / jfd /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o x'b} k|b]z;efsf]
lgjf{rgdf efulnP . bnLo /fhgLltn] pgnfO{ u08sL k|b]zsf] ;ef;b klg
agfof] . of] 36gfn] /fhtGqsf] jsfnt ug]{ / jfd /fhgLltsf] wf/df k|j]z
ubf{ emg nf]sk|Lo hgk|ltlglw agfpg] cfZro{hgs ;+of]u h'/fPsf]
5.
;f]wstf{sf] :ynut cjnf]sgsf qmddf Nxf]sf gful/sx? /fhtGqsf]
lg/Gt/tfsf] rrf{ ug{ ?rfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] tNnf] d':tfËsf gful/sx?
…cj sf]z{ abnLPsf] Ú eGb} c;Dej x'g] atfpF5g\ , t/ klg axz
/f]lsPsf] 5}g .

cWofoM tLg
/fhgLlts ;+/rgf

34
#=! Nxf] /fHosf] /fhsLo ;+u7gsf] 9fFrf
nf] /fHosf] /fhsLo ;+u7g tGq 1fg / af]g wd{sf] k|efjdf lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . Nxf] /fhwfgL d':tf+usf] a:tL lgdf{0f d08nf
cfsf/df agfOg' / a:tLnfO{ rf/ lbzfdf tGq k/Dk/fsf cfwf/df gfdfs/0f
ul/g' To;sf cfwf/ x'g .
dGyfËsf] /fhk|
f;fbnfO{ d08nfsf] s]Gb|
df /fv]/ To;sf rf/ lbzfdf tGq
1fgsf ;+s]tdf gfdfs/0f
lrq g+=#=! Nxf] /fhwfgLsf] a:tLut ;
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d08nfsf rf/ +/rgf
lbzfdf M9f]NdfNxfË- tf/f
6f]n_,kf]tflnË-cjnf]s]Zj/
6f]n_, w'GyfË-dxfsfn 6f]n_,
em\ofyfË- d}q]o a'4 6f]n_
gfdfs/0f u/]sf a:tLx?
nfO{ df6fsf] kvf{nn]
3]/LPsf] a:tL 5 . of] a:tLsf]
klZrd tkm{ /x]sf] 3§]vf]nfsf
lsgf/df klg csf]{ a:tL /x]sf]
5, h;nfO{ b/af/ afxL/sf]
a:tLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 , To;nfO{ 5f]/f] 9f]Skf- 3§]vf]nf 6f]n_ elgG5 .
b/af/ If]qsf] a:tL leq a:g] cg'dlt gePsfx? 5f]/f] 9f]Skf 6f]ndf a:g]
u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] Toxfsf] ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0fnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .

35
 Nxf] /fHosf] P]ltxfl;s /fhsLo sfo{ ljefhg cg';f/ /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf rf/
ljefux? lqmozLn x'g] ub{y] .
lrq g+=#=@ Nxf] /fHosf] /fhsLo ;
rf/ ljefuLo k|d'v / g]t[Tjdf +/rgf
/fhf ;lxt kfFr hgfsf] ;/sf/ x'g] u/]sf] :ynut ;Dafbsf qmddf
/fhk|;fbsf] k|fË0fdf e]l6Psf sdf{ cfËu]n- ^&_ n] atfP . >f]tsf
cg';f/ Nxf] /fHodf /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf sf:ofs- sfg'g k|zf;g
ljefu_,;'GSof]k- ;'/Iff ljefu_, d]GrL- cf}ifwL / Hof]ltif ljefu_ , 5\of]
-wd{ ljefu_ lgdf{0f u/]/ /fhsLo Joj:yfkg x'b} cfPsf] lyof] .
Nxf] /fhfx? rf/} ljefusf ;jf]{Rr gfos klg lyP / cfkm'nfO{ To;sf]
nfos agfpg plgx?n] u'Djf dfkm{t ;fdflhsLs/0f ug]{, 3]Gkf-
d'lvof_ k|0ffnL dfkm{t hgk|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ / nfdf dfkm{t
wfld{s lqmofsnfk kl/rfng tyf d]GrL dfkm{t h8La'6L / u0fLt
1fgsf] ljsf; tyf kl/rfng u/]/ j}B pkrf/ / Hof]ltif u0fLt ;]jf klg ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf lyP .
sfg'g ljefu -sf:ofs_sf] k|d'v lyljg x'Gy] eg] kmf}hL
ljefu-;'GSof]k_sf] k|d'v dfS6]g, :jf:Yo ljefu-d]GrL_ sf] k|d'v
cfDrL / wd{ ljefu-5\of]_sf] k|d'v nfdf sxnLGy] eGg] s'/f nf]dGyfË
ufPsf k"j{ ;lrj tyf /fhvns lgs6 kl/jf/sf cu'jf 1fg]Gb| lji6n] atfP . k|
hfx?n] /fhsLo kx'Frdf l;wf s'/f /fVg kfpb}gy], cfkm\gf] d'vLof
dfkm{t /fhsLo kx'Frdf cfkm\gf s'/f /fVg' kb{Yof] . o;sf/0f 3]Gkf jf
d'vLof g} /fhf / hgtfsf aLrsf] ;Dks{ ;"q lyof] .
d]GrL ljefusf] bfloTjdf cfDrL-cf}ifwL _ / Hof]ltif ;]jf kg]{ /
o;sf] 1fg lg/Gt/tfsf nflu kl/jf/sf pTt/fwLsf/L dfkm{t 1fg

36
x:tfGt/0fsf] cEof; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . d]GrL ljefusf] cfDrL
-cf}ifwL _ / Hof]ltif ;]jf xfn 5}6f} k':tf ;Dd lg/Gt/tf /x]sf] cfDrL
UofR5f] lji6- ^)_ n] atfP .

#=@= :yfgLo d'vLof k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf

hgk|;fzg ;+rfngsf nflu ljsf; ul/Psf] 3]Gkf- d'vLof _ k|0ffnL
cGt/ut ufpF d'lvof 3]Gkfsf] g]t[Tjdf @ hgf ldlt- ;Nnfxsf/_ / ^ hgf
l5d]- n]6f]s, s6'jfn_ ;lxt ( hgfsf] k|zf;gn] ufPsf] hgk|zf;g ;+rfng
ub{Yof] . d'vLofsf] e"ldsfdf s'6fs ju{sf kl/jf/sf ;b:on] dfq df}sf
kfpy] eg] ldltsf] e"ldsfdf /xg] @ hgfdf Pshgf /fhfn] dgf]lgt ug]
{ / Pshgf d'lvofn] dgf]lgt ug]{ k/Dk/f /xL cfPsf] 5 . To;}ul/
s6'jfn-l5d]_ sf] e"ldsfdf kmfjf -k|hf_ kl/jf/sf ;b:on] kfn}kfnf]
lhDd]jf/L lng] k|rng /xLcfPsf] 5 .
lj1tfsf cfwf/df of] kl/jf/nfO{ ldltdf dgf]lgt u/]klg d'vLofsf]
g]t[Tjdf s'6fs kl/jf/n] dfq} e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . Ps ufpsf
^ j6f s6'jfnn] d'vLof / hgtfsf aLrsf] ;Dks{ ;"qsf] sfd ub{5g\ .
To;}ul/ ufpsf] hLjLsfsf nflu k]zfut e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ lx«udf
kl/jf/x?nfO{ v6fOPsf] 5 . plgx?sf] sfdsf cfwf/df ePsf] >d ljefhg
cg';f/ 3f/f-nf]xf/ sfd_, ;]Dhf]jf
- l;nfpg] sfd_, ;]Dkf -df;'sf6\g] sfd_ e"ldsf b]lvG5 . of] sfddf
nfUg]x?sf] a:tL b/af/ aflx/sf] 5f]/f] 9f]Skf -3§] vf]nf lsgf/_
6f]ndf /x]sf] 5 .

37
 3]Gkf x'gfsf sf/0f
k|hfsf] sfddf ;dk{0f 3]Gkf
eO/xg' kg]{ / ufpF
jflx/ hfg klg gkfOg] @ ldlt
-;Nnfxsf/_
ePsf sf/0f /fhwfgL
aflx/sf sltko ufpx?df ^ l5d]
- s6'jfn_
@ hgf 3]Gkf r'lgPsf]
kfOPsf] 5 . o;f] ug'{df k|hf
d'vLofn] /ft ljtfpg] ul/
lrq g+ #=# M :yfgLo d'vLof k|0ffnLsf] txut ;+/rgf
ufpF afxl/ a:g gkfpg] ePsfn] ;§fdf csf]{ d'vLofnfO{ kfnf] lbP/
afxL/ hfg] cg's'ngtf lgdf{0fsf k|oTg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
d'vLof k|0ffnLn] k|hfx?sf nflu Goflos ;]jf lbg] , v]ltdf l;
+rfOsf] kfnf] lgwf{/0f ug]{, r/0f If]qdf kz' r/fpg] kfnf] to ug]{ /
cg'udg ug]{, u|fdsf] s[lif kfqf] tof/ ul/ nfu' ug]{, ufpFsf ef}lts
k'jf{wf/x?sf] dd{tsf nflu >lds kl/rfng ug]{ / cGo ufp;Fusf]
;DaGwdf ;d:of cfPdf ufp;ef af]nfP/ ;dfwfgsf] ;femf af6f] to ug]
{ k|rng /xLcfPsf] 5 . Nxf] /fHosf oL sfdx?df klxnf] k|fyldstfdf
/fhb/jf/sf] sfd ;Dkfbg ug]{ / To;kl5 k|hfsf sfddf >lds kl/rfngsf]
df}sf ldnfOPsf] atfOG5 . >ldssf] go'gtf / /fhsLo k|wfgtfsf]
Joj:yfkg ug{ o;f] ul/Psf] h]i7gful/sx? atfpF5g\ .

