70 Kartik

lg0f{o g+=()@(
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rG nfn
cfb]z ldlt M@)^(.!!.@#.$
l/6 g+= )^*-WS-))^#
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f;d]t .
lgj]bs M lh=u'NdL, cd/k'/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
$ 3/ eO{ ;jf] { R r cbfnt af/
Pzf]l;Pzg sfo{ ;ldltsf] ;b:o
clwjQmf cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t
lj4
ljkIfL M /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, xl/x/
ejg;d]t
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg]
jf grnfpg] eGg] ljifodf lg0fo ug{]
clGtd clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] x'g]
xf] . t/ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng jf
b'?T;fxg ug{] JolQmpk/ d'2f rnfpg
cfjZos ePdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ dfgj
clwsf/ cfof] u n] l;kmfl/z u/L
k7fPkl5 dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;f] ljifodf
d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] egL lg0f{o
ug{ kfpg] eGg] xf]Og . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_
sf] d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{]
843
cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ lgik|efjL x'g]

u/L wf/f !#% sf] pkwf/f -@_ f/f
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|fKt d'2f rnfpg]
jf grnfpg] egL lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/
sf] k|of]u x'g ;S5 egL JofVof ug{] xf]
eg] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf]
v08 -u_ cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/
cfof]unfO{ k|fKt clwsf/sf] cf}lrTo
g} g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
k|wfgdGqLn] dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd
sf/jfxL jf lg0f{oaf6 c;lhnf] dx;";
u/]df lghnfO{ h'g;'s} avt klg
kbd'Qm ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] cfgf] kbnfO{
vt/fdf /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfn] dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/znfO{ :jtM
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Qm5g\ egL cg'dfg
ug{ klg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng jf
b'?T;fxgsf] 36gfdf bf]ifL JolQmpk/
cfof]un] k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f
rnfpg cfjZos b]vL d'2f bfo/ ug{
l;kmfl/z u/] k l5 ;f] ljifodf
dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lgh dftxtsf] s'g}
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{ n on] cGo
ck/fwdf h:tf] d'2f rnfpg cfjZos
5, jf 5}g egL cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zsf]
cf}lrTodfly cGoyf k|Zg ug{ ldNg]
cj:yf ;+ljwfgtM gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
cfof]un] lagfcfwf/ / sf/0f xr'jfsf]
e/df s;}sf lj?4 d'2f rnfpg
l;kmfl/z ug{] klg xf]Og . To;}n]
g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

&), sflQs
@)&),
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/

znfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] jf gug{] eGg]
:jljj]s To:tf] l;kmfl/z k|fKt ug{]
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ /xG5 egL
;Demg ldNb}g . To:tf] :jljj]s k|bfg
ug{ ] vfnsf sfg" g L Joj:yfx
;+ l jwfgsf] k| f jwfg / To;sf]
dg;focg'sn
" x'G5g\ egL cy{ ug{
klg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
/fHosf] k|tLs lrGxsf] kdf /x]sf]
lgzfgf 5fkn] ;fj{ef}d /fHosf] klxrfg
u/fpg] x'bF f ;f] lgzfgf 5fknfO{ s'g}
c ljz]ifsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dfq
k| t Ls lrGxsf] kdf cy{ ug{
ldNb}g . /fHosf] klxrfgsf nflu
lgwf{/0f ePsf] lgzfgf 5fknfO{ /fHosf
;a} lgsfo jf cn] k|of]u ug{' kg{] g}
x'G5 . ;f] lgzfgf 5fk k|of]u u/]sf]
sf/0fn] dfq ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd
:yflkt ePsf /fHosf cn] cfkm"nfO{
k|fKt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]udf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{] klg xf]Og . a ;f]
lgzfgf 5fkaf6 ;f] c /fli6o tyf
cGt/f{li6o hutdf g]kfn /fHosf]
csf] kdf kl/lrt x'g d2t k'Ug] .
-k|s/0f g+=##_
lgj]bstkm{af6 M lgj]bs clwjQmfx cf]dk|sfz
cof{n / k'gb]jL dxh{g tyf
ljfg clwjQmfx 6Lsf/fd
e/fO{, /fh'k;
| fb rfkfufO{,
8f=rGsfGt 1jfnL, bLgdl0f
kf] v /] n , lbg] z lqkf7L,
/lj/fh e08f/L, cfof{ >]i7

/ afa'/fd bfxfn
ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f
kf} 8 ] n tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx jL/axfb'/ du/
/ sNkgf emf
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f @ / #
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)^* kl/R5]b #, bkmf !), bkmf !^,
!&, @), @&, @*, @(
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn M g] k fnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf]
pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf btf{
eO{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYo Pj+
cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M
xfdL lgj]bsx /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] ;Ifdtf, :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfsf]
nflu cWoog, cg';Gwfg / jsfnt ub{} cfPsf
g]kfnL gful/s xf}+ . xfn dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)%# nfO{ vf/]h ub{} /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u P]g, @)^* ldlt @)^*.!).^ b]lv nfu"
ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
n] kl/sNkgf u/]adf]lhd dfgj clwsf/sf]
;Ddfg, ;+ / If0f, k| j 4{ g tyf To;sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# n] ;+jw} flgs x}l;ot k|bfg u/]sf] klg
5 . :yfkgf sfndf P]gf/f l;lh{t ;+:yf eP
844
()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

/fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u , xl/x/ ejg;d] t
lj=/fli6
klg cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu

dxjk"0f{ clwsf/x kfPsf] lyof] . To;}n]
@)%# ;fnsf] k'/fgf] P]g vf/]h u/L gofF
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ P]g, @)^* hf/L x'bF f
k"jj{ tL{ P]gsf] eGbf cfof]unfO{ cem Jofks
clwsf/ / :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/G5 eGg] :jfefljs
ck]Iff /x]sf] lyof] . t/ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u P]g, @)^* df ePsf sltko k|fjwfgx
@)%# ;fnsf] P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/eGbf 7Ls
ljk/Lt /x]sf x'gfn] ;f] P]g cfof]usf] clwsf/
If]qnfO{ s6f}tL u/L cfof]unfO{ cem ;\sl' rt
agfpg] u/L hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n],
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf
b]xfosf Joj:yfx g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] k|fjwfg, dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
:jtGqtf / :jfoQtf;DaGwL k]l/; l;4fGt,
!((# tyf cGt/f{li6o sfg"g Pj+ d"No
dfGotfsf] ljk/Lt eO{ ab/efuL x'bF f pQm
Joj:yfx pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpg
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf 5f}+ .
-s_ bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -%_ df dfgj
clwsf/ pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df
;f] eP u/]sf], s'g} JolQm s;}sf] lgoGq0fdf /
x]sf]df ;f] lgoGq0faf6 5'6s
] f] jf To:tf] JolQm
;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq cfof]udf
ph"/L ul/;Sg' kg{5
] eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . of] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg /
;+/If0f ug{] tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug{] cfof]usf] ;IfdtfnfO{ k|lts"n c;/
k'ofPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !#! sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz kbaf6
;]jf lgj[Q JolQm jf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
/ ;Da4{g jf ;dfh ;]jfdf lqmofzLn /xL
ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'ofPsf JolQmxdWo]af6

dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf lgo'Qm x'g]
Joj:yf u/L dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ Ps
:jtGq, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L lgsfosf] kdf
:yfkgf ug{] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . t/ xfn
hf/L ul/Psf] P]gsf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -%_
n] cfof]unfO{ k|efjxLg ;+:yf agfpg vf]hs
] f]
5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ /
-@_ df plNnlvt /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo clwsf/df P]gsf] bkmf
!) sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yfn]
k|ToIf kdf s6f}tL u/]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/
pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df ;f] eP
u/]sf], s'g} JolQm s;}sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]df
;f] lgoGq0faf6 5'6]sf] jf To:tf] JolQm
;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq cfof]udf
ph"/L ug{ g;s]df To:tf] dfgj clwsf/
pNngsf] s;'/n] pGd'lQm kfpg] b]lvG5 . of]
Joj:yf /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
;Ifdtf;DaGwL k]l/; l;4fGt;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
5 . o;af6 dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf kLl8tn]
pkrf/ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ lgif]w u/L kL8snfO{
pGd'lQm lbg] sfo{ x'g uPsf] 5 hf] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg
kfpg] xs tyf wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf]
df}lns xs;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . t;y{ pQm
bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] xbDofb;DaGwL
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_
adf]lhd k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul/kfpmF . ;fy} xfn pQm bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf
-%_ sfof{Gjogdf gNofpg' egL /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpmF .
845

&), sflQs
@)&),
-v_ P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -$_

df o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng ePsf]
;DaGwdf kLl8t JolQmn] cGo k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf] jf Ifltk"lt{sf
nflu sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPsf] ePdf cfof]un]
Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o ug{] 5}g eGg]
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/
cfof]unfO{ dfgj clwsf/ pNngaf6 kLl8t
ag]sf JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] sfo{af6 jl~rt
u/]sf] 5 . Ifltk"lt{af/] cGoq sf/jfxL rn]sf]
cj:yfdf cfof]un] Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f ug{] gug{]
;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ :jljj]sLo clwsf/;Dd
klg lbPsf] 5}g . of] Joj:yf k]l/; l;4fGt /
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf]
Joj:yfljk/Lt 5 . t;y{ bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf
-$_ sf] Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul/kfpmF . kLl8tnfO{ /sddf lbOg] Ifltk"lt{
dfqn] pkrf/sf] k|Tofe"lt gx'g] x'bF f kl/k"/0f
g} pknJw u/fpg o;} P]gdf cfjZos sfg"gL
Joj:yf ldnfpg' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf k/
dfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF . ;fy} bkmf !^ sf]
pkbkmf -$_ sf] Joj:yf tTsfn sfof{Gjog
gug{' egL /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF .
-u_ bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!)_ df
o; bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
ePtfklg cfof]uaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd l;kmfl/z
eO{ cfPsf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg gldNg]
egL lg0f{ o u/] d f ;f] s f] sf/0f v' n fO{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{non] cfof]unfO{
hfgsf/L lbg'kg{5
] eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
846
of] Joj:yf cfof]usf] ;Ifdtf;DaGwL k]l/;

l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt 5 . lsgeg] cfof]un] lgikIf,
:jtGq / ljZj;gLo kdf 5fglag tyf
cg';Gwfg u/L dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf] bf]ifL
kQf nufO{ cleof]hgsf nflu l;kmfl/z u/L
k7fPsf]df To:tf] l;kmfl/z dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
sfof{Gjog gu/] klg x'g] cyf{t\ bf]ifLlj4
d'2f grnfP klg x'g] u/L dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{
clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . o;/L cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z
sfof{GjognfO{ P]lR5s agfpg] s'/f ;+ljwfgn]
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;'lDkPsf]
lhDd]jf/L, x}l;ot, sfd, st{Jonufotsf
Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] kLl8tsf]
Gofo kfpg] xsnfO{ lg:t]h kf5{ . o;n] dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNngstf{nfO{ Gofosf] s73/fdf
Nofpg];Ddsf] bflojnfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf]
5 . cGttM of] Joj:yfn] cfof]usf] l;kmfl/
zx ;/sf/sf] :j]R5fdf ;Lldt eO{ lgik|efjL
ag]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgtM dxfGofoflwjQmf ;/
sf/sf] sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ / k|wfgdGqLsf]
OR5fdf e/ kg{] kb xf] . To:tf] JolQmn] ;/sf/
sf lj4 dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] u/]sf l;kmfl/
zadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg} ;Sb}g . t;y{ bkmf
!& sf] pkbkmf -!)_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k|f/Deb]lv
g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF . ;fy} pQm
Joj:yf xfn sfof{Gjogdf gNofpg' egL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf gfddf cGtl/
d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF .
-3_ P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -#_
df s'g} ljb]zL ;+3 jf ;+:yfn] g]kfnleq
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g;DaGwL
s' g } sfo{ q md ;~rfng ug{ rfx] d f
tf]lsPadf]lhd cfof]usf] ;xdlt lng' kg{5
]

lj=/fli6
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] /fli6o

dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf]
5 . lsgeg] of] Joj:yfcg';f/ ljb]zL ;+:yf
jf cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] lgodg
cfof]un] ug{'kg{] x'G5 . To:tf] sfo{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /x]sf] ;dfh sNof0f
kl/ifb\n] ug{] xf] . of] Joj:yf klg k]l/;
l;4fGt;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . pQm l;4fGtn]
/fli6o ;+:yf;Fu dfgj clwsf/ k|a4{g /
;+/If0f ug{] ;Ifdtf x'gk' b{5 eg]sf] 5 . cfkm";uF
;xsfo{ ug{] ;+:yfsf] lgodg dfgj clwsf/
cfof]un] ug{ ldNb}g . o:tf] Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{
;/sf/ cwLg:y lgsfosf] kdf :yflkt
u/fpFb5 . of] Joj:yf cfof]un] gful/s
;dfh;F u ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{ ] eGg]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08
-3_ sf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt 5 . t;y{ bkmf @) sf]
pkbkmf -#_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f
-!_ adf]lhd k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift ul/kfpmF . ;fy} ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf xfn
sfof{Gjog gug{' gu/fpg' egL /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpmF .
-_ P]gsf] bkmf @% df cWoIf tyf
;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf qmdzM ;+jw} flgs
lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf
zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
k|dv
' kbflwsf/L / kbflwsf/Lsf];/x x'g5
] .
t/ of] P]g k|f/De x'bF fsf avt sfod /x]sf
kbflwsf/Lxn] pkef]u ul//x]sf] kfl/>lds
tyf ;'ljwf lng o; bkmfn] afwf kg{] 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k"jj{ tL{ dfgj clwsf/
P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf & n] cfof]usf cWoIf tyf
;b:oxsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf GofofwLzn] kfpg] kfl/>lds /

;'ljwfeGbf sd gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
@)%# ;fnd} k|fKt eO{ pkof]u ub{} cfPsf]
;'ljwf xfn cfP/ ljwflosfn] vf]:g ldNg]
xf]Og . o;n] cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lsf] do{fbfqmd
36fpFb5 . cfof]usf] kbflwsf/Lsf] do{fbfqmd
36fpFbf To;sf] c;/ dfgj clwsf/ pNng
pk/ cfjfh p7fpg] cfof]usf] e"ldsfdf;d]t
kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
;Ifdtf;DaGwL k]l/; l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt x'G5 .
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] k|wfg GofofwLz jf GofofwLz
eO;s]sf] JolQm dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
cWoIfdf lgo'Qm x'g] ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf 5,
t/ tnj ;'ljwf rfFlx ;f] cg'sn
" g/fVg] ubf{
cGttM cfof]usf] cWoIfdf k"j{ k|wfgGofofwLz
jf GofofwLzn] hfg grfxg] cj:yf l;h{gf
x'g uPsf] 5 . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf cfof]usf]
af/]df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#! sf] pkwf/f -!_ n]
u/]sf] ;+jw} flgs efjgfsf] alv{nfk 5 . t;y{
P] g sf] bkmf @% cdfGo / ab/ 3f] l ift
ul/kfpmF . ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#! sf]
pkwf/f -!_ sf] efjgfcg'sn
" x'g] u/L / k"jj{ tL{
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# n] k|bfg
ul/cfPsf] ;'ljwf oyfjt\ sfod ug{ u/fpg
cfjZos Joj:yf ug{' egL ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf
k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF .
-r_ P]gsf] bkmf @) df ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu
;Dks{ / ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;Sg] zLif{scGtu{t
pkbkmf -!_ df cfof]un] ;+ljwfg / o; P]g
tyf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd cfgf] lhDd]jf/L
k|efjsf/L kdf axg ug{sf] nflu dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g;DaGwL /fli6o
tyf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu cfjZos ;Dks{
/ ;DaGw /fvL ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg ug{] ;Demf}tf
847

&), sflQs
@)&),
ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] pkbkmf -@_

df pkbkmf -!_adf]lhdsf] ;Demf}tfdf cfly{s
ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] eP cfof]un] To:tf]
;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt
lng' kg{5
] eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k"jj{ tL{
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# n] cfof]usf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg{] ;|ft] ;fwg
cfof]un] ljleGg lgsfoaf6 cg'bfgsf] kdf
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg], cfly{s ;xfotf lng ;Sg],
cfof]un] k|fKt u/]sf] ;xfotfsf] vr{ bftf /
cfof]usf] aLrdf ePsf] zt{adf]lhd x'g],
cfly{ s Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf
cfof]un] agfPsf] lgoddf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . t/ pko{Q
' m bkmf @) sf]
pkbkmf -@_ n] cfof]usf] cfly{s :jfoQtfdf
s6f}tL u/L cfof]unfO{ cy{ dGqfnosf] cwLg:y
kf/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] cfof]u / bftfaLr
;Demf}tf ug{ klg cy{ dGqfnos} ;xdtL lng'
kg{] afWotf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . cfof]un] cfgf
ultljlw :jtGq kdf ;~rfng ug{ cfly{s
:jfoQtf k"jz
{ t{ g} xf] . t/ bkmf @) sf]
pkbkmf -@_ o;sf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] x'Fbf of]
Joj:yf;d]t k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift ul/kfpmF . ;fy} cfof]usf] ljQLo :jtGqtf
/ :jfoQtfk|lts"nsf] ;f] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf
-@_ sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfg xfn sfof{Gjog gug{'
gu/fpg' egL /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF .
-5_ P]gsf] bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df
cfof]un] cfjZostfcg';f/ cy{ dGqfnosf]
k/fdz{df If]qLo sfof{no, pkIf]qLo jf ;Dks{
sfof{no vf]Ng ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . To:t} bkmf @& df cfof]usf] ;+u7g
;+ / rgf / b/aGbLsf] :jLs[ l t cfof] u sf]
l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug{5

] eGg] Joj:yf
5 . k"jj{ tL{ dfgj clwsf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf
!^ n] cfof]un] cfjZostfcg';f/ g]kfnsf]
ljleGg If]qxdf zfvf sfof{nox vf]Ng
;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . t/ jt{dfg P]gsf]
pQm Joj:yfxn] cfof]usf] of] :jtGqtfnfO{
vf];]sf] 5 . cfof]unfO{ ;/sf/n] lgoGq0f
u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]
cfof] u n] ;z:q Gsf] ;dodf h] g ] e f
dxf;lGwxsf] ;femf wf/f # tyf afnclwsf/
dxf;lGw, !(*( / afn;}Go k|of]u lj4sf]
:j]lR5s k|f6] f]sn, @))) adf]lhdsf] dfgjLo
sfg"gadf]lhdsf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfgdf
G/t kIfxsf] e" l dsf cg' u dg ug{ }
;Qm}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_
adf]lhd cfof]unfO{ k|fKt ePsf] dfgj clwsf/
sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g tyf To;sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt\ ug{] ;Ifdtf
g} of] sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] vf];s
] f] 5 . t;y{, bkmf
@^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df /x]sf] cy{ dGqfnosf]
k/fdz{df eGg] jfSof+z / bkmf @& df /x]sf]
==sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/ eGg] jfSof+z
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF . ;fy} pQm
jfSof+zx xfn sfof{Gjog gug{' egL /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpmF .
-h_ P]gsf] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_
df ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug{5
] eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . k"jj{ tL{ P]gdf ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zdf /fi6kd
| v
' af6 x'g] Joj:yf lyof] .
/fhtGq pGd"ng eO{ u0ftGq :yfkgf ePkl5
/fi6kd| v
' sf] Joj:yf gePsf] cjlwdf ;lrjsf]
lgo'lQm ug{] clVtof/L dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ k|bfg
848

lj=/fli6
ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ xfn /fi6 k|dv

' df /fi6kltsf]
Joj:yf eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf xfnsf] P]gsf] pQm
bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ n] ;lrj lgo'lQm ug{]
clVtof/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] ldn]sf]
5}g . of] Joj:yf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
:jfoQtf / ;Ifdtf;DaGwL k]l/; l;4fGt
k|lts"n 5 . lsgeg] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgo'Qm
x'g] ;lrjn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfo jf
kbflwsf/Lxaf6} dfgj clwsf/ pNng
ePsf 36gfdf lgikIf kdf sfd ug{}
;Qm}g . ctM of] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@
sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 .
t;y{ bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ df k|oQ
' m ===
sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/ eGg] jfSof+z
cdfGo / ab/ ul/kfpmF . ;fy} ;f] jfSof+zsf]
Joj:yf cg';f/ ljkIfL cfof]usf] b/aGbLdf
;/sf/L sd{ r f/L gk7fpg' / cfof] u sf]
sd{rf/Lsf] kdf sfddf klg nufpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpmF .
-em_ P]gsf] bkmf @(df cfof]un]
/fHosf] lgzfgf 5fksf cltl/Qm cfof]usf] 5'}
k|tLslrGx k|of]udf Nofpg ;Sg]5 eGg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k"jj{ tL{ P]gsf] bkmf #-^_
n] cfof]usf] cfgf] 5'} 5fk x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]
lyof] . vf;u/L Gsf] a]nf /fHosf] lgzfgf
5fk k|of]u ug{] cfof]un] G/t kIfsf] ljZjf;
lhTg ;Qm}g . kmn:jk Gsf] cj:yfdf
ePsf dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf 36gfxsf]
lgikIf 5fgaLg ug{] ;Ifdtf g} ;dfKt x'G5 .
To;}n] P]gsf] bkmf @( df /x]sf] /fHosf] lgzfgf
5fksf] cltl/Qm eGg] jfSof+znfO{ cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF . ;f] jfSof+z xfn
sfof{Gjog gug{' / cfgf] k/Dk/fut 5fk /
k|tLslrGx dfq k|of]u ug{' egL /fli6o dfgj

clwsf/ cfof]usf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)^*.!@.!( sf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{]
xf] < af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt
hjfkm k]z ug{' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf
k7fpg' . ;fy} lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{
ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't ljifo uDeL/ ;fj{hlgs
;/f]sf/sf] eO{ k"0f{ k|fyldstf;fy lg0f{o ug{k' g{]
ljifo b]lvPsf]n] ldlt @)^(.!.@!sf lbg clGtd
;'gj' fO{sf] nflu k]z ug{' eGg] ldlt @)^*.!@.@@
sf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
wf/f !#!, !#@ / !## sf] cwLgdf /x]/ g}
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* lgd{f0f
ePsf] xf] . P]gsf] bkmf $-@_ df dfgj clwsf/
sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf cfof]u :jtGq
/ :jfoQ /xg] 5 eGg] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] x'bF f
lgj]bssf] bfjL oyfy{k/s 5}g . bkmf !)-%_
df lglZrt\ cjlwleq ph"/L lbg' kg{] u/L
ePsf] Joj:yf / bkmf !^-$_ df kLl8t JolQmn]
bf]xf]/f] Ifltk"lt{ bfjL gu/f];\ eGg] p2]Zon] ul/
Psf] Joj:yfaf6 cfof]usf] :jfoQtfdf s'g}
c;/ k'Ub}g . oL Joj:yfx ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf klg 5}gg\ . ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf]
lgsfo ePsf] x'bF f cfof]un] klg cGo ;+jw} flgs
lgsfo;/x s] x L ;+ j } w flgs / sfg" g L
cf}krfl/stfx axg ug{k' g{] s'/f :jfefljs
dfGg' kb{5 . cfof]unfO{ ;/sf/sf] ;dfgfGt/
;+:yfsf] kdf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsFbg} . bkmf @%
nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#! sf] pkwf/f -&_ ;Fu
/fvL x]bf{ ;f] pkwf/fdf /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
849

&), sflQs
@)&),
cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf

zt{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]5
elgPsf] x'bF f pQm bkmf @% nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#!-&_ ljk/Lt dfGg ;ls+bg} . ;fj{hlgs
kb wf/0f u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx sfo{/t\ /xg] /
hgtfsf] s/af6 p7]sf] /sd vr{ x'g] lgsfo
ePsf]n] Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
ljBdfg sfg"gsf] bfo/fleq /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u klg /xg}kb{5 . P]gsf] bkmf
@^, @&, @*-@_ / @( nfO{ o;} ;Gbe{af6 x]g'{
cfjZos 5 . bfjL lnFbd} f s'g} sfg"g c;+jw} flgs
7xb{g} . t;y{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/
kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b
;lrjfnosf] ldlt @)^(.!.# sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^*
sf] bkmf !)-%_ df ePsf] xbDofb;DaGwL
Joj:yfnfO{ c;+ j } w flgs eGg ldNb} g .
xbDofbsf] ljifo ljwflosL sfg"gf/f lgwf{/0f
x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . dfgj clwsf/
pNngsf] ljifodf s;"/ sfod u/L sf/jfxL
ug{] jf gug{] k|of]hgsf nflu bkmf !)-%_ df
xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] geO{ P]gsf]
kl/lwleq /xL dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] ph"/L
u|x0f ug{,] To;df 5fgaLg / cg';Gwfg ug{,]
kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] / ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{
l;kmfl/z ug{] k|of]hgsf] nflu;Dd ;f] xbDofbsf]
Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . o:tf] l;kmfl/zadf]lhd
s;"/ sfod u/L sf/jfxL ug{] ;DaGwdf cGo
k|rlnt sfg"g;d]t nfu" x'g] eGg] bkmf #$ df
Joj:yf ePs} klg 5 . To;}n] ^ dlxgfleq
ph"/L lbg' kg{] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] clwsf/If]q, :jtGqtf, :jfoQtf tyf
;Ifdtfdfly s'g} k|lts"n c;/ ub{g} . ctM
850
bkmf !)-%_ nfO{ cdfGo jf ab/ 3f]lift ug{'

kg{] s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f 5}g . ;fy} bkmf !^-$_
sf] Joj:yf Pp6} ljifodf Ps} JolQmn] bf]xf]/f]
Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt gu/f];\ eGg] p2]Zoaf6 ul/Psf]
xf] . s'g} lgsfodf Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu lgj]bg jf
d'2f lbO{ sf/jfxL eO/x]sf] ljifodf ;f]xL
lgsfoaf6 lg0f{o x'gk' g{] x'bF f To:tf] ljifodf
cfof]un] ;dfgfGt/ sf/jfxL ug{' gk/f];\ eGg]
p2]Zon] pQm Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{
pQm Joj:yfn] cfof]usf] clwsf/ If]qdfly
s'g} k|lts"n c;/ kfb{g} . P]gsf] bkmf !&-!)_
df ePsf] Joj:yf;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@
-@_ ljk/Lt 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd
lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g5
]
eGg] wf/f !#%-@_ sf] Joj:yf 5 . dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNng;DaGwL cf/f]kdf dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ cfkm} cleof]u bfo/ ug{]
u/L ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 kdf s'g} clwsf/ lbPsf]
g} 5}g . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] d'2f rnfpg
cfjZos b]vd
] f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@-@_-u_
adf]lhd l;kmfl/z;Dd ug{] xf] . o;af6 dfgj
clwsf/ pNngsf] s;"/df klg k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd g} d'2f rNg] eGg] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] ;Gbe{df
d'2f rnfpg] sfo{ ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g,
@)$( sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmf /
;f] dftxtsf ;/sf/L sfof{noaf6 g} x'g]
ub{5 . cg';Gwfg / 5fgaLgaf6 ;\slnt
k|df0f tyf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rNg]
jf grNg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn]
g} Psnf}6L kdf dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ lbPsf]
x'bF f dxfGofoflwjQmfn] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zadf]lhd dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf]

lj=/fli6
ljifodf d'2f rnfpgsf] nflu ko{fKt cfwf/

k|df0f gb]vd
] f d'2f grnfpg klg ;Sg] g}
x'G5 . o;af6 dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
clwsf/df s6f}tL x'g] jf c\sz
' nfUg] egL
cy{ ug{' ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'sn
" x'bF g} . P]gsf]
bkmf @)-@_ sf] Joj:yfn] ; d] t dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu
cfjZos ;Dks{ / ;DaGw /fvL ;xof]u cfbfg
k|bfg ug{] ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sb5 . of] Joj:yf
k]l/; l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 . cfof]u klg
/fHosf] Pp6f ;+oGq ePsf]n] o;n] /fHosf]
hfgsf/Llagf g} h'g;'s} ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu cfly{s
;Demf}tf ub{} hfg] eGg] x'bF g} . pkbkmf -@_ sf]
k|fjwfg lgif]wfTds geO{ s]jn lgodgsf/L
dfq ePsf]n] klg of] Joj:yf ab/ efuL 5}g .
P]gsf] bkmf @)-#_ sf] Joj:yfn] cfof]usf]
ul/dfnfO{ cem a9fPsf] 5 . of] Joj:yfcg';f/
dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf] If]qdf
s]lGt lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n]
dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfsf sfd
sf/jfxLxnfO{ cfof]un] g} :jtGqk"js
{ lgodg
ug{ ;sf];\ eg]/ pQm Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
bkmf @% sf] Joj:yf klg cfjZos / ;fdlos
5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !#! df cfof]u u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf eO{
klxnf] k6s cfof]un] ;+jw} flgs x}l;ot k|fKt
u/]sf] xf] . cGo ;+jw} flgs c;/x cfof]usf]
klg ;dfg x}l;ot 5 . olb kfl/>lds / ;]jf
;'ljwfrfFlx cGo cfof]usf kbflwsf/LeGbf
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lsf] km/s
x'gk' b{5 eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] dg;fo /x]sf] eP
;+ljwfgdf g} ;f] s'/f pNn]v x'g] lyof] . t/
cfof]u kbflwsf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf sfg"gf/f
lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs

k|fjwfg /x]sf] x'bF f cGo ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lx;/x dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf
kbflwsf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug{] P]gsf]
bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg klg ;+ljwfgljk/Lt dfGg
;lsb}g . tTsfnLg dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P] g , @)%# cGtu{ t lgo' Q m ePsf
kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf vfOkfO{ cfPsf] kfl/>lds
g36\g] u/L bkmf @% sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn]
af]ln/x]sf] klg 5 . t;y{ bkmf @% sf] Joj:yf
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* nfu"
ePkl5 cfof]udf lgo'lQm x'g] kbflwsf/Lxsf]
xsdf cfslif{t x'g] Joj:yf xf] . ;fy} cfof]usf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf
GofofwLzsf];/x x'g] egL Joj:yf ug{] tTsfn
k|rlnt /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)%# sf] bkmf #, $, %, ^ / & nfO{ u0ftGq
;'b9[ Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug{]
P]g, @)^^ f/f @)^^.@.% df g} vf/]h ul/
;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{, xfnsf] P]gsf] bkmf
@% nfO{ c;+jw} flgs dfGg ;lsb}g . P]gsf]
bkmf @^-@_ sf] Joj:yfn] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof] u sf] :jtGqtf ;dfKt eof] eGg'
skf]nslNkt s'/f xf] . cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{
lng'k5{ eGg'sf] tfTko{ cfof]unfO{ sdhf]/
agfpg] eGg] geO{ cfly{s ljifodf /fHosf]ifaf6
Joxf]g'{ kg{] bflojsf ;DaGwdf /fHon] Go"gtd\
hfgsf/L /fVg'kb{5 eGg];Dd xf] . ;f] Joj:yfn]
cfof]usf] ;+u7g lj:tf/nfO{ s'g} k|lts"n c;/
kg{] cj:yf klg 5}g . To:t} bkmf @& adf]lhd
cfof]usf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbLsf] :jLs[lt
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug{] eGg]
5 . /fHosf] i faf6 Jooef/ x' g ] /fHosf
lgsfoxdf ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL l;h{gf
851