#=# Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f

38
 Nxf] /fHodf /x]sf & ufp-
Nxf]5f]lbg_df ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0fsf]
s'6fs
df}lns cEof; b]lvG5 . /fh tGqfTds
k|0ffnL /x]sf] Nxf] /fHodf tLg
kmfjf
txdf ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .
k|sfo{afbL ;dfhzf:qLx? ;dflhs
:yLlt ;+rfng / vfFrf] tyf tgfj lx«Udf
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f lrq g+ #=$ M Nxf]df cEof; ePsf] ;fdflhs
:tl/s/0f
:yfgLo ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / lgoGq0f
tyf ;Gt'ng sfodsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf] :jefljs ;fdflhs k|s[ofsf] ?
kdf :jLsf/ ub{5g\ . Nxf] /fHodf tLg txdfdf ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f ePsf]
kfOG5 .
;fdflhs >d ljefhgsf] 9frfsf ?kdf /x]sf] :t/Ls/0f cg';f/ klxnf]
txdf s'6fs kl/jf/, bf]>f] txdf kmfjf cyf{t kmNjf kl/jf/ / t]>f] txdf
ujf{ cyf{t lx«Udf kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
klxnf] txsf] s'6fs ju{sf kl/jf/nfO{ /fh vns jf pRr vfgbfg kl/jf/
dflgG5 / plgx?nfO{ ufPsf] d'lvof x'g ;fdflhs dfGotf k|fKt 5 . of]
vnssf dflg;x? lji6 y/n] klxrfg lbg] ub{5g\ .
bf]>f] txsf] ;fdfGo /}tL kl/jf/nfO{ kmfjf elgG5 . kmfjf
kl/jf/sf ;b:on] ufpsf] s6'jfn aGg] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf x'G5g\ .
oLlgx? v]lt / Jofkf/df lqmofzLn x'G5g\ eg] s6'jfnsf] e"ldsfaf6
d'vLof / hgtfsf aLrsf] ;Dks{ ;"qsf] sfd ub{5g\ . of] ju{sf kl/jf/x?
n] u'?Ë y/n] klxrfg lbg] ub{5g\ .

39
 To;}ul/ t]>f] txdf k]zfut lzNkL ;d'bfo lx«udf kl/jf/x? /x]sf 5g\
. of] lzNkL ;d'bfodf 3f/f-nf]xf/ sfd _, ;]Dhf]jf-l;nfpg] sfd_, ;]Dkf-
df;'sf6\g] sfd_ ug]{x? /x]sf 5g\ . of] ju{sf dflg;x? klxnf
ljZjsdf{ y/ n]Vg] ub{y] eg] kl5Nnf lbgdf /f]Ë -bIfL0fsf_ hftLx?df
ljZjsdf{sf] klxrfg bnLt kl/jf/;Fu hf]8LPsf] / ;fdflhs x]nTj x'g ;Sg]
ePsfn] nf]jf y/af6 kl/ro lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . Nxf] /fHosf nf]jf hftL /
nf]jf efifL eg]/ cfkm\gf] ;fd"lxs klxrfg lbg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
olx ;fdflhs >d ljefhg cg';f/ Toxfsf afl;Gbfx?sf] ;fdflhs Aojxf/
rNb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn /fhtGq ;lqmo geP klg ;fdflhs Jojxf/x? k/Dk/fut
olx >d ljefhg / ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f sfod /x]sf] 5 . Nxf] /fHosf] klxrfg
xfn Nxf]dGyfË ufp kflnsfsf ?kdf klxrfg agfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f
cg';f/ Nxf]dGyfËsf] a:tLsf] 3/w'/L ;+/rgf o:tf] 5 .
tflnsf g+ #=! Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs :t/Ls/0f cg';f/sf] 3/w'/L
ljj/0f
q txut hftLo ljj/0f 5f] 5f] nf]d r/f 3dL÷l ;'vf hD
g'k ;]/ GyfË Ë 3n'Ë {Ë df
m
d
! s'6fs kl/jf/-lji6_ & $ @) $ # @ $)
@ kmfjf kl/jf/-u'?Ë_ !*( !%) !!% !@* !^^ !)! *$(
# x«LUdf kl/jf/-nf]jf_ ) ) @% ! @ ) @*
hDdf !(^ !%$ !^) ! !&! !)# (!&
##
>f]t M :ynut b'|t ;e]{If0f @)&%
tflnsf g+ (=! df b]vfOPsf] Nxf] /fHosf & ufpnfO{ xfnsf]
/fhgLlts ljefhg cg';f/sf] ^ ufpFsf (!& 3/w'/Lsf] ;+/rgfn] Nxf]

40
/fHodf /fhwfgL /x]sf] dGyfËdf # j6} txsf gful/sx?sf] afSnf] a;f]jf;
b]lvG5 . t/ cGo ufpdf s'6fs vnssf lji6 kl/jf/ Go'g cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\
eg] lx«udf kl/jf/ klg emg yf]/} b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;a} ufpFx?df kmfjf
cyf{t u'?Ë kl/jf/sf] afx'Notf ;a} ufpdf b]lvPsf] 5 . lx«Udf hftLo
juL{s/0fdf /x]sf 3f/f, ;]Dhf]jf / ;]Dkf -sfdL, bhL{ / s;fxL sfdug]{ _
elgPsfx? @* 3/ kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
oLgLx?sf] d"Vo a:tL Nxf] /fhb/af/sf] lgs6 @% 3/ /x]sf] 5
eg] r/fËdf ! 3/ tyf 3dL / l3n'Ëdf Ps ÷ Ps 3/ ul/ # 3/ /x]sf 5g\ .
Nxf] /fHosf] hg;+Vofsf] 9fFrfn] lg/Gt/ a;fO;/fOsf sf/0f Toxf hg;
+Vofsf] pk:yLlt sdhf]/ x'b} uPsf] 5 / ko{6sLo d'No;[+vnfsf
e"ldsfdf l6s]sfx? dfq ufpdf /xg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . lx«udf
kl/jf/nfO{ b/af/sf] d08nf rf}3]/fdf a;fO glbO{ aflx/L a:tLdf
a;fNg'sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf eGg] ;afn p7\g ;S5 .
of] hflto >d ljefhg / ;fdflhs :tl/s/0fsf] rl/q b]lvPsf] 5 . of]
hftLo :tl/s/0fsf] csf]{ k|s6 kl/0ffd 3/ 3/df kf]tLg] /Ëaf6 klg b]lvG5
. s'6fs kl/jf/sf] 3/sf] zLv/ efudf sfnf] /Ën] kf]ltPsf] b]lvG5 eg]
kmfjf-u'?Ë_ kl/jf/sf] 3/sf] lzv/ efudf ;]tf] df6f]n] kf]ltPsf] x'G5 .
lx«udfx?sf] 3/df oL b'j} ;+s]t ljlxg x'G5 .
of] ;+s]tn] Nxf] /fHodf hftLo :t/Ls/0fsf tLg tx b]lvPsf] 5, /fh
vns kl/jf/, k|hf vns kl/jf/ / lx«udf kl/jf/ . u|fdL0f g]t[Tj ;+rfngdf
s'6fs kl/jf/n] gfossf] e"ldsf kfpF5 eg] kmfjf kl/jf/n] s6'jfnsf] e'ldsf
kfp5 / lx«udf kl/jf/n] cf}hf/ pks/0f lgdf{0fsf sfddf g} ;lqmotf
b]vfPsf] kfOG5 .

41
#=$= ;dflhs b08 / lgoGq0f Joj:yf
Nxf] /fHodf ljsf; ePsf] 3]Gkf k|0ffnL l6sfpgsf nflu / ;fdflhs
lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf p;sf] bLuf]kgfsf nflu Toxf ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] b08 k|
0ffnL ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ufpsf d'Vo g]tf 3]Gkfn] :yfgLo v]lt k|0ffnL,
kz'kfngsf nflu r/g k|0ffnL , l;+rfO k|0ffnL / cGo 3/]n' tyf JolQmut
tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;fdflhs sfo{kfqf] , Gofo / lg0f{o lbg] ub{5g\ .

of] lg0f{o nfu' ug{sf nflu gful/sx?df ;"rLt ug{ tyf nfu' u/fpg
l5d] cyf{t s6'jfnnfO{ ljz]if clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . lg0f{oaf/] ufpn]x?
nfO{ xfFs kf/]/ -rsf]{ :j/df ;a}n] ;'Gg] ul/ cfjfh lbP/_ l5d]n] ;"rLt
ub{5g / To;sf] kfngf gug]{ kl/jf/nfO{ sfd cg';f/sf] d'Nosf] hl/jfgf
nufpg] / Tof] hl/jfgf s6'jfnsf] gLhL nfedf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|
0ffnL /x]sf] 5 .

of] gLhL nfesf] /0fgLltn] ubf{ l5d]sf] cg'udg tyf lgodg

sfo{df ;lqmotf a9fpg klg ;3fPsf] 5 . s'g} klg ;fd'lxs lg0f{osf]
kfngf ug{df c6]/L jf c;xeflu x'g] :yLltdf k|hf kl/jf/n]
l5d]nfO{ hl/jfgf ltg'{ kg]{ afWotf agfOPsf] 5 . o:tf]
hl/jfgfnfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf :x]jf elgG5 . :x]]jfsf] Jofjxf/ut
cy{ dfkmL b]p xh'/ , d af6 uNtL ePsf]df dfkmL d'No lnP/ Ifdf
kfpF eGg] x'G5 .

k|hfx? h/Ljfgf tLg'{ gk/f]; eg]/ dfkmL dfUg cyf{t :x]jf

ug{ t'?Gt} k'Ug] / /fhsLo an k|of]u ug{ gkg]{ :yLltn] Toxfsf]
;fdflhs cg';f;g / ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ k|hfx? pT;'s x'G5g\ . o:tf] hl/jfgf

42
cyf{t dfkmL d'No -:x]jf_ sltko j:tLdf cGg-pjf_ lbg] rng 5 eg] s'g}
a:tLdf gub g} lbg] k|rng b]lvG5 . Ps lbgsf] ;fdflhs >dbfgdf
;xefuL x'g g;s]df Ps kfyL pjf-lxdfnL ux'F_ lbg] / s'g} ufpdf
kfFr;o ?kLofF ;Ddsf] hl/jfgf ltg]{ cEof; b]lvPsf] 5 .

d'vLofn] af]nfPsf] a}7sdf ghfg]n] klg o;/L hl/jfgf ltg'{ kg]

{ ePsfn] ;fdflhs sfddf ;a} kl/jf/x?sf] ;lqmo ;xefultf x'g] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . of] :x]jf k|0ffnLn] ;fdflhs lgoGq0fsf nflu ljlzi6 k|sf/sf]
/0fgLlts ;+:sf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .

#=%= ;dflhs cGt/3'ng

Nxf] /fHosf k/Dk/fut kl/jf/x?sf aLrdf ;3g ;fdflhs cGt/3'ng
/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;lqmo /fhtGqsf] cEof;df ;fdflhsLs/0f ePsf oxfsf
afl;Gbfx? g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgf eO /fhtGqsf ;a} dfGotf labf
eO;s]sf] !) jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg ;fdflhs k/Dk/fdf /fh kl/jf/ k|lt cfufw
>4f k|s6 ub{5g\ / s]xL jif{ klxn] lbj+ut ePsf clGtd /fhf lhUdL k|
a/ lji6sf] cGTo]i7Ldf efu lng Nxf] /fHosf ;a} 3/w'/Lsf k|ltlglw dfq
xf]Og tNnf] d':tfËsf ;fdflhs cu'jf / ysfnLx? klg >4f~hnL k|s6
ug{ sf7df08f} k'u]sf lyP .
;f+:s[lts Pstfsf] k|ltssf ?kdf /fhtGq /x]sf] / /fhkl/jf/ k|lt
hgtfsf] ;xfg'e"lt /x]sf] kfOP kl5 k"j{ /fhfsf pTt/flwsf/L ;f+:s[lts
/fhfsf] k|ltssf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ dgf]efjgf klg a9b} uPsf] /

43
To;sfnflu prLt df}sfsf] kvfO{df /x]sf] klg :yfgLo gful/sx?df
rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sltkon] /fhkl/jf/sf cfGtl/s kfl/jfl/s snxsf sf/0f
cbfntL k|s/0f ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] / b/jf/sf] ljkIfdf nfu]sf]
kl/jf/nfO{ ufpaf6 g} alx:sf/ ug{ b/af/n] ;lqmo e"ldsf v]n]sf]
ljutsf] Ps 36gfnfO{ :d/0f ub}{ xfn ufp kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhfsf]
lg/Gt/tfsf] Ph]08fdf ef]6 dfUg]nfO{ k/fhLt eO / hggLjf{lrt k|
ltlglwsf] ;Qfn] j}wflgstf kfO;s]sfn] hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;Ttfsf] k|of]u
lg/Gt/ /xg] ;Defjgf anLof] ePsf] klg atfp5g\ .
crDdsf] k|of]u s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg], /fhtGqsf] jsfnt ug]{ :jtGq
pDd]bjf/ jg]sf JolQm ufpkflnsfsf] r'gfjdf k/fhLt agfOP , nuTt}
pgnfO{ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] k|b]z ;efsf nflu bnLo k|ltlglwsf] df}sfdf
k|j]z u/fof] / plg lgjf{lrt klg eP . o;/L x]bf{ /fhtGq lg/Gt/ rfxg]x?
u}/ sDo'lgi6 ;Fu cg'bf/ /x]sf] / sDo'lgi6;Fu pbf/ ;DaGw /x]sf]
kflnsf / k|fb]lzs lgjf{rg @)&$ n] b]vfPsf] 5 .
lgjf{rg kl5 /fhtGqsf] jsfnt ug]{x? sDo'lgi6 bnsf]
sfo{stf{df ?kfGt/0f x'g' / /fhfsf] pQ/flwsf/L agfpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf
lhUdL lai6 zfxL ko{6sLo xf]6n ;~rfngdf pT;'s / /fhsfhdf clgR5's
ePsf sf/0f klg /fhfsf] pQ/flwsf/L 3f]if0ff ug{ rfxg]x?sf aLrdf
tfnd]n x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ;lqmo /fhgLlts zlQm kl/rfngdf ;xefuL
gePsf ;fdfGo ;j{;fwf/0fx?df cem}klg Nxf] /fhj+zsf vns ;GtLx?k|lt
;Ddfg / gful/sx?df b/af/sf] /jfkmdf eg] sdL cfPsf] 5}g .
xfn} nf]dGyfË ufpkflnsfdf ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ?
k/]vfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] @@ ;b:oLo ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf s'6fs

44
kl/jf/af6 cWoIf / pkfWoIf ;lxt @ j8f ;b:o / ! j8fWoIf lgjf{lrt ePsf
5g\ eg] $ j8fWoIf ;lxtsf c? !& hgf kmfjf kl/jf/-u'?Ë_ ;d'bfosf
;b:odfq /x]sf 5g\ .
lxhf]sf] /fhf, d'vLof / hgtfaLrsf] lqkIfLo cGt/;DaGwdf /fhf
/lxtsf] cEof; s:tf] eO/x]sf] xf]nf eGg] ;jfnklg pl7/x]sf] 5 . of]
zf]wstf{n] cjnf]sgsf qmddf k/Dk/fut g]t[Tj d'lvof / xfn}sf]
hglgaf{lrt cfw'lgs g]t[Tjsf aLrsf ;DaGwsf] t'ngfTds k|lts[of lnbf
åGå Joj:yfkgsf /}yfg] sfObf ckgfPsf] kfPsf] 5 . cfw'lgs ;/sf/L sfd
sfhx?df hglgjf{lrt ;Qfsf] lg0f{o / e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ / k/Dk/fut
wd{, ;+:s[lt / l/lt kfngfsf ;afndf k/Dk/fut g]t[Tj 3]Gkf k|0ffnLsf
lhljt c+ux?- d'lvof / s6'jfn_ nfO{ l/lt cg';f/sf] e"ldsf / dfGotf lbg]
cEof; u/]/ kf/:kl/s ;Gt'ng sfod u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

45
 cWofoM rf/
kl/jt{gsf cfofdx?

$=! ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g k|]/s tTjx?

Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdl/s dxTj / ;d[l4sf] /x:o g} ef]6 b]lv ef/t
;Ddsf] g'g sf/f]af/dfu{ - zfN6 ;ls{6_ ePsfn] o;n] ltJjt / g]kfnsf
cGo kxf8L lhNnfx?sf ;fy} ef/tLo a:tLdf g'g ljqmL ug]{ / cGg
cfk'lt{ ug]{ cj:yfdf Toxfsf] cy{tGq rnfodfg ePsf] lyof] . ltJjtdf
bnfOnfdfsf] ;Qf lrgLof lgoGq0fdf uPsfa]nf lgjf{;Lt ;/sf/sf ;]gf
-vDkf_ n] nf]dGyfËdf ;+u7g u/]/ lrgsf lj?4 u'/LNnf o'4 ;'?u/]kl5
To;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ g]kfn / rLgsf] ;+o'Qm ck/];g rnfOPsf]
cj:yfb]lv Tof] gfsf aGb ul/of] / ef]6–ef/t g'gsf] sf/f]af/sf nflu
d':tfË gfsf cj?4 eof] .
vDkf ljb|f]xsf ?kdf lrgLPsf] Tof] 36gfdf t];|f] b]zsf] klg ;
+nUgtf b]lvPsf] elg lrgLof u'gf;f] /x]kl5 ljb]zLx?sf nflu ;f] If]q
lglif4 If]qsf ?kdf /flvof] . ef]6sf] af6f] g'g sf/f]jf/ /f]lsPkl5