&), sflQs
@)&),
ubf{ To;sf] k|efj cy{ Joj:yfdf klg :jtM

kg{] g} x'bF f cfof]usf] ;+u7g / b/aGbLsf ljifodf
cfof]us} k/fdz{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt;Dd
ug{] xf] . o;} s'/fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf] nflu
dfq bkmf @& sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}
cfof]un] /fHosf] lgzfgf 5fk k|of]u ug{k' g{]
Joj:yfnfO{ klg cfof] u sf] :jtGqtfsf]
ljk/Lt dfGg ldNb} g . cfof] u /fHosf]
;dfgfGt/ lgsfo geO{ /fHosf] c g} xf] .
To;}n] /fHosf] lgzfgf 5fk k|of]u ug{' kg{]
eGg] P]gsf] Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ ;/sf/sf]
k/fwLg agfpg] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . cGo
;+jw} flgs lgsfon] klg /fHos} lgzfgf 5fk
k|of]u ug{' kb{5 . To;}n] of] Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}lt
lbg'sf] s'g} cy{ b]lvFbg} . ctM dfgj clwsf/
cfof] u P] g , @)^* sf dfly plNnlvt
Joj:yfx ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg / efjgf,
k]l/; l;4fGt, !((# tyf cGt/f{li6o sfg"gsf]
dfGotf;Fu k|lts"n gePsf] x'bF f k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf] l hd k] z L ;" r Ldf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj] b ssf] tkm{ a f6 lgj] b s clwjQmfx
cf]dk|sfz cof{n / k'gb]jL dxh{g tyf
lghxsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfx
6Lsf/fd e/fO{ , /fh' k | ; fb rfkfufO{ ,
8f=rGsfGt 1jfnL, bLgdl0f kf]v/]n, lbg]z
lqkf7L, /lj/fh e08f/L, cfof{ >]i7 / afa'/fd
bfxfn;d]tn] ax; ug{s
' f ;fy} ax; gf]6;d]t
k]z ug{' eof] . lghxn] ug{e
' Psf] ax;sf]
;f/;+If]k o; k|sf/ 5M
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf]
bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -%_ sf] xbDofbsf] Joj:yfn]
852
dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf] 36gfnfO{ ^

dlxgfleq ph"/L gu/] pGd'lQm x'g] cj:yf
l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
Gsfnsf dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf] sfo{nfO{
pGd'lQm lbPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng
lj4 ph'/ ug{ xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ug{'
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@-@_ sf] ljk/Lt x'G5 .
o:tf] Joj:yf Paris Principles,1993 ;d]tsf]
efjgfljk/Lt 5 . To:t} bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf
-$_ sf] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/ pNngaf6
kLl8t JolQmn] cGo lgsfodf Ifltk"lt{sf] sf/
jfxL rnfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfgj clwsf/
cfof]un] ;f]af/]df s'g} lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] 5}g
egL Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] s'/fdf cfof]unfO{ ;Lldt
t'NofPsf] 5 . cGoq lgsfodf sf/jfxL rnfPsf]
dfq sf/0fn] kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpgaf6
cfof]unfO{ jl~rt ug{' ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@
-!_ adf]lhd cfof]unfO{ k|fKt clwsf/df
cj/f]w ug{' xf] . ;f] Joj:yf ;f] wf/f !#@-@_
sf] -3_ ;Fu k|ToIf aflemPsf] 5 . bkmf !& sf]
pkbkmf -!)_ df dfgj clwsf/ pNng
u/]sf] ljifodf cfof]uaf6 cg';Gwfg eO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@-@_ sf] -u_ adf]lhd d'2f
rnfpg l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPdf ;f] ljifodf d'2f
rnfpg gldNg] ePdf dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
sf/0f v'nfO{ cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg{]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/
pNngsf] s;'/df d'2f rnfpg} gkg{] cj:yf
l;h{gf ul/lbPsf] 5 . lsgeg] dxfGofoflwjQmf
;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fdf /xg] JolQm xf] . dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNngdf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L /
lgsfo ;+nUg x'g] x'bF f d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg]
clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ v'Nnf kdf lbg]
Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u nfO{

lj=/fli6
k|sf/fGt/n] ;/sf/sf] cwLg:y agfpFb5 .

To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_
df qmdzM cfly{s ljifodf cfof]un] cy{
dGqfnosf] ;xdlt lng'kg{] / ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yfn]
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{
cfof]usf] ;xdlt lng'kg{] egL ul/Psf]
Joj:yfn] cfof]usf] :jtGqtfdf k|lts"n c;/
k'ofpg] cj:yf 5 . To;}u/L bkmf @% df
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
kfl/>lds / ;]jf ;'ljwf ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds / ;]jf ;'ljwf;/x
x'g] elgPsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf k"j{
k|wfgGofofwLz jf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"j{
GofofwLz lgo'Qm x'g] Joj:yf 5 . To:tf]
;Ddflgt JolQmnfO{ cGo ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf
kbflwsf/L;/x agfpFbf lghsf] dof{bfdf
k|lts"n c;/ k'us
] f] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @^ sf]
pkbkmf -@_ df cfof]usf] If]qLo / ;Dks{
sfof{no :yfkgf ubf{ cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{
lng'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . o;n] klg cfof]usf]
:jtGqtf / :jfoQtfdf k|lts"n c;/ u/]sf]
5 . bkmf @& df cfof]usf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf /
b/aGbL :jLs[tL ug{] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/
nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_
df ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] ug{] Joj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yf;d]t
cfof]usf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfsf] ljk/Lt 5 .
To:t} P]gsf] bkmf @( df /fHosf] lgzfgf
5fknfO{;d]t dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] k|tLs
lrGx;Fu} /fVg'kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . oL Joj:yfxn] cfof]unfO{ ;/sf/sf]
cwLg:y ;+:yfsf] kdf :yflkt ug{ vf]hs
] f]
b]lvG5 . ;fljssf] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)%# n] h'g kdf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{
853
Ps :jtGq, :jfoQ / ;an lgsfosf] kdf

:yflkt u/]sf] lyof], xfn k|rlnt dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf pko{Q
' m Joj:yfxn]
cfof]unfO{ k/lge{/, lgolGqt / ;/sf/sf]
cwLg:y lgsfosf] kdf :yflkt ul/lbPsf]
5 . P]gsf oL Joj:yfx g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#@ sf] ;du| efjgf
/ ;+/rgf;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5g\ . ;fy} dfgj
clwsf/;DaGwL k]l/; l;4fGtx !((#
n];d]t dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{] lgsfonfO{
:jtGq, ;an / ;Ifd lgsfosf] kdf :yflkt
ug{' kg{] u/L /fHonfO{ bfloj g} tf]ss
] f]df
P]gsf oL ljjflbt Joj:yfxn] dfgj clwsf/
cfof] u nfO{ sdhf] / / k| e fjxLg agfO{
b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbg] p2]Zo lnPsf] b]lvFbf
pko{Q
' m sfg"gL Joj:yfx cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift ul/g'kb{5 .
ljkIfL /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfx jL/axfb'/ du/ /
sNkgf emfn] ax; ug{'eof] . lghxn]
ug{e
' Psf] ax;sf] ;f/;+If]k o;k|sf/ 5M
lgj]bsxn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
p7fpg' ePsf] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)^* sf ljjflbt Joj:yfnufotsf]
af/]df ;f] P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ x'bF fsf] ;dodf
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] tkm{af6
cfof]unfO{ a9L :jtGq, :jfoQ / ;Ifd agfO{
dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf
v] N g ;Sg] agfpg' k b{ 5 egL ;DalGwt
lgsfo;dIf cfof]un] lnlvt kdf ;'emfj
lbPsf] xf] . t/ ;f] ;'emfjxsf] ljk/Lt P]gsf
pko{'Qm Joj:yfx /flvPsf] b]lvG5 . oL
Joj:yfxn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !#@ f/f cfof]unfO{ k|bQ clwsf/sf]

&), sflQs
@)&),
sfof{Gjogdf s'g} g s'g} kdf Jojwfg v8f

ug{] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ ;Ddflgt cbfntn]
cfof]usf] ;+jw} flgs e"ldsf;d]tsf] kl/k|I] oaf6
lgj]bsn] p7fPsf ljifoxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{'
cfjZos 5 .
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
ls/0f kf}8n
] n] ax; ug{' eof] . lghsf] ax;sf]
;f/;+If]k o;k|sf/ 5M
l/6 lgj]bsxn] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf]
bkmf !)-%_ sf] Joj:yf 36gf ljz]ifsf] cfwf/
df xbDofb k|f/De x'g] Joj:yf xf] . o:tf]
xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ef/t, ci6 ] l nof,
Sofg8fnufotsf d'ns
' df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . tL
d'ns
' xdf xbDofb rflxF km/skm/s vfnsf]
5 . xbDofbsf] Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ ;\sr
' g
ug{ ] geO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNngsf
36gfx rfF8f] cfof]u;dIf cfpg ;s"g\ eGg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] xf] . dxfGofoflwjQmfn] g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL x'g] k|To]s kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f bfo/ ug{] / k|lt/Iff
ug{] ;+jw} flgs lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] 5 . dfgj
clwsf/ pNng;DaGwL ck/fwdf dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u cfkm}n
+ ] d'2f rnfpg ;Qm}g .
;+ l jwfgtM To:tf] d' 2 f rnfpg] bfloj
dxfGofoflwjQmfs} xf] . cfof]un] 5fglag u/L
bf]ifL b]lvPsf] JolQmpk/ d'2f rnfpg] u/L
l;kmfl/z u/] k l5 To:tf] d' 2 f k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd rnfpg kg{] of gkg{]af/]df
lg0f{o ug{] bfloj t dxfGofoflwjQmfs} xf] .
olb d'2f rnfpg] kof{Kt cfwf/ 5g\ eg]
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f grnfpg] eGg klg
ldNb}g . cg';Gwfgaf6 d'2f rnfpg cfjZos
854
k|df0fsf] cefj b]lvPdf dfq} obfsbf d'2f

grnfpg] cj:yf cfpF5 . olb kof{Kt cfwf/
k|df0f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f
grnfPdf To;sf] hjfkmb]lxtf lgh}n] axg
ug{] xf] . To;}n] P]gsf] bkmf !&-!)_ sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If kdf x]/L ab/ ug{' pko'Qm
b]lvFbg} . l/6 lgj]bsn] ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpg
dfu u/]sf P]gsf] bkmf !^-$_, !&-!)_, @)-@_
/ -#_, @%, @^-@_, @&, @*-@_ / @( sf
Joj:yfxn] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ sdhf]/
agfpFb5 eGg' sfNklgs s'/f xf] . /fHos}
Pp6f ;+jw} flgs csf] kdf dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u klg /xg] ePsf]n] ;f]xL x}l;otdf cfly{s
ljifodf cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{ lng], k|tLs
lrGxsf] ;fydf g]kfnsf] lgzfgf5fk /fVg] tyf
cfof]usf] ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfof]us}
l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df ug{] h:tf ljifoxn]
cfof] u nfO{ sdhf] / agfpg] xf] O g . oL
Joj:yfx ;fdfGo cf}krfl/stfsf ljifox
x'g\ . oL Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{] d"n
lhDd]jf/Laf6 jl~rt ug{] klg xf]Og . t;y{
lgj]bsxsf] dfuadf]lhd dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf plNnlvt Joj:yfx
ab/ x'gk' g{] xf]Og .
ljfg\ sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug{e
' Psf]
ax; ;' g L ldl;n sfuhftx cWoog
ul/of] .
@= cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tfl/v tf]lsPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgDg k|Zgxsf] lgk0f
x'gk' g{] b]lvof]M
-1_ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)^* sf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -%_, bkmf !^
sf] pkbkmf -$_, bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!)_,

lj=/fli6
bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_, bkmf @%, bkmf

@^ sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf @&, bkmf @* sf]
pkbkmf -@_ / bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !#
-!_, @$, @%, @^, @*, !#!, !#@ / !##
;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] 5, 5}g < /
-2_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{k' g{] xf], xf]Og <
#= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxn]
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf]
bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -%_, bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf
-!)_, bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_, bkmf @%,
bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_, bkmf @&, bkmf @*
sf] pkbkmf -@_ / bkmf @( sf] /fHosf] lgzfgf
5fksf cltl/Qm eGg] jfSof+z;d]t g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf]
pkwf/f -s_ f/f k|bQ ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg]
xs, wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_ f/f k|bQ
;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f @$ f/f k|bQ Gofo;DaGwL
xs, wf/f @% f/f k|bQ lgjf/s gh/aGb
lj?4sf] xs, wf/f @^ f/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf]
xs, wf/f @* f/f k| b Q uf] k gLotfsf]
xsnufotsf df}lns xsxsf] pkef]udf
aGb]h nufpg] k|sl[ tsf] ePsf] / P]gsf pQm
Joj:yfx ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#!, !#@ / !##
;Fu k|ToIf kdf aflemPsf] x'bF f cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L l/6 lgj]bsxn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@
-!_, !#-!_, @$, @%, @^ / @* sf] df}lns
xsxsf] pkef]udf P]gsf pko{Q
' m ljjflbt
Joj:yfxn] aGb]h nufPsf] egL k|f;ls
kdf pNn]v u/]sf] ePtfklg d"ntM wf/f
!#!, !#@ / !## sf] ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfgsf]
ljk/Lt x'g] u/L /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)^* sf] plNnlvt bkmfxsf] sfg"gL

Joj:yf /x]sf] x'bF f P]gsf pQm Joj:yfx
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#!, !#@ / !## sf] Joj:yf,
To;sf] ;+/rgf / efjgf;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eP
gePsf] eGg]af/] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgk0f
ul/g'kg{] b]lvPsf] 5 .
$= k|ydtM lgj]bsxn] ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] egL bfjL u/]sf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf
-%_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ;f] pkbkmf -%_ df
dfgj clwsf/ pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg
ePsf]df ;f] eP u/]sf], s'g} JolQm s;}sf]
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]df ;f] lgoGq0faf6 5'6s
] f] jf
To:tf] JolQm ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn] 5
dlxgfleq cfof]udf ph"/L ul/;Sg'kg{] 5
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvof] . P]gsf] of]
Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !#@ f/f /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{
k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf]
Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bsxsf] bfjL
/x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f
-!_ df dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f /
;Da4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{
;'lglZrt ug{' /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
st{Jo x'g5
] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg]
;f]xL pkwf/f -@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ b]lv -h_ ;Dd
cfof]usf sfdxsf] af/]df Joj:yf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . pQm sfdxdWo] b]xfo -s_ df s'g}
JolQm jf ;d"xsf] dfgj clwsf/ pNng jf
To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df kLl8t JolQm cfkm}+
jf lghsf] tkm{af6 s;}n] cfof]u;dIf k|:t't
jf k|]lift u/]sf] lgj]bg jf ph"/L jf s'g}
;|ft] af6 cfof]unfO{ k|fKt ePsf] hfgsf/L jf
cfof]usf] cfg} :jljj]sdf To;sf] 5fglag
tyf cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifLpk/ sf/jfxL ug{
855

&), sflQs
@)&),
l;kmfl/z ug{] sfd;d]t ;+ljwfgtM cfof]unfO{

k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
%= ;+ljwfgsf] pko{Q
' m Joj:yfn] dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNng jf b'?T;fxg ePsf]df ;f]
ljifosf] ;"rgf s'g} klg dfWodaf6 s'g} klg
avt kLl8t JolQm :jod\ jf lghsf] tkm{af6
cGo hf] ;'sn
} ] klg lgj]bg jf ph"/L lbO{
cfof]unfO{ ;+ki]| f0f ug{ ;Sg] jf s'g} klg ;|ft] af6
cfof]u :jod\n;
] d]t ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
b] l vG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng jf
b'?T;fxgsf] ljifodf ph"/L jf lgj]bg lng jf
;f]af/]df cfof]un] cfkm}+ hfgsf/L lnO{ ;f]
ph"/L jf lgj]bg jf hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df
tT;DaGwdf 5fglag u/L bf]lifpk/ sf/jfxL
ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ k|fKt eO/x]sf] :ki6tM
b]lvg cfpF5 .
^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
n] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ klxnf]k6s
;+jw} flgs csf] kdf :yflkt u/L wf/f !#@
df ;f] cfof]unfO{ Jofks sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
k|bfg ul/Psf] k|;nfO{ oxfF ljz]if kdf Vofn
ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . pQm wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -!_ n] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g
tyf To;sf] k| e fjsf/L sfof{ G jogsf]
;'lglZrttf ug{] Jofks st{Jo k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . ;f]xL st{Jo k"/f ug{] l;nl;nfdf cfof]un]
ug{k' g{] sfo{xsf] af/]df pkwf/f -@_ sf] b]xfo
-s_ b]lv -h_ ;Dd lj:t[t kdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] pkwf/f -#_ df cfof]usf]
clwsf/xsf] ljifodf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] ug{k' g{] sfo{x
cGtu{t wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] b]xfo
856
-s_ df s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xsf] dfgj clwsf/

pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxgpk/ kLl8t JolQm
:jod\ jf lghsf] tkm{ a f6 cGo s;} n ]
cfof]u;dIf k|:t't jf k]l| ift u/]sf] lgj]bg jf
ph"/L jf s'g} ;|ft] af6 cfof]unfO{ k|fKt ePsf]
hfgsf/L jf cfof]usf] cfg} :jljj]sdf To;sf]
5fglag tyf cg' ; Gwfg u/L bf] i fLpk/
sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{];d]tsf] sfd
clelglZrt\ ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . dfgj clwsf/
sf] pNng jf b'?T;fxgaf6 kLl8t JolQm
:jod\ jf lghsf] tkm{af6 cGo s;}n] klg
cfof]udf ph"/L jf lgj]bg s'g} lglZrt\
xbDofbleq ;Lldt eO{ lbg' kg{] jf To:tf]
36gf jf sfo{ eP u/]sf] ldltsf cfwf/df
;f];DaGwL ph"/L jf lgj]bg jf hfgsf/L lng
cfof]un] s'g} vf; cjlwleq ;Lldt /xg'kg{]
eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] dg;fo /x]sf]
kfOFbg} .
&= ;+ljwfgsf] pko{'Qm Joj:yfsf]
ljk/Lt x'g] u/L /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)^* sf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -%_ df
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL
/x] s f] x' F b f ca pQm ljjflbt sfg" g L
Joj:yfnfO{;d]t oxfF ljj]rgf ul/g' cfjZos
ePsf] 5 . /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)^* sf] kl/R5]b # df ph"/L sf/jfxL;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw zLif{scGtu{t bkmf !) b]lv !& ;Dd
ljleGg Joj:yfx ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . bkmf !)
df ph"/L lbg ;Sg] zLif{scGtu{t pkbkmf -!_
b]lv -%_ ;Dd ljleGg k|lqmofxsf] af/]df
pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;}qmddf ljjflbt
pkbkmf -%_ df dfgj clwsf/ pNng jf
To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df ;f] eP u/]sf], s'g}
JolQm s;}sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]df ;f] lgoGq0faf6

lj=/fli6
5'6s
] f] jf To:tf] JolQm ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn]
^ dlxgfleq cfof]udf ph"/L ul/;Sg' kg{5
]
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvof] . o;
Joj:yfcg';f/ dfgj clwsf/ pNng ePsf]
jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df ;f] s'/f eP
u/]sf] ldltn] / s'g} JolQm s;}sf] lgoGq0fdf
/x]sf]df ;f] lgoGq0faf6 5'6s
] f] jf To:tf] JolQm
;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq clgjfo{
kdf cfof] u ;dIf ;f] ljifodf ph" / L
ul/;Sg'kg{] b]lvg cfof] . ^ dlxgfleq cfof]udf
ph"/L ul/;Sg'kg{] 5 eGg] Joj:yfn] dfgj
clwsf/ pNng ePsf] jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg
ePsf] 36gfsf af/]df jf s'g} JolQmnfO{ s;}n]
lgoGq0fdf lnO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng
u/]sf] 36gfsf] af/]df ph"/L ubf{ ;f] 36gf
ePsf ldltn] jf lgoGq0faf6 5'6]sf] jf
;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq ph"/L
ug{;Sg'kg{] cGoyf ;f] ldlt k5fl8 cfof]udf
ph"/L nfUg g;Sg] eGg] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
dg;fo b]lvg cfof] . P]gsf] o; Joj:yfcg';f/
dfgj clwsf/ pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg
ePsf]df ;f] eP u/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq
ph"/L ul/;Sg'kg{] cGoyf ;f] ljifodf ph"/L
gnfUg] eGg] b]lvG5 eg] s;}n] s;}nfO{
lgoGq0fdf lnO{ dfgj clwsf/ pNng
u/]sf]df ;f] lgoGq0fdf kg{] JolQmn] ;f]
lgoGq0faf6 5'6s
] f] jf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn]
^ dlxgfleq ph"/L ug{k' g{] cGoyf ;f] ldltkl5
To; 36gfsf] af/]df cfof]udf s'g} ph"/L nfUg
g;Sg] eGg] b]lvof] .
*= pQm bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -%_
eGbf cufl8 pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_, -$_ n]
dfgj clwsf/ pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxgsf]
ljifodf kLl8t JolQm :jod\ jf lghsf] tkm{af6
857
cGo s;}n] cfof]u;dIf ph"/L lbg], ;f]

ph"/L btf{ ug{] k|lqmof / btf{sf] hfgsf/L
btf{jfnf JolQmnfO{ lbg] ljifoxsf] af/]df
:ki6 kf/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ljjflbt pkbkmf -%_
n] rflxF pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_ sf
ljifoxnfO{;d]t lgolGqt ug{] u/L dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg
ePsf]df ;f] eP u/]sf] jf s'g} JolQm s;}sf]
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]df ;f] lgoGq0faf6 5'6s
] f] jf
To:tf] JolQm ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn] ^
dlxgfleq cfof]udf ph"/L ul/;Sg'kg{] 5 eGg]
Joj:yf u/L ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ sf] ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfg
eGbf a]Un} / yk zt{sf] kdf xbDofbsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf
-%_ sf] xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -s_ nfO{
k|ToIftM lgolGqt / ;\sl' rt u/]sf] b]lvof] .
o;/L ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfgsf] ;LdfeGbf aflx/
uO{ ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfsf] dg;fok|lts"n x'g]
u/L dfgj clwsf/ pNng jf To;sf]
b'?T;fxgsf] ljifodf ph"/L jf lgj]bg ug{]
k|of]hgsf nflu To:tf] sfo{ eP u/]sf] jf s'g}
JolQm s;}sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]df ;f]af6 5'6s
] f]
jf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq
cfof]udf ph"/L ul/;Sg'kg{] u/L xbDofbsf]
zt{ tf]Sg] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf] bkmf !) sf]
pkbkmf -%_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] b]xfo -s_ ;Fu
k|ToIf kdf aflemPsf] b]lvg cfof] .
(= ca l/6 lgj] b sxn]
;+jw} flgstfsf] k|Zg p7fPsf] /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf] bkmf !^ sf]

&), sflQs
@)&),
pkbkmf -$_ sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+ . pQm

bkmf !^ df Ifltk" l t{ ; DaGwL Joj:yf
zLif{scGtu{t pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_, -$_ / -%_
df Ifltk" l t{ ; DaGwL ljleGg Joj:yfx
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ljjflbt pkbkmf -$_ df o;
bkmfdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng ePsf] ;DaGwdf
kLl8t JolQmn] cGo k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf] jf Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu sf/jfxL
cufl8 a9fPsf] ePdf cfof]un] Ifltk"lt{
;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o ug{] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] b]lvof] . ;f] Joj:yf;d]t ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] ljk/Lt /x]sf]
eGg] lgj]bsxsf] bfjL 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNng jf To;sf] b'?T;fxgsf] ljifodf
cfof]un] 5fglag ubf{ kLl8t b]lvPsf] JolQmnfO{
Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg{] b]lvPdf To:tf] JolQmn] kfpg]
Ifltk"lt{ cfof]un] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L bkmf
!^ sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_ / -#_ df Joj:yf
ePsf] / ljjflbt pkbkmf -$_ df cGo k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf] jf Ifltk"lt{sf
nflu sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPsf] ePdf cfof]un]
Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf s'g} lg0f{o ug{] 5}g egL
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng jf b'?T;fxgaf6
kLl8t JolQmn] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)^* cGtu{t afx]s cGo k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfO;s]sf] jf ;f]sf]
sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPsf] cj:yfdf ;Dd To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ lbg'kg{] Ifltk"lt{sf af/]df cfof]usf
tkm{af6 lg0f{o gul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . o; sfg"gL Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/
sf] pNng jf b'?T;fxgaf6 kLl8t JolQmn]
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ g} cj?4 kf/]sf]
eGg] geO{ olb dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf] pxL
858
36gf jf sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmn] k|rlnt

cGo sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfO;s]sf] jf ;f]
ljifodf sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPsf] ePdf dfq
Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf cfof]un] lg0f{o ug{] 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf u/L bf]xf]/f] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{]
u/L cfof]uaf6 ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o gxf];\ egL
pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . of]
Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/ pNng jf ;f]sf]
b'?T;fxgaf6 kLl8t JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ g} gkfpg]
cj:yf klg b]lvFbg} . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng
jf b'?T;fxgaf6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ lbOg] Ifltk"lt{
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u jf cGo h'g;'s}
lgsfoaf6 pknAw u/fOP klg Ifltk"lt{sf]
d"n p2]Zo kLl8t JolQmnfO{ /fxt lbg' g} xf] .
To;} n ] kLl8t JolQmn] cGo k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u afx]ssf]
cGo lgsfoaf6 Ifltk"lt{ kfO;s]sf] jf ;f]sf]
nflu sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPsf] cj:yfdf ;Dd
cfof]un] ;f] JolQmn] kfpg] Ifltk"lt{sf] af/]df
lg0f{o gug{] eGg] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] dg;fo
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ gkfPsf] cj:yfdf jf
bf]xf]/f] Ifltk"lt{ gx'g] u/L ;f] ljifodf cfof]un]
lg0f{o ug{ s'g} aGb]h /x]sf] klg b]lv+bg} .
t;y{ P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] ljjflbt pkbkmf -$_
sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] cfof]unfO{ ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ f/f k|bQ sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/df s'g} k|lts"n c;/ k'ofpg]
jf ;f] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ ;\sl' rt,
lgolGqt jf ;Lldt u/] s f] cj:yf;d] t
b]lvFbg} . ctM /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)^* sf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf]

lj=/fli6
pkwf/f -!_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg]

b]lvFbg} .
!)= ca /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]gsf] bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!)_ sf] ljifodf
ljrf/ ubf{ ;f] pkbkmf -!)_ df o; bkmfdf
cGoq h' g ;' s } s' / f n] l vPsf] ePtfklg
cfof]uaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f
-@_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf]
ljifosf ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg gldNg] egL lg0f{o
u/]df ;f]sf] sf/0f v'nfO{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{non] cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' kg{5
]
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvof] . P]gsf] bkmf !&
df cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z, lg0f{o jf cfb]zsf]
sfof{Gjog zLif{scGtu{t pkbkmf -!_ b]lv
-!#_ ;Dd ljleGg Joj:yfx /x]sf / ljjflbt
pkbkmf -!)_ n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPsf] ljifodf
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] d'2f grnfpg] lg0f{o u/]df
;f]sf] sf/0f;lxt cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg{]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm pkbkmf -!)_ sf]
;+/rgf x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f
-@_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ag]sf]
eGg] b]lvFbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f
-@_ sf] v08 -u_ ;Fu ;fb[Zo u/L pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ x]l/g' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ df
dfgj clwsf/ pNng ug{] JolQmsf lj4
d' 2 f rnfpg' kg{ ] cfjZostf ePdf
sfg"gadf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{]
l;kmfl/z ug{] egL dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
;+jw} flgs sfd lglZrt\ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
Joj:yfcg';f/ dfgj clwsf/ pNng ug{]
JolQmsf lj4 cfjZos cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf]

JolQmpk/ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f bfo/
ug{ cfjZostf ePdf cbfntdf d'2f bfo/
ug{sf] nflu cfof]un] l;kmfl/z ug{] / To;/L
l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPkl5 ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L
jf lgsfon] klg To:tf] JolQmpk/ cbfntdf
sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug{' kg{] :ki6
;+jw} flgs dg;fo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . d'2f rnfpg
cfjZostf ePdf sfg"gadf]lhd cbfntdf
d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{] eGg] jfSof+zaf6}
dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf] ljifodf cfjZos
5fglag / cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifL b]lvPsf]
JolQmpk/ k| r lnt sfg" g adf] l hd d' 2 f
rnfpg'kg{] cfjZostf 5, 5}g eGg]
s'/
fsf] lg0f{o ug{ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ k"0f{
clwsf/ /x]sf] / tbg'k s;}pk/ d'2f
rnfpg'kg{] cfjZostf 5 eGg] tYodf cfof]u
;Gt'i6 eO{ d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/L ;f] d'2f
bfo/ ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L jf
lgsfo;dIf cfof]un] l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg] /
To;/L d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z eO{ cfPdf
To:tf] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] klg dfgj
clwsf/ pNngsf] bf] i fLpk/ k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{' kg{]
b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] pko{Q
' m k|fjwfgaf6 dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNngsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg
u/L bf]ifLpk/ d'2f rnfpg cfjZos 5, 5}g
eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]unfO{ k"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . To;/L d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o u/L cfof]un]
;f] d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z u/L k7fO{ ;s]kl5
tt\ ljifodf d'2f rNg] jf grNg] egL
dxfGofoflwjQmf jf ;f] dftxtsf] cGo s'g}
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{non] ;f] d'2f grnfpg]
859