46
bIfL0faf6 cGg ;f6\g] k|s[of klg cj?4 eof] eg] Nxf] /fHo qmdz
shf]/ x'b} uof] .
g'g sf/f]jf/sf nflu d':tfËdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf eG;f/ 7]Ssf
rnfpg] ;'Jjfx? klg lj:yflkt eP/ sf7df08f} , kf]v/f tyf cGo Jofkfl/s
If]qdf Jofkf/ ug{sf nflu a;fO;/]/ uP . Nxf]sf] ljs6 ef}uf]lnstfsf]
;fdfl/s dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ljb]zLx?sf nflu cfjfudg lgif]w ul/Psf]
lyof] . kl5 ;g !(() kl5 ;z'Ns ljb]zlx?sf nflu v'n] kl5 Nxf]df
ko{6gsf] cfsif{0f a9gyfNof] / Toxfsf] hghLjg ko{6g ahf/sf ?kdf
ljsf; x'g yfNof] .
ko{6g ahf/sf nflu cfj:os xf]6n, nh, / ky k|bz{ssf sfddf Nxf]sf
/fhkl/af/ tyf k|hfx?sf] cfkm\gf] x};Lot cg';f/sf] ;xeflutf x'g
yfNof] . abnLbf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] Nxf]sf afl;Gbfsf] jfxL/L b'gLof ;
+u ;Dks{sf]] b/ a9g yfNof] . o;sf sf/0f j;fO;/fOnfO{ klg k|]l/t uof]
{ . ufpdf s6'jfnsf] e"ldsfdf sfd ug]{ dfG5]sf] ?rLsf] sdLsf sf/0f
3/x?sf aLrdf s6'jfn aGg] bfloTjsf nflu kfnf] nufpg] cj:yfdf ?
kfGt/0f eof] . ufpsf] k/Dk/fut >f]t k|of]u / Joj:yfkgdf efu lng]
cj;/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 3/s'/Lof aLrdf kfnf] nufpg] afWosf/L lgod
a;fnLof] .
olb s'g} 3/n] Tof] bfloTj axg ug{af6 cfgfsfgL uof]{eg]
p;nfO{ csf]{ s'g} jolQmsf] Hofnf lt/]/ ePklg s6'jfnsf] e"ldsfdf
dfG5] xfhL/ u/fpg' kg]{ afWotf nufOG5 . o:tf] s6'jfnsf] e"ldsfdf
dlxnfx? klg ;xeflu x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .

47
 o;} t lxdfnL a:tL ePsfn] df};dL a;fO;/fO x'g] / 3'dGt] Jofkf/sf
nflu tof/ eO/xg'kg]{ kl/:yLltn] ubf{ hLjLsfsf pkfox? :yfO
x'b}gg\ . pTkfbg Go'gtf / df};dL cg's'ntfsf] vf]hL ub}{ /f]huf/sf]
ljsNk vf]Hg Nxf]sf afl;Gbfx? df};dL ?kdf x/]s lxpFbdf a;fO;/]/
afun'Ë, kf]v/f, sf7df08f} / ef/tLo ahf/x?df hf8f] 5Ng] – Jofkf/ ug]
{ cEof;df ;xefuL x'Gy] .
cem}klg lxpFbsf tLg dlxgf oxfsf ljBfno ;d]t a;fO ;/]/ kf]v/fsf]
gfu9'+uf If]qdf jfnjflnsf k9fpg] / tf]sLPsf] sIffef/ k'/f ug{ 3'DtL
ljBfno ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . cfkm\gf jfnjfnLsfnfO{ 3'DtL
ljBfnodf k9fpg] df}sf ldnfP/ cleefjsx?n] kf]v/fsf ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f
a:tLdf lxdfnL emf/ ;'sfP/ agfPsf] lhDd', lxË, l;b]g'g, l6d"/, l;nflht,
pgLsf /f8LkfvL ljqmL ug]{ ub{5g\ . klxn]sf lbgdf o:tf] sf/f]jf/ a:t'
ljlgdodf cfwfl/t x'GYof] eg] cj gubL sf/f]jf/df abnLPsf] 5 .
u|fdL0f If]qdf Jofkf/ ;'/Iff / cg's'ngtfsf nflu Nxf]sf afl;Gbfx?n]
udL{ If]qsf afl;Gbfx?;Fu ldt]/L ;fOgf] klg nufpg] ub{y] . of]
ldt]/L ;fOgf] wfdL{s ljlw k'of{P/ nufOPsf] geO d'vaf]nL ;fOgf]
nufpg] / 8'n'jf Jofkf/ ;"/Iffsf nflu ckgfOPsf] /0fgLlt lyof] . plgx?
klZrd ltAatLx?sf] z]sf]ª efiff af]Ng] / ltAatL lnkL k9g] ePsfn]
ltAatsf af/]df rf;f] /fVg] klZrdfx?sf nflu cfsif{s ljsNk b]lvPsfn]
clwsf+z o'jf / jo:sx? cd]/Lsfdf kx'Fr a9fpg] / Tot} a;f]jf;
ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . cluNnf] hgu0fgf @)^* df d':tfË lhNnfdf cg'k:yLt
hg;+Vof x]bf{ lhNnfe/sf *&! 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:o ljb]l;Psf] b]lvPsf] 5

48
eg] Nxf] If]qdf dfq #)& kl/jf/ cg'kl:yt /x]/ tTsfn sfod kl/jf/ ;+Vof
##)% /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 -lhlj; d':tfË, @)&@ M&#—&$_ .
d':tfËsf] gfsf ef]6 / ef/t cfjt hfjt ug{so nflu ;a}eGbf xf]rf] /
5f]6f] dfu{ ePsfn] ef]6 ef/t Jofkf/so] rNtL gfsf ag]sf] lyof] .
ltJjtaf6 bnfOnfdf ;d]tsf pgsf ;}Go-vDkf_ lgjf{l;t ePkl5 d":tfË,
8f]Nkf , x'Dnf If]qdf ;+u7Lt eP/ lrgsf] ;Qf lj?4 ljb|f]x ug{] k|oTg
ug{ yfn]/ gfsfdf tgfj x'g yfNof] . tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb| / rLlgof kIfsf
aLrsf] ;xdltdf Ps lrg gLlt cg';f/ vDkf ljb|f]xnfO{ lgoGq0f / gfsfaf6
sf/f]af/ lgif]w dfq ul/PgsL pkNnf] d':tfË If]qdf ljb]lznfO{ k|j]z
lgif]w g} u/fOPsf] lyof] . sfuj]gLb]lv dfly ljb]zL gful/snfO{ k|j]z
lgif]w u/]kl5 Nxf] hfg] dfu{df kg]{ afx«ufpdf ;d]t ljb]zL ko{6sx?
sf] cfjt hfjt lgif]w x'g k'Uof] / Tofxfsf] klg jfXo ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf
lzlyn klg x'g uof] . o;n] Nxf]sf hgtfsf] lhljsfdf c;'ljwf ePkl5 Nxf]
hgtf / s]Gb| ;/sf/sf aLrdf c;Gt'i6L a9g yfNof] . of] c;Gt'i6Lsf sf/0f
pkNnf] d':tfËdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ klg :yfgLon] lj:jf; gug]{ :yLltdf
k'u] eg] ufpsf] d'lvofsf] :jLs[lt ljgf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] aGbf]a:tL
rnfpg klg sl7g ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;g\ !(() kl5sf] ax'nLo Aoj:yf
kl5sf] ;/sf/n] cg'dlt lnP/ ljb]zLx?sf nflu pkNnf] d":tfË e|d0fsf nflu
v'Nnf u/]kl5 ko{6sLo ultljlw / :yfgLosf] cfh{gsf] ljsNkx? a9fpg
d2t k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

49
 ko{6gaf6 cfDbfgL lng ;lsg] ;Defjgf a9b} uPkl5 pkNnf]
d':tfËnfO{ ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8g / ko{6sLo k|jfx a9fpg hgk|ltlglwx?
sf] rf;f] a9b} uPkl5 lj=;= @)%) so] bzsdf kf]v/f b]lv k}bn} k'Ug'
kg]{ d':tfË qmdz DofUbLsf] a]gL x'b} hf]d;f]d ;Dd ;8s kx'Frdf
hf]l8g k'Uof] . of] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf] cleofgn] k'/fgf] g'g sf/f]af/
dfu{ sf]/fnf gfsf ;Dd ;8s
kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ /
tflnsf g+ $=!
lrgLof ;dfu|Lsf] ;xh Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|]/s
cfk'lt{sf]] ;Defjgf tTjx?
a9fpg] k|oTg yfnLof] .
 g'g sf/f]jf/sf] ahf/ u'Dg'
o;f] x'g'df lj=;+=  lgif]lwt If]qaf6 ko{6sLo v'nf
@)&#df ;+ljwfg hfl/ If]qx'g'
 df};dL a;fO;/fO ;Fu} 36bf] hg;
u/]kl5 ef/tLo gfsfaGbL
ef]Ug' k/]sf] g]kfnn] pTt/L gfsfx? ;lqmo kf/]/ cfk'lt{sf] aGbf]a:tL
ldnfpg k|oTg yfn]sf] 5 . pxLn] vDkf 3';k}7sf] lrGtf ug]{ lrgLof
k|;fzg cj gfsfaf6 Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ :yLltdf k'u]sfn] klg sf]/fnf
gfsf ;Dd kSsL ;8s k'of{pg] sfo{ hf]8tf]8n] eO/x]sf] eg] k}bndf
rf/ lbgsf] ofqf nfUg] pkNnf] d":tfË cj ;b/d'sfd hf]d;f]daf6 Ps}
lbgdf k'Ug ;lsG5.
ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf] uGtJo aGb} uPsf] d':tfËsf] Nxf] If]qdf
klg ;jf/L ;fwgsf] kx'Fr j[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5 . ut @ jif{ klxn] sf]/fnf
dfu{sf] ;8s 6«ofs v'n] kl5 lhk / 6«s tyf 6]S6/af6 dflg; tyf j:t'sf]
9'jfgL x'g yfn] . o;n] oxfsf gful/sx? v]lt ug{ eGbf ahf/df pknAw

50
vfBGgsf cfwf/df xf]6n Joj;fo rnfpg pT;flxt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . v]ltdf
w]/} >d nufgL ug'{ eGbf xf]6ndf ;do nufgL ubf{ kfOg] cfly{s
nfen] hf8f] dlxgfsf] df};dL a;fO;/fOsf a]nf kl/jf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xh
x'g] plgx?sf] a'emfO 5 .
;+If]kdf Nxf] /fHosf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;DaGwx?df kl/jt{g
Nofpg rf/ k|sf/sf sf/sx? lhDd]af/ b]lvPsf] tflnsf g+ !!=! n]
b]vfPsf] 5 . oBkL Nxf] /fHodf /}yfg]x? /}yfg] g'gsf] pkef]u
ub{5g eg] afxL/Lof ko{6sx?sf nflu ahf/sf] ;fd'Gb|Ls w'nf] g'g
v'jfpg] ub{5g\ . oftfoft 9'jfgLaf6 nuLPsf] afxL/Lof vfBGg tyf cGo
kl/sf/x? eGbf /}yfg] a:t' pTkfbg nfutsf sf/0f dx+uf] kg]
{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ahf/ rl/qn] ubf{ plgx?df a9L ahf/ d'no ltg{;Sg] u|
fxsx? cfsif{s kfx'gf dflgG5g eg] sd vr{df sfd rnfpg vf]Hg]
g]kfnL u|fxs- /f]Ëaf_x? Tolt ?rLs/ nfUb}gg\ . ljb]zL kfx'Fgf
gkfOPsf] cj:yfdf dfq g]kfnL u|fxsx?nfO{ df}sf lbg] Toxsf] ahf/
rl/q b]lvG5 .
;jf/L ;fwg / cGo ;]jfx?df u|fxsx?df tLg txsf] lje]b u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ljb]zL, :jb]zL /f]Ëaf / :yfgLo ul/ tLg k|sf/sf] b/ nufpg]
Toxfsf] ahf/ rl/qn] cg'bf/ ahf/Ls/0fsf] cEof;
b]vfpF5 . /}yfg]nfO{ ;x'nLot, /}yfg] eGbf g]kfnsf cGo lhNnfsf
afl;Gbf /f]Ëjfx?nfO{ s]xL a9L / ljb]zLx?nfO{ cem a9L b/ nufpg]
rng 5 . ;]jfsf] b/ /]6 to ug{' eGbf klxn] g} dWo:tstf{n] kfx'gf jf
u|fxs cfpsf 5g\,;]jf pknAw x'g ;S5sL ;Sb}g eg]/ ;f]Wbf g} s:tf] k|
sf/sf] kfx'Fgf xf] eg]/ klxrfg v'nfP/ b/ /]6 dfluG5 .

51
 Nxf]df :yfgLonfO{ dfq Aofkf/sf] cj;/ ePsfn] afxL/Lofx?n] k|
lt:kwf{Tds ;]jf lbg] ul/ xf]6n ;+rfng ug{ kfpb}gg\ . :yfgLo d'lvof
k|0ffnLsf] :jLs[lt j]u/ afxL/LofnfO{ cfkm\gf] gdfGg] / Jofkf/ /
a;f]jf;df jflx/Lofsf] kx'Fr a9fpg ?rLs/ dfGb}gg . sd{rf/L eP/ Toxf
k'Ug] /f]Ëafx? klg vrf{n' ePdf, plgx?sf] ;d'bfodf lsgd]n ug]
{ ePdf dfq l6sfpsf nflu cg's'ntf x'g] cGoyf c;xof]usf sf/0f l56} ;?
jf dfUg] :yLltdf k'Ug] sd{rf/Lx?sf] u'gf;f] x'g] ub{5 . Toxf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg'g / sfObfsf] eGbf /}yfg] aGbf]a:tL / sfObf
g} /}yfg]x?n] kfngf ub{5g\ . o;sf/0f ;/sf/L pRr clwsf/Lx? klg Toxf
…gf]s/L ug{ cfPsf /f]Ëafx?Ú sf] x};Lotdf g} x]l/G5g\ .
cfjlws lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ufp kflnsfsf] g]t[Tj rog
ug{ kl/kf6L :yfkg ePkl5 ufpdf Pp6f gofF k|s[ofn] k|j]z kfPsf] 5 ,
lgjf{rgdf pd]b\jf/ x'g bnsf] tkm{af6 6Ls6 lnP/ r'gfjdf k|s6 x'g'
kg]{ cj:yfn] bnLo kx'Frsf cfwf/df g]t[Tj kl/kfl6df ;xefuL x'g]
bntGqLo kl/kf6Ln] k|j]z kfPsf] 5 . bntGqLo kl/kfl6n] hgtf jf dt
bftfx? bnLo klxrfgsf kIf / ljkIfdf k|s6 x'g] cEof; yfngL ePsf] 5 . of]
bntGqn] /fhgLlts ;f}bfafhlsf nflu bnLo ljefhg / w|'ljs/0f tyf :jfy{sf
nflu gofFvfnsf] ;lds/0fsf] cEof; klg k|j]z u/fpg] ePsfn] cjsf kl5Nnf
cfjlws lgjf{rgsf k|s[ofn] bntGqsf] ;lqmotf Nxf] pkTosfdf b]Vg
;lsG5 . bntGqsf] ;lqmotfn] ToxFfsf] /fhgLlts ;DaGwsf 9fFrfx?df
b|'tt/ ultzLntf Nofpg ;Sg] 5 / cfufdL bzsdf gofF 9fFrfsf] /fhgLlts
cGt/;DaGw lgdf{0fsf] w/ftn agfpb} 5 .

52
$=@= g]t[Tjz}nLdf kl/jt{gsf cfofdx?
d":tfËsf ;fljssf !^ uflj;x? xfn % ufpFkflnsfdf ljefhg ul/Psf 5g\
. kfFr ufpFkflnsf dWo] dflyNnf] If]qsf Nxf] If]qsf @ j6f kflnsfdf
/fhtGqsfnLg d'lvof k|0ffnLdf :yfgLo ;Qf ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 eg]
tNnf] @ kflnsfdf ysfnL k|0ffnLsf] g]t[Tjdf :yfgLo ;Qf ;+rfng x'b}
cfPsf] 5 . aLrsf] afx«ufpF d'lQmIf]qdf ld>Lt z}nLsf] g]t[Tj k|
0ffnL cEof; x'b} cfPsf] 5 . oL kfFr} kflnsfdf :yfgLo d'lvof k|0ffnL
;/sf/L k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL eGbf gful/s kl/rfngsf lx;fjdf ;an b]lvG5 . of]
cWoog Nxf] /fHosf] P]ltxfl;s If]qsf @ kflnsfdf s]Gb|Lt ePsfn]
pkNnf] ynf] Nxf] pkTosfsf ljifodf g} a9L rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
k/Dk/fb]lv g} ltAat k7f/ / tNnf] kxf8L tyf d}bfgL e"ld
g]kfnaLr g'g sf/f]af/sf dfWodaf6 lrgLPsf] Nxf] lxdfnL d?:ynsf ?
kn] hflgG5 . oxf af]g wd{sf] k|efj lyof] . af]g wd{nfO{ ltJjtL nfdf
af}4 k/Dk/fn] lj:yfkg ub}{ af}4 dfuL{x/sf] lj:tf/df g} oxfsf]
wfdL{s /fhgLlt rn]sf] kfOG5 . Nxf] /fhj+z cfkm}n] af]g wd{af6
a'4wd{ cufNbf kl/af/ / /fHodf clgi6 kof]{ eg]/ s'nb]jtfsf] k'hf
ubf{ af]g k/Dk/fdf ug]{ / /fhsLo k|efj af}4 dfu{nfO{ cfTd;ft
u/]sf] kfPkl5 pgsf s'6'Djx?n] klg af]g tGqdf cfwfl/t / af}4 nfdfdf
cfwfl/t b'a} ljlwaf6 b]j lkt[ k'hg ug{ yfn]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .
hf]d;f]db]lv pQ/ nfu]kl5 ufpFsf] glhs af6f] aLr / oqtq b]lvg]
5of{]b]g -:t'k_ DxGbfª -dGq s'Fb]sf 9'ªufx? rfª ldnfP/ af6f] aLr
k|lt:yflkt ul/Psf] / wd{rqmx? ToxfFsf cf:yf, ljZjf; / zflGtsf k|lts
x'g\ . clwsf+z 5of{]b]g / DxGbfªx? d[t cfTdfsf] rL/ zflGt / ;kmn