&), sflQs
@)&),
jf cfof]un] d'2f bfo/ ug{] u/L l;kmfl/z

ul/;s]sf] ljifonfO{ lgik|efjL x'g] u/L cGoyf
lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgtM /x] ePsf]
klg b]lvFbg} . lsgeg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#%
sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ===o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf
n]lvPb]lvafx]s s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos
clwsf/L;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f
rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd
]
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] Joj:yfcg';f/
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf
grnfpg] eGg] ljifodf lg0fo ug{] clGtd
clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] x'g] xf] . t/ dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNng jf b' ? T;fxg ug{ ]
JolQmpk/ d'2f rnfpg cfjZos ePdf d'2f
bfo/ ug{ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] l;kmfl/z
u/L k7fPkl5 dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;f] ljifodf
d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] egL lg0f{o ug{
kfpg] eGg] xf]Og . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] d'2f bfo/ ug{
l;kmfl/z ug{] cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ lgik|efjL
x'g] u/L wf/f !#% sf] pkwf/f -@_ f/f
dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|fKt d'2f rnfpg] jf
grnfpg] egL lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/sf] k|of]u
x'g ;S5 egL JofVof ug{] xf] eg] wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/
cfof] u nfO{ k| f Kt clwsf/sf] cf} l rTo g}
/xFbg} .
!!= ;+ljwfgn] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{
;+jw} flgs cs} kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] / wf/f
!#% sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos
clwsf/L;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f
rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] clGtd
]
860
eGg] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f !#@-@_ sf] v08 -u_ adf] l hdsf]
l;kmfl/z klg :jtM sfof{Gjog x'g] geO{ To;df
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ljrf/ u/L k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rNg] jf grNg] ljifodf
lg0f{ o ug{ pm :jtGq x' G 5 eGg] klg
ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfn]
ts{ k|:t't ug{' ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#$ / wf/f !#%-@_ sf] ;du|
Joj:yfnfO{ x]l/g' cfjZos 5 . wf/f !#$
cg';f/ dxfGofoflwjQmf k|wfgdGqLaf6 lgo'Qm
x'g,] lghs} OR5fcg';f/sf] cjlw;Dd kbdf
axfn /xg] / k|wfgdGqLn] h'g;'s} avt
lghnfO{ kbd'Qm ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;af6
dxfGofoflwjQmf ;+jw} flgs kbflwsf/L ePtf
klg lgh k|wfgdGqLk|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/ /xL lghs}
OR5fcg';f/ dfq kbdf axfn /xg] b]lvG5 .
dxfGofoflwjQmf;DaGwL ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfaf6}
lghn] k|wfgdGqLsf] OR5fljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g}
sfd ug{ ;Dej 5}g . olb k|wfgdGqLn]
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd sf/jfxL jf lg0f{oaf6
c;lhnf] dx;"; u/]df lghnfO{ h'g;'s} avt
klg kbd'Qm ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] cfgf] kbnfO{
vt/fdf /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfn] dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/znfO{ :jtM sfof{Gjog ug{
;Qm5g\ egL cg'dfg ug{ klg ldNb}g .
!@= ;+ l jwfgn] dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNngsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifL
JolQmpk/ d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg]
u/L /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;+jw} flgs
clwsf/ k|bfg ug{s
' f] klg vf; cf}lrTo /
k|of]hg x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng :jo+df
dfgjLo sfg"g Pj+ dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw
dflgG5 . o:tf] ck/fwnfO{ /fHosf] ;Ldfleq

lj=/fli6
dfq ;Lldt u/L x] g { ] eGbf o;nfO{

cGt/f{ l i6 o :t/df ;d] t dfgjtflj?4sf]
ck/fw dfgL o;nfO{ lgolGqt ug{] / bf]ifLpk/
sf/jfxL ug{ k|To]s /fHonfO{ g}tLs bafa lbg]
cGt/f{li6o cEof; /lxcfPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNng ug{s
] f lj?4 /fli6o sfg"gn]
kof{Kt sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s]df
cGt/f{li6o sfg"gadf]lhd;d]t sf/jfxL ug{]
Joj:yfx k|efjsf/L aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
!#= xfd|f] h:tf] nf]stflGqs /fHo
Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgn] g} dfgj clwsf/sf]
;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ h:tf] :jtGq ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf]
:yfkgf u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng /
b'?T;fxgsf 36gfxsf] :jtGq / lgikIf
cg';Gwfg ug{,] bf]ifLpk/ sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f
bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{,] kLl8tnfO{ plrt
Ifltk" l t{ lbnfpg] n ufotsf uxgtd\
lhDd]jf/L pQm cfof]unfO{ ;'lDkPsf] b]lvG5 .
To;} n ] dfgj clwsf/sf] pNng jf
b'?T;fxgsf] 36gfdf bf]ifL JolQmpk/ cfof]un]
k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg cfjZos
b]vL d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z u/]kl5 ;f] ljifodf
dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lgh dftxtsf] s'g}
;/sf/L jsLn sfof{non] cGo ck/fwdf h:tf]
d'2f rnfpg cfjZos 5, jf 5}g egL cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zsf] cf}lrTodfly cGoyf k|Zg ug{ ldNg]
cj:yf ;+ljwfgtM b]lvFbg} .
!$= P]gsf] bkmf !& sf] ljjflbt pkbkmf
-!)_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ sf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu ul/Psf] h:tf] b]lvP tfklg ;f] ljjflbt
Joj:yfn] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
;+ l jwfgsf] pQm k| f jwfgadf] l hdsf]
861
clwsf/nfO{ lgliqmo kfg{] p2]Zo lnPsf] eGg]

P]gsf] k|fjwfgaf6 b]lvG5 . lsgeg] ;+ljwfgn]
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNngsf] bf]ifLpk/ k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg cfjZos b]lvPdf
;f]adf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg]
u/L zt{/lxt kdf cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
cfof]usf] ;f] l;kmfl/znfO{ sfof{Gjog gu/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;f] ljifodf d'2f rnfpg g}
gkg{] u/L lg0f{o ug{ klg kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . ljjflbt pkbkmf -!)_
df k|oQ
' m k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg
gldNg] egL lg0f{o u/]df eGg] jfSof+zaf6}
dxfGofoflwjQmfn] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/zcg';f/ bf]ifL JolQmpk/ k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug{' kg{d
] f d'2f g}
grnfpg] lg0f{o ug{ klg ;Sg] u/L clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
!%= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f !#!, !#@ / !## df ul/Psf] ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yfcg';f/ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g, k|j4{g tyf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfkgf eO{ To;sf ljljw
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x;d]t kl/eflift /
Jojl:yt ePsf 5g\ . ;+jw} flgs kl/ifb\sf]
l;kmfl/zdf lgo'Qm x'g] cfof]usf cWoIf tyf
;b:ox dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf ljlzi6
of] u bfg k' ofPsf ;jf] { R r cbfntsf]
k|wfgGofofwLz jf GofofwLz kbaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q
JolQm jf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf
jf ;dfh ;]jfdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbPsf Voflt
k|fKt JolQmdWo]af6 lgo'Qm x'g] / To;sf
;b:ox;d] t dfgj clwsf/sf] If] q df
Vofltk|fKt JolQmxdWo]af6 lgo'Qm x'g]

&), sflQs
@)&),
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] :jtGq Pj+

:jfoQ ;+jw} flgs lgsfon] dfgj clwsf/sf]
bf]ifLpk/ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f rnfpg'
cfjZos 5 egL d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/z
ug{k' j" { k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lghpk/ d'2f
rNg ;Sg] cj:yf eP gePsf] ljifodf
ulx/f] cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f rnfpg /
rNg ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf dfq} k| r lnt
sfg"gadf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug{' egL l;kmfl/z
ug{] xf] . cfof]un] lagfcfwf/ / sf/0f xr'jfsf]
e/df s;}sf lj?4 d'2f rnfpg l;kmfl/z
ug{] klg xf]Og . To;}n] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/znfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] jf gug{]
eGg] :jljj]s To:tf] l;kmfl/z k|fKt ug{] lgsfo
jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ /xG5 egL ;Demg ldNb}g .
To:tf] :jljj]s k|bfg ug{] vfnsf sfg"gL
Joj:yfx ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg / To;sf]
dg;focg's"n x'G5g\ egL cy{ ug{ klg
ldNb}g .
!^= ;+ l jwfgsf] of] Joj:yfsf]
k[i7e"lddf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNngsf]
36gfdf bf]ifL JolQmpk/ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd
cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]un] l;kmfl/z u/]kl5 To:tf] l;kmfl/z
:jod\ k|wfgdGqL jf ;Qfwf/L /fhgLlts bn
jf ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/L jf To:t} k|sf/sf
kbflwsf/L jf JolQmsf lj?4 klg nlIft x'g
;Qm5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf
-!)_ sf] pQm Joj:yfdf dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
cfof]usf] l;kmfl/znfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg]
cj:yf gx'g klg ;Qm5 lsgeg] k|wfgdGqLsf]
l;kmfl/zdf lgo'Qm eO{ lghs} OR5fcg';f/sf]
cjlw;Dd kbdf axfn /xg] dxfGofoflwjQmfn]
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zaf6
862
k|wfgdGqL jf ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ k|lts"n

c;/ kg{] u/L d'2f rnfpg' kg{] kl/l:ylt
cfPdf d'2f rnfpg] eGbf grnfpg] u/L lg0f{o
ug{] :jfefljs / ;xh ljsNk cg'z/0f ub{5g\
o;df cGoyf ts{ ul//xg' kg{] cfjZostf;d]t
b]lvFbg} .
!&= o;/L l/6 lgj] b sxn]
;+jw} flgstfsf] k|Zg p7fPsf] /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf] bkmf !& sf]
pkbkmf -!)_ sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfn]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@-@_ sf] v08 -u_ nfO{
;Lldt, ;\sl' rt / lgolGqt u/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f]
Joj:yf ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !#@-@_ sf]
efjgfljk/Lt eO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu k|ToIf kdf
aflemPsf] b]lvg cfof] .
!*= l/6 lgj]bsxn] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf ;+jw} flgstfsf] k|Zg p7fPsf] /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf] bkmf
@) sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ sf] af/]df x]bf{ ;f]
bkmf @) df ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ / ;DaGw
sfod ug{ ;Sg] zLif{s cGtu{t pkbkmf -!_
df ====== dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+ / If0f /
;Da4{g;DaGwL /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;+3
;+:yfx;Fu cfjZos ;Dks{ / ;DaGw /fvL
;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg ug{] ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg]5
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] pkbkmf -@_ df
pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;Demf}tfdf cfly{s
ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] eP cfof]un] To:tf]
;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[tL
lng'kg{] 5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
To;}u/L pkbkmf -#_ df s'g} ljb]zL ;+3 jf
;+:yfn] g]kfnleq dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f /
;Da4{g;DaGwL s'g} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{

lj=/fli6
rfx]df tf]lsPadf]lhd cfof]usf] ;xdlt

lng'kg{5
] eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
!(= pko{Q
' m bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_
/ -#_ sf] Joj:yfn] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]unfO{ cfly{s ljifodf ;/sf/sf] cwLg:y
agfPsf] ;fy} ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yfn] cfof]u;Fu
;xdlt lng' k g{ ] Joj:yfaf6 cfof] u sf]
Joj:yfksLo sfo{ef/ dfq} a9fPsf] x'bF f ;f]
pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@-@_-3_
;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] l/6 lgj]bsxsf]
syg b]lvG5 .
@)= bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/
cfof]un] cfgf] lhDd]jf/L k|efjsf/L kdf
axg ug{] l;nl;nfdf dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g;DaGwL /fli6o tyf
cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu cfjZos ;Dks{ /
;DaGw /fvL ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg ug{] ;Demf}tf
ug{ ;Sg] / To;/L ;Demf}tf ubf{ To:tf] ;Demf}tfdf
cfly{s ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] eP ;f] ;Demf}tfsf]
ljifodf cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lng'kg{]
Joj:yf u/] s f] b] l vG5 . o;/L dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{] sfo{df ;+nUg
/lxcfPsf /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu
ul/g] ;Demf}tfdf cfly{s ljifo klg ;dfj]z
ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] cfly{s ljifodf ;Demf}tf
ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu cy{ dGqfnosf] ;xdlt
lng'kg{] Joj:yfn] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfdf k|lts"n c;/
kg{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} . /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] d"ne"t lhDd]jf/L jf st{Jo dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{' g} xf] . To;}n]
:jtGq ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf] x}l;otdf o;n]
k"0f{ sfof{Tds :jfoQtf k|fKt ug{' kg{d
] f s'g}
lljwf 5}g . t/ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] cfgf]
863
lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo kfngf ug{] jf sfd

sf/jfxL ;~rfng ug{] l;nl;nfdf /fli6o jf
cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yf;Fu cfly{s ;|ft] ;fwgsf]
lgldQ ;Demf}tf ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Da4
lgsfo cy{ dGqfnosf] ;xdlt lnb}df cfof]un]
cfgf] :jfoQtf u' d fpg] jf cfof] u sf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf k|lts"n c;/ k'Ug] eGg] x'bF g} .
cfly{s ljifoxsf] lgodg ug{] lhDd]jf/
lgsfosf] kdf cy{ dGqfno /xg] x'Fbf
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ klg cfly{s
ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;Demf}tf ubf{ cGo
;+j}wflgs lgsfox;/x ;f] dGqfnosf]
;xdlt lng'kg{] pko{Q
' m sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgljk/Lt dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg .
@!= To:t} bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -#_ n]
s'g} ljb]zL ;+3 jf ;+:yfn] g]kfnleq dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g;DaGwL s'g}
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df tf]lsPadf]lhd
cfof]usf] ;xdlt lng' kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f
;f] Joj:yfn] dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{
ug{] ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yfsf] af/]df cfof]un] :jod\
lgu/fgL /fvL jf ;dGjo u/L d'n'sleq
k|efjsf/L kdf ;dGjofTds tj/n] dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{ ;Sg], dfgj
clwsf/sf] pNng jf b' ? T;fxgsf
36gfxsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg;d]t u/L
oyfzL3| To;sf] cg';Gwfg ug{;d]t an k'Ug
hfg] b]lvG5 . o;/L dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf
lqmofzLn cGt/f{li6o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmdx
pk/ cfof]usf] lgodg x'g] Joj:yfn] cfof]usf]
e"ldsfnfO{ ;Lldt ug{] geO{ cem Jofks agfpg
;Sg] b] l vg cfpF 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] b]xfo
-3_ n] lgif]lwt u/]sf] jf ;f]sf] ljk/Lt ;Demg

&), sflQs
@)&),
klg ldNg] x'bF g} . t;y{ bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf

-@_ / -#_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#! sf] pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f !#@ sf]
pkwf/f -@_ ;d] t ;F u aflemPsf] eGg]
b]lvPg .
@@= ca, P]gsf] bkmf @% sf] Joj:yfsf]
af/]df x]/f}+ . ;f] bkmf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#! sf]
pkwf/f -!_ ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bsxsf]
bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm bkmf @% df
kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf zLif{scGtu{t cWoIf
tyf ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf qmdzM
;+ j } w flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL k|rlnt
sfg" g adf] l hd k| d ' v kbflwsf/L /
kbflwsf/Lsf];/x x'g5
] . t/ of] P]g k|f/De
x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] kbflwsf/Lxn]
pkof]u ul//x]sf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf lng
o; bkmfn] afwf kg{] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
@#=P]gsf] pko{Q
' m Joj:yfadf]lhdsf]
;]jf ;'ljwf ;fljssf] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)%# n] Joj:yf u/]sf] dfgj clwsf/
cfof] u sf cWoIf tyf ;b:oxsf]
kfl/>ldseGbf 36\g uO{ kbflwsf/Lxsf]
dgf]an lu/fpg] vfnsf] ePsf] / To;af6
cfof]usf] ;du| k|efjsfl/tfdf k|lts"n c;/
kg{] x'G5 eGg] lgj]bsxsf] syg /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf nfu" x'ge' Gbf
klxn] ;fljssf] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)%# cGtu{t lgo'Qm eO{ sfo{/t\ /x]sf
kbflwsf/Lxn] pkef]u ul//x]sf] ;'ljwf
tbg'k g} pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L ljjflbt
bkmf @% sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] Joj:yf
ul//x]sf] x'bF f xfn sfo{/t\ kbflwsf/Lxsf]
864
xsdf bkmf @% sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'g g;Sg]

x'bF f of] Joj:yfn] xfn axfn /x]sf cfof]usf
kbflwsf/LxnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg{] /x]5 egL
;Demg ldn]g .
@$= ca hxfF;Dd of] Joj:yfn] cfufdL
lbgdf lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
jf dgf]andf k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5 eGg] k|Zg
5, ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# nfu" ePkl5 /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u;d]t ;+ljwfgcGtu{t u7g eO{ cGo
;+j}wflgs cx;/xsf] x}l;otdf sfo{/t\
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgtM u7g ePsf ;+jw} flgs
lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds ;]jfsf
zt{ / ;'ljwfsf ljifodf /fHon] sfg"g agfO{
ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;Qm5 . tbg'k g} xfn
;a} ;+jw} flgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;]jf
;'ljwf;DaGwL 5'} P]g lgd{f0f eO{ nfu" ePsf]
/ ;f]xL P]gcg';f/ cGo ;+j}wflgs csf
kbflwsf/Lxn] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwfx pkef]u
ul/cfPsf] eGg] ljkIfL sfg"g, Gofo tyf
;+ l jwfg;ef;DaGwL dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm;d]taf6 b]lvG5 . ljjflbt bkmf @% sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] klg /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kfl/>lds /
;] j f ;' l jwf cGo ;+ j } w flgs cdf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf zt{ /
;'ljwf;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd k|dv
'
kbflwsf/L / kbflwsf/Lsf];/x x'g] Joj:yf
u/L cGo ;+jw} flgs csf kbflwsf/Lxsf]
;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL P]gcGtu{t g} lgoldt
x'g] Joj:yf;Dd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
/fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u sf
kbflwsf/xsf] ;]jf / ;'ljwfnfO{ cGo
;+ j } w flgs csf kbflwsf/xsf] ;] j f

lj=/fli6
;'ljwfeGbf sd x'g] geO{ ;dfg / Pp6} k|sl[ tsf]

x'g] u/L Joj:yf ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 .
@%=;+ljwfgadf]lhd ;+jw} flgs csf]
kdf :yflkt ePsf] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;'ljwfsf] ljifonfO{
;fljssf] /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)%# cGtu{tsf] ;'ljwf cg'sn
" 5, 5}g egL
x] g { ldNg] klg x' F b } g . ;fy} cfof] u sf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] kfl/>lds ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf
GofofwLzsf];/x x'g] egL Joj:yf ug{] tTsfn
k|rlnt dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf #, $, %, ^ / & nfO{ u0ftGq ;'b9[ Ls/0f
tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug{] P]g, @)^^
f/f ldlt @)^^.@.% df g} vf/]h ul/;s]sf]
b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fli6o
dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lxsf] ;]jf
;'ljwf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLzsf];/x
x'gk' 5{ egL o; cbfntn] lgk0f ug{ ldNg]
klg b]lvPg . ctM bkmf @% sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;fljssf] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
P]g, @)%# ;Fu t'ngf u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#! sf] pkwf/f -!_ ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgisif{
lgsfNg ldn]g .
@^=ca, bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df
/x] s f] cfof] u n] cfjZostfcg' ; f/ cy{
dGqfnosf] k/fdz{df If]qLo sfof{no, pkIf]qLo
sfof{no jf ;Dks{ sfof{no vf]Ng ;Sg] 5
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] af/]df x]/f}+ . ;f] sfg"gL
Joj:yfaf6 cfof]u g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cwLg:y
x' g hfg] , o;n] cfof] u sf] :jtGqtf /
:jfoQtfdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ uO{ dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g tyf
To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt\ ug{]
cfof]usf] st{Joljk/Lt x'g] x'bF f ;f] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@-!_ ;Fu aflemg uPsf]

eGg] lgj]bg bfjL 5 .
@&=plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
cfof]usf] If]qLo jf pkIf]qLo jf ;Dks{ sfof{no
lj:tf/ ubf{ cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{;Dd lng'kg{]
b]lvG5 . cfof]un] cfgf] sfof{no lj:tf/ ubf{
To;sf] k|zf;lgs Jooef/ kg{] / ;f] Jooef/
g]kfn ;/sf/af6} a]xf]l/g' kg{] x'G5 . cfly{s
Jooef/sf] ljifodf ;Da4 dGqfnosf] k/fdz{
lng'kg{] eGg] pko{'Qm sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6
cfof]usf] :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfdf k|lts"n c;/
kb{5 eGg] b]lvFb}g . lsgeg] P]gdf k|o'Qm
ePsf] cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{df eGg]
jfSof+zn] If]qLo jf pkIf]qLo jf ;Dks{ sfof{no
vf]Nbf ;f] dGqfnosf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg{]
eGg] klg b]lvFbg} \ . cfkm"n] lj:tf/ ug{ nfu]sf
zfvf sfof{noxsf] nflu cfjZos cfly{s
Jooef/sf] ljifodf cy{ dGqfno;Fu k/fdz{
ug{'kg{] s'/fn] cfof]unfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
dftxtdf /fv]sf] eGg] cy{ ug{] xf] eg] x/]s
;+jw} flgs cxn] 5'f5'} kdf cfly{s ;|ft] sf]
th{d
' f ug{k' g{] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5, h'g
s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 Jojxfl/s / cf}lrTok"0f{
x'bF g} .
@*=/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u klg
/fHosf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfo
ePsf]n] /fHon] pknAw u/fPsf] ;|ft] ;fwgsf]
pRrtd\ pkof] u u/L dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f, ;Ddfg / k|a4{gsf nflu lqmofzLn
/xg'kg{] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo / bfloj o;df
/xG5 . o;sf] cy{ cfof]un] cfly{s Jooef/
kg{] ljifoxdf cy{ dGqfno;Fu k/fdz{ g}
ug{k' b{g} , olb k/fdz{ ug{k' g{] ePdf cfof]usf]
:jtGqtf / :jfoQtfdf k|lts"n c;/ kb{5
865

&), sflQs
@)&),
egL JofVof ug{ klg ldNb}g . t;y{ bkmf @^

sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcGtu{t
/x]sf] cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{df eGg] jfSof+z
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ ;Fu
aflemPsf] eGg] b]lvPg .
@(=P]gsf] bkmf @& df /x]sf] cfof]usf]
;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbLsf] :jLs[lt cfof]usf]
] eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn];d]t cfof]unfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lgoGq0fdf /fv] s f] x' F b f ;f] sfg" g L
Joj:yfcGtu{t /x]sf] ===sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn
;/sf/=== eGg] jfSof+z ab/ x'gk' b{5 eGg]
lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ pko{Q
' m
sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]un] s] s:tf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / s] slt
;+Vofsf] b/aGbL cfjZos 5 eGg]af/]df cfkm}n
+ ]
lgk0f u/L tbg' ksf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf /
b/aGbL :jLs[ltsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf
l;kmfl/z ug{ ;Sg] / ;f]xL l;kmfl/zadf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfof]usf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/
aGbL :jLs[t ug{] b]lvG5 . P]gdf cfof]usf]
;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbLsf] :jLs[lt cfof]usf]
] eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zadf]lhd g]kfn
;/sf/n] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL :jLs[t
ug{5
] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cy{ cfof]un]
l;kmfl/z u/L k7fPsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf /
b/aGbL c:jLs[t ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ /x]sf] eGg] klg xf]Og . lsgeg]
;+u7g, ;+/rgf / b/aGbLsf] l;kmfl/z ug{k' j" {
cfof]un] To:tf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbLsf]
cf}lrTo, cfjZostf, To;sf] k|zf;lgs /
cfly{s kIfnufotsf ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/
;Fu cfjZos k/fdz{ / 5nkmn;d]t ug{
866
;Qm5 . g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] k/fdz{;d]t

adf]lhd cfof]un] u/]sf] l;kmfl/znfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] cGoyf ug{ klg ldNb}g . To;}n] bkmf
@& sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]usf] k|zf;lgs :jtGqtf / :jfoQtfdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{] eGg] b]lvFbg} . ctM P]gsf]
pQm bkmf @& df /x]sf] ===sf] l;kmfl/zdf
g]kfn ;/sf/ eGg] jfSof+z ;+ljwfgk|lts"n
/x]sf] eGg] b]lvPg .
#)=ca lgj]bsxn] ;+ljwfgljk/Lt
egL bfjL lnPsf] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+ . ;f]
pkbkmf -#_ df ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm cfof]usf]
] eGg] Joj:yf
/x] s f] b] l vG5 . ;f] jfSof+ z dWo] ===sf]
l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/=== eGg] jfSof+z;Dd
ab/ / cdfGo 3f] l ift ul/g' kg{ ] eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] bfjL /x]sf] 5 . pQm pkbkmf -@_
sf] ;+/rgf x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] ;lrj
kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu cfof]u :jod\n] g]kfn
;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/z ug{ ] / ;f]
l;kmfl/zadf]lhd g} g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfof]usf]
;lrj lgo'lQm ug{k' g{] b]lvG5 . cfof]un] u/]sf]
l;kmfl/znfO{ cGoyf u/L ;f] l;kmfl/zafx]ssf]
JolQmnfO{ ;lrj lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg] u/L g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ of] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] lbPsf]
egL cy{ ug{ ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
#!=P]gsf] bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhd ;lrj kbdf lgo'lQm s;nfO{ ug{]
egL l;kmfl/z ug{] clwsf/ g} cfof]usf] ;lrj
lgo'lQmsf] d"ne"t / dxjk"0f{ clwsf/ xf] .
Tof] l;kmfl/znfO{ OGsf/ ug{] clwsf/ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ /x]sf] b]lvFbg} . cfof]un] ;lrj
lgo'lQmsf] nflu u/]sf] l;kmfl/z sfof{Gjog

lj=/fli6
ug{] ;fdfGo cf}krfl/s clwsf/ dfq g]kfn

;/sf/df /x]sf] eGg] ;f] pkbkmfsf] ;+/rgfaf6
b]lvG5 . P]gsf] of] Joj:yfaf6 ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ cGtu{t cfof]unfO{
k|fKt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/df k|lts"n c;/
k'Ug] cj:yf klg b]lvFbg} . To;}n] bkmf @* sf]
pkbkmf -@_ df k|oQ
' m ===sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn
;/sf/=== eGg] jfSof+znfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ ljk/Lt /x]sf] egL cy{
ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg .
#@=ca, l/6 lgj]bsxn] c;+jw} flgs
/x]sf] egL bfjL lnPsf] P]gsf] bkmf @( sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yftkm{ ljrf/ u/f}+ . ;f] bkmf @(
df cfof]usf] k|tLs lrGx lzif{s cGtu{t
cfof]un] /fHosf] lgzfgf 5fksf] cltl/Qm
cfof]usf] 5'} k|tLs lrGx k|of]udf Nofpg
;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fHosf]
k|tLs lrGx k|of]u ubf{ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un]
Gsf] ;dodf ljZj;gLotf u'dfpF5 / dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf k|efjsf/L sfd ug{ ;Qm}g,
To;}sf/0f ;f] bkmf @( df k|oQ
' m ===/fHosf]
lgzfgf 5fksf] cltl/Qm eGg] jfSof+z ab/
x'gk' b{5 eGg] lgj]bsxsf] bfjL /x]sf] 5 . ;f]
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]un] /fHosf] lgzfgf 5fksf cltl/Qm cfgf]
5' } k| t Ls lrGx k| o f] u df Nofpg ;Sg]
b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] lgzfgf 5fksf] ;fy}
cfof]usf] 5'} klxrfg x'g] k|tLs lrGx k|of]u
ug{] clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
##=/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcGtu{t :yflkt ePsf]
:jtGq, lgikIf / :jfoQ lgsfo xf] . g]kfn
/fHoleq dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g /
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;sf] ;+jw} flgs

e"ldsf ;+ljwfgdf g} lglZrt\ ul/Psf] 5 .
To;} n ] o;sf] klxrfg /fli6 o tyf
cGt/f{li6o:t/df x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . g]kfn
/fHosf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ csf] kdf /x]sf]
cfof]un] g]kfn /fHosf] lgzfgf 5fk k|of]u ug{'
kg{] Joj:yfaf6 ;du|df g]kfn /fHosf] dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf] kdf o;sf] klxrfg sfod
x'g] xf] . lsgeg] g]kfn /fHosf] ljlzi6
klxrfgsf] nflu g} g]kfnsf] lgzfgf 5fksf]
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . /fHosf] k|tLs lrGxsf]
kdf /x]sf] lgzfgf 5fkn] ;fj{ef}d /fHosf]
klxrfg u/fpFb5 . To;}n] g]kfn /fHosf] lgzfgf
5fknfO{ s'g} c ljz]ifsf] jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
dfq k|tLs lrGxsf] kdf cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
/fHosf] klxrfgsf nflu lgwf{/0f ePsf] lgzfgf
5fknfO{ /fHosf ;a} lgsfo jf cn] k|of]u
ug{' kg{] g} x'G5 . ;f] lgzfgf 5fk k|of]u u/]sf]
sf/0fn] dfq ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt
ePsf /fHosf cn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/sf] k|of]udf k|lts"n c;/ kg{] klg
xf]Og . a ;f] lgzfgf 5fkaf6 ;f] c /fli6o
tyf cGt/f{li6o hutdf g]kfn /fHosf] csf]
kdf kl/lrt x'g d2t k'Ub5 . /fHosf ;a}
cxn] g]kfnsf] lgzfgf 5fk k|of]u ug{' kg{]
vf; p2]Zo klg oxL g} xf] .
#$=plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd
/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] g]kfnsf] lgzfgf
5fksf cltl/Qm cfgf] 5'} k|tLs lrGx;d]t
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . To:tf] 5'} k|tLs
lrGxsf] k| o f] u af6 cfof] u n] cfgf]
e"ldsfadf]lhdsf] ljz]if klxrfg sfod ug{
;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . cfof]usf] 5'} k|tLs lrGxsf]
k|of]af6 Gsf] ;dodf;d]t cfof]un] :jtGq
867