53
gofF hGdsf] vflt/ agfPsfx'G5g\ eg] wd{ rqmx? rL/ zflGt / wd{sf]
k|rf/sf] nflu :yflkt ul/Psf x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf 5 . Nxf]sf] ;fdflhs
ju{ ljefhg cg';f/ # txdf juL{s/0f / txLs/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . of]
:t/Ls/0f >d ljefhg / ;fdflhs sfo{;Grfng tyf ;Gt'ngsf nflu dfq
geP/ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj kl/rfngsf] /0fgLltsf nflu klg lhDd]af/ b]lvG5 .
;fdflhs k|lti7fsf lx;fadf nfdf, /fhf / d'lvofnfO{ ljz]if cfb/ /
;Ddfg ul/G5 eg] x/]s ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg d'lvof ;fd' k|:t't ug]{ /
d'vLofaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf ;d:ofx? /fhfdf k]z ug]{ / /fhfn] cGtLd
lsgf/f nufpg] k/Dk/f 5 . of] k2tLn] d'2f gePsf] JolQm a'l4dfg /
C0f gePsf] JolQm ;fx" dflgg] dfGotf ;Fu} clwsf+z d'2f em}–
emu8f kl/jf/ jf ufpF leq}af6 l5gf]kmfgf] ul/ åGåsf] :yfgLo
sfObfdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|rng 5 .
zf;sLo ks8 Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|hfsf] k|ToIf ;Dks{ / Joj:yfkgdf
3]Gkf-d'lvof_M k|0ffnLaf6 /fhf / k|hf aLrsf] sfof{Tds ;DaGw
:yfkgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sltkon] 3]Gkf k|yfjf6 nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL
ePsf] JofVof ub{5g\ eg] sltkon] /fhtGqsf] k|sfof{Tds dha'tLsf
lgldTt /0fgLltsf ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] JofVof ub{5g\ .
Nxf] k/Dk/fdf h]i7 gful/sx?nfO{ u[x:y / /fhsLo sfhaf6
d'Qm /fVg] Pp6f cgf}7f] k/Dk/f 5 . x/]s gful/sn] ^! jif{ pd]/
k'u]kl5 ufpn] enfbdLx?nfO{ lgDtf u/]/ 5\ofË v'jfpb} cj cfkm'
u[x:y / /fhsLo sfdaf6 d'Qm ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5g\ . of] k/Dk/fnfO{
d'Qm x'g 5\ofË v'jfpg] kj{sf ?kdf y/5\ofË eGg] k|rng 5 .

54
 of] cj;/nfO{ h]i7 gful/ssf] u[x:y d'QmLsf] kj{sf ?kdf dgfpg] /
;f] h]i7 gful/snfO{ ;fdflhs sfdsf] af]em gaf]sfpg] k|rng 5 .
;fdflhs g]t[Tj k|0ffnLnfO{ Ps vfnsf] k|lqmof tyf pkhsf ?kdf
lng ;lsG5 . hLjgsf] ultzLn jf:tljstfnfO{ Tof] ;dfhsf] g]t[Tj k|
0ffnLn] an k'¥ofpF5 . To;}n] t g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf] kl/jt{g / ;fdflhs
kl/jt{gsf aLr kf/:kl/s ;DaGw /xG5 / cGt/k|efj kfg{] kIf dflgG5g\ .
Nxf]sf] P]ltxfl;s ;+u7g / hg;Dks{ tyf /fhsLo ;Qf kl/rfngsf
9fFrfnfO{ x]bf{ j+z kl/jf/ gftf ;DaGw h:tf] k|fyflds cfwf/df
/fhgLlts ;Qf kl/rfngsf 9fFrf b]lvPsfn] of] sljnf ;dfh -6«fOjn _ h:tf]
l;dfGts[t, k/Dk/fut ;/n ;dfh / kof{j/0fLo kl/:yLlt;Fu cfkm\g} ;Lk
1fg cg'ejsf] k'FhLut ;Dkbf lgdf{0f u/]/ afFr]sf] ;dfhsf ?kdf
b]lvPsf] 5 .
Pp6} nf]jf hftL / j+zsf] ;Gtfg bfjL ug]{ Nxf] jfl;Gbfx?n] Pp6}
j+zLo ;+hfnsf x/]sn] x/]snfO{ glhsaf6 lrGg] / Ps csf{nfO{ cfk;L
hLjLsf / e}k/L cfpg] uhf]{ 6fg{ kf/:kl/s ;/—;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
JolQmx?sf] ?kdf x]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] afxL/Lofx?nfO{ k/rqmLsf ?
kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
sltko cj:yfdf 6«fOjnfO{ ;femf k'vf{ bfjL ug{] Ps k|sf/sf]
/fhgLlts klxrfg ePsf] ;d"xsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . pgLx?df Pp6} j+z
;d"xs} x'g'k5{ eGg] h?/L 5}g , ldt]/L ;fOgf]n] hf]l8Psf /fhgLlts,
cfly{s / ;'/Iffsf] rf;f]n] kf/:kl/s cGt/;DalGwt ePsf ldl>t hftLo ;
+/rgfnfO{ klg 6«fOjn ;d"x dfGg ;lsG5 -O;]g:6f8, @))& M !^–#!_
k/Dk/fut u|fdL0f ;dfhdf 6«fOjn ;dfh / ;d"x eGg] ljQLs} j+zLo ?

55
kaf6} ;+ul7t dflgg] wf/0ffdf kl5Nnf lbgdf ;fdflhs cGt/s[ofTds
;DaGwdf cfPsf] ?kfGt/0f ;Fu} j+z ldl>t ;+/rgfdf ?kfGtl/t x'g]
cj;/n] k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o:tf] cEof; 6«fOjn ;d"xdf ;dfj]z u/fpg] jf ljno u/fpg] k4ltaf6
klg a9]sf] b]lvG5 . olb aflx/Lof ;Dk|bfosf] JolQmn] 6«fOjn ;dfhsf]
;fdflhs gLlt lgod kfngf ug{] zt{ dGh'/ u/L kf/:kl/s ljx]jf/L ug{]
cj:yf cfPdf cyf{t sGof ljx] u/L 6«fOjn cfr/0f knfgf ug{] u/L
;f]xL ;dfhdf a:g] cj:yfnfO{ ;dfhn] ;j{;Ddt dfGotf lbof] eg]
To;sf ;Gtfg jf bf]>f] k':tfsf ;Gtfgx?nfO{ 6«fOjn ;b:o ;/xsf] dfGotf
lbg] rng ckmufg:yfgsf k:t'g 6«fOjnx?df klg b]lvG5 - Unf6\h/,
@))@M $_.
klZrd g]kfnsf yf? 6«fOjn ;dfhdf …kft n]gfÚ o:t} k2ltsf]
k/Dk/fsf] k|df0f xf],hxf ljleGg sfnv08df sltko u}x| yf?x? …kft
n]gfÚ k2lts} cg'z/0f u/]/ yf?
s/0fdf ;dflxt eO/x]sf / sfnfGt/df
yf?s} klxrfgdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf 5g\
-u'0f/Tg], @))@M$*–$(_ .
lrq g+ $=! g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf k|
o;/L x]bf{ d'Votof Psn
j+zLo 6«fOjn ;dfh,ldl>t j+zLo
6«fOjn ;dfhdf ?kfGt/ x'g] / k/Dk/fut j+zLo gft]bf/Ldf cfwfl/t
6«fOjn g]t[Tj k|0ffnL sfnfGt/df ldl>t j+zsf] pkl:yltsf] ljljwtf
a9\b} uPkl5 e"If]qdf cfwfl/t juL{o k|ltlglwTjsf] g]t[Tj ;+/rgfdf ?

56
kfGtl/t x'Fb} uPsf] / of] 9fFrf 6«fOjn g]t[Tjsf] qmlds ljsf;
qmdsf] ?kdf lgdf{0f x'Fb} uPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
xf] /fHosf] :yfkgf kl5 /fhkl/jf/sf] a}aflxs s'6'Da ;DaGw
lgdf{0fdf clwsf+z k6s ltJjtL vfgbflgof kl/jf/x?df g} ;DaGw
/fvLPsf] kfOG5 . ps k6s dfq ltJjtL /fhs'df/Laf6 ;Gtfg gePkl5
h'DnfsL /fhs'df/L;Fu ljx] ul/Psf] ;Gbe{ 5 eg] s'g}a]nf n2fv /
Nxfzfaf6 sGof dfUgsf nflu lgs} s;/t ul/Psf ;Gbe{ klg kfOG5g
-If]qL , @)$$_. Nxf] /fhj+zn] ;dfhdf cfkm\gf] k8s sfod /fVg
gft]bf/x?nfO{ g} /fhsLo / ;fdflhs g]t[Tjdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] vfnsf]
/fhgLlts ;+:sf/ ljsf;df rf;f] lbPsf] kfOG5 . x/]s ufpdf d'lvof x'gsf
nflu s'6fs kl/af/s} x'g kg]{ / s'6fs gePsf 7fpdf dfq c? hftsf
kl/jf/n] kfpg] h'g kfl/jfl/s gft]bf/Ldf cfwfl/t /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;
uof]{ . o;n] j+zLo k|0ffnLs} g]t[Tj kl/kfl6nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf]
b]lvG5 eg] ;+3Lo u0ftgqsf] /fhgLltn] nxf] /fHosf] /fhj+zsf]
k/Dk/fut x};Lot vf/]h u/]/ gful/s x};Lotdf ?kfGt/0f uof]{ eg] ;
+3Lotfsf] 9fFrf cg';f/sf] ufpkflnsfdf ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] g]t[Tj k|
0ffnL :yfkgf ug{sf nflu afWosf/L Joa:yf agfof] . o;sf] kmn:j?k
Nxf] /fHosf] kl/jtL{t g]t[Tj k|0ffnLdf s'nLg a+z s'6fs kl/af/eGbf
aflx/sf gful/sx? klg kfnLsfsf] g]t[Tj kl/rfng ;d"xdf ;xeflu x'g k'u] .
oBkL d'Vo g]t[Tjdf s'6fs kl/jf/sf ;b:o ePklg clwsf+z ax'dt
kbdf u}/s'6fs kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf ePsf] 5 . t/ cem} klg lx«Udf kl/jf/sf
;b:ox? ufpkflnsfdf lgjf{rgdf dtbftfdfq aGg k'u]sf 5g\ .