&), sflQs
@)&),
klxrfg / ljZj;gLotf sfod ug{ ;Sg]

x'G5 . t;y{ /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
@)^* sf] bkmf @( df /x]sf] ===/fHosf] lgzfgf
5fksf cltl/Qm eGg] jfSof+zaf6 /fli6o dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/df
s'g} k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] cj:yf gx'bF f ;f]
jfSof+znfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#@ sf] pkwf/f
-!_ sf] ljk/Lt dfGg ;lsPg .
#%=o;k| s f/ dflysf ljleGg
k|s/0fxdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f;d]taf6 k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfgljk/Lt /x]sf] egL
lgj]bsxn] bfjL u/]sf /fli6o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u P]g, @)^* sf] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf
-%_, bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -$_, bkmf !& sf]
pkbkmf -!)_, bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_,
bkmf @%, bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df /x]sf]
==cy{ dGqfnosf] k/fdz{df eGg] jfSof+z,
bkmf @& df /x]sf] ===sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn
;/sf/ eGg] jfSof+z, bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf
-@_ df /x]sf] ====sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn
;/sf/ eGg] jfSof+z / bkmf @( df /x]sf]
===/fHosf] lgzfgf 5fksf cltl/Qm eGg]
jfSof+z;d]tsf sfg"gL Joj:yfxdWo] bkmf
!) sf] pkbkmf -%_ / bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf
-!)_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#! / !#@ ;d]tsf]
ljk/Lt b]lvg cfPsfn] ;f] bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf
-%_ / bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -!)_ cfh}sf
ldltaf6 cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 .
#^=pQm P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf
-$_, bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_, bkmf @%,
bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ df /x]sf] ===cy{
dGqfnosf] k/fdz{df eGg] jfSof+z, bkmf @&
df /x]sf] ===sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/
868
eGg] jfSof+z, bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -@_ df

/x]sf] ====sf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/ eGg]
jfSof+z / bkmf @( df /x]sf] ===/fHosf] lgzfgf
5fksf cltl/Qm eGg] jfSof+ z
;+ l jwfgljk/Lt /x] s f] gb] l vF b f pQm
Joj:yfx;d]t ab/ x'gk' b{5 eGg] xb;Ddsf]
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf]
k| l tlnlk;d] t ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLxnfO{
hfgsf/L n]vL k7fpg" . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
bfo/L nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodadf]lhd
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pko{Q
' m /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdL
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn kmfu'g @# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
&
lg0f{o g+=()#)
;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn
)^*WO)(*#
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).@.!(.!
ljifo M pTk|i] f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
()#) lzjk| ; fb kf} 8 ] n ;d] t lj=k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o ;d] t
lgj]bs M slknj:t' lhNnf, lgUnLxjf uf=lj=;=,

j8f g++ @ a:g] lzjk|;fb kf}8n
] ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfL M ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f};d]t
h}ljs ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u / pkef]u

ubf{ pQm ;Dkbfsf] x|f; gx'g] u/L
lg/Gt/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L h}ljs
j+zfg'lqmt pkof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObf
;dfg'kflts tl/sfn] ljt/0f ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg], ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]
sfd ubf{ jftfj/0fLo Iflt sd x'g]
u/L ;~rfng ug]{ bflojxaf6 g]kfn
pDsg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] IfdtfeGbf a9L
pTvgg\\ Pjd\ k|of]u, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f,
cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, jgljgfz,
jftfj/0f;Fu tfbfTDotf g/fvL ul/g]
ljsf; lgdf{0f cflb g} jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f
ug]{, jftfj/0fLo x|f; Nofpg] /
jftfj/0fdf c;Gt'ng Nofpg] d'Vo
sf/s tj ePsf]n] k|fs[lts ;|ft]
;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{ / cfly{s ljsf;
cflb ubf{ jftfj/0f ljgfz gx'g] u/L
ljsf; lgdf{0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0faLr
;Gt'ng sfod x'g] u/L ul/g' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf
/xL k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f,
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, k|fs[lts
;Dkbfsf] lbuf] pkof]u / k|fKt nfesf]
;dGoflos afF8kmfF8, wfld{s Pj+

ko{6sLo dxjsf :ynxsf] ;+/If0f,
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rL / l;d;f/ If]qsf]
;+/If0f;d]tdf hf]8 lbO{ jftfj/0fLo
x|f; x'g glbg / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng
sfod /fVg /fHonufot ;Da4 ;a}
lgsfosf] cfcfgf] bfloj x'g] .
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg h:tf] 9'f, lu6L,
afn'jf cflb pTvgg\, bf]xg, ;ng /
lgsf;L ug]{ qm;/ pBf]uxsf] :yfkgf
/ ;~rfng k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ;Ldfleq
ug'k{ g]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmfx kbd
/f]Ssf, 8f=tf/fk|;fb ;fksf]6f, ljho
l;+x l;+hfktL, gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f /
/fdk|;fb e'iffn
ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
xl/k|;fb /]UdL, ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
xl/x/ bfxfn, ljfg clwjQmf Hof]tL
aflgof, ljfg clwjQmf xf]dgfy kf08]
cjnlDat ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"g M
wf/f !@-!_, !^-!_, ##-0f_, #%-%_,
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf]
bkmf @!*
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #
lgsf;L k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)!#
sf] bkmf #-@_
cfb]z
Gof=lu/Lz rGb| nfn M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd o;
869

&), sflQs
@)&),
cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]

tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
xfdL lgj]bsx ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn /xL cfPsf
5f}F . k|bi" f0f/lxt :jR5 jftfj/0fdf /xg /
afFRg kfpg' k|To]s g]kfnLsf] df}lns / k|fs[lts
xs xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !^ f/f k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf
afFRg] xs x'g5
] egL jftfj/0f;DaGwL xsnfO{
df}lns xssf] kdf Uof/]G6L ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm wf/f !^, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !@-!_ sf] Right to Life ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
wf/f #%-%_ df /fHon] jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n
c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+ jftfj/0f / b'ne{ jGohGt'sf]
ljz]if ;+/If0f ug'k{ g]{ tyf jg / jg:klt tyf
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] pkof]u /
k|fKt nfesf] ;dGoflos afF8kmfF8 /fHosf] gLlt
x'g] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf]
nflu jg h+un, gbL gfnf, k|fs[lts ;|ft]
;fwg, jGohGt', r/fr'?L, hnr/, ynr/,
vfgL, jg k}bfjf/ / ;Dkbf, 9'f, lu6L
afn'jfnufotsf j:t'sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ lgtfGt
cfjZos 5 .
t/ slknj:t' lhNnfsf ljleGg 7fpF
/ cf;kf;df u}/sfg"gLkdf ;~rflnt #@
j6f qm;/, /f]8f, lu6L, afn'jf pBf]usf] sf/0f
To; If]qsf] jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr'?L,
kfgLsf] d'xfg, h}ljs ljljwtf, k|fs[lts ;Dkbf,
:jR5 jftfj/0f, cGt/f{li6o dxjsf wfld{s
Pj+ ko{6sLo :yn, ljZj ;Dkbf Pj+ l;d;f/
If]qsf] cl:tj ;+s6df k/L k"0f{kdf gi6 x'g]
cj:yf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . u}/sfg"gLkdf
;~rflnt tL pBf]u / vfgLxn] ;DalGwt
lgsfodf btf{ u/L cg'dlt lnPsf klg 5}gg\
870
/ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg -EIA_ / k|f/lDes

jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f d"Nofg -IEE_ u/fPsf]
cj:yf klg 5}g . To; k|sf/sf pBf]u tyf
vfgL ;~rfng ug{ k"/f ug'k{ g]{ Go"gtd\ sfg"gL
k|lqmof;d]t k"/f gu/L ;~rfng ePsf tL ;a}
qm;/, /f]8f pBf]udfkm{t jgh+un, ;fj{hlgs
ktL{, vf]nfgfnf, /fhdfu{ cf;kf;, afFwx,
k'n, r'/] OToflb ;+j]bgzLn 7fpFaf6 7"nf]
kl/df0fdf 9'f, lu6L, /f]8f, afn'jf pTvgg\,\
bf] x g, vf] b g, ;ng u/L s[ i 0fgu/,
tf}lnxjf;d]tsf] gfsfaf6 lgjf{wkdf ef/t
lgsf;L eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
h}ljs ljljwtf, k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg
/ ;Dkbf, jgh+un, jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f /
;Da4{g ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / sfg"gL
bfloj ljkIfLxsf] ePtf klg sfg" g
pNn\3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfon]
cg'udg u/L sfg"gadf]lhd bl08t ug'{ u/fpg'
kg]d{ f ljkIfLx To;k|lt pbf;Lg / u}/lhDd]jf/
eO{ a;]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;sf/0f cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^#, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%#,
jg P]g @)$(, e"tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g
@)#(, vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{ P]g @)$@,
hn;|ft] P]g @)$(, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
P] g , @)%% / clwjQmf gf/fo0fk| ; fb
b]jsf]6flj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no;d]t -g]sfk @)^&, c+s !@, lg=g+=
*%@!_ df k|sflzt l;4fGt / g]kfnn] cg'df]bg
Pj+ x:tfIf/ u/]sf h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL
dxf;lGw;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ;~rfng
ePsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]taf6 g/f]lsPsf] /
ljkIfL lh=lj=;= slknj:t' / c3f{vfFrLf/f
sfg"gljk/Lt pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ 7]Ssfdf
()#) lzjk| ; fb kf} 8 ] n lj=k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o ;d] t
lbg] u/L lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . pQm sfo{n] :jR5

jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] g]kfnL gful/ssf]
df}lns xsdf cf3ft k'Ug uPsf]n] ljkIfLxaf6
ePsf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o, kqfrf/;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L u}/sfg"gLkdf 9'f, lu6L,
afn'jf, u|fe]n, pTvgg\,\ vf]bg, bf]xg / ;ng,
qm;L Pj+ tL rLh j:t'sf] ef/t lgsf;L ug]{
u/fpg] qm;/ pBf]u / ljkIfLxsf] sfo{n]
jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ng ug],{ e"tyf kof{j/0fdf
vnn kf/L hnfwf/ gi6 ug],{ ljZj ;Dkbf
;"rLdf ;"rLs[t P]ltxfl;s k"/ftfljs dxjsf
;+/rgfdf c;/ kg],{ tyf kof{j/0f rqm -EcoSystem_, l;d;f/ If]q, afFw, gx/df c;/ k'Ug]
/ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|g] ePsf]n] pQm
u}/sfg"gL sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf]
gfddf k/dfb]z, k|ltif]wnufotsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf]
< cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP ;f]
sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfO{ of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf
ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx] s !% lbgleq
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]tnfO{ / cfkm}F jf
cfgf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvt
hjfkm lnO{ cfpg' egL ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] sfof{no, slknj:t';d]tsf gfpFdf
k|:t't cfb]z / l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy}
/fvL Dofb k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/]kl5 jf
cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ .
;fy}, u}/sfg"gL9n] jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts
;Dkbfsf] ljgfz eO{/x]sf] egL cToGt uDeL/
/ ;+jb] gzLn ljifoj:t'nfO{ lnP/ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg bfo/ ePsf] b]lvFbf b'j} kIfsf] s'/f

;'gL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] jf gx'g] ;DaGwdf
cfb]z ug{ plrt x'g] b]lvPsf]n] cGtl/d cfb]z
;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ljkIfLxnfO{ k]zLsf]
;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] cfb]z .
o;df o:t} ljifoj:t' cGtlg{lxt ePsf]
lgj]bs gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t ePsf] l/6
g+ = )%@!sf] pTk| ] i f0fsf] lgj] b gdf o;
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@! df lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]z;lxt lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f] km};nfn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf s'/fx / Joj:yflksf ;+;b, k|fs[lts
;|ft] / ;fwg ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^^ n]
cf}NF ofPsf s'/fx / ;f]xL k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ul/Psf lgb]{zgcg'k ;'/IffTds pkfo
cjnDag ul/;s]sf] eGg] osLg x'g g;s]sf]
/ /f]8f, 9'f, afn'jf h:tf] k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf]
pTvgg\, lgsf;Lsf] nflu 7]Ssf lbg] lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltn] cfkm+}n] lbPsf] 7]Ssfsf
zt{xcg'k ;~rfng eP, gePsf] egL
k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] pkfo cjnDag ug'{
kg]{df ;f] ug{ ;s]sf] egL lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf tkm{af6 ax; ug]{ ljfg clwjQmfn]
Ohnf;;dIf b]vfpg' ePsf] kfOPg . o;/L
k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f Pj+ cg'udgsf] cefjdf
lbOPsf] 7]Ssfsf] zt{ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g,
@)%# sf] bkmf ( / !) ljk/Lt klg lgsf;L
k|of]hgsf nflu pTvgg\ x'g ;Sg] tyf To;af6
bL3{sfnLg / ck"/0fLo jftfj/0fLo Iflt k'Ug
;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] o; l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
lg0f{o gx'bF f;Dd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v
ePsf] ;a} If]qaf6 pTvgg\ Pj+ ;ng ul/Psf
/f]8f, 9'f / afn'jfsf] ljb]z lgsf;L ug]{ sfo{
871

&), sflQs
@)&),
k"0f{kn] tTsfn aGb ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf

gfpFdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljkIfL u[x
dGqfno, jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno, jftfj/0f
dGqfno, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfno / pBf] u dGqfnosf
k|ltlglw;lxt cfjZos lj1xsf] Pp6f ;ldlt
agfpg] / ;f] ;ldltn] /f]8f, 9'f, afn'jfsf]
7]Ssf tyf ;f]sf] pTvgg\, k|of]u / ljb]z
lgsf;Laf6 ;f] If]qdf /x]sf hnfzo, l;d;f/
If]q, hn pkof]unufotsf jftfj/0fdf kg{
;Sg] k|efjsf] cWoog u/L lj:t[t k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] / ;f]
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ pk/f]Qm k|fs[lts ;|f]t /
;Dkbfxsf] pTvgg\ , kl/rfng Pjd\
lgsf;L;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ub}{ To;af6 kg{
;Sg] k|efjsf] ;'/IffTds pkfo Pj+ k|efjsf/L
cg' u dg ;+ o Gqsf] ljsf; eP, gePsf]
;DaGwdf kl5 clGtd lg0f{oaf6 ljrf/ ul/g]
x'gfn] o;df clGtd lg0f{o gx'bF f;Dd /f]8f,
9'f, afn'jfsf] ljb]z lgsf;L;DaGwL gofF
7] S sf;d] t glbg' egL ;jf] { R r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf]
hfgsf/L ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' eGg] o; cbfnt
;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf] cfb]z .
o;df l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v eP h:tf]
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|gn
] ufotsf] s'g} klg
sfo{ x'gdf o; dGqfnosf] s'g} klg cfb]z
Pj+ lg0f{on] e"ldsf v]ns
] f] gx'bF f o; dGqfnosf]
xsdf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] u[x
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
872
o; dGqfnosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxL

/ lg0f{oaf6 l/6 lgj]bssf] xsflwsf/df cf3ft
k'u]sf] xf], ;f] pNn]v gu/]sf], jftfj/0fLo
;Gt'ng sfod /fVg dGqfno ;+jb] gzLn /x]sf],
gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f lgj]bs ePsf] l/6
lgj]bgdf ePsf] lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]zadf]lhdsf
sfd sfof{Gjogdf cfO/x]sf] / vfgL tyf vlgh
kbfy{ P]g, @)$@ / vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{
lgodfjnL, @)%^ n] vlgh sfo{sf] cg'dltkq
k|bfg ug],{ cg'dltkq gjLs/0f ug],{ cg'dltkq
/2 ug],{ vfgL ;~rfng /f]Ssf ug]n
{ ufotsf]
sfo{ ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt If]qsf] lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt / vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefunfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] / lhNnfdf ;~rflnt vfgLsf]
sfg"gadf]lhd cg'dltkq k|bfg ug],{ cg'dltkq
gjLs/0f jf /2 ug]{ / vfgL ;~rfng /f]Ssf
ug]n
{ ufotsf] sfo{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof
k"/f u/]/ plNnlvt lgsfon] ug{ ;Sg] g} ePsf]n]
To;nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvFbg} . t;y{
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;Dkfbg
ul/Psf] sfo{af6 lgj]bsxnufot sf]xL
s;}nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf klg
g/x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{ P]g, @)$@ /
tt\ ; DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ adf] l hd
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf o; ljefun] sfd
ul//x]sf] / o; ljefunfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{
s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefusf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
ljkIfL lgj]bsn] l/6df cf}NF ofPadf]lhd
c3f{vfFrL lhNnfdf s'g} klg qm;/ pBf]u
;~rfngdf /x]sf 5}gg\ . 9'f, lu6L afn'jfdf

cfwfl/t vfgLhGo pBf]u o; lhNnfdf g/x]sf],
;fj{hlgs v/Lb P]g, @)^# adf]lhd /Ltk"js
{
6]08/ cfJxfg u/L cfgf] If]qflwsf/leq /xL
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f u/fO{ tbg'k
9'f, lu6L, afn'jf pTvgg\ / lgsf;Lsf] 7]Ssf
Joj:yfkg x'g] u/]sfn] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
P] g / lgodfjnL Pj+ k| r lnt sfg" g L
Joj:yfadf]lhd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no / ;f]sf] :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L
d;d]tn] sfd sf/jfxL u/]sf] cj:yf x'bF f
em'f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no c3f{vfFrLsf] tkm{af6
P]=sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] cfgf] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]
h:tf] u/L o; lhNnfdf jftfj/0fnfO{ c;/
ug]{ s'g} sfo{ gePsf] / o;;DaGwL s'g} ph'/L
u'gf;f], l;sfot o; sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf]
5}g . lgj]bgdf plNnlvt h:tf] cj}wkdf
qm;/ pBf]ux o; lhNnfdf ;~rfngdf
g/x]sf], qm;/ pBf]uxnfO{ PS;fe]6/ tyf
a'N8f]h/ k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] u/L Joj:yf ldnfpg
egL o; sfof{noaf6 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nonfO{
lgb]z
{ g;d]t lbO;s]sf]n] o; sfof{nosf] s'g}
klg sfd sf/jfxLn] ljkIfLsf] xsdf cf3ft
gk'us
] f] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, c3f{vfFrLsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
qm;/ pBf]u btf{ / pBf]u ;~rfngsf]
cg'dlt lbg] sfo{ g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ ljefhg
lgodfjnL, @)^( adf]lhd o; dGqfnosf]
If]qflwsf/leq gkg]{ x'bF f o; dGqfnon] jftfj/0f
ljgfz;+u ;DalGwt pBf]u ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt
glbPsf] / jftfj/0f ljgfz x'g] s'g} sfo{

u/]sf] 5}g . ;fy}, o; dGqfnosf] s'g lg0f{on]
jftfj/0f ljgfz x'g] sfo{ eof], ;f] s'/f lgj]bsn]
pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf]n] o; dGqfnosf] xsdf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] >d tyf
oftfoft dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf]
x}l;otn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%-%_ adf]lhdsf]
/fHosf] bfloj Pj+ wf/f !^ f/f k|bQ gful/ssf]
jftfj/0fLo xssf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf
;/sf/ / d cfkm";d]t cToGt sl6a4 /x]sf]
Joxf]/f ;Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ cjut u/fpFb}
g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno Pj+ pRr kb:y
kbflwsf/LxnfO{ ;f]adf]lhd ug{ lgb]z
{ g;d]t
lbFb} cfPsf] 5' . o; ;DaGwdf 9'f, lu6L /
afn'jf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog
ljifosf] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] k|:tfj
ldlt @)^^.!@.!& sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf
k]z x'bF f 9'f, lu6L afn'jfnufot k|fs[lts
;|ft] ;fwgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwdf dxjk"0f{
lg0f{o e} tL lg0f{ox sfof{Gjog e}/x]sf],
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg / jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fdf
g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+jb] gzLn /x]sf] / ;/sf/sf]
sfd sf/jfxLn] l/6 lgj]bssf] xs lxtdf
cf3ft k'Ug uPsf] cj:yf gx'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/] h ul/kfpF m eGg] k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no / cfgf xsdf;d]t
8f=afa'/fd e/fO{sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
afn'jf 9'f, lu6L, u|fe]n h:tf k|fs[lts
;|ft] / ;fwgsf] bf]xg, ;ng tyf pTvgg\sf]
sfo{ ug]{ :yfg klxrfg u/L lhNnf ljsf;
;ldtsf] sfof{no, slknj:t'af6 kl/df0f
ls6fg u/L lhNnf cg'udg ;ldlt slknj:t'sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ Psf/ k|0ffnLaf6 7]Ssfkf jf
873

&), sflQs
@)&),
cdfgt k|yfaf6 pko'Q

{ m k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;ng
Pj+ lgsf;L ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . o; sfof{noaf6
7]Ssfkf tyf cdfgt k|yfaf6 pko'Q{ m k|fs[lts
;|ft] sf] bf]xg, ;ng tyf pTvgg\ ug]{ sfo{
gul/Psf] / Joj:yflksf ;+;b k|fs[lts ;|ft]
/ ;fwg pk;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg Pj+ o:t} ljifodf
;Ddflgt ;jf]R{ r cbfntf/f k|ltkflbt ghL/
l;4fGt Pj+ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd o;
sfof{noaf6 sfd sf/jfxL e}/x]sf] 5 . t;y{,
sfg"gk|lts"n x'g] u/L s'g} klg lg0f{o gul/Psf],
sfo{ gul/Psf] , kqfrf/ gul/Psf] ug{
gnfluPsf] x'bF f o; sfof{nosf] xsdf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf jg
sfof{no, slknj:t'sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df o; dGqfnosf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6
lgj]bssf] s'g} ;+jw} flgs Pj+ sfg"gL xssf]
xgg\ gePsf] cj:yfdf o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL
agfO/xg gkg]{ x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] pBf]u dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.$.@!
sf] cfb]z tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqL:t/_ sf]
ldlt @)^&.%.@# sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ul7t k|fljlws
;ldltn] g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o; dGqfnodf k|fKt
ePsf]df pQm k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog ug{ jg
ljefudfkm{ t \ lhNnf jg sfof{ n oxdf
k7fOPsf] / ;f]xLadf]lhd xfn;Dd sfof{Gjog
e}/x]sf] 5 . slknj:t' lhNnfdf klg Psf/
k|0ffnLcGtu{t g} lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no, slknj:t'af6 7]Ssfkf nufO{
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;ng Pjd\ lgsf;L ug]{ sfo{
ePsf] 5 . lhNnf jg sfof{no, slknj:t'af6
9'f, lu6L afn'jfsf] 7]Ssfkf gnufOPsf] /
lhNnf cg'udg tyf ;dGjo ;ldltn] lgoldt
874
cg'udg ul//x]sf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm

eGg] jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
qm;/ pBf]usf] ;~rfng, Ohfht /
lgodg ug]{ sfd o; ljefusf] sfo{If]qleq
kb}g{ . ;8s ljefun] lgod, sfg"g / lgwf{l/t
k| l qmofcg' ; f/ ;8s lgdf{ 0 f, dd{ t /
Joj:yfkgsf] sfd dfq ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
t;y{, lgj]bsxn] cg'dfgsf] e/df lbPsf]
l/6 lgj]bgcg';f/ lgj]bsxsf] sfg"gL xs
clwsf/ xgg\ x'g] u/L o; ljefuaf6 s'g}
sfd ePsf] cj:yf gx'bF f cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;8s ljefusf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z, s]Gb|Lo
cg'udg ;ldltsf] :jLs[t k|ltj]bgn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] kl/df0fsf] ;Ldfleq /xL :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @! n] lbPsf]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t lgoldt
u/fPsf] / k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwgsf] cglws[t
bf]xg gu/]sf] x'bF f o; sfof{nosf] xsdf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt, slknj:t'sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o; lhNnfdf cf=j=)^&)^* b]lv
r'/] If]q / cGo :yfgdf ;d]t /fli6o jg tyf
;fd'bflos jg If]qdf ;d]t xl/of ?vx
s6fg ug{ k"0f{ aGb]h nufO{ 9nfk8f ?vx
dfq jg P]g, @)$( / jg lgodfjnL, @)%!
tyf sfo{ljlw lgb]l{ zsf / g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o, lgb]z
{ gadf]lhdsf k|lqmofx k"/f u/L
dfq ;ng tyf lnnfd laqmL sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
Joj:yflksf ;+;b, k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwg
pk;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg Pj+ o:t} ljifodf
;Ddflgt ;jf]R{ r cbfntf/f k|ltkflbt ghL/
l;4fGt Pj+ k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd o;

sfof{noaf6 sfd sf/jfxL ePsf] / sfg"gljk/Lt
x'g] u/L s'g} lg0f{o gePsf]n] ljkIfLsf] l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lhNnf jg sfof{no
c3f{vfFrLsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt /f]8f, 9'f,
qm;/ pBf]usf] lgodgsf ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt
;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@! df hf/L
ePsf] -clwjQmf gf/fo0f b]jsf]6flj?4 g]kfn
;/sf/;d]t_ cfb]zadf]lhd ul7t k|fljlws
;ldltn] tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6;d]t
:jLs[t ePsf] k|ltj]bg g]kfnsf &% j6} lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt / ;DalGwt cGo lgsfodf
;d]t k7fO;lsPsf] x'bF f /f]8f, 9'f tyf qm;/
pBf]usf] lgodg ;f]xL k|ltj]bgadf]lhd
eO{/x]sf]n] em"7f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
o;df l/6 lgj]bgsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf
xfd|f];d]t xs ;dfj]z ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]sf]
sf/jfxLdf ;l/s u/fO{ kfpmF egL rf}w/L /f]8f
pBf]usf ;~rfns Pj+ slknj:t' qm;/ pBf]u
Joj;foL ;+3sf] tkm{af6 P]=sf cWoIf kmv?lg
vfg;d]tsf] lgj]bg k/]sf]df l/6 lgj]bg;Fu
lgj]bsxsf] ;d]t xs lxt ;dfj]z ePsf]
b] l vPsf] eGg] cfwf/df o; cbfntsf]
cfb]zfg';f/ lgj]bsxnfO{ l/6 lgj]bgdf k}/jL
ug{ kfpg] u/L ;lDdlnt u/fOPsf] b]lvPsf] .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bs ljfg
clwjQmf kbd /f]sf Pj+ lghsf] tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmfx 8f=tf/fk|;fb ;fksf]6f, ljho l;+x
l;+hfktL, gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f / /fdk|;fb
e'iffnn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !^ n] :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg]

xsnfO{ Uof/] G 6L ug' { s f ;fy} h} l js
ljljwtf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw;d]tsf
s/La @% j6f cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxdf g]kfn
kIf /fi6;d]t ePsf]n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg /
cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxn] l;h{gf u/]sf bfloTj
g]kfn ;/sf/n] axg ug'k{ 5{ . slknj:t' lhNnf
/ To;sf] cf;kf;sf If]qdf u}/sfg"gLkdf
;~rflnt #@ j6f qm;/, /f]8f, lu6L afn'jf
cflb pBf]usf sf/0f pQm :yfgsf] jftfj/0f
k|bl' ift x'g k'us
] f], h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f; cfPsf],
kfgLsf] d'xfg ;'Sb} uPsf], l;d;f/ If]qsf]
cl:tTj ;+s6df k/]sf], cGt/f{li6o dxjsf
wfld{s Pj+ ko{6sLo If]q gi6 x'g] cj:yfdf
k'us
] f] 5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f d"Nofg
-IEE_ / jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg -EIA_ ;d]t
gu/fO{ ;~rflnt pQm pBf]uaf6 lbgx"F 7"nf]
kl/df0fdf 9'f, lu6L, /f]8f, afn'jf cflb pTvgg\\
/ bf]xg u/L s[i0fgu/ / tf}lnxjf gfsfaf6
ef/t lgsf;L ug]{ ul/Psf] / pQm sfo{n]
jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ uPsf] cj:yf
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg sfg"gljk/Lt ;~rflnt qm;/
pBf]usf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ ljkIfL lgsfoxaf6
/f]s nufO{ k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f u/L
jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg'kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L g]kfnL
gful/ssf] :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xsdf
cf3ft k'Ug uPsf]n] slknj:t' / c3f{vfFrL
lhNnfdf sfg"gljk/Lt qm;/ pBf]u ;~rfng
ug{ 7]Ssfdf lbg] u/L ljkIfL slknj:t' lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt;d]taf6 ePsf lg0f{o Pj+
kqfrf/;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|g] s'g} klg sfo{ gug'{
gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z
hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
875

&), sflQs
@)&),
ljkIfL jftfj/0f dGqfno;d]tsf]

tkm{af6 ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf xl/k|;fb /]UdLn]
;/sf/sf] s'g lgsfon] sfg"gadf]lhd kfngf
ug'{kg]{ s'g st{Jo kfng gu/]sf sf/0f
lgj]bssf] xsdf cf3ft k'Ug uPsf] xf], ;f]
ls6fg gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf],
gf/fo0f b]jsf]6f l/6 lgj]bs ePsf] l/6
lgj]bgdf ePsf] lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]zadf]lhd
9'f, lu6L, afn'jfsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf
dGqL:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f] ;ldltsf]
l;kmf/Lz sfof{Gjog ug{ s]Gb| / :yfgLo :t/df
cg'udg ;ldlt u7g eO{ pQm ;ldltn]
cg'udg ul//x]sf], /f]8f, 9'f, afn'jf / qm;/
pBf]usf] ;~rfng / lgodgsf] nflu &% j6}
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / ;DalGwt lgsfodf
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 kqfrf/ e} ;f]cg';f/ sfd
e}/x]sf], jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg gu/fO{
s'g} klg pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ glbOPsf] / l/6
lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] u/L jftfj/0fLo
x|f; x'g] u/L ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 s'g} sfo{
gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL
ax; ug'{ eof] .
o; cbfntsf] cfb] z fg' ; f/ l/6
lgj]bgsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;l/s u/fOPsf
slknj:t' qm;/ pBf]u Joj;foL ;+3;d]tsf]
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn /
ljfg clwjQmf Hof]lt aflgofn] l/6 lgj]bgsf]
k]6jf]nLdf rf}w/L /f]8f pBf]u k|f=ln=;d]tsf
#@ j6f qm;/ pBf]un] sfg"gljk/Lt pBf]u
;~rfng u/]sf] egL pNn]v u/] klg tL
pBf]uxnfO{ ljkIfL gagfOPsf], sfg"gljk/Lt
s'g pBf]un] s'g sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf] egL
ls6fg gu/L xr'jfsf] cfwf/df lgj]bg cfPsf],
/ jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg;d]t u/L qm;/
876
pBf]u ;~rfng ul/Psf], gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f

lgj]bs ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf] cfb]zfg';f/
/f]8f, 9'f cflbsf] lgsf;L / k}7f/Lsf] lgodg
/ Joj:yfkg ug] { slknj:t' eG;f/
sfof{no;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL gagfOPsf], :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% / lgsf;L k}7f/L
P]gadf]lhd g} qm;/ pBf]uaf6 /f]8f, 9'f,
afn'jf lgsf;L x'g] u/]sf] / jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f
x'g] s'g} klg sfd gu/] gePsf] cj:yf x'bF f
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
ljkIfL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no, slknj:t'sf] tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmf
xf] d gfy kf08] n ] slknj:t' lhNnfdf
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg u/fP/ dfq qm;/
pBf]uaf6 lgwf{l/t kl/df0fdf /f]8f 9'f lgsf;L
ug]{ ul/Psf], cg'udg ;ldltaf6 cg'udg
hf/L /fvL qm;/ pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt /f]8f, 9'f
ljb]z lgsf;L ug]{ ul/Psf], s]Gb|Lo cg'udg
;ldlt / k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/df0fsf]
;Ldfleq /xL :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t
lgoldt ul/Psf], k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
cglws[t bf]xg u/L jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f ug]{ sfd
gePsf]n] em"f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL ax; ug'e
{ of] .
b'j} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
k|ToyL{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, slknj:t';d]tsf
sfd sf/jfxL sfg"gljk/Lt 5g\ 5}gg\ /
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{
xf] xf]Og tt\;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
lgj]bssf] dfubfjL x]bf{ slknj:t' / c3f{vfFrL
lhNnfsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;~rflnt rf}w/L /f]8f
pBf]u k|f=ln=;d]tn] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg

-EIA_ ;d]t gu/fO{ cj}wkdf k|fs[lts ;|ft]
;fwg 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflbsf] pTvgg\,\
vf]bg / ;ng u/L ljb]z ef/t lgsf;L ug]{
u/]sf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f a9]sf], h}ljs
ljljwtfdf x|f; cfPsf], v]tL of]Uo hdLgdf
Iflt k'us
] f], n'lDagLnufot cGt/f{li6o dxjsf
wfld{s :yn / l;d;f/ If]qsf] cl:tj ;+s6df
k/]sf], ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t wfld{s
Pj+ ko{6sLo :yn gi6 x'g] cj:yfdf k'us
] f]n]
kof{j/0fdf vnn k'ofO{ jftfj/0fLo x|f; Nofpg]
tL pBf]ux ;~rfng ug{ lbg] u/L ePsf
slknj:t' lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt;d]tsf lg0f{o
Pj+ kqfrf/ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm
egL dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^-!_ df
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg]
xs x'g5
] eGg] pNn]v 5 . pQm ;+jw} flgs
Joj:yfn] k|bi" f0f/lxtsf] :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg
kfpg' k|To]s g]kfnL gful/ssf] df}lns xs
ePsf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u5{ . :jR5 jftfj/0fdf
afFRg kfpg] xs cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@
-!_ df Jojl:yt ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg]
:jtGqtf;DaGwL df} l ns xs;F u ;d] t
cGt;{DalGwt b]lvG5 . ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg]
xssf] cy{ It does not mean only animal
hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tfsf] r]tgf

a9fO{ ef}lts ljsf;;DaGwL lqmofsnfkxf/f
jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ glbg Pj+
jftfj/0f tyf b'ne{ jGohGt'sf] ljz]if ;+/If0fdf
/fHon] k|fyldstf lbg]5 . jg / jg:klt tyf
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] ljsf; /
To;af6 k|fKt nfedf ;dGoflos afF8kmfF8sf]
Joj:yf ug]5
{ egL jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf b]zsf]
gLlt x'g] s'/fsf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} /fHosf] bflojcGtu{t
wf/f ##-0f_ df d' n ' s df ljBdfg
hn;|ft] nufot k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] /fi6
lxtdf k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfn]
;a} k|sf/sf k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgdf s;}sf]
lghL xs x'g g;Sg] / tL rLh ;a}sf ;DklQ
ePsf]n] ;f]sf] k|of]u /fli6o lxtdf ug'k{ g]{
egL lbzflgb]z
{ u/]af6 /fHon] k|fs[lts ;|ft]
;fwgsf] pkof]u ubf{ ;fdflhs lxtdf ug'k{ g]{
egL bfloj ;'Dk]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= pko'{Qm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf]
cltl/Qm g] k fnn] cGt/f{ l i6 o dx jsf]
l;d;f/;DaGwL /fd;f/ dxf;lGw, !(&!
-Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance 1971_, ;+s6fkGg jGohGt' tyf
jg:kltsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw,
!(&# -Convention on International Trade in
existence, it means right to life with human dignity
1973_ Cites,
eGg] ePsf]n] o; xsn] ;j} k|sf/sf] df}lns

Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u ub}{ k|bi" f0f/lxt
:jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xs;d]tnfO{
;d]65
\ .
#= To;}u/L wf/f #%-%_ df /fHon]
jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]5
{ .
Endangered Species and Wild Fauna and Flora
h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL dxf;lGw,

!((@ - Convention on Biodiversity 1992_
nufotsf hLjhGt', jg:klt / k|fs[lts ;|ft]
;fwg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;Fu ;DalGwt bh{gf}+
cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGwxnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L kIf
/fi6 ; d] t eO;s] s f] cj:yf x' F b f tL
dxf;lGwxaf6 l;lh{t bflojx h:tf]
877

&), sflQs
@)&),
l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug'k{ g],{ ljZjJofkLkdf

b'ne
{ x'bF } uPsf af]6la?jf tyf hLjhGt'sf]
cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ lgoGq0f ug]{, h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug],{ h}ljs ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u
/ pkef]u ubf{ pQm ;Dkbfsf] x|f; gx'g] u/L
lg/Gt/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] lx;fan] ug],{ h}ljs
j+zfg'lqmt pkof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObf
;dfg'kflts tl/sfn] ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg], ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfd ubf{ jftfj/0fLo
Iflt sd x' g ] u/L ;~rfng ug] { cflb
bflojxaf6 g]kfn pDsg ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
%= cfly{ s ljsf; / jftfj/0f
;+/If0faLrsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwaf6 lbuf]
ljsf; x'g] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} jftfj/0fLo
x|f;af6 dfgj hflt, hLjhGt', jg:klt, k|sl[ t
tyf ef}lts j:t'dfly x'g;Sg] k|lts"n k|efjnfO{
oyf;So sd u/L :jR5 tyf :j:y jftfj/0f
sfod ug]{ / k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u
/ Joj:yfkgaf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{ jftfj/0f
P]g, @)%# sf] p2]Zocg'k jftfj/0fLo
x|f;nfO{ sd u/L k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt
k|of]uaf6 lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ / ;du|df jftfj/0f
;+/If0f ug]{ Wo]o /fvL jftfj/0f P]g, @)%# n]
/fli6o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, k|bi" f0fsf] /f]syfd
tyf lgoGq0f k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f jf
jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg, k|of]uzfnf, Ifltk"lt{
/ ;hfo;d]tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L ;DalGwt
kIf, lgsfo / clwsf/Ln] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ bfloj /
sfo{ljlw;d]tsf] af/]df pNn]v u/L jftfj/0f
;+/If0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvPaf6 jftfj/0f
;+/If0fsf nflu sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] bfloj
;DalGwt kIf, lgsfo / clwsf/Ln] k"/f ug'k{ g]{
x'G5 .
878
^= jftfj/0f k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts /

;fdflhs k|0ffnLx, cfly{s tyf dfgjLo
lqmofsnfkx / logsf cjojx tyf tL
cjojxsf] aLrsf] cGtlqmof tyf cGt;{DaGw
xf] . jftfj/0fnfO{ k|fs[lts / dfgjlgld{t u/L
@ efudf afF8g\ ;lsG5 . dfgjLo k|of;lagf
:jo+ k|sl[ taf6 lgld{t jftfj/0f k|fs[lts xf]
eg] dfgj k|of;f/f lgld{t jftfj/0f s[lqd
xf] . jftfj/0fsf] d'Vo cjojsf] kdf /xg]
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgnfO{ klg gjLs/0f ug{
;lsg] Renewable -h:tf] kfgL, xfjf, ;f}oz
{ lQm
cflb_ / gjLs/0f ug{ g;lsg] Non renewable
-h:tf] jg:klt, sf]Onf, t]n cflb_ u/L @
efudf afF8g\ ;lsG5 . gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg]
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] k|r/" dfqfdf pkef]u
ubf{ ; d] t To;sf] e08f/ gl/lQg] x' F b f
jftfj/0fdf sd c;/ kg{ ;S5 . t/ gjLs/0f
ug{ g;lsg] k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{
eg] ;l~rtLnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL k|of]u ug'k{ g]{
/ To:tf ;|ft] sf] clgolGqt k|of]un] jftfj/0fdf
k|lts"n c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] x'bF f To;tkm{;d]t
Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;du|df k|fs[lts ;|ft]
;fwgsf] IfdtfeGbf a9L pTvgg\\ Pjd\ k|of]u,
cf} B f] l usLs/0f, cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f,
jgljgfz, jftfj/0f;Fu tfbfTDotf g/fvL ul/g]
ljsf; lgdf{0f cflb g} jftfj/0f k|bi" f0f ug],{
jftfj/0fLo x|f; Nofpg] / jftfj/0fdf c;Gt'ng
Nofpg] d'Vo sf/s tj ePsf]n] k|fs[lts
;|ft] ;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{ / cfly{s ljsf;
cflb ubf{ jftfj/0f ljgfz gx'g] u/L ljsf;
lgdf{0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod
x'g] u/L ul/g h?/L x'G5 .
&= o; lx;fan] ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf]
;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, k|fs[lts

;Dkbfsf] lbuf] pkof]u / k|fKt nfesf]
;dGoflos afF8kmfF8, wfld{s Pj+ ko{6sLo
dxjsf :ynxsf] ;+/If0f, ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rL
/ l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f;d]tdf hf]8 lbO{
jftfj/0fLo x|f; x'g glbg / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng
sfod /fVg /fHonufot ;Da4 ;a} lgsfosf]
cfcfgf] bfloj x'g] s'/fdf b'Od{ t x'g ;Sb}g .
k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg h:tf]M 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf
cflb pTvgg\, bf]xg, ;ng / lgsf;L ug]{
qm;/ pBf]uxsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng klg
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ;Ldfleq /xL x'g' kg]d{ f lljwf
b]lvFb}g .
*= dfly plNnlvt s' / fxnfO{
dWogh/ /fvL lgj]bg bfjLsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, slknj:t'n]
cf=j= )^*)^( sf] nflu 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t
ug{ ldlt @)^*.#.! df k|sflzt u/]sf] zLnaGbL
af]nkq cfXjfg;DaGwL ;"rgf x]bf{ lr/O{ gfsf,
;'/fO{ gfsf, /fd3f6 / aubL{3f6 gfsf,
ltnf}/fsf]6 gfsf, lglUnxjf gfsf / jf0fuf,
sf]OnL, sf]kjf gfsfaf6 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf,
ld:s6 / anf}6] df6f]sf] cfGtl/s laqmL;d]tsf]
nflu af]nkq cfXjfg u/L clwstd\ laqmL ug{
;lsg] kl/df0f;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fy}, pQm af]nkqdf jf0fuf gbLsf] /fhdfu{
k'nsf] ! lsnf] dL6/ blIf0fb]lv sf]kjf
uf=lj=;=sf] blIf0fL ;Ldf;Ddsf] If]qdf 9'f,
lu6L, afn'jf pTvgg\ / pTkfbg u/L laqmL
ug{ ;lsg] egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @!* df
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cfgf] If]qleqsf gbL
gfnfsf] afn'jf, lu6L, 9'f, :n]6, df6f], bxQ/,
axQ/ cflb tf]lsPadf]lhd laqmL ug{ ;Sg]5
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf / cGo k|rlnt
sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
sfof{no, slknj:t';d]tn] cfgf] If]qleqsf]
gbL gfnfaf6 pTkflbt 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflbsf]
laqmL Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
;f]cg';f/ 9'f, lu6L;d]tsf] 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t
u/] s f] eGg] 7] S sf;DaGwL ;" r gf;d] t sf
sfuhftaf6 b]lvPsf]n] k'n k'n;
] f;d]t lau|g]
/ eTsg] u/L 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflb pTkfbg
/ laqmL ug{ u}/sfg"gLkdf 7]Ssfdf lbOPsf]
eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg .
(= pko'Q
{ m s'/fsf] cltl/Qm lgj]bsn]
slknj:t' lhNnfsf cf/=Pd=;L= sG6S;g
k|f=ln=, ;DaGw ldg/n k|f8] S6 k|f=ln=, ;Tob]jf
s\lqm6 pBf]u, Go" jf0fuf qm;/ pBf]u n'lDagL
s\ l qm6 pBf] u k| f =ln=;d] t sf #@ j6f
pBf]uxn] cj}wkdf qm;/ pBf]u ;~rfng
u/L 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf OToflbsf] pTvgg\,\
vf]bg / bf]xg u/L ef/t lgsf;L u/L jftfj/0f
k|b"if0f u/]sf] / ;DalGwt lgsfon] /f]s
gnufPsf] egL bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ s'g
pBf]un] s] s'g 7fpFdf s] slt / s:tf] k|sf/n]
s'g k|fs[lts ;|ft] , ;fwgsf] pTvgg\\ / ;ng
u/L slt kl/df0fdf ef/t lgsf;L u/]sf] xf],
;f] / pQm sfo{af6 of], o;/L jftfj/0fLo x|f;
x'g uPsf] 5 egL cfgf] lgj]bgdf :ki6kdf
pNn]v ug{ / pQm s'/f k'li6 x'g] u/L s'g}
k|df0f sfuhft k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} .
!)= o;sf ;fy} lgj]bsn] k]6af]nLdf
plNnlvt rf}w/L /f]8f pBf]u k|f=ln=;d]tsf
#@ j6f pBf]un] cj}wkdf qm;/ pBf]u
;~rfng u/]sf] egL bfjL lnPsf] t/ tL
pBf]uxnfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] b]lvFbg} . o;/L
879

&), sflQs
@)&),
g} s[i0fgu/ / tf}lnxjf gfsfaf6 9'f, lu6L,

afn'jf lgaf{wkdf lgsf;L e}/x]sf] eGg]
lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvP klg tL rLh
j:t'sf] lgsf;L / k}7f/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{
pQm eG;f/ sfof{noxnfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL
agfPsf] b]lvg cfPg . k]6af]nLdf plNnlvt
pBf]ux / eG;f/ sfof{no;d]tsf] sfd
sf/jfxLs} sf/0f jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|g
uPsf] xf] eg] tL pBf]uxnfO{;d]t ljkIfL
agfpg' kg]d
{ f ;f];d]t u/]sf] b]lvPg . pQm
;~rflnt pBf]ux j}w cj}w s] xf] ;f]
;DaGwdf ;d]t ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx
x]bf{ jf0fuf qm;/ pBf]u, ;Tob]j s\lqm6
pBf]u cflb pBf]ux /f]8f, Ans, Xo"d kfOk
cflb pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] { p2] Z on]
sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ eO{ k|df0fkq;d]t kfPsf]
eGg] tL pBf]uxsf] btf{ k|df0fkq;d]tsf
sfuhftaf6 b]lvPsf]n] cj}wkdf ;~rflnt
pBf]uaf6 lgaf{wkdf lu6L, afn'jf cflbsf]
lgsf;L e}/x]sf] eGg] bfjL ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftaf6 ;dly{t x'g cfPg .
!!= lgj] b sn] gf/fo0fk| ; fb
b]jsf]6flj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\
sfof{no;d]t ePsf] pTk|i] f0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]zsf]
sfof{ G jog ug' { k g] { ljkIfL jftfj/0f
dGqfno;d] t sf] bflo j ePsf] d f qm;/
pBf]uxaf6 sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] u/L lgaf{wkdf
9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflb k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf]
bf]xg u/L ef/t lgsf;L u/]/ jftfj/0f
c;Gt'ng ug]{ sfo{ ubf{;d]t ljkIfLx pbf;Lg
/ u}/lhDd]jf/ eO{ a;]sf]n] jftfj/0fLo x|f;
cfPsf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm l/6
lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^&.$.@!
880
df km};nf x'bF f qm;/ pBf]usf] ;~rfng tyf

9'f, lu6L, afn'jfsf] vf]bg, ;ng tyf cf];f/
k;f/ ubf{ o;af6 /fi6sf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf,
ef}uf]lns b[li6n] ;Dj]bgzLn If]qxdf kg]{
gsf/fTds c;/ / /fhdfu{, ;8s tyf k'n
h:tf] /fli6o dxjsf ef}lts ;+/rgfdf x'g
hfg] Ifltsf] lgoGq0f / /f]syfd ug]{ sfo{df
/fHosf] ;DalGwt lgsfo lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{
b] l vPsf] , c;Gt' l nt, clgolGqt /
cJojl:ytkdf 9'f, afn'jf, /f]8f cflbsf]
vf]bg, ;ng / 9'jfgL u/]sf] sf/0f jftfj/0fdf
k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf], s[lifof]Uo hdLg gfl;Fb}
uPsf], kfgLsf] ;|ft] x ;'ss
] f], af9L / klx/f]sf]
k|sf]k a9]sf] / dxjk"0f{ /fhdfu{sf k'nx
efl;g] cj:yfdf k'us
] f] b]lvPsf] eGg];d]tsf
cfwf/df ;femf ;DklQsf] kdf /x]sf k|fs[lts
;|ft] ;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{ jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts"n
k|efj gkfg]{ u/L ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] sfo{df
dfq k|of]u x'gkg]{ x'bF f Public Trust Doctrine
cg';f/ To:tf k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwg g]kfnL
gful/ssf] ;fj{hlgs lxtdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg]
tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg u/L pkof]u ug]{ gLlt to
ug',{ k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] pTvgg\\ k|of]u
cflb ubf{ jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj gkg]{ u/L
;~rfng ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ug' {
eGg];d]tsf @$ a'bF ] lgb]z
{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] b] l vG5 . pQm lgb] { z gfTds
cfb]zadf]lhdsf sfo{ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf
ljkIfL jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm
x]bf{ gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f lgj]bs ePsf]
pTk|i] f0fsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ePsf] lgb]z
{ gfTds
cfb]zadf]lhd ul7t k|fljlws ;ldltn] tof/
u/]sf] k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t eO{
sfof{Gjogsf nflu &% j6} lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt / ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fO{ /f]8f,

9'f / qm;/ pBf]usf] lgodg eO/x]sf] egL
cfgf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm s'/f jftfj/0f dGqfnon] ;a} lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt / ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ldlt
@)^&.!@.& df k7fPsf] /f]8f, lu6L, afn'jf
cflbsf] pTvgg\,\ ;ng, cfGtl/s kl/rfng
Pj+ lgodg;DaGwL kqaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 .
!@= ljkIfL k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{
9'f, lu6L / afn'jfsf] lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf
;DaGwdf dlGq:t/Lo ;ldltn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf
tTsfn ug'{kg]{ sfo{x / lgsf;L;DaGwL
Joj:yfnufotsf cGo ;a} l;kmfl/zx
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt dGqfnodf k7fpg],
pko'Q
{ m l;kmfl/zx sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf
s'g} lljwf pTkGg ePdf k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt
s]Gb|Lo cg'udg ;ldltn] cfjZos lg0f{o u/L
sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg], cfufdL
cfly{ s jif{ b ] l v 9' f, lu6L / afn' j fsf]
7]Ssfkfnufotsf ljifonfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{
cfjZos kg]{ gLltut Pj+ cGo ljifoxdf
Joj:yflksf ;+;b, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg;d]tsf] cfwf/df lj:t[t
sfo{of]hgf agfO{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfnodf k]z ug]{ egL dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
ldlt @)^^.!@.!& sf] a}7sdf lg0f{o ePsf]
egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm s'/f 9'f,
lu6L, afn'jfsf] pTvgg\ tyf lgsf;Laf6
jftfj/0f tyf k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfdf k/]sf] k|lts"n
c;/ Pj+ Iflt;d]tsf ;DaGwdf lj1x
;lDdlnt s]Gb|Lo ljz]if1 ;ldlt, s]Gb|Lo
cg'udg ;ldlt / lhNnf:t/Lo ;dGjo tyf
cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ egL dlGq:t/Lo
;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/z k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog

ug]{ egL dlGqkl/ifbaf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.!& df
lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{non] jftfj/0f dGqfno;d]tnfO{ ldlt
@)^^.!@.!& df n]vs
] f] kqaf6 b]lvg cfPsf]
/ 9'f, lu6L, afn'jfsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrjsf]
;+of]hsTjdf !# ;b:oLo s]Gb|Lo cg'udg
;ldlt / k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/L k|dv
' /x]sf]
!) ;b:oLo lhNnf :t/Lo ;dGjo tyf
cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] tyf tL ;ldltn]
cfcfgf] sfo{If]qleq /xL sfo{ ul//x]sf] eGg]
ldl;n ;+nUg k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{noaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbdf
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf cfb]zsf]
sfof{Gjog k|ult k|ltj]bg @)^*^( ;d]tsf
sfuhftaf6 b]lvFbf 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflb
h:tf k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] lgodg tyf
Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 s'g}
sf/jfxL g} gePsf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
!#= ljkIfLxaf6 jf0fuf gbL Pj+
sf]OnL gbL;d]tsf cf;kf; If]qdf k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f -IEE_ / jftfj/0fLo k|efj
d"Nofg gu/fO{ u}/sfg"gLkdf 9'f, lu6L,
afn'jf pTvgg\ ug{ lbO{ jftfj/0fLo x|f;
lgDTofPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ s'g} k|:tfjsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;f] k|:tfjn]
jftfj/0fdf pNn]vgLo k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ jf
gkfg],{ To:tf] k|efjnfO{ s'g} pkfof/f x6fpg
jf sd ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] ;DaGwdf osLg
ug{ tof/ ul/g] lj:t[t cWoog tyf d"Nofg
;DaGwL k|ltj]bg jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofg
xf] . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf # df
k|:tfjsn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf k|:tfjxsf]
881

&), sflQs
@)&),
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f tyf jftfj/0fLo

k|efj d"Nofg ug'{ kg]5
{ egL pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt gbLvf]nfaf6 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf
cflb pTvgg\ \ / ;+ ng ubf{ k| f /lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f u/] gu/fPsf] ;DaGwdf
x]bf{ jf0fuf, sf]OnL / j]njf gbL vf]nf;d]tsf
!# j6f gbLvf]nfxaf6 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf,
ld:s6 cflb k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f
-IEE_ sf] k|ltj]bg :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ePsf]df
pQm k|ltj]bg ldlt @)^&.!).& sf] lg0f{ofg';f/
:jLs[t ePsf] egL :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon]
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no, slknj:t'nfO{
ldlt @)^&.!).!!df n]vs
] f] kqaf6 b]lvFbf
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f;d]t gu/fO{
lgj]bgdf plNnlvt vf]nfgbLaf6 9'f, lu6L,
afn'jf cflbsf] pTvgg\\ / ;ng u/L u/fO{
ljkIfLxaf6 jftfj/0fLo k|bi" f0f ug]{ sfo{ ePsf]
eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL k'li6 x'g cfPg .
!$=ljkIfLxaf6 sfg"gljk/Lt lu6L,
9'f, afn'jf ljb]z ef/t lgsf;L ug{ lbOPsf]
eGg] lgj] b ssf] syg /x] s f] b] l vG5 .
tt\;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgsf;L k}7f/L
-lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf #-@_ df s'g}
j:t'sf] lgsf;L jf k}7f/Ldf nufPsf] aGb]h
sfod /fvL /fVg cfjZos 5}g eGg] nfu]df
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfO{
;"lrt cfb]zf/f To:tf] aGb]h h'g;'s} avt
x]/km]/ ug{, kl/jt{g ug{ jf x6fpg ;Sg]5
eGg] pNn]v 5 pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] d"Nofglagf
jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ u/L r'/] kxf8
If] q sf] 9' f, lu6L, afn' j f pTvgg\ u/L
clgolGqtkdf ef/t lgsf;L eO{/x]sf]n]
882
To:tf] sfo{nfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg' egL Joj:yflksf

;+;b k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwg ;ldltsf] kqaf6
n]vL cfPsf]n] ;f]cg';f/ ug'{ egL u[x dGqfno,
of]hgf tyf cg'udg zfvf / If]qLo k|zf;g
sfof{no, kf]v/fsf] kqnfO{ p4[t u/L lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, slknj:t'n] lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltsf] sfof{no, slknj:t'nfO{ n]v]sf]
kqfg';f/ s]xL ;do 9'f, lu6L afn'jfsf] ef/t
lgsf;Ldf aGb]h nufOPsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/af6
ul7t lhNnf cg'udg tyf ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf qm;/ pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg x'g]
dfnj:t' -lu6L, 9'f / afn'jf;d]t_ df
b] x foadf] l hd x' g ] u/L g] k fn ;/sf/
-pkk|wfgdGqL :t/_ af6 ldlt @)^&.!@.@$
df lg0f{o ePsf]n] b]xfoadf]lhd sfof{Gjog
x'g cg'/f]w ul/G5 egL b]xfo ! df k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd btf{ ePsf Pj+ gjLs/0f ePsf
pBf]u, @ df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd s/ r'Qmf
k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf pBf]u, b]xfo # df k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f
-Initial Environmental Examination_ / jftfj/0fLo
k| e fj d" N ofg - Environmental Impact
Assessment_ u/fO{ ;f]sf] kfng u/]sf pBf]u,
$ df lgsf;L ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu pTklQsf]
k|df0fkq -Certificate of Origin_ k|fKt u/]sf pBf]u
/ b]xfo % df v08 ! b]lv # ;Ddsf] k|lqmof
k"/f u/]sf pBf]un] cfgf] pBf]udf df}Hbft
/x] s f] :6s ;DalGwt lhNnf cg' u dg
;ldltaf6 k|df0fLs/0f u/fO{ ;f]sf] cfwf/df
lgsf;L cg'dlt k|fKt ug'k{ g]{ egL jfl0fHo
tyf cfk" l t{ dGqfnon] eG;f/ ljefu,
lqk'/Z] j/nfO{ ldlt @)^&.!@.@$ df n]vs
] f]
lgsf;Ldf nfu]sf] 9'f, lu6L, afn'jfdf nfu]sf]
k|ltaGw km's'jf;DaGwL kqaf6 b]lvPsf]n]
kof{j/0f ;Gt'ngsf] nflu pBf]uxsf] lgodg

/ cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 e}/x]sf]
/ sfg"gljk/Lt 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf lgsf;L ug{
lbOPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPg .
!%= t;y{, dfly plNnlvt cfwf/
a'bF faf6 ;+ljwfg / k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ;Ldfleq
/xL /fHo ;+oGq / ;Da4 ;a} lgsfon] cf
cfgf] sfo{If]qleq /xL k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf]
Joj:yfkg, pkef]u / ;~rfng u/L l;d;f/
If]q / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ljZj;Dkbf
;"rLdf k/]sf :yn Pj+ cGt/f{li6o dxjsf
wfld{s Pj+ ko{6sLo dxjsf :ynxsf]
;+/If0f, tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f /
k|bi" f0f/lxt jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L jftfj/0f
;Gt'ng sfod ug'k{ g]d
{ f b'Od
{ t x'g ;Sb}g .
tyflk k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cg';f/
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cfgf] If]qleqsf
gbLgfnfsf] afn' j f, lu6L, 9' f cflb
tf]lsPadf]lhd laqmL ug{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf], pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
slknj:t'n] pTvgg\ ug{ ;lsg] If]q, ;Ldf /
laqmL ug{ ;lsg] 9' f, lu6L, afn' j fsf]
kl/df0f;d]t pNn]v u/L af]nkq cfx\jfg u/]sf]
b]lvPsf], l/6 lgj]bgdf plNnlvt Go"jf0fuf
qm;/ pBf]u;d]tsf s'gs'g pBf]un] s] slt
kl/df0fdf 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflbsf] pTvgg\,
;ng / lgsf;L u/]sf] xf] / pQm sfo{n] s]
s;/L jftfj/0fLo x|f; x'g k'us
] f] xf] ;f] k'li6
x'g] s'g} k|df0f k]z ug{ lgj]bsn] ;s]sf]
gb]lvg'sf] ;fy} ;f] pBf]uxnfO{ ljkIfL;d]t
agfOPsf] cj:yf b]lvPg . gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f
lgj] b s ePsf] l/6 lgj] b gdf ePsf]
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zfg';f/ /f]8f, 9'f, lu6L
cflbsf] pTvgg\, ;ng, cfGtl/s kl/rfng

Pj+ lgodg e}/x]sf] eGg] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftxaf6 b]lvG5 . 9'f, lu6L afn'jfsf]
lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo cg'udg
;ldlt / lhNnf:t/Lo cg'udg tyf ;dGjo
;ldlt u7g eO{ tL ;ldltn] lgoldtkdf
cg'udg ul//x]sf] ;d]taf6 / l/6 lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt jf0fuf, sf]OnL, a]njf;d]tsf !#
j6f gbLvf]nfaf6 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflbsf]
pTvgg\ , ;ng / laqmL ug{ k| f /lDes
jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg :jLs[t ePsf]
b]lvPsf] Pj+ s] s:tf qm;/ pBf]un] s] s:tf]
k|lqmof k"/f u/L 9'f, lu6L, afn'jf cflbsf]
lgsf;L ug{ ;Sg] egL g]kfn ;/sf/n] :ki6
zt{ tf]sL ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;DalGwt
lgsfodf n]vL k7fPsf] b]lvPsf], lgj]bgdf
plNnlvt pBf]ux cj}wkdf ;~rfng
ePsf eGg] gb]lvPsf] / sfg"gsf] ;Ldfleq
/xL lgj]bgdf plNnlvt pBf]uxn] cfgf
ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] / ;f] gu/]df
;/sf/af6 lgoGq0f / lgodg x'g ;Sg] g} x'bF f
xfn lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ljkIfLxsf]
sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] xs lxtdf cf3ft
k'us
] f] gb]lvPsf]n] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug{ ldn]g . l/6 lgj]bg x'g] 7x5{ . ;f] 7x/]sf]n]
o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.@.@* df hf/L
ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t :jtM lgis[o ePsf]n]
k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn h]7 !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ ==
Ohnf; clws[tMaf;'bj] kf}8n
]
883

&), sflQs
@)&),
lgj]bs M dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu dlxnf, Psn

dlxnf ;d"x / cfgf] xsdf;d]t
sf7df8f} lhNnf sf=d=g=kf j8f g+=
$ ljzfngu/ a:g] ;+:yfks cWoIf
lnnL yfkf;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfL M g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f};
+ d]t
:ki6 cfefifsf] dx;"; x'g] cj:yf

gb]lvg] .
k|fT] ;flxt /sd Psn dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx
ug{ afWo kf/L lbOg] /sd gePsf]
ljjfx ug{ OR5's Psn dlxnfn] ljjfx
u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq kfpg] egL
ePsf]n] ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg]
clwsf/df k|ToIf cltqmd0f ePsf]
gb]lvPklg To:tf Psn dlxnfsf]
;zlQms/0f ug]{ bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd
gNofO{ Psn dlxnf ljjfx ug]{
hf]8LnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ elgPsf] /sd
ljt/0f ug] { elgPsf] sfo{ q md
sfof{Gjogdf g} gcfO{ cfly{s jif{
JotLt eO;s]sf] / To;kl5sf cfly{s
jif{ x df o:tf] sfo{ q mdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf;d]t k|bfg gul/Psf] x'bF f
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf g} gcfO{
cl:tj g} ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf
l/6 hf/L ug's
{ f] s'g} cy{ g/xg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
g] k fn ;/sf/f/f cfly{ s jif{

@)^^.)^& sf] ah]6 sfo{qmddfkm{t\
NofOPsf] Psn dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{
hf]8LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] elgPsf] /sd
lbg] gLltn] dlxnfnfO{ k"0f{ cfTdlge{/
agfpg ;Sg] cj:yf /xGg . To:tf
Psn dlxnfxnfO{ lzIff, /f]huf/L
/ cGo cj;/xdf kx'r
F j[l4 ug]{
j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ / sfo{qmdx
Nofpgsf ;fy;fy} o:tf k|fT] ;fxg
lbg ;Sg]tkm{ ;/sf/sf] ;f]r /x]sf]
eGg] ePklg To;sf] k|lta4tf;d]tsf]
lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf k|sfzd0fL

zdf{
ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh
;'jb] L
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M
cfb]z
Gof= sNof0f >]i7 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / wf/f !)& -!_ /
-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / cfb]z o; k|sf/
5 M
lg0f{o g+= ()#!