57
of] cEof;n] Nxf]df ljBdfg a+zhdf cfwfl/t /fhgLltaf6 If]qhdf cfwfl/t
/fhgLltdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . Nxf] sfnflu cfGtl/s k|0ffnL eGbf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ls6fgL u/]sf] ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] g]t[Tj k|0ffnL kfngf
ug'{ afxLo kfl/:yLlts k|0ffnLsf] jfWotf aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !
*^! df ;/ x]g/L dfOgn] gft]bf/L k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t /fhgLlts g]t[Tj
e"If]qdf cfwfl/t /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] jf klxrfgdf sfod /xg]
atfPsf] !^ jif{ kl5 n]lj; x]g/L df]uf{gn] g]t[Tjaf/] t]>f] k|sf/sf]
gfd lbPsf lyP , æwgjfgÆsf ?kdf klg ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ eg ]/
-DofsUnLg / 6'8]g ;d]t, !((!M& df pb[t _ . of] ljj]rgfnfO Nxf] /fHosf]
/fhgLlts rl/q;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{xf] eg] tfnd]n b]Vg ;lsG5 . klxn]sf
lbgdf j+zdf cfwfl/t g]t[Tj k|0ffnL :yfkg ePsf] Nxf]df ;+3Lo
u0ftGqsf] cEof;df If]qh z}nLsf] g]t[Tj k|0ffnLsf] cEof; yfnLPsf]
5 . of] cEof;n] cfdlgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 g]t[Tj rog ug]{ ePsfn]
lgjf{rgdf vr{ug]{ xf]8afhLsf] ljsf; x'g uO sfnfGt/df wgjfg /
vr{ug{ ;Sg] dfG5] g} g]t[Tjdf cfpg] kl/kfl6 glhlsPsf] ;+s]t
b]vfPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f g]t[Tj kl/kfl6 a+zhaf6 If]qh x'b} wgjfg
tkm{ ?kfGt/0f x'g] ;Defjgf Nxf] df klg b]lvPsf] 5 . of]
cEof;nfO{ df]uf{g -!*&& M*
tflnsf g $=@
%_sf] j+zhdf cfwfl/t tyf Nxf] /fHosf] g]t[Tj z}nL kl/jt{gsf
9fFrf
e"If]qdf cfwf/Lt / ;DkQLdf
 g]t[Tj z}nL j+zhaf6 If]qhM
cfwf/Lt ;+u7g / g]t[Tj
 ;d/ ljhoL s'nLgaf6 bntGqsf
kl/kf6LnfO{ klg cfwf/ dfGg
k|ltlglw
k|]l/t u/]sf 5g\ .

58
 g]kfnsf] cGo kxf8L tyf d}bfgL a:tLx?df g]t[Tjk|0ffnL bnLo
cf:yfsf cfwf/df ;+u7Lt x'g] u/]sf] / cem bntGqn] ;a}lt/ bnLo efuj08f
;lqmo kfof]{ eGg] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5 . t/ cGoq bnLo cfZyfut cfwf/df ;
+u7g / g]t[Tj kl/rfng kl/kfl6 ;lqmo b]lvP klg Nxf] /fHodf bnLo cfZyfsf
cfwf/df ;+ul7t x'g] kl/kf6L ;lqmo b]lvb}g . Toxfsf] g]t[Tj rog
kl/kf6Ldf gftf hf]l8Psf], If]q hf]l8Psf] / gfkmf hf]l8Psf] cfwf/x? k|
fyfdLs ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\, bnLo cf:yfsf cfwf/x? cjf:tljs dflgG5g\ .
cfjlws lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 g]t[Tjsf] rog ubf{ k|foM j+z,ju{ /
wgjfg s'g cfwf/df gful/sx?n] dtbfg ubf{ xf]nfg eGg] ljifodf Nxf]
/fHodf kl5Nnf bzsdf lgjf{rg / g]t[Tj rog kl/kfl6df cg';Gwfg
ug'{ cfjZos xf]nf . Nxf] /fHosf] :yfkgf / /fHo lj:tf/ tyf ;'/Iffsf ;Gbe{df
/fhj+zfanLdf p2[t ul/Psf] Pp6f ;Gbe{ 5 ls zq'x?;Fusf] ;d/df jLhoL ePsf
sf/0f pgn] of] /fHo :yfkgf u/] . To:t} ul/ zq'nfO{ /0fe"lddf k/f:t u/]sf
sf/0f rqmalt{ /fhf ePsf x'g eGg] ts{ pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lgZrog} p
a]nf ;d/ ljhoL x'gfsf gftfn] g]t[Tj k|fKtLsf] cfwf/ aGbYof] eg] cj cfjlws
lgjf{rgdf hgtfaf6 ax'dt kfP/ dfq g]t[Tj k|flKt x'g] bnLo 9fFrfdf Nxf]
/fhgLlt ablnPsf] 5 .
To:t} ul/ p a]nfsf] /fhf jf g]t[Tj wdf{lwsf/Lsf] ?kdf jf g]t[Tjsf ?kdf
klxrfg agfPsf] x'GYof] / x/]s /fhfn] u'Djf lgdf{0f / zf:qsf] ljsf; tyf
;fwgfsf] cEof; u/]sf ;Gbe{x? j+zfanLdf kfOGy] . Nxf] /fhj+zdf k|j/
pkfwLsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]s} ;Gof; cyf{t k|jHofaf6 :yfkgf ul/Psf] ljåfg
/fhf eGg] ;Gbe{sf] pb\3f6g lyof] . t/ cj lgaf{rgdf ljhoL x'gfsf nflu
ahf/ ultzLntf ;lxt wgjfg g]t[Tjsf] vf]hL x'g] nIf0f b]vfPsfn] Nxf]sf] u|
fdL0f g]t[Tj k|0ffnL klg ;f:s[lts–wfdL{saf6 ahf/ ultzLntfsf cfwf/df
wgafbdf ?kfGtl/t x'g] ;+s]t b]vfPsf] 5 .

59
 cWofoM kfFr
cWoogsf] lgisif{
%=!= cWoogsf] lgisif{
;fdflhs l;sfOx? ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx?df g} cfwfl/t x'G5g\ .
;don] dflg;nfO{ ljleGg kl/:yLlt;Fusf] cGt/lqmof / ;DaGwsf cfwf/df
hLjg / hutsf l;sfOx? x:tfGt/0f ub{5 . o:tf l;sfOx? lg/Gt/
kl/dfh{gsf k|s[of4f/f ;fdflhs k'lhs/0f ug{sf nflu clek|]l/t ub{5 .
u08sL k|b]zsf *% j6f :yfgLo txsf ljleGg /}yfg] 1fgx?
Toxfsf :yflgo ;dfhzf:qsf >f]ts]Gb| x'g\ . oxfsf] ;dfh lgdf{0f /
hLljsfsf /0fgLlts sfObfx? ;Fu} oxfsf] /fhgLlts ;fdflhsLs/0f /
;fdl/s ;d[l4df ;d]t dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg k'of{pg ;Sg] x};Lot /fVb5g\ .
u08sL k|b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHo ef]6 / d}bfgsf aLrsf] g'g / cGg
sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGw ky ;Fu} ;fdflhs /fgLltsf] k|s6 pk:yLlt klg xf] .
To;}n] Nxf]sf l;sfOx? u08sL k|b]zsf cGo ;dfh;Fu klg
hf]l8Psf 1fg x'g\ . olx 1fgsf] ;DaGwvf]hL ug]{ Wo]on] ;fdflhs
cg';Gwfgsf k|oTgx? k|]l/t ePsf x'g\ . olx qmddf Nxf] /fHosf]
P]ltxfl;s /fhsLo ;+/rgf / kl/rfngsf /0fgLlt klxrfg ug'{ / Nxf]
/fHosf] /}yfg] /fhlgtLs cEof;df kl/jt{g Nofpgdf k|]/s x'g] tTjx?sf]
cfFsng ug]{ pB]Zon] of] cWoog ul/Psf] xf] . /fhtGqfTds ljut
u0ftGqfTds eljiosf] t'ngf ug{ ;d]t oL tYox?sf] dxTj /xG5 .

60
 of] cWoog P]ltxfl;s Nxf] /fHosf] Nxf]–5f]lbg pkTosfdf l;ldt
/x]sf] 5 . b|'t ;fdflhs n]vfhf]vf ljlw cjnDag u/]/ k|fyflds tYofÍ ;
+sng ul/Psf] of] cWoog d'ntM Nxf] pkTosfsf] /fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf]
cEof; / ljsf;sf 9fFrfx?sf af/]df s]lGb|t x'gfn] k|hftLo Oltxf; /
/fhlgtLs g]t[Tj lgdf{0f tyf kl/rfngsf sfObfx?sf] vf]hL ug]{ k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 .
k]O;]n -!(^(_ / 9'Ë]n-@))@_ n] eg] h:tf] Nxf] /fHo
cfd]kfnn] :yfkgf u/]sf] geO Nxf] /fhj+zsf] klxnf] /fhf ldr]n
£o'Ësnn] :yfkgf u/]sf] tYo kfOPsf] 5 . Nxf] /fHosf] k|f/DeLs
;fdflhs/0fdf af]gwd{ kf7zfnfsf] k|efj /x]sf] 5 .
Nxf] /fHosf] /fhsLo ;antf / gful/s ;DaGwsf] ;'/Iff tyf
lgoGq0fsf nflu agfOPsf] $ ljefu / 3]Gkf-d'vLof_ k|0ffnL Toxfsf]
cfGtl/s k|sfof{Tds ;Gt'ng / klxrfgsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ckgfOPsf] /0fgLlt
lyof] . lt /0fgLltnfO{ l6sfpg x/]s /0fgLlts pkfox?nfO{ ;f:s[lts/0f /
wfld{s sjr klx/fOPsf] lyof] .
k/Dk/fut ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;"/Iff / lgoGq0fsf nflu wd{ / ;+:sf/sf]
l/lts/0f u/]/ g} gful/s ;xeflutf, ;Gt'i6L / ;xhtf lgdf{0fsf k|oTgx?
ul/Psf lyP . Nxf] pkTosf lxGb', af]g / af}4 dfuL{x?sf nflu z}jTj,
zfQmTj, j}i0fjTj, tyfut wDdTj k|fKtLsf nflu ;fwgfsf] s]Gb| xf] .
hnleq n's]sf s}og ;Eotfx? zfnu|fdsf ?kdf k|s6 ePsf] k|fdf0f af]s]/
j;]sf] sfnLu08sL gbLsf] pQ/L If]qdf kg]{ Nxf] cg]sg ;Eotfsf] ;fIfL
eP/ a;]sf] 5 .

61
 1ft Oltxf;n] ltAatL d'nsf Nxf]jf hftLsf] ;Eotf xfn b]lvPklg
cem} o;sf ue{df s}og ;Eotfx? l5k]sf 5g\ eGg] tYox? oxfsf]
efiff / ;+:s[ltdf b]lvG5 . n2fv, hfnGw/L x'b} Nxfzf / e'6fg;Dd
hf]l8Psf] Nxf]sf] ef}uf]lnstfsf] ;DaGw oltdf dfq l;ldt g/xL s}nfz /
dfg; ;Eotfsf] ;Dks{df u08sL k|b]z cyf{t pltj]nfsf] kf/sf]6 ;Eotfsf]
cWoogsf nflu klg t[0fljGb' x'g ;S5 .
/fhgLlts ;fdflhsLs/0fn] gful/sx?nfO{ /fhsLo ;xeflutfdf ;lqmo
kfg]{ jf lg:s[o kfg]{ , ckgTj dfGg k|]l/t ug]{ jf j]jf:yf
ug{ 5fl8lbg], :jo+ k|]l/t agfpg] jf s/ aGwgaf6 af]lemnf] agfpg]
eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ubf]{ /x]5 . o;n] t cfbz{ g}lts g]t[Tj hGdfpg]
jf cj;/sf] ahfl/s/0f u/]/ ldYofnfesf nflu d'vl/t ug]{ eGg] gful/s rl/q
lgdf{0fdf klg /fhgLltsf] dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg x'bf] /x]5 .
Nxf] /fHon] /fhsLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljefu / k|hf kl/rfngsf] sfObf
t agfof] t/ g'gsf] sf/f]jf/L dfu{ /f]lsPkl5 cfkm'nfO{ l6sfpg' eGbf
knfog x'g k|]l/t eof] . vDkf ljb|f]xn] klZrdsf] lk|o / pQ/sf] clk|o
dfq agfPg, g'gsf] sf/f]jf/sf] dfu{ g} abnLP/ Nxf] wfpg] g'gsf u|
fxsx? bIfL0fsf] a6f}nL wfpg yfn] . cem} klg u'Djfsf] /+u /f]ug
ug]{ afxfgfdf cfpg] klZrdfx?n] Nxf]sf] klxrfg ;+/If0f / ;fwgf
s]Gb|sf ?kdf ljsf; ug'{sf] ;f6f] df]x/f agfpg ;Sg] hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f
ePsf] 5}g . lsgsL o'jfx?sf] /f]hfO Nxf] dfyL ph]nf] kfg]{ eGbf
nfdf/fhgLltsf] 8f]/L ;dfP/ 8n/ ahf/df k'Ug' a9L k|fyldstf x'g yfn]sf]
5 . x'g t of] ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] :jefljs lgod g} xf] ls cfsif{0f s]Gb|x?
abnL /xG5g\ / sltko s'/f 6f9fsf /fd|f nfU5g\ . t/ h] xf];, Nxf]

62
/fHosf] pbo / ktg;u} o; If]qsf] ;Eotfsf] syf klg hf]l8Psf] 5 . g'g
dfu{sf ?kdf klxrfg agfPsf] sflnu08sL ky oxfsf] u08sL ;Eotf
lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ klg xf] . Oltxf;sf] cfh{gn] eljio t rNb}g t/
Oltxf;sf] cg'ejn] eljiosf] lbzf lgwf{/0fdf phf{ ldNg ;S5 . To;}n]
Nxf] /fHon] ckgfPsf :yfgLo gful/s k|zf;gsf 3]Gkf k|0ffnLx? l6sfpg
h;/L ;f+:s[lts/0f / ckgTj agfpg] /0fgLlt lgdf{0f ul/Psf lyP, cjsf]
ufpF kflnsf l6sfpg klg To:t} sfObfx?sf] cEof; h?/L b]lvfPsf]
5 . /}yfg] /fhlgtLs g]t[Tj cEof;x? j+zhaf6 If]qh x'b} k'hLafbsf]
k|efjn] ahf/ ultzLntfdf cfwf/Lt wgjfb lt/ g]t[Tjsf] kx'Fr a9fPsf] 5 .
t/ gful/s ;xeflutf, ;Gt'i6L / ;xhtf lgdf{0f ug{ slt k|oTg ug{ ;Sof]
eGg] tYon] Tof] ;Qfsf] lbuf]kgf lgwf{/0f ubf]{ /x]5 .
ko{6sLo ahf/ / oftfoftsf] ;'udtf a9b} uPsf sf/0f Nxf]sf] gful/s
;DaGwdf cem} w]/} ultdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf gsfg{
;lsb}g . tL kl/jt{gsf ;Defjgf :yfgLo /fhlgtLn] lgwf{/0f u5{ ls
ahf/n] lgwf{0f u5{ eGg] s'/f cjsf] gofF cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo aGg
k'u]sf] 5 .
lxhf]sf nflu 3]Gkf k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf eGg]s'/f Toxfsf]
/fhtGq / k|hf aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ dha't kfg]{ /Llts/0fsf]
/0fgLlt -wd{_ lyof] eg] cjsf] u0ftGqfTds g]t[Tjsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu
gful/s ;xeflutf, ;Gt'i6L / ;xhtfsf] dfqf vf]hL u5{sL k'/fgf] tTjg} stL
k|efjsf/L b]lvG5 eGg] tYo cjsf] gofF cg';Gwfgsf nflu k|:yfg ljGb'
x'g ;S5 .

63
 of] lgisif{nfO{ u0fLtLo ;'qdf k|:t't ubf{ o;/L ;lds/0f b]vfpg
;lsG5 M
!= 3]Gkf k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/Ltf Ö /Llts/0f × -/fhtGq ± k|
hf ;DaGw_ .

o;} ul/ eljiosf] /fhgLlts rl/qsf] ;Gt'ng / k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfFsngsf

nflu of] ;"q k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 M
@=u0ftGqfTds g]t[Tjsf] k|efjsfl/tf Ö gful/s × -;xeflutf ±
;Gt'i6L ±;xhtf_—bntGq

of] lgisif{ / k|:tfljt ;lds/0f dfly /rgfTds ;ldIffaf6 gofF

cg';Gwfgsf nflu k|:yfg ljGb' lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 eGg] d]/f] bfjL 5 .

;Gbe{ M

lhlj; d':tfË-@)&@_ . d':tfË lhNnf kfZj{lrq, d':tfË M lhNnfljsf; ;ldltsf]

sfof{no

a/fn,/fdrGb| -@)&)_, a'x«fg 6fk'sf] a83/ k|0ffnLdf åGåsf] k|efj,ck|sflzt

zf]wk|jGw, lqe"jg ljZjljBfno , sf8df08f} .

dNn, df]xg axfb'/-@)#!—@)#$_,h'Dnfsf] cGTo-cfn]v_Ù k|flrg g]kfn

hg{n -;+o'Qmf+s c+s #)b]lv #(_;Dkf=/d]zhË yfkf, sf7df07f}M k'/ftTj
ljefu, k[i7 M !(—@@

64
If]qL ,gf/fo0f k|;fb-@)$$_, d':tfË lbUbz{g, sf7df08f} M ;femf k|sfzg

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