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
cfb]z ldlt M @)^(.(.!(.%
l/6 g+= M @)^^WO)#)!
ljifo M pTk|i] f0f k/dfb]z .
884
()#! lnnL yfkf;d] t lj=k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o ;d] t
dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu dlxnf, Psn

dlxnf ;d"x Psn dlxnfsf d'2f phfu/ ug]{
k|lta4 ;+:yf xf] . >Ldfg\ ljt]sf Psn dlxnf,
kf/kfr's] ePsf Psn dlxnf, #% jif{ pd]/
k"/f eO{ ljjfx gu/L a;]sf dlxnf tyf >Ldfg\
x/fPsf dlxnfxnfO{ o; ;+:yfn] Psn
dlxnfsf] kl/lwleq /fv]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L >Ldfg\
ljt]sf Psn dlxnfxsf] ljifodf sfo{ ub}{
cfPsf] o; ;+:yfn] Psn dlxnfxsf ljifonfO{
/fli6okdf dfq gp7fO{ cGt/f{li6o :t/df
klg ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] kdf p7fO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf >Ldfg\sf] d[To';Fu}
Psn dlxnfxn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts
tyf wfld{skdf cg]s ;d:of / sl7gfO{af6
lhGbuL u'hfg'{ kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] / k/Dk/fut
d" N o / unt dfGotfsf sf/0f Psn
dlxnfxsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/
tyf ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/af6;d]t
al~rt x'g'kg]{ afWotfsf] sf/0f ;du|df
pgLxsf] dfgjclwsf/ g} s'l07t x'g k'us
] f]
5 . ljZjJofkLkdf dlxnfxsf] kl/l:yltdf
;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPklg Psn dlxnfsf]
hLjgdf cfh;Dd klg cfd"nkl/jt{g cfpg
;s]sf] 5}g / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn]
pgLx w]/} kl5 k/]sf] s'/f xfdL ;a}n] cg'el" t
ul//x]sf 5f}+ . h;sf] sf/0f Psn dlxnfxk|lt
of}g zf]if0f, 3/]n' lx+;f / a]rlavg h:tf sfo{
x'g'sf ;fy} ltgLxsf] afnaflnsf;d]t
;fdflhs Gofoaf6 al~rt x'g k'us
] f b'Mvb
tyf kL8fbfoL 36gfx 36\g] qmd cfhklg
oyfjt\ g} 5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf Psn dlxnfxn] ef]Ug'
kl//x]sf] ;d:of klxrfg u/L pgLxnfO{
;zlQms/0f ug]{ tyf pgLxsf afnaflnsfnfO{
plrt ;+/If0f / lzIff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmd

Nofpg' kg]d
{ f ;f] gu/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s
jif{ @)^^.)^& sf] ah]6sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f /
;dfj]zL sfo{qmd zLif{scGtu{t a'bF f g+= ^#
dfkm{t\ Psn -ljwjf_ nfO{ ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{
=%),))). k|fT] ;fxg:jk k|bfg ug]{ eGg]
lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs u/]af6 dlxnfsf] :jtGq
cl:t j, cfTdlg0f{o Pj+ cfTd;Ddfgsf]
clwsf/ljk/Lt ljjfx g} Psn dlxnfxn]
ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] ;a}vfnsf ;d:ofxsf] Psdfq
;dfwfg xf] eGg] cfTdlgi7 lkt[;QfTds
;f]r
+ cg'ksf] lg0f{o u/]af6 Psn dlxnf Pj+
ltgsf afnaflnsfxn] a9L c;'/lIft / PSnf]
dx;"; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg
kfpg] k|To]s JolQmsf] df}lns clwsf/ ePsf]
/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!@-!_ df :jtGqtfsf] xscGtu{t k|To]s
JolQmsf] ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns
xssf] kdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)^^.)^& sf] ah]6df
Psn dlxnf -ljwjf_ ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{
=%),))). k|fT] ;fxg:jk k|bfg ug]{ eGg]
lg0f{on] dlxnfnfO{ j:t'sf] kdf dfkg u/L,
v/Lb d"No tf]sL, qmolaqmo j:t'sf] kdf
k|:t't u/L dlxnfsf] ;Ddfgk"js
{ Pj+ :jtGq
cl:tj;lxt afFRg kfpg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !@ f/f ;+/lIft clwsf/dfly k|ToIf
cltqmd0f u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#
-#_ n] dlxnfxk|lt ;dfhdf ePsf] lje]b,
lx+;faf6 ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, z}lIfs,
:jf:Yo If]qdf k5fl8 /x]sf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/
ub}{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] sfo{qmdsf] dfWodf/f
tL lje]bsf] b"/Lsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnfxnfO{
885

&), sflQs
@)&),
;Ifd / ;an agfpg] ;+j}wflgs bfloj

/fHonfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;dfhdf ljBdfg ljleGg lje]bsf] cGTosf
nflu To:tf ljleGg sfo{qmdx Nofpg' kg]d
{ f
To:tf s'g} sfo{qmd Nofpg] bfloj lgjf{x
gu/L Psn dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{ k'?ifnfO{
cfly{s nfe k|bfg ug]{ cyf{t\ ;/sf/L bfOhf]sf]
nf]e b]vfP/ ljjfx ug{ nufpg] / To;}af6
Psn dlxnfsf] ljsf; x'G5 eGg] ;f]+r u/L
ul/Psf] lg0f{o xr'jf Pj+ :j]R5frf/L dfq
geO{ ;+j}wflgs bfloj;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{
ab/efuL /x]sf] 5 . oxL ;Gbe{df ;Ddflgt
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] l/gf ah|frfo{lj?4 zfxL
g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf] d'2fdf k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+ z sf] Joj:yf aGb] h gfTds geO{
;sf/fTds k|s[ltsf] dlxnfxsf] ljsf; /
;+/If0f ug{sf nflu sfg"gf/f cltl/Qm yk
Joj:yf xf] . of] Joj:yf ;fdfGo ;dfgtfsf]
Joj:yfsf] ckjfbfTds Joj:yf xf] .
dlxnfpk/ c;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ 5"6 lbg]
Joj:yf xf] O g egL JofVof u/] s f] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%-(_ n] Psn dlxnfsf]
;+/If0f / pGgltsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ ;+jw} flgs bfloj /fHonfO{
;'lDkPsf] 5 . t/ ;/sf/L lg0f{o ;+j}wflgs
bflojljk/Lt tyf Psn dlxnfsf] pGgltsf]
cj/f]w Pj+ k/cfl>t agfpg] dfu{df n}hfg]
/ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ljk/Lt;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
dlxnfpk/ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj
pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw -CEDAW_ sf] wf/f
! df dlxnflj?4 e]befj eGgfn] dlxnfn]
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts,
gful/s jf c? s'g} ljifo;DaGwL dfgjclwsf/
tyf :jtGqtfnfO{ cfg} j}jflxs l:ylt h]
886
h:tf] /x]ePtfklg k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;dfgtfsf]

cfwf/df pkef]u ug{df k|of]u ug{df Jojwfg
kfg]{ jf To;sf] dfGotfnfO{ g} Iflt jf z"Gos/0f
kfg]{ p2]Zo ePsf] lnsf] cfwf/df x'g] s'g}
klg e]befj jf alxisf/ jf k|ltaGw ;Demg'
k5{ egL k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . t/ lkt[;QfTds
;f]r
+ /x]sf] xfd|f] h:tf] d'ns
' df o; ah]6df
ePsf] Psn dlxnfk|ltsf] k|fjwfgn] k'gM xfd|f]
gLlt lgdf{0f txdf lkt[;QfTds ;f]r
+ JofKt
/x]sf] k|i6 x'g hfG5 .
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL
3f]if0ffkq, !($* n] e]befjsf] cdfGotfsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] tyf ;a} dfgj
:jtGqkdf Pj+ ;dfg xs / dof{bfdf hGd]sf
x'G5g\ tyf k|To]snfO{ To;df plNnlvt xs
tyf :jtGqtfx lnsf] cfwf/df x' g ]
e]befjnufot s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befjlagf
k"0f{kdf pkef]u ug{ kfpmF5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
cfTd;ft\ ub}{ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o
;lGwkqxdf /fHokIfsf ;a} k'?if / dlxnfnfO{
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts gful/s Pj+
/fhgLlts clwsf/x ;dfgkn] ef]u ug{
kfpg] clwsf/ pknAw u/fpg] bfloTj 5
eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . Psn
dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]n
{ fO{ k|fT] ;fxg:jk =
%),))). lbg] lg0f{on] Psn dlxnfsf] efjgf
/ :jfledfgnfO{ ckdfg dfq u/]sf] 5}g ls
Psn dlxnfsf afnaflnsfxsf] afnclwsf/
xgg\sf] ;fy} pgLx zf]if0fsf] lzsf/ x'g
;Sg] af6f] vf]nL bfOhf] k|yfnfO{;d]t dfGotf
lbg vf]lhPsf]n] of] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfljk/Lt
5 . o;} ;Gbe{df clwjQmf ld/f 9'fgflj?4
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno;d]t
ePsf] d'2fdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] ljz]if
()#! dlxnf, Psn dlxnf ;d" x lj=k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o ;d] t
Ohnf;af6 g]=sf=k= @)%* sf] lg=g+= %% df

dlxnf klg dfgj x'g\ . dfgj ePsf gftfn]
dfgjn] k|fKt ug]{ ;a} xs clwsf/x dfgj
/x'~h]n;Dd dlxnfnfO{ klg k|fKt x'g] x'G5g\ .
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf]
wf/f ! n] dflg;nfO{ cfTd;Ddfg;fy afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . To:t}
dfgj kl/jf/sf] ;a} ;b:ox sfg"g;dIf
;dfg x'g] / lagfe]befj ;a} sfg"gsf] ;+/If0fsf]
xsbf/ x'G5g\ . wf/f $ df s;}sf] bf;j
:jLsf/ gul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . gful/s
tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o
k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f ! n] ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{
cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ x'g5
] eGb} wf/f *-!_
df s;}nfO{ klg bf;jdf g/flvg] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . cfTd;Ddfg, cfTdlg0f{o / :jtGq
cl:tjsf oL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg]
x'G5g\ eGg] l;4fGt kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .
ljwjf dlxnf ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{
cfly{s nfe lbO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] lg0f{on]
ljwjf dlxnfxsf] dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ dlxnfxs}
cfTd;Ddfg, cfTdlg0f{o / :jtGq cl:tjsf]
clwsf/ljk/Lt x'bF f ab/efuL 5 . ;fdflhs
Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf % n] bfOhf]df
k|ltaGw nufO{ b; xhf/eGbf a9L /sd
lbg]lng]nfO{ b; xhf/ k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf
kGw| lbg;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]
Joj:yf u/L ljjfxdf cfly{s n]gb]gnfO{ s8fO{sf
;fy aGb]h nufPsf] 5 . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
o; P]gsf] :ki6 k|fjwfgljk/Lt Psn dlxnf
ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ =%),))). lbg] u}/sfg"gL
lg0f{oaf6 sfg"gL zf;gsf] :ki6 pkxf; ePsf]
5 . o;} ;Gbe{ d f clwjQmf rGb| s fGt
1jfnL;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{no;d]t ePsf] @)^) ;fnsf] l/=g+= ##$@

sf] d'2fdf JofVof ePsf] 5 .
g] k fn ;/sf/sf] ljjflbt lg0f{ o
ljjfxaf6 Psn dlxnfnfO{ Pp6f k'?ifsf] lhDdf
nufO{ To;af6 pgsf] hLjgnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg
x'G5 eGg] cfTdlgi7 lg0f{o xf] . ljleGg cWoog
cg';Gwfgaf6 dlxnf cfh ;j{k|yd 3/df
c;'/lIft ePsf], a9L lx+;f / zf]if0f 3/df
eO/x]sf] / To;sf] sf/s tj >Ldfg\x ePsf]
/ ;f]xL lx+;f / zf]if0faf6 afFRg ;DaGw ljR5]bsf]
sfg"gL pkfosf] dlxnff/f pkof]u ug]s
{ f] ;+Vof
cTolwskdf a9\b} uPsf], dlxnfxk|lt 3/df
a9\b} uPsf] lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljwflosfn]
xfn} 3/]n' lx+;f P]g,@)^^ NofO{ u/]sf h:tf
j:t'lgi7 tYonfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ lkt[;QfTds
;f]r
+ af6 ul/Psf] cfTdlgi7 lg0f{o g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ tyf ;fdflhs
Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g, @)##;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 .
dfgj clwsf/sf nflu dlxnf, Psn
dlxnf ;d"xn] o; lg0f{onfO{ lkmtf{ lng
af/Daf/ cg'/f]w ubf{ lkmtf{ glng] u}/
lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ hjfkm lbPsf] x'Fbf cGo s'g}
j} s lNks pkrf/sf] af6f] gx' F b f Psn
dlxnfxsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@, !#,@) f/f
;+/lIft clwsf/sf] k|rngsf nflu wf/f #@
cg'k ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] z/0fdf
cfpg afWo ePsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bg ub{5f}+ .
ctM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @)^^.)^& sf] ah]6
jQmJodfkm{ t \ ;fj{ h lgs ul/Psf] lg0f{ o
cfTdlgi7 xr'jf Pj+ :j]R5frf/L /x]sf] :ki6
x'Fbf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&
-@_ tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtx;d]tsf cfwf/df Psn dlxnfxsf]
887

&), sflQs
@)&),
cfTd;Ddfg, :jtGq klxrfg tyf

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L k"0f{
Gofo k|bfg ug]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloj lgjf{x ug{
Psn dlxnf ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ cfly{s
nfe k|bfg ug]{ egL ul/Psf] cfTdlgi7 Pj+
:j]R5frf/L lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
u/L Psn dlxnfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug] {
;DaGwdf pgLxnfO{ Jofj;flos tflnd
lagflwtf] shf{k|jfx, /f]huf/Ldf k|fyldstf
Pj+ cf/If0f, pgLxsf afnaflnsfnfO{
lgMz'Ns 5fqj[lQ Pj+ lzIff k|bfg ug]n
{ ufotsf
sfo{ q md NofO{ ;+ l jwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_
cg'ksf] ;+jw} flgs bfloj lgjf{x ug'{ u/fpg'
eGg] ljkIfL cy{ dGqfnosf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tsf] l/6
lgj]bgkq .
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{
xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf]
Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg'
egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ Dofbleq lnlvt
hjfkm cfP jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{
eGg];d]tsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.^.@&
sf] cfb]z .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)^^.)^& sf]
jh]6 jQmJodfkm{t\ Psn dlxnf -ljwjf_ nfO{
ljjfx ug] { hf] 8 LnfO{ =%),))).
k|f]T;fxg:jk k|bfg ug]{ eGg] ;dfj]zL
sfo{qmd Psn dlxnfxsf] :jtGqtfk"j{s
afFRg kfpg], cfTd lg0f{o Pj+ cfTd;Ddfgsf]
clwsf/cGtu{t ljjfx ug{ rfx]df To:tf]
ljjfxnfO{ ;dfhn] ;Ddfg u/f];\ eGg] p2]Zon]
NofOPsf] sfo{qmd xf] . ljwjfxnfO{ /f]huf/L
/ cGo cj;/xdf kx'r
F j[l4 ug{ / eljiodf
eQf ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ljwjfxsf]

tYof ;+sng ul/g] sfo{qmd;d]t ;/sf/n]
lnPsf] 5 . ctM ;/sf/n] ljwjfxsf]
;fdflhs hLjg ;Ddfghgs / ;xh xf];\
eGg] s'/fdf ;hu /xL u/]sf] Joj:yfn]
dlxnfsf] s'g} klg xs clwsf/df cf3ft
gk/]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]tsf] cy{
dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx
ug]{ k|rng klg ePsf] / ;fg}df ljjfx ubf{
sltko ;fg} pd]/df ljwjf x'g k'u]sfxn]
ef]Ug' k/]sf] kL8fk|lt ;/sf/ ;+j]bgzLn 5 .
ljwjf ljjfx xfd|f] ;dfhdf gf}nf] xf]Og, ljwjf
ljjfx sfg"gf/f j}w 5 eg] ljwjfxn] k'gM
ljjfx u/]sf 36gfx klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ .
o; kl/k|]Iodf /fHosf] bfloj ljwjf;Fu
ul/Psf] ljjfxnfO{ ;dfhdf ;Ddfghgs
kdf lnOg] cj:yf xf];\ / To:tf] bDklQn]
hLjg ofkg ug{df ;xhtf k'uf];\ eGg' xf] .
o;sf] cltl/Qm o; ;DaGwdf ;dfhdf
hgr]tgf hufpg' / s'g} g s'g} sfo{qmddfkm{t\
/fHof/f ;Daf]wg ug'{ klg xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cf=j= @)^^.)^& sf] jh]6 jQmJodfkm{t\ Psn
dlxnf -ljwjf_ nfO{ ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ =
%),))). k|f]T;fxg:jk k|bfg ug]{ eGg]
;dfj] z L sfo{ q md Psn dlxnfxsf]
:jtGqtfk"j{s afFRg kfpg], cfTd lg0f{o Pj+
cfTd ;Ddfgsf] clwsf/cGtu{t ljjfx ug{
rfx]df To:tf] ljjfxnfO{ ;dfhn] ;Ddfg u/f];\
eGg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/f/f pQm sfo{qmd
NofOPsf] xf] . ljwjfxnfO{ /f]huf/L / cGo
cj;/xdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ / eljiodf eQf
;'ljwf k''g/fjnf]sg ug{ ljwjfxsf] tYof
;+sng ul/g] p2]Zo;d]t ;/sf/n] lnPsf]
888
5 . ctM ;/sf/n] ljwjfxsf] ;fdflhs

hLjg ;Ddfghgs / ;xh xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf
;hu /xL u/]sf] Joj:yfn] dlxnfsf] s'g} klg
clwsf/ cf3ft gk/]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo cy{dGqL ;'/]Gb|
kf08]sf] lnlvthjfkm .
dfggLo cy{dGqLHo"n] cfly{s jif{
@)^^.)^& sf] nflu Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf
lbg' ePsf] ah]6 jStJosf] a'Fbf g+ ^# dfkm{t\
k|f]T;fxg:jk ljwjf ljjfx ug]{ k|To]s
hf]8LnfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf ljjfx
btf{ u/]sf] #) lbgleq =%) xhf/ pknAw
u/fOg] / ljwjfxnfO{ /f]huf/L / cGo
cj;/xdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ eljiodf eQf
;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ljwjfxsf] tYof
;+sng ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 .
ljjfxkZrft\ k'?if u'dfPsf Psn dlxnfn]
vf; u/L ;fdflhskdf ckx] l nt
x'gk' l//x]sf] sf/0fn] dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+/If0fsf] vflt/ g} ;sf/fTds lje]b -Positive
Discrimination_ :jk pQm Joj:yf ul/Psf]
xf] . dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu
ljz]if ;'ljwf lbO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b lbg'
/fHosf] 3f]lift gLlt g} xf] . ljkIfL lgj]bsn]
bfjL lng' ePsf] pQm Joj:yf s]jn ljjfx
ug{ OR5's Psn dlxnfsf xsdf dfq nfu"
x' g ] ePsf] n ] ljjfx ug{ grfxg] Psn
dlxnfnfO{ cfgf] OR5fcg';f/ :jtGqtfk"j{s
hLjg Joltt ug{ / ljjfx ug] { Psn
dlxnfnfO{;d]t ljjfxkZrft\ :jtGqtfk"j{s
cfgf] cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ub}{
dof{lbt hLjg afFRgsf nflu pQm Joj:yfn]
s'g} lsl;dsf] aGb]h, k|ltaGw gnufPsf]
x'Fbf ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/dfly
cltqmd0f u/]sf] dfGg gldNg] ePsf]n] l/6

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb sfof{ n osf]
lnlvthjfkm .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)^^.)^&
sf] ah]6sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f / ;dfj]zL sfo{qmd
zLif{s cGtu{t a'bF f g+=^# dfkm{t\ Psn dlxnfnfO{
ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ =%),))). k|fT] ;fxg:jk
k|bfg ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ;fj{hlgs u/]af6
dlxnfsf] :jtGq cl:tj, cfTdlg0f{o Pj+
cfTd;Ddfgsf] clwsf/ljk/Lt ljjfx g} Psn
dlxnfxn] ef] U g' kl//x] s f] ;a} v fnsf
;d:ofxsf] Psdfq ;dfwfg xf] eGg]
cfTdlgi7 lkt[;QfTds ;f]r
+ cg'ksf] lg0f{o
u/]af6 xfdL lgj]bsx dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu
dlxnf, Psn dlxnf ;d"x, hglxt ;+/If0f
d~r tyf Psn dlxnfxn] pQm lg0f{o ab/
u/L Psn dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0fsf ljleGg
sfo{qmdxdf pQm ah]6 vr{ ug]{ Joj:yf
u/L Psn dlxnfxsf] :jtGq cl:tj,
cfTdlg0f{o Pj+ cfTd;Ddfgsf] clwsf/sf]
;Ddfg ug{ cfjZos cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm
egL ldlt @)^^.^.@^ df l/6 lgj]bg btf{
u/]sf] / ldlt @)^^.^.@& cu|flwsf/;lxtsf]
sf/0f b]vfpm cfb]z hf/L eO{ ljrf/fwLg
cj:yfdf /x]sf] o; ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfgf] pQm :j] R 5frf/L PstkmL{ lg0f{ o
sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]l{ zsf tof/ u/L nfu"
ug{ yfn]sf] x'gfn] lgj]bsxf/f bfo/ u/]sf]
l/6 lgj]bg lg/y{s / lgik|of]hg x'g] x'gfn]
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod $!-!_
adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpFm
eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf] l/6 lgj] b sxsf]
lgj]bgkq .
889

&), sflQs
@)&),
ljjfx eg]sf] -;dlnLafx]s_ @) jif{

k"/f u/]sf @ ;faflnu dlxnf / k'?ifaLr
Pscfk;df cfTdldngsf] kljq aGwgdf afFlwg]
;fdflhs efjgfTds Pj+ sfg"gL sfo{ xf] .
ljjfxdf kmsfpg], em'Sofpg], km;fpg] /
k|nf]egdf kfg]{ sfo{sf] s'g} :yfg x'bF g} . To:tf]
ljjfx hlxn] klg u}/sfg"gL dfGg k5{ . k|:t't
lgj]bgdf Psn dlxnf -ljwjf_ ljjfxnfO{
k|fT] ;fxg ug{ = %),))). lbg] eGg] ;/sf/L
gLlt /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
pQm ;Gbe{ d f g] k fnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] !#-#_ / wf/f % sf] -*_,
-(_ x]g{' kg]{ x'G5 . wf/f !# -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+zn] dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf]
nflu ;/sf/n] sfg"g agfO{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;S5 . o;}n] wf/f #% sf] pkwf/f * n] dlxnf
ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljz]if
Joj:yf ug{ ;S5 . P]= pkwf/f ( cg';f/
/fHon] Psn dlxnfsf] pGgltsf] nflu ;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag
ug{ ;S5 . ljwjf dlxnfnfO{ csf]{ ljjfx ug{
= %),))). lbg] sfo{n] dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0f
jf ljsf; gx'g ;S5 . o;}u/L ljwjf dlxnfnfO{
ljjfx u/]afkt lbOg] =%),))). nfO{
;fdflhs ;'/Iff -Social Security_ klg eGg
ldNg] b]lvFbg} .
o; cbfntn] ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/
P]g s8fO{sf ;fy nfu" u/L bfOhf] k|yf pGd"ng
ug{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfsf]
;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] CEDAW cg'df]bg u/]sf]
5 . oL ;a}n] dlxnfxnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug{
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt k|:tfljt Psn
dlxnf -ljwjf_ ljjfxdf = %),))). lbg]
890
;/sf/L lg0f{ o n] dlxnfnfO{ cfTdlge{ /

-Independent_ agfpg'sf] ;f k'?ifk|lt cfl>t
-Dependent_ agfpg ;Sg] / ljjfx ubf{ s'g}
Consideration x'g gx'g]df / ljjfx h:tf]
kfl/jfl/s Pj+ ;fdflhs kljq k|yfn] state
sponsored dowry -;/sf/L bfOhf]_ sf] k lng
;Sg] x'bF f l/=g+= )#)! sf] clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Dd
k|:tfljt lgb]l{ zsf nfu" ug]n
{ ufot s'g} klg
sfo{ gu/L ;f] ;DaGwdf cfhsf ldltaf6 ;a}
sfd oyfl:ylt -Status quo_ df /fVg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf of] cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb] z sf] hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{
lbO{ lgodfg' ; f/ ug' { eGg] ; d] t sf] o;
cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!).% sf] cfb]z .
l/6 g+= (!& sf] pTk|i] f0f;d]tsf] l/6
lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^$.(.^ df ;Ddflgt ;jf]R{ r
cbfntaf6 cGtl/d cfb]z x'bF f ;dlnL, t];f| ]
lnL ljjfxsf] sfg"gL dfGotfsf] ;DaGwdf
cWoog u/L g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k|ltj]bg k]z
ug] { u /L ;Ddflgt ;jf] { R r cbftnsf]
cfb]zadf]lhd ;dlnL tyf t];f| ] lnL ljjfxsf]
;DaGwdf ;ldlt u7g eO{ xfn ;f] ;ldltn]
cfgf] sfd;d]t cufl8 a9fO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf
k|:t't cfb]zdf ePsf] ;fdfGo q'l6n] ;f]
;ldltsf] sfo{df ;d]t uDeL/ c;/ kg{ ;Sg]
ePsf], of}lgs tyf n}ls cNk;+Vosxsf]
xslxtdf ;d]t c;/ kg{ hfg] ePsf] tyf
;Ddflgt ;=c=sf] o;cl3sf] clGtd cfb]z
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g hfg] ePsf]n] pQm cGtl/d
cfb]zdf plNnlvt ;dlnLafx]s tyf
dlxnf / k'?if eGg] zAbx ;jf]R{ r cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod &! adf]lhd
x6fO{ ;f] cGtl/d cfb]zdf ;+zf]wg u/L kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^^.!).!! sf]

lgj]bgkq .
k| : t' t lgj] b g dfuadf] l hd pQm
cfb]zdf ;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod &! -#_ adf]lhd ;dlnLafx]s eGg]
zAbx pQm lg=g+= )!$% sf] ;DaGwdf
c;fGble{s b]lvg cfPsf]n] x6fO{lbPsf] 5 .
k|:t't cfb]znfO{ pQm FN)$% df @)^^.!).%
df ePsf] cfb]zsf] cleGg c dfgL lgodfg';f/
ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.!).!$ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L k| s fzd0fL zdf{ n ] Psn
dlxnfx ;fdflhs Gofoaf6 al~rt
eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf tL dlxnfxsf] ;d:of
klxrfg u/L ;zlQms/0f ug]{ tyf pgLxsf
afnaflnsfx ;d]tnfO{ plrt ;+/If0f /
lzIff k| b fg ug] { bL3{ s fnLg sfo{ q md
Nofpg'kg]{df g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf Psn
dlxnfsf] cfTd;Ddfgdf c;/ kfg]{ u/L Psn
dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ krf; xhf/
k|f]T;fxg :jk k|bfg ug]{ egL cfly{s jif{
@)^^.)^& sf] jh]6dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs u/]sf]
lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L Psn
dlxnfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{ cfwf/e"t sfo{qmd
Nofpg cy{ dGqfnosf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf]
cfb] z hf/L ul/kfpF m egL ax; k| : t' t
ug'e
{ of] . ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno;d]tsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh
;'j]bLn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)^^.)^& sf]
jh]6df Psn dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{
=%),))). k| f ] T ;fxg:jk k| b fg ug] {
sfo{qmd NofOPsf]df ;f] /sd To; cfly{s

jif{df sfof{Gjog gePsf] / kl5Nnf] jif{xdf
;f] sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/tf gkfPsf] e} To;sf]
cl:tj g} ;dfKt eO;s]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; lhsL/ k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
o;/L lgj] b sx / ljkIfLxsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;'gL k'g/fj]bgkq
;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhftx cWoog u/L x]bf{
lgj]bsxsf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{
xf] xf]Og lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{ b]lvof] .
@= lg0f{ o tkm{ ljrf/ubf{ g] k fn
;/sf/n] cfly{ s jif{ @)^^.)^& sf]
ah]6dfkm{t\ Psn dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{
hf]8LnfO{ =%),))). k|f]T;fxg:jk k|bfg
ug]{ lg0f{oaf6 dlxnfsf] :jtGq cl:tTj,
cfTdlg0f{o / cfTd;Ddfgsf] clwsf/ljk/Lt
eO{ Psn dlxnfsf] efjgf / :jfledfgsf]
ckdfg x' g ' s f ;fy} sfg" g L zf;gsf]
pkxf;;d]t ePsf]n] Psn dlxnf e} ljjfx
ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|f]T;fxg:jk
k|bfg ug]{ elgPsf] ;f] lg0f{o ab/ u/L
kfpg d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvthjfkm x]bf{ Psn dlxnf
ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ ;dfhn] ;Ddfg u/f];\
/ Psn dlxnfxsf] ;fdflhs hLjg
;Ddfghgs / ;xh xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf ;hu
/xL k|f]T;fxg:jk =%),))). lbg] lg0f{o
u/] s f] Joj:yfn] dlxnfxsf] s' g } klg
xsclwsf/df cf3ft gk/] s f] / Psn
dlxnfsf] cfTd;Ddfg / cfTdlg0f{ o sf]
clwsf/ljk/Lt ljjfx g} ug' { k 5{ eGg]
891

&), sflQs
@)&),
clgjfo{tf gu/]sf] egL lgj]bg vf/]h ug{

dfu u/]sf] b]lvof] .
#= g]kfnL ;dfhdf b'O{ ;faflnu
dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ljjfxf/f Ps cfk;df
kltkTgLsf] kljq ;DjGwdf afFlwg] ;fdflhs
Pj+ efjgfTds ;DaGw ljjfx ePsf] / To;/L
kltkTgLsf] ;DaGw sfod ePkl5 kltsf]
d[To' ePdf kTgL Psn dlxnfsf] kdf hLjg
hLpg] / To; cj:yfdf To:tf Psn dlxnfn]
k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf cTolws dfqfdf ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts tyf wfld{skdf cg]sg
sl7gfO{ / ;d:ofxsf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo x'g]
x'G5g\ . o:tf] x'g'sf] sf/0f k/Dk/fut d"No /
?9Lut dfGotf g} xf] . ljZjJofkLkdf
dlxnfxsf] l:yltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g
cfPklg g]kfnL dlxnfx To;df klg Psn
dlxnfxsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{ s
clwsf/nufotsf clwsf/x cem;Dd klg
s'l07t g} x'g k'u]sf] s'/fnfO{;d]t gsfg{
;lsGg . Psn dlxnfxsf] hLjgdf
cfh;Dd s'g} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPsf]
cg'e"t x'g ;ls/x]sf] klg b]lvGg . o:tf]
kl/j] z df g] k fn ;/sf/n] cfly{ s jif{
@)^^.)^& sf] ah]6dfkm{t\ Psn dlxnf ljjfx
ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg:jk =%),))).
lbg] ;/sf/L gLlt lnPsf] eGg] 5 .
$= g]kfn ;/sf/f/f NofOPsf] cfly{s
jif{ @)^^.)^& sf] ah]6 sfo{qmddfkm{t\ Psn
dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ k|bfg ul/g]
elgPsf] ;f] =%),))). lbg] gLltn]
dlxnfnfO{ k"0f{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;Sg] cj:yf
/xGg . tL Psn dlxnfxnfO{ lzIff, /f]huf/L
/ cGo cj;/xdf kx'r
F j[l4 ug]{ j:t'lgi7
cfwf/ / sfo{qmdx Nofpgsf ;fy;fy} o:tf
892
k|fT] ;fxg lbg ;Sg]tkm{ ;/sf/sf] ;f]r /x]sf]

eGg] ePklg To;sf] k|ltj4tf;d]tsf] :ki6
cfefifsf] dx;"; x'g] cj:yf b]lvGg . pQm
k|fT] ;flxt =%),))). Psn dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx
ug{ afWo kf/L lbOg] /sd gePsf] ljjfx ug{
OR5's Psn dlxnfn] ljjfx u/]sf] cj:yfdf
dfq kfpg] egL ePsf]n] ;Ddfgk"js
{ afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/df k|ToIf cltqmd0f ePsf]
gb]lvPklg To:tf Psn dlxnfsf] ;zlQms/0f
ug]{ bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd gNofO{ cfly{s jif{
@)^^.)^& sf] nflu Psn dlxnf ljjfx ug]{
hf]8LnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ elgPsf] =%),))).
ljt/0f ug]{ elgPsf] ;f] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf
g} gcfO{ cfly{s jif{ JotLt eO;s]sf] /
To;kl5sf cfly{s jif{xdf o:tf] sfo{qmdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf;d]t k|bfg gul/Psf] x'bF f ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf g} gcfO{ cl:tj g} ;dfKt
ePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 hf/L ug's
{ f] s'g} cy{
/xGg .
%= ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0faf6
cfly{s jif{ @)^^.)^& sf] ah]6dfkm{t\ Psn
dlxnf ljjfx ug]{ hf]8LnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg:jk
k|bfg ug]{ elgPsf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf gcfO{
;f] cfly{s jif{ JotLt ePsf] / kl5Nnf cfly{s
jif{df To:tf] sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg
gul/Psf]n] ;f] Joj:yf nfu" x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
gb]lvFbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z u/L /xg
kg]{ cj:yf /x]g . ah]6dfkm{t\ sfo{qmd
;fj{hlgs ul/P klg sfof{Gjog g} gePsf] /
;f] ah]6 sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog geO{ ;do;d]t
JotLt e};s]sf] o; cj:yfdf l/6 hf/L ubf{
lg/y{s x'g;
] d]t x'gfn] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sf]n] o; cbfntaf6
hf/L ePsf] ldlt @)^^.!).% sf] cGtl/d
()#@ /ljk| t fk /f0ff ;d] t lj=k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfof{ n o ;d] t
cfb]z sfod /xg;d]t g;Sg] eO{ lgis[o

x'G5 . k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^( ;fn k'; !( ut] /f]h % z'ed\=
Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|;fb ;+hn

]
&
lg0f{o g+= ()#@

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
l/6 g+= )^(WO)^#^
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).@.%.!
ljifo M pTk]i| f0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lgj]bs M lhNnf k;f{, jL/u+h ^ >Lk'/ :yfoL
3/ eO{ xfn k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no sfo{
ljefu, gS;fndf sfo{/t\ k|x/L jl/i7
pk/LIfs /ljk|tfk /f0ff;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfL M k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no,
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f};
+ d]t
;a} cfwf/xdf ;jf]Q

{ d\ c k|fKt
ug]n
{ ] dfq a9'jf kfpg] l:yltdf h]i7
893
sd{rf/Ln] k|fyldstf kfpg' kg]{ eGg

sfg"gtM gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
of]Uo b]lvPsf] eGg] cfwf/df a9'jfsf]
nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] sfg"gn]
tf]ss
] f] lglZrt zt{ pNn\3g u/]sf]
k|dfl0ft geP;Dd tyf d"Nofg ubf{
s;}sf pk/ ab\lgot lrtfPsf] eGg]
:ki6 tYoo'Qm k|df0faf6 :yflkt
u/]df afx]s csf] cfsf/ ;fgf] jf
7"nf] x'bF d
} f ab\lgot cg'dfg ug{
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
z}lIfs of]Uotf / sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofg;DaGwL c lbg] oflGqs
cfwf/ / a9' j f ;ldltn]
thlahLkdf c lbg;Sg] cfwf/df
p:t} b]lvg cfP klg oflGqs cfwf/sf]
3]/f ;Lldt / ;\sl' rt x'G5 . k/Gt',
thlahL d"Nofgsf] cfwf/nfO{ ;Lldt
3]/fdf ;\sr
' g ug{ g;lsg] .
thlahL clwsf/sf] d"Nofgdf /
oflGqs d"Nofgafkt lbOg] cdf
;dfgtf x'gk' 5{ eGg ldNg] x'bF g} .
lgolGqt clwsf/ thlahL clwsf/sf]
kl/efiffdf ;dfof]hg x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
a9' j f ;ldltn] cfkm" n fO{ k| f Kt
clwsf/cGtu{t s;/L :jR5 Pj+
lhDd]jf/9n] d"Nofg u/L c k|bfg
ug{] eGg] s'/f p;}sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf]
ljifo ePsf]n] cd's JolQm jf csf]
xsdf x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_

&), sflQs
@)&),
:yfgLo clwsf/L gtf]lsPsf] / k|fKt

-k|s/0f g+=!^_
ePsf ljleGg /fo / ;"rgfsf]
a9'jf ;ldltdf ;+nUg ePsf sf/0fn]
cfwf/df ljZn]if0f / d"Nofg u/L
dfq} a9'jf ;ldltsf] xsdf s'g}
c lbg] ul/Psf] eGg] cEof; o;cl3
;b:on] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
lgj]bsx xfnsf] kbdf a9'jf x'bF fsf]
/xFb}g . ;fd"lxskdf ul/Psf]
cj:yfdf klg /x]sf]] eGg] tYo :ki6
sfo{nfO{ k[ys x}l;otdf /fv]/ x]g{
x'bF f ljjflbt kbsf] a9'jfsf] xsdf
;lsGg / k[yskdf ul/Psf] sfo{n]
dfq :yfgLo clwsf/L s;nfO{
;fd"lxs sfo{sf] af]w klg x'g g;Sg] .
dflgPsf] eGg] :ki6 gePsf] / To:tf]
;fd"lxskdf ul/Psf] lg0f{oaf6
clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bg gePsf]n] a9'jf
clwsf/df k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] egL
u}/sfg"gL 5 eGg] lhsL/n] tfljs
bfjL ul/G5 eg] To:tf] lg0f{o ug]{
dxj g/fVg] .
;fd"lxs cl:tjsf] :j?knfO{ g}
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ / To:tf] lgsfon]
a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ ePsf]
;'gj' fO{sf] plrt / kof{Kt cj;/
JolQmsf] xsdf k|x/L P]g lgodn]
kfPsf] x'gk' g]{ .
lgwf{ / 0f u/] s f] dfkb08 /
-k|s/0f g+=!&_
sfo{ l jlwnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
lghLkdf JoQm s'/fxn] ;fd"lxs
JolQmlkR5] 5'f5'} d"Nofg ul/g]
cl:tjsf] lgsfosf] x}l;ot b]vfpg
x'Fbf Pshgfsf] d"Nofg csf{sf]
g;Sg] .
eGbf lsg 36L jf a9L eof] egL
-k|s/0f g+=!*_
t'ngf ug{ / To;} cfwf/df gful/s
a9' j f ;ldltaf6 sfg" g jf
x:tIf] k ug{ o' l Qm;\ u t /
lg0f{oadf]lhd clVtof/ k|fKt gu/]sf]
sfg"g;\ut gx'g] .
cj:yfdf a9'jf ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
;b:oxsf] JolQmut x}l;otn] a9'jf
l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df dfq s'g} lg0f{o
;ldltsf] g} k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] egL
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df To:tf]
dfGg gldNg] .
l;kmfl/z ug]{ lgsfon] l;kmfl/z
-k|s/0f g+=!(_
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf :jtM lg0f{ostf{n]
lg0f{o ug{;Sg] cj:yf gx'bF f a9'jfsf]
lg0f{osf] dfq bfjL ubf{ Tof] ck"/f] lgj]bstkm{af6 M
ljfg
jl/i7
x'ghfg] .
clwjQmfx ;'zLn kGt, zDe' yfkf,
a9'jf ug{ ul/Psf] l;kmfl/zpk/ s'g}
k|sfz /fpt, xl/k|;fb pk]t| L tyf ljfg
bfjL gu/L a9'jfsf] lg0f{opk/ dfqsf]
clwjQmfx /d0fs'df/ >]i7, ledfh'g{
bfjLn] tfljs dxTj g/fVg] .
cfrfo{ / ;'efif cfrfo{
894
ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljfg
gfoa
dxfGofoflwjQmfx ;"ok{ ;
| fb sf]O/fnf
/ /fhgf/fo0f kf7s tyf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmfx dx]z zdf{ kf}8n
] ,
s[i0flhjL l3ld/], wd{/fh kf}8]n /
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L, jl/i7 clwjQmfx
dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj, Zofdk|;fb v/]n,
/fw] Z ofd clwsf/L, xl/x/ bfxfn,
ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{, 8f=o'j/fh ;+uf}nf,
afns[ i 0f g] p kfg] , ;' e fif g] D jf,
;ltzs[i0f v/]n, clUg v/]n
] tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L, kbd
/f]sf / gj/fh yklnof
canlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod @^-s_ b]lv -r_
cfb]z
Gof= sof0f >]i7 M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd
btf{ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo
/ cfb]z lgDgadf]lhd 5 M
xfdL lgj]bsx ldlt @)$#!!#
df k|x/L lg/LIfs kbdf tyf ldlt @)^%&@^
b]lv k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs kbdf ;]jf/t e}
lgj]bsxn] ljleGg kbsxaf6 lje"lift e}
ljleGg tfnLdx;d]t k|fKt u/]sf 5f}+ . ldlt
@)^(($ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{of/f
ljkIfLx Zofdaxfb'/ v8\sf, gj/fh l;njfn,
k|sfz cof{n, hoaxfb'/ rGb / adaxfb'/
e08f/LnfO{ k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs kbdf a9'jf
ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
dfWodf/f hfgsf/L x'g cfof] . a9'jf ul/Psf
elgPsf dWo]sf Zofdaxfb'/ v8\sf xfdL
lgj]bssf] JofhL -@)$# sf] Jofh_ eP tfklg

cGo rf/hgf xfdL lgj]bseGbf slgi7 -@)$$
sf] Jofh_ x'g\ . k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
lgod @$ n] a9'jfsf nflu xfdL lgj]bsx
cof]Uo g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf]
lgod @% df a9'jf ubf{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofg
u/L ;a}eGbf a9L c k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{
klxn] a9'jf ug]{ / ;dfg c k|fKt ug]{
pDd]bjf/xsf] xsdf eP txd'lgsf] kbdf
gf]s/L u/]sf] cjlw, lgod @! adf]lhd sfod
ul/Psf] h]i7tf qmdsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gn] k|i6kdf a9'jfsf]
cfwf/, dfkb08 / k|lqmof ls6fgL u/]sf]
cj:yfdf To;sf] ;Dk"0f{kdf a]jf:tf u/L
k|x/L ;]jfsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt / dfGotf;d]tsf]
k|lts"n x'g] u/L ljkIfLxnfO{ a9'jf ul/Psf]
5.
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @^
n] k| x /L xjNbf/b] l v k| x /L gfoa
dxflg/LIfs;Ddsf] kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu c
u0fgf ubf{ h]i7tf, cg'ej, tfnLd, z}lIfs
of]Uotf, lje"if0f, dfgkbjL, sfo{ ;Dkfbg
cflbnfO{ dfkb08 agfpg' kg]{ :ki6kdf
pNn]v 5 . cl3Nnf] / jl/i7 JofhLnfO{ lgif]w
u/L kl5Nnf] / slgi7 JofhLdWo] a f6
dlGqkl/ifb\n] cfgf] :j]R5fdf k|x/L gfoa
dxflg/LIfs kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
lgod @^ sf] kl/lwleq ;Dej /xFb}g .
ljkIfLxsf] sfd sf/jfxL k"jf{ux| L, :j]R5frf/L
/ sfg"gljk/Lt e} lgj]bsxsf] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !# f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xssf];d]t
pNn\3g ePsf]n] ldlt @)^(($ sf]
a9'jfsf] lg0f{o pTk]i| f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @$, @% /
895

&), sflQs
@)&),
@^ sf] kl/kfngf u/L ;jf]R{ r cbfntf/f

k|ltkflbt ghL/ l;4fGt;d]tsf] cfwf/df
jl/i7tf sfod x'g] u/L tTsfn a9'jfsf] csf]{
lg0f{o ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLsf gfpFdf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . o; l/6
lgj] b gsf] clGtd 6' f] gnfu] ; Dd pQm
a9'jf;DaGwL lg0f{o h'g cj:yfdf k'us
] f] 5
;f]xL cj:yfdf oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLsf
gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^((* df btf{ ePsf]
l/6 lgj]bg .
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
x'g gkg]{ ;DaGwdf af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !%
lbgleq dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\
lnlvthjfkm k7fpg ljkIfL g+= !, @, #, $ /
% nfO{ / cfkm" jf cfgf] k|ltlglwf/f
lnlvthjfkm lnO{ pkl:yt x' g cGo
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpgsf ;fy} g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^(($ sf]
a9'jf lg0f{o h'g cj:yfdf k'us
] f] 5 ;f]xL
cj:yfdf oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfpFdf ldlt @)^((!^ ;Ddsf] nflu
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L e} ;f] cGtl/d cfb]zn]
lg/Gt/tf kfpg] gkfpg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmnsf
nflu ldlt @)^((!^ sf] k]zLsf] ;"rgf
lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(((
sf] cfb]z .
ldlt @)^((!& df k|:t't l/6sf]
6'f] gnfu];Dd k|ToyL{xsf] a9'jf lg0f{o xfn
sfof{Gjog gug'{ egL k|ToyL{xsf] gfddf
;jf]R{ r cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
$!-!_ adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf]
5 . ldlt @)^((( df ePsf] cGtl/d
cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
896
ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeLo{tf ljrf/ ubf{ lnlvthjfkm

k/]kl5 k"0f{ ;'gj' fO{sf nflu !% lbgleq k]zLdf
r9fO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{
eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^(.(.!&
sf] cfb]z .
g]kfn k|x/Lleq /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ jl/i7
k|x/L pk/LIfs hgf %% dWo] lgnDagdf /x]sf
Pshgf k|x/L clws[tafx]s ;a}hgfnfO{ ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/sf] kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] / k|x/L
P]g, @)!@ tyf lgodfjnL, @)$( df ePsf]
a9'jf;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd a9'jf
k|lqmof;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL ul/Psf] xf] . k|x/L
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @^ n] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg'?k
k|fKt u/]sf] csf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L c
k|fKt ug]x{ sf] of]Uotfqmd sfod ePcg';f/
a9'jf ;ldltn] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf]
xf] . k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod @^ sf] -5_
cg';f/ a9'jf ;ldltn] lbg] csf] Joj:yfafx]s
cGo k|fjwfgcg'?k c k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/x
lgodfjnLn] :ki6kdf :yflkt u/]sf] /
;f]xLcg';f/ ljkIfL lgj]bsxn] klg c k|fKt
u/]sf 5g\ . a9'jf ;ldltn] lbg] csf xsdf
lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfsf cwLgdf /xL slt
c k|bfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf]
ljj]ssf] ljifo ePsf]n] To:tf kbflwsf/Ln]
c k|bfg ubf{ ljj]sflwsf/cg';f/ ckgfPsf]
cfwf/ / cf}l} rTodf k|jz
] ug'k{ g]{ ljifo klg
x'g ;Sb}g / o; ;DaGwdf ljkIfL lgj]bsxn]
s'g} r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yf klg 5}g . a9'jfsf
nflu lgodfjnLn] h]i7tfnufot z}lIfs
of]Uotf, tfnLd cflb ljleGg Joj:yfx u/]sf]n]
h] i 7tfafx] s sf cGo cfwf/nfO{ ljkIfL
lgj]bsxn] ;dfg dxj glbO{ h]i7tfsf] bfjL
dfq ug'{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf pko'Qm x'g ;Sb}g .
l/6 gj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]

u[x dGqfno / a9'jf ;ldltsf cWoIfsf] tkm{af6
k/]sf] lnlvthjfkm .
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
lgj]bsxnfO{ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf] kdf
;dfj]z g} gul/Psf] eGg] s'/f em"f xf] .
ljkIfLsf] lgj]bgdf k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod
@^ sf] -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ / -_ jfkt k|fKt
x'g] cdf s'g} tndfly ul/Psf] eGg] lhsL/
g} 5}g . To;}u/L ;f]xL lgodsf] -r_ adf]lhdsf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbgafktsf] c jf -5_ df Joj:yf
ul/Psf] a9'jf ;ldltn] lbg ;Sg] csf]
;DaGwdf;d] t r' g f} t L lbO{ P sf] 5} g .
ljkIfLnufot a9'jf kfpg] / gkfpg] ;a}
;Defljt pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|x/L lgodfjnLsf]
lgod @^ sf] -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ / -_ df
/x]sf lglZrt lgwf{l/t l:y/ cx / lgod
@^ sf] -r_ / -5_ df Joj:yf u/]adf]lhd
d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df lbg] cx ;f]xL lgoddf
Joj:yf u/]sf] k|lqmofadf]lhd / d"Nofg ug]{
clwsf/Ln] j:t'ut cfwf/df d"Nofg / c
lbg] lg0f{odf k'uL ;f] b'j} k|sf/sf] cxsf]
of]u u/L ;jf{lws c k|fKt ug]{ clws[tnfO{
a9'jf lbOPsf] xf] . ljkIfLxsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf
a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/znfO{ s'g} r'gf}tL
lbOPsf] 5}g . ljkIfL lgj]bsxn] a9'jf
l;kmfl/z ug]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lgsfo a9'jf
;ldltnfO{ ljkIf;Dd klg agfpg' ePsf] 5}g .
ljkIfLxsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf ;b:o
;lrj k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs u+ufk|;fb
kf08]sf] tyf ;f]xL ldnfgsf] a9'jf ;ldltsf
;b:o k|x/L dxflg/LIfs s'j]/l;+x /fgfsf]
k[ysk[ys lnlvthjfkm .
d lgj]bs ldlt @)$$!@@( b]lv

k|x/L lg/LIfssf] kdf ;]jfdf k|jz
] u/L ldlt
@)%@(#) df k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs,
@)^!!@! df k|x/L pk/LIfs, @)^^&@@
df jl/i7 pk/LIfsdf tyf ldlt @)^(($
df dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 k|x/L gfoa
dxflg/LIfssf] kbdf a9'jf eO{ xfn k|x/L
k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, dxf/fhu~hdf kb:yfkg
/x]sf] 5' . lgj]bsxn] bfjL lnPsf] ldlt
@)^(($ sf] lg0f{o s'g} klg cfwf/
k|ef0fxaf6 :j]R5frfl/tf / u}/sfg"gL egL
k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . k|x/L gfoa
dxflg/LIfs kbdf h]i7tfsf] bfjL a9'jfsf nflu
cfwf/ agfpg] sfo{nfO{ sfg"gn] g} lgif]w u/]sf]
5 jf alh{t u/]sf] 5 . a9'jf ;ldltn] d
lnlvthjfkm k|:t'tstf{nfO{ lbg gx'g] c
lbOPsf] / lgj]bsn] sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg' kg]{
c glbPsf] eGg] s'g} bfjL lng g;s]sf] /
dnfO{ pQm kbsf nflu cof]Uo eGg ;Sg'ePsf]
5}g . ljkIfLxn] ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ g} agfOPg
egL em"7f] tYo pNn]v u/L cbfntnfO{
cGof}ndf kfg]{ sfo{ u/] klg a9'jf l;kmfl/z
ug]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lgsfo a9'jf ;ldltnfO{
ljkIfL;Dd klg agfpg' ePsf] 5}g . a9'jf
lbg] sfd sf/jfxL sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf]n] /
d}n] gkfpg' kg]{ s'/f c kfO{ a9'jf ePsf] xf]
;f] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgdf v'nfpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn]
klg a9'jf lg0f{o ab/ x'gk' g]{ s'g} cfwf/ /
sf/0f 5}g . l/6 lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z
hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf gePsf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] gj/fh l;njfnsf] lnlvthjfkm .
d ldlt @)$#!!# af6 k|x/L
lg/LIfs kbaf6 g]kfn k|x/Ldf k|jz
] u/L a9'jf
897

&), sflQs
@)&),
x'bF } @)^(($ df k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs

kbdf a9'jf ePsf] 5' . ljleGg ldltdf ^
k6s k'/:s[t;d]t ePsf] 5' . d]/f] a9'jf
ljkIfLxeGbf jl/i7 gDa/df x'bF } cfPsf] /
k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs kbdf;d]t d]/f] a9'jf
ljkIfL /fhaxfb'/ lji6afx]s % hgfeGbf ! jif{
# dlxgf @% lbgcufl8 / ljkIfL /fhaxfb'/eGbf
@ jif{ # dlxgf @! lbgcufl8 e} k|x/L jl/i7
pk/LIfs kbdf g]kfn k|x/Lsf k|zf;gtkm{sf]
%$ hgfdWo] ;a}eGbf h]i7td\ k|x/L jl/i7
pk/LIfssf] kdf sfo{/t\ ePsf] / a9'jfsf]
lgoldt k|lqmofcg';f/ g} a9'jf eO{ bHof{gL
lrGx k|fKt u/]sf] 5' . a9'jf ;ldltsf cWoIf /
;b:o cfkm}d
F f a9'jf ;ldlt xf]Og . a9'jf
;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
l/6 lgj]bg ;DaGwdf yk ;'gj' fO{ x'g;Sg]
xf]Og . ljkIfLxsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] Zofdaxfb'/ v8\sfsf]
lnlvthjfkm .
k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod @$ nufotsf
k|fjwfgsf] /f]xdf ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bsx eGbf
a9L c k|fKt u/]sf] cfwf/df dnfO{ jl/i7
k|x/L pk/LIfs kbaf6 ;f]eGbf dflysf] k|x/L
gfoa dxflg/LIfs kbdf a9'jf ug]{ u/L g]kfn
;/sf/af6 @)^(($ df ePsf] lg0f{odf
ljkIfLxn] eg] em}F k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] lgod @!, @#, @$, @%, @^ sf] s'g}
lsl;dsf] q' l 6 /x] s f] 5} g . d k| T oyL{
lnlvthjfkmjfnf cfgf Jofrsf] k|To]s kbsf]
k|To]s txdf pTs[i6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtf
/x]sf] cfwf/df ;b}j klxnf] n6df a9'jf kfpFb}
cfPsf] clws[t x'F . ljkIfL lgj]bsxn] a9'jf
l;kmfl/z ug]{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] lgsfo a9'jf
;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL;Dd klg agfpg' ePsf] 5}g .
898
d;d]tsf] a9'jf e};s]sf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt

ubf{ub}{ klg lgo'lQmsf] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLxn]
s'g} r'gf}tL lbg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . g]kfn
;/sf/af6 a9'jf ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{odf
ljkIfLn] eg] em}F s'g} lsl;dsf] sfg"gL /
;+jw} flgs q'l6 g/x]sf] x'bF f ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] adaxfb'/
e08f/Lsf] lnlvthjfkm .
ljkIfLxsf] k|dv
' lhsL/ cfkm"nfO{
;DefJo pDd]bjf/ g} gagfPsf] eGg] /x]sf]
eGg] s'/f sfNklgs xf] . sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
k|fKt csf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L c kfpg]
;Defljt pDd]bjf/xdWo]sf] dnfO{ a9'jf
l;kmfl/z ug]{ a9'jf ;ldltsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf
s'g} q'l6 5}g . ljkIfLsf] lgj]bgdf k|x/L
lgodfjnLsf] lgod @^ sf] s, v, u, 3,
jfkt k|fKt ug'k{ g]{ lglZrt\ cdf s'g} km]/abn
jf q'l6 ul/Psf] jf a9'jf ;ldltn] lbg ;Sg]
csf] ;DaGwdf ab\lgot /fv]sf] jf cg'lrt
tj/df c lbPsf] eGg] lhsL/ lng ;s]sf]
5}g . ljkIfLxn] lgod @#-s_ adf]lhdsf]
a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/znfO{ s'g} r'gf}tL
glbPsf] / eO;s]sf] lgo'lQmnfO{ klg ab/sf]
dfu u/]sf] 5}g . a9'jfsf] d"n cfwf/sf]kdf
/x]sf] l;kmfl/z ug]{ a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL;Dd
gagfOPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ug'k{ g]{ l;4fGt
:yflkt u/]sf] kl/k]I| fdf d]/f] a9'jf oyfjt\
sfod /fvL kfpF m eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf]
hoaxfb'/ rGb / k|sfz cof{nsf] k[ysk[ys
lnlvthjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf lg0f{o ug]{ cflwsfl/s
lgsfo dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ k|ToyL{ g} sfod u/]sf]
kfOFbg} . g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\ / k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no Pp6} lgsfo geO{
b'O{ k[ys lgsfo x'gs

' f ;fy} o; sfof{nonfO{
;f] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ If]qflwsf/ ljBdfg
g]kfn sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] klg 5}g . k|x/L
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @^ adf]lhd
a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df
g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^(($
df k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs kbdf sfo{/t\ gj/fh
l;njfn, k|sfz cof{n, hoaxfb'/ rGb,
adaxfb'/ e08f/L, / Zofds'df/ v8\sfnfO{
k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs kbdf a9'jf ug]{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] xf] . c k|bfg ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf]
clwsf/Lxn] lbPsf] csf] u'0f -Merit_ kIfleq
k|j]z u/L cd's sd{rf/LnfO{ olt g} c
kfpg' k5{ egL l/6sf] dfGo l;4fGtadf]lhd
k|bfg ul/Psf] cleq k|jz
] u/L af]Ng;d]t
ldNg] b]lvFbg} . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pQm lg0f{odf
of] sfg" g sf] of] o:tf] q' l 6 /x] s f] egL
lgj]bsxn] cfgf] l/6 lgj]bgdf v'nfpg
;s]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
/x]sf] 5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/,
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
lnlvthjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog
u/L l/6 lgj]bs tyf ljkIfLtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] ug'e
{ Psf] ax; ;'lgof] .
l/6 lgj] b stkm{ s f ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLx jl/i7 ljfg clwjQmfx ;'zLn
kGt, zDe' yfkf, k|sfz /fpt, xl/k|;fb pk]t| L
tyf ljfg clwjQmfx /d0fs'df/ >]i7,
ledfh'g{ cfrfo{ / ;'efif cfrfo{n] ug'e
{ Psf]
ax;sf] ;f/ lgDg /x]sf] 5 M
899
l/6 lgj]bsx ;]jfdf h]i7 JolQmx

x'bF fx'bF } k|x/L ;+u7gdf g} gs/fTds
c;/ kg]{ u/L slgi7 JolQmxnfO{
a9'jf ul/Psf] ldn]sf] 5}g .
a9'jf ;ldltn] a9'jf ubf{ lbPsf]
c j:t'lgi7 ge} cfTdlgi7 /
:j]R5frf/L 5 .
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$(sf] lgod
@^ sf] b]xfo -s_ b]lv -r_ ;Ddsf]
cfwf/xdf lglZrt\ c k|bfg ug]{
JolQmn] a9' j f ;ldltdf a:bf
Tof] e Gbf Go" g c k| b fg ug' { n ]
lgj]bsxpk/ ab\lgot /fv]sf]
b]lvG5 .
lgod @^ sf] b]xfo -5_ adf]lhd
a9'jf ;ldltn] z}lIfs of]Uotf /
sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df #) c tyf
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf]
cfwf/df @) c;Dd lbg ;Sg]
k|fjwfg eP klg s'g pDd]bjf/nfO{
s] afkt slt c lbPsf] eGg] :ki6
cfwf/ v'nfOPsf] 5}g . cfk"mv'zL
d"Nofg u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g .
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf]
cfwf/df lbOg] @) c s;/L lbOPsf]
xf] eGg] :ki6 5} g . :yfgLo
clwsf/Lsf] s'g} k|ltj]bg klg 5}g .
u[x dGqfnosf ;lrjnfO{ :yfgLo
clwsf/Lsf] kdf dfGg ldNb}g .
cfkmF} :yfgLo clwsf/L e} k|ltj]bg
lbg], cfkm}F c lbg] / cfkm}F a9'jf
;ldltdf a;L a9'jfsf] lg0f{o ug{
ldNb}g .

&), sflQs
@)&),
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod

$% n] :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] kdf
k|dv
' lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ ;+st] u/]sf]
/ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g, @)$^ sf]
bkmf @-!_-#_ n] :ki6kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf]df k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Lsf] s'g} k|ltj]bg 5}g .
a9'jf ;ldlt c:yfoL k|s[ltsf]
b]lvPsf] / a9'jf ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
dfq u7g x'g] ePsf]n] Tof] ;ldltsf
kbflwsf/LnfO{ dfq ljkIfL agfOPsf]
xf] .
lnlvthjfkm lkm/fpFbf ;a} ;b:on]
a9'jf ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 lnlvthjfkm
lkm/fPsf] x'Fbf a9'jf ;ldltnfO{
k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf lbOPg eGg
ldNb}g . ;du| k|x/L ;+u7gdf g}
gs/fTds c;/ kfg] { u/L
ljkIfLxnfO{ ul/Psf] a9'jfsf] lg0f{o
ab/ x'gk' 5{ .
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

sfof{ n o;d] t sf] tkm{ a f6 ljfg gfoa
dxfGofoflwjQmfx ;" o { sf] O /fnf /
/fhgf/fo0f kf7s tyf ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmfx dx] z zdf{ kf} 8 ] n ,
s[i0flhjL l3ld/], wd{/fh kf}8]n / /]jtL/fh
lqkf7Ln] ug'{ePsf] ax;sf] ;f/ lgDgadf]lhd
/x]sf] 5 M
dLgk| ; fb kf08] l j?4 u[ x
dGqfno;d]t ePsf] d'2faf6 k|x/L
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @^-^_
sf] ;+jw} flgstf k/LIf0f e} pQm lgod
ab/ ePsf] 5}g .
900
l/6 lgj] b sx klg ;f] x L

lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd a9'jf
x'bF } cfPsf] / clxn] ;f]xL sfg"gcg';f/
lbPsf] cnfO{ c;dfg eof] egL
eGg ldNg] cj:yf 5}g .
dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ubf{ h]i7tf
dfq gx]/L >]i7tf klg x]l/g] / g]t[ j
lbg ;Sg] v'aL / IfdtfnfO{ d"Nofg
ul/g] x'bF f a9'jfdf h]i7tfnfO{ dfq
x]g{ ldNb}g .
l/6 lgj]bsxsf] ;]jf hLjgdf
ljleGg ;hfo kfPsf] b]lvPsf] x'bF f
a9'jfsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf s'/fxn]
lgZro g} k|efj kfb{5 .
l8=cfO=hL= kbsf] nflu ;]jf cjlwsf]
;Ldf\sg ul/Psf] 5}g . a9'jfsf] nflu
l8=cfO=hL= eGbf d'lgsf ;a} ;DefJo
pDd]bj\ f/ x'G5g\ / l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{
;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf] kdf /flvPsf]
x'bF f lghxnfO{ ;DefJo pDd]bjf/
gagfPsf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf 5}g .
a9'jf kfPsfxnfO{ lbOPsf] cdWo]
l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{ s'g zLif{sdf c
lbOPg eGg] bfjL 5}g . c yk36
ePsf] s'/fdf l/6af6 c ykL a9'jf
ug{ cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Qm}g .
a9'jf ;ldltn] cfk"mn] lbg] c
ef/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ c lbg]
cfwf/x agfPsf] x'Fbf Tof] cem
j:t'lgi7 5 . ;f]adf]lhd cef/
lbOPsf] x'bF f a9'jf kfpg]xnfO{ pRr
/ l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{ sd gDa/
lbPsf] eGg] cj:yf 5}g .
lgj]bs /ljk|tfk /f0ffn] lbPsf] klxnf]

l/6df lgo'lQmnfO{ r'gf}tL lbOPsf]
5}g . klxn] lbPsf] l/6sf] k ljrf/
u/L kl5Nnf] l/6 cfPsf] x'bF f a9'jfsf]
lgo'lQm ab/ ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g .
ljkIfL gj/fh l;njfn;d]tsf tkm{af6

ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx dxfb]jk|;fb ofbj,
Zofdk|;fb v/]n, /fw]Zofd clwsf/L, xl/x/
bfxfn, ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{, 8f=o'j/fh ;+uf}nf,
afns[i0f g]pkfg], ;'efif g]Djf, ;ltzs[i0f
v/]n, clUg v/]n
] tyf ljfg clwjQmfx
/fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L, kbd /f]sf / gj/fh
yklnofn] ug'{ ePsf] ax;sf] ;f/ lgDgadf]lhd
/x]sf] 5M
a9' j fsf] nflu c lbg] cfwf/
lgodadf]lhd x'G5, cbfntn] To;sf]
dfkg ug{ ldNb}g .
k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod @^ adf]lhd
c lbg] cfwf/ :jljj]sLo x'g\ . tL
cfwf/df k|jQ
[ efjgfn] k|l] /t e} c
lbPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ To;sf] bfjL lng]n]
g} cfwf/;lxt k'li6 ug'{ kb{5 .
l/6 lgj]bsx / a9'jf ePsfxsf]
aLrdf a9'jf ;ldltn] s] s;/L e]befj
uof] eGg] lgj]bsxn] bfjL ug{ ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5}g .
k| x /L lgodfjnLsf] lgod @^-5_
adf]lhd c lbg] Joj:yf a9'jf
;ldltsf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/ xf] .
:jljj]sLo clwsf/df ;dfg c
lbg'kg]{ eGg] ;dfgtfsf] k|Zg pkl:yt
x'bF g} .
901
l8=cfO=hL= kbdf a9' j fsf] nflu
h]i7tfnfO{ dfq cfwf/ gagfOg] x'bF f

To;df g] t [ jbfoL sfo{ I fdtfn]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
k|x/Lsf] sfd zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg]
ePsf] x'bF f tt\;DaGwdf ;+jb] gzLn
If]qdf k7fOg] / To:tf s'/fx k|s6
ug{ gldNg] x'bF f :yfgLo clwsf/Ln]
lbg] k|ltj]bg ;a} cj:yfdf lnlvt g}
x'G5 eGg ldNb}g .
efjL g]t[ jsf] nflu pko'Qm Ifdtfjfg\
JolQm 5fGgsf nflu a9'jf ;ldltnfO{
:jljj]sLo clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'bF f Tof]
clwsf/nfO{ c\sz
' nufpg ldNb}g .
a9'jf kfPsf JolQmx x/]s a9'jfdf
k|yd x'bF } cfPsf x'bF f / l/6 lgj]bsx
;]jfsfndf s'g} g s'g} sf/jfxLdf k/]sf
JolQm x'bF f To;sf] k|efj a9'jfdf kg]{
g} x'G5 .
k| x /L k| z f;gsf x/] s l/kf] 6 { x
;do;dodf u[x dGqfnodf cfpg]
x'G5g\ / tL a9'jfsf] gDa/ lbg] k|of]hgn]
gcfpg] ePsf] / a9'jfsf] ;dodf
To:tf k|ltj]bgnfO{;d]t d"Nofg ug{
;lsg] x'bF f :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] a9'jfsf]
nflu s:tf] k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] 5 egL
vf]hLgLlt ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf x'bF g} .
l/6 lgj]bsxn] :yfgLo clwsf/Laf6
cfgf]af/]df of] o:tf] /fd|f] k|ltj]bg
cfPsf] egL bfjL ug{ / k'li6 ug{
;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
a9'jf ug]{ a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL
gagfPsf] cj:yfdf a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/z
ab/ ug{ ldNb}g .

&), sflQs
@)&),
a9'jfsf] nflu sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgdf
;a}eGbf a9L c k|fKt ug]n

{ fO{ a9'jf
ul/g] eGg] k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod
@% sf] Joj:yf x'bF f ;du|tfnfO{ x]/L
a9'jf ul/g] ePsf]n] h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df
a9'jf bfjL ug{ ldNb}g .
a9' j f ;ldltn] u/] s f] lg0f{ o pk/
k'g/fj]bg ;'gh
] :tf] u/L lg0f{o ug{
ldNb}g . l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
;'gL ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut
u/L x]bf{, k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxn]
cfk"mx a9'jf ePsfdWo] rf/ hgfeGbf
h]i7 ePsf], k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod @$
adf]lhd a9'jfsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/df
cfk"mx cof]Uo g/x]sf]df klg ;DefJo
pDd]b\jf/sf] kdf 5gf}6 g} gu/L slgi7
JolQmxnfO{ :j]R5frf/Lkdf jl/i7tf ldrL
a9'jf ul/Psf], To;f] ug{ lgod @^ sf]
kl/lwleq ;Dej gePsf] x' F b f ldlt
@)^(($ df ul/Psf] a9'jfsf] lg0f{o
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @!, @$,
@%, @^;d]tsf] k|lts"n ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{o
ab/ u/L tTsfn a9'jfsf] csf]{ lg0f{o ug'{
u/fpg' egL k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
dfu u/L lgj] b g btf{ u/] s f] b] l vG5 .
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvthjfkm x]bf{ lgod @^
adf]lhd c lbP kfPsf] ;DaGwdf ljjfb
gu/]sf], a9'jf ;ldltn] lbPsf] c / a9'jf
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/znfO{ r'gf}tL glbOPsf],
a9'jf l;kmfl/z ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgod
@#s adf]lhd a9'jf ;ldltn] xfn k|x/L
jl/i7 pk/LIfs kbdf sfod /x]sf %%
902
hgfdWo] lgnDagdf /x]sf Ps hgfafx]s

;a}nfO{ ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] kdf ;dfj]z
u/L c u0fgf u/]sf], e};s]sf] lgo'lQm
ab/sf] dfu gu/]sf], a9'jf ;dltlnfO{ ljkIfL
gagfOPsf] eGg] h:tf ts{x cufl8 ;f/L
lgj]bg bfjLk|lt c;xdt x'Fb} a9'jf ;ldltsf
;b:ox tyf cWoIfn] JolQmut tj/af6
lnlvthjfkm lkm/fPsf] b]lvG5 .
l/6 lgj]bg bfjL, lnlvthjfkmdf
lnOPsf] lhsL/ tyf ljfg sfg" g
Joj;foLxsf] ax;;d]tnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L
x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d'Votof lgDg
k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f ug'k{ g]{ b]lvof]M
!=
@=
#=
$=
ljjflbt a9'jfsf] kbdf a9'jfsf ;DefJo

cfwf/x s] s:tf 5g\ < h]i7tfnfO{
dfq a9'jfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5
jf ;lsFbg} <
k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @^
sf] b]xfo -5_ adf]lhd a9'jf ;ldltn]
thlahLkdf k[ys9n] c lbg ;S5,
;Sb}g <
a9'jfsf] lg0f{o ab/sf] bfjL ug{ a9'jfsf]
l;kmfl/z ug{] a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' kg]{ xf], xf]Og <
l/6 lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og <
@= klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{, l/6

lgj]bsx k|x/L jl/i7 pk/LIfs kbdf /x]sf
/ k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs kbdf cfkm"x a9'jf
kfPsfdWo] h]i7 sd{rf/L x'Fbfx'Fb} ;]jfdf
slgi7xnfO{ a9'jf ul/Psf] egL ljjfb
p7fOPsf] cj:yf 5 . l/6 lgj] b gdf
lgj]bsdWo]sf /ljk|tfk /f0ff, k"0f{l;+x v8\sf,

dgf]x/k|;fb l/dfn, /fds'df/ vgfn / 1fgf]b
/fh j} B ldlt @)^%&@^ b] l v tyf
/fhaxfb'/ lji6 ldlt @)^%&@@ b]lv k|x/L
jl/i7 pk/LIfs kbdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] eGg]
b]lvG5 . ljjflbt kbdf h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df
a9'jf kfpg' kg]{ egL ljjfb p7fOPsf] cj:yf
x'bF f k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljjflbt kbdf x'g] a9'jf;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g
cfpF5 .
#= k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
@# df b]xfosf kbdf a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z
ug{ b]xfoadf]lhd a9'jf ;ldlt u7g x'g5
]
eGg] Joj:yf eO{ ljljw kbsf nflu u7g x'g]
a9'jf ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
To;dWo] b]xfo -s_ df k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs
kbsf] nflu u[x dGqfnosf ;lrj, cWoIf tyf
k|x/L dxflg/LIfs ;b:o / k|x/L cltl/Qm
dxflg/LIfs jf k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs ;b:o
;lrj /xg] Joj:yf b]lvG5 . ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf]
lgod @$ df a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bj\ f/
aGg] cjlwcGtu{t -!_ df k|x/L gfoa
dxflg/LIfs / ;f]eGbf dflysf] kbdf a9'jf
x'gsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ aGg ;]jf
cjlwsf] xb nfUg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf b]lvG5 .
o;af6 ljjflbt kbdf a9'jf x'gsf] nflu ;f]eGbf
d'lgsf] kbdf of] olt jif{ jf olt cjlw ;]jf
u/]sf] x'gk} g]{ u/L sfg"gn] s'g} zt{ l;h{gf
u/]sf] b]lvFbg} . l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsxnfO{
a9'jfsf] pDd]bjf/ g} gagfPsf] egL bfjL
u/]sf] eP klg ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 k|fKt
a9'jf;DaGwL ;Ssn kmfon x]bf{ k|x/L gfoa
dxflg/LIfs kbsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]bj\ f/
egL oL l/6 lgj]bsx;d]t %$ hgfnfO{
a9'jf ;ldltn] lgod @^-5_ adf]lhd krf{

v8f u/L c lbPsf] b] l vF b f oL l/6
lgj]bsxnfO{ klg plNnlvt kbsf] a9'jfsf]
nflu ;DefJo pDd]bj\ f/ aGgaf6 al~rt u/]sf]
b]lvFb}g .
$= k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod @% df
k|x/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ a9'jf ubf{ o;
lgodfjnLadf] l hd lghsf] sfo{ I fdtfsf]
d"Nofg u/L ;a}eGbf a9L c k|fKt ug]{
sd{rf/LnfO{ klxn] a9'jf ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
eO{ ;dfg c k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bj\ f/xsf] xsdf
b]xfosf] qmdn] lg0f{o ul/g] pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 M
-s_ Pstx d'lgsf] kbdf gf]s/L u/]sf]
cjlwsf] cfwf/df,
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd klg lg0f{o x'g
g;s]df To;eGbf Ps txd'lgsf] kbdf
u/]sf] gf]s/L cjlwsf] cfwf/df,
-u_ v08 -v_ adf]lhd klg lg0f{o x'g
g;s]df lgod @! adf]lhd sfod
ul/Psf] h]i7tfqmdsf] cfwf/df .
%= plNnlvt lgodsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd
k|x/L ;]jfsf] ljjflbt kbdf a9'jfsf] cfwf/
eg]sf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgdf ;a}eGbf
pRrtd\ c k|flKtnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] . sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofgcGtu{t k|x/L
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @^ df k|x/L
xjNbf/b]lv k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs;Ddsf]
kbdf -s_ h]i7tf, -v_ cg'ej, -u_ tfnLd,
-3_ z}lIfs of]Uotf, -_ lje"if0f, dfg kbjL,
cnf/ tyf kbs -r_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg, j}olQms
u'0f, rl/q / Ifdtfsf] d"Nofg eGg] pNn]v
903

&), sflQs
@)&),
eO{ b] x fo -5_ df a9' j f ;ldltn] lbg]

c;d]tnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] eGg] b]lvPaf6
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgaf6 x'g] a9'jfdf ljljw
cfwf/xdWo]sf] h]i7tfsf] cfwf/ Pp6f
b] l vG5 . sfo{ I fdtfsf] d" N ofgsf ;a}
cfwf/xdf k|fKt u/]sf] csf] of]udf ;a}eGbf
a9L c k|fKt ug]{ k|x/L sd{rf/L g} ;a}eGbf
klxn] a9'jf x'g] Joj:yfn] ;]jf cjlwdf ;dfg
txdf ;dfg c k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljrf/
ul/g ;Sg] cj:yfdf afx]s jl/i7 sd{rf/Ln]
g} ;a}eGbf klxn] a9'jf kfpg' kg]{ eGg ldNg]
cj:yf /xg] b]lvPg . a9'jf kfPsf pd]bj\ f/x
/ oL l/6 lgj]bsxsf] sfo{Ifdtf d"Nofgdf
c;dfg c /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bsxn] g} :jLsf/
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . k/Gt', h]i7tfjfkt cfkm"xn]
c k|fKt gu/]sf] eGg] bfjL u/]sf] b]lvFbg} .
To;}n] df}h'bf sfg"gn] g} a9'jfsf] nflu
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofg ubf{ h]i7tfnfO{ ljljw
cfwf/xdWo] Pp6f cfwf/;Dd dfg]sf] b]lvPsf]
x'bF f ;a} cfwf/xdf ;jf]Q
{ d\ c k|fKt ug]n
{ ]
dfq a9'jf kfpg] l:yltdf h]i7 sd{rf/Ln]
k|fyldstf kfpg' kg]{ eGg sfg"gtM ldNg]
b]lvPg . jl/i7nfO{ ldr]/ slgi7nfO{ a9'jfsf]
lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg] bfjL plNnlvt sfg"gL
Joj:yfs} cfwf/df d'gfl;a b]lvg cfPg .
^= k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod
@^ sf] b]xfo -5_ adf]lhd a9'jf ;ldltn]
thlahLkdf k[ys9n] c lbg ;S5 jf
;Sb}g eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf] xsdf ljrf/ ubf{,
l/6 lgj]bs tyf lghxtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] of] Joj:yfnfO{ g} d'Vo ljjflbt
k|Zgsf] kdf p7fpg' ePsf] x'Fbf of] lgodsf]
Joj:yfsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 . k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]
904
lgod @^ df k|x/L xjNbf/b]lv k|x/L gfoa

dxflg/LIfs;Ddsf] kbdf sfo{ Ifdtfsf]
d"Nofgafkt a9'jfsf] nflu c u0fgf;DaGwL
Joj:yf b]lvG5 . pQm lgodsf] b]xfo -s_
b]lv -r_ ;Ddsf] Joj:yfdf tf]lsPadf]lhd
c k|fKt ug]{ :ki6 cfwf/x pNn]v e}
lglZrt\ c k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf b]lvG5 .
tt\;DaGwdf yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf
b]lvFb}g . k/Gt', lgod @^ sf] b]xfo -5_ sf]
k|fjwfgadf]lhd a9'jf ;ldltn] lbPsf] cnfO{
l/6 lgj]bs tyf lghxtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxn] ab\lgot / :j]R5frf/Lk"j{s
lbPsf] egL ljjfb p7fpg' ePsf] 5 .
plNnlvt lgodfjnLsf] lgod @^ sf] b]xfo
-5_ sf] k|fjwfg x]bf{ a9'jf ;ldltn] lbg]
c a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/n] k|fKt
u/]sf] s"n csf] cltl/Qm lghsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf / sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df tL; c
tyf :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df
@) c;d]t u/L a9'jf ;ldltn] %) c;Dd
lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pQm a9'jf ;ldltn] lbPsf] cdWo] cfk"mnfO{
slt c lbg'kg]{ / a9'jf kfPsfxdWo] s
s;nfO{ lbg gx'g] slt c lbOPsf] egL
ljjfb p7fPsf] kfOFb}g . To;f] t pQm lgod
@^ sf] b]xfo -5_ df pNn]v ePsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df #) c /
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df @)
c;d]t u/L %) c;Dd lbg;Sg] eGg]
k|o'Qm jfSof+zn] pQm k|fjwfgadf]lhd lbg]
c afWofTds sfg"gL bflojcGtu{t kg]{
geO{ thlahL eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . of] a9'jf
;ldltn] lgod @^ sf] b]xfo -s_ b]lv -r_
;Dd lbOg] c afx]ssf] cltl/Qm c eGg]
b]lvFbf of] Joj:yfnfO{ z}lIfs of]Uotf /

sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgafkt lgoldtkdf
tf]lsPadf]lhd cyf{t\ oflGqskdf lbOg]
csf cfwf/;/xsf] c dfGg ldNg] cj:yf
ePg .
&= pQm lgod @^ sf] b]xfo -5_ sf]
k|fjwfgsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] ;DaGwdf l/6
lgj]bgdf s'g} k|Zg p7fOPsf] b]lvFbg} . lgod
@^-5_ sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgk|lts"n g/x]sf]
egL o; cbfntaf6 lgj] b s dLgk| ; fb
kf08]lj?4 u[x dGqfno;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+=
)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+ = ))!* df ldlt
@)^$!!@ df km};nf e};s]sf] x'bF f oxfF of]
sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zgsf]
ljj]rgf ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf klg 5}g . of]
Joj:yfadf]lhd l/6 lgj]bsxn] klg c
kfPsf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . t/, z}lIfs
of]Uotf / sfo{Ifdtfsf] ;Gbe{df tf]lsPadf]lhd
oflGqs cfwf/df c lbg] ;f]xL a9'jf ;ldltsf
kbflwsf/Lxn] lgod @^-5_ adf] l hd
tt\;DaGwL ljifodf Go"g c lbO{ ab\lgot
u/]sf] egL bfjL ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk, oL l/6
lgj]bsxn] cfkm"xdf a9'jf kfPsfxeGbf
of] o;k|sf/sf] cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf]
/ of] o; sf/0fn] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf c lbFbf of]
o;/L ab\lgot u/]sf] egL ts{;\ut cfwf/ /
sf/0f k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] kfOPg . lgod @^
sf] ;du| d"Nofgaf6 of]Uo b]lvPsf] eGg]
cfwf/df a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf]
sfg"gn] tf]ss
] f] lglZrt zt{ pNn\3g u/]sf]
k|dfl0ft geP;Dd tyf d"Nofg ubf{ s;}sf
pk/ ab\lgot lrtfPsf] eGg] :ki6 tYoo'Qm
k|df0faf6 :yflkt u/]df afx]s csf] cfsf/
;fgf] jf 7"nf] x'bF d

} f ab\lgot cg'dfg ug{
ldNg] x'bF g} .
*= z}lIfs of]Uotf / sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofg;DaGwL c lbg] oflGqs cfwf/ /
a9'jf ;ldltn] thlahLkdf c lbg;Sg]
cfwf/df p:t} b] l vg cfP klg oflGqs
cfwf/sf] 3]/f ;Lldt / ;\sl' rt x'G5 . k/Gt',
thlahL d"Nofgsf] cfwf/nfO{ ;Lldt 3]/fdf
;\s'rg ug{ ;lsFb}g . a9'jfsf] thlahL
d"Nofgdf ljljw cfofdx h:t} tf]lsPsf]
lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;Dkfbgsf] cj:yf, hjfkmb]lxtf,
jkmfbfl/tf, ljj] s sf] k| o f] u , rft' o { t f,
g]t[ jzLk Ifdtf, ;d:of ;dfwfgdf b]vfPsf]
;lqmotf, ;]jfsfndf kfPsf] k'/:sf/ jf
ljefuLo sf/jfxL cflb o:t} cGo s'/fxsf]
ljZn]if0f c k|bfg ubf{ ljrf/0fLo x'g ;Sg]
b] l vG5 . To;} n ] thlahL clwsf/sf]
d"Nofgdf / oflGqs d"Nofgafkt lbOg]
cdf ;dfgtf x'g'k5{ eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . olb
To;f] elgG5 eg] thlahL clwsf/ thlahL
k|s[ltsf] /xg g;sL lgolGqt x'g hfG5 .
lgolGqt clwsf/ thlahL clwsf/sf]
kl/efiffdf ;dfof]hg x'g ;Qm}g .
(= To;} u /L lgod @^-5_ sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu sfg"gdf plNnlvt cfwf/df
s'g pDd]bjf/nfO{ s] slt c lbg] jf glbg]
eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ d"Nofgstf{sf] xs
Pj+ lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljifo b]lvG5 . k|fKt ljj/0f
/ tYofsf] cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
d"Nofgstf{n] ug]{ sfddf cbfntn] l/6
If]qaf6 x:tIf]k u/L s;}nfO{ lbPsf] c 36L
jf a9L eof] eGg / ;+zf]wg ug{ cfb]z
lbg;Sg] l:ylt x'bF g} . a9'jf ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{
k| f Kt clwsf/cGtu{ t s;/L :jR5 Pj+
905

&), sflQs
@)&),
lhDd]jf/9n] d"Nofg u/L c k|bfg ug{]

eGg] s'/f p;}sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljifo ePsf]n]
cd's JolQm jf csf] xsdf x:tIf]k ug{
ldNg] gx'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf klg x:tIf]k ug{
ldn]g .
!)= To;sf] cltl/Qm pQm lgod @^
adf]lhd c u0fgf;DaGwL b]xfo -s_ b]lv
-5_ ;Ddsf k|fjwfgx k|x/L xjNbf/b]lv k|x/L
gfoa dxflg/LIfs;Ddsf kbdf nfu" x'g] cj:yf
/x]sf] b]lvFbf oL l/6 lgj]bsx xfnsf] kbdf
a9'jf x'bF f klg xfn k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfs
kbdf a9'jf ePsf c pDd]bj\ f/x;/x g}
;f]xL lgoddf plNnlvt k|fjwfgcg'ksf]
d"Nofgaf6 a9'jf e}cfPsf] cj:yfdf ljjfb
5}g . cfkm"x xfnsf] kbdf a9'jf eO{ cfpFbf
klxn]bl] v k|rngdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
cLsf/ u/L ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd a9'jf
ePsf] / kl5 ToxL sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd
a9'jf x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm lgodsf]
k|of]usf] ljlwdf k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g eGg]
ljkIfLxsf] d'Vo lhsL/ /x]sf] 5 . h'g
ljrf/0fLo 5 .
!!= a9'jf ;ldltn] lgod @^ sf]
b]xfo -5_ adf]lhd lbg] c;DaGwL d"Nofg
thlahdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] eGg] dfly g} pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . thlahL clwsf/ sfg"gn] ;'Dk]sf]
eP klg ;f] k|of]u ubf{ :j]R5frfl/tf, e]befj,
k"jf{u|x, ab\lgot h:tf s'/fxnfO{ s'g}
xb;Dd klg :yfg glbOsg lgikIftf /
ljj]sk"j{s k|of]u ul/g] ck]Iff ;fy ;'Dk]sf]
dflgG5 . sfg" g sf] zf;gdf thlahL
clwsf/nfO{ ;dGoflos, lgikIf /
;Gt'lnt9n] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ / To:tf] u/]sf]
b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yf clwsf/
906
k|of]ustf{sf] dgf]ut JofVof jf lghL :jfy{sf]

;Gt'li6sf] nflu gePsf] x'Fbf of] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf tfls{s cfwf/ / sf/0f
cGt/\lglxt x'g' jf~5gLo dflgG5 . a9'jf
;ldltn] lgod @^ sf] b]xfo -5_ adf]lhd
lbg] c s;/L lbOPsf] /x]5 eGg]tkm{ a9'jfsf]
l;kmfl/z;DaGwL lg0f{o x]bf{, a9'jf ;ldltn]
lgod @^-5_ sf] z} l Ifs of] U otf /
sfo{Ifdtfafkt c lbg yk lgDg cfwf/x
to u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 M
-s_ cltl/Qm z}lIfs of]Uotf, 1fgsf] :t/
Pj+ ljz]if1tf,
-v_ l;h{gzLn sfo{ Pj+ ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/,
-u_ Jofj;flos bIftf,
-3_ k|fKt u/]sf] k'/:sf/, ljefuLo sf/jfxL
Pj+ ;hfo,
-_ ;+u7g / ljefusf] ul/df a9fpg u/]sf]
k|of;,
-r_ ck/fw cg';Gwfg, lgoGq0f / ;'/Iffsf
ljljw If]qdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfg .
!@= To;}u/L ;f] l;kmfl/zsf] lg0f{odf
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bg sf] ;Gbe{df
;f] zAbn] s'g clwsf/LnfO{ OLt u/]sf]
eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] / xfn;Dd
To;/L s'g} lglZrt\ clwsf/LnfO{ :yfgLo
clwsf/Lsf] kdf dfGotf lbO{ To:tf]
clwsf/Lsf] lnlvt k| l tj] b g k| f Kt x' g ]
cEof;;d]t gePsf] eGg] pNn]v u/L @)
csf xsdf a9'jf ;ldltsf cWoIf g]kfn
;/sf/, u[x dGqfnosf] ;lrj :jo+ /xg] /
/fhkqflt k| y d >] 0 fLsf k| x /L jl/i7
pk/LIfsxsf] x'g ;Sg] ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf
a9'jfsf ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x lhNnf jf

If]q:t/df vl6Psf] ePdf cWoIf :jo+n]
;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;]jfu|fxL /
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lghk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f /
If] q Lo k| z f;s, k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/L,
dftxtsf cGo ;| f ] t tyf If] q Lo k| x /L
k|d'v;d]taf6 lghsf] ;DaGwdf k|fKt /fo /
;"rgf;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f / d"Nofg u/L a9'jf
;ldltdf 5nkmn u/L c lbg' plrt
b]lvPsf]=== eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
o;af6 xfn;Dd :yfgLo clwsf/L gtf]lsPsf]
/ k|fKt ePsf ljleGg /fo / ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f / d"Nofg u/L c lbg] ul/Psf]
eGg] cEof; of] ljjflbt a9'jfsf] ;Gbe{df
dfq geO{ o;cl3 l/6 lgj]bsx xfnsf]
kbdf a9'jf x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf klg /x]sf]] eGg]
tYo :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . To;f] x'Fbf ljjflbt
kbsf] a9'jfsf] xsdf dfq :yfgLo clwsf/L
s;nfO{ dflgPsf] eGg] :ki6 gePsf] / To:tf]
clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bg gePsf]n] a9'jf u}/sfg"gL
5 eGg] l/6 lgj]bstkm{sf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/n] tfljs dxj
/fVg] b]lvg cfPg .
!#= lgod @^-5_ adf]lhd a9'jf
;ldltn] pQm lgodsf] cltl/Qm d"NofgnfO{
kf/bzL{ / Gofo;\ut agfpg c lbg dfly
plNnlvt yk 5j6f zLif{sx tf]s]sf] eP
klg tL zLif{sxdWo] s] s'g zLif{sdf s]
s'g cfwf/af6 s] slt c k|fKt u/]sf] egL
c juL{s/0f ul/Psf] b]lvPg . sfg"gdf klg
To;f] ug'{kg]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOPg . of]
k|fjwfgadf]lhd ljleGg pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbOPsf]
c tflnsf x]bf{ Go"gtd\ cdf z}lIfs of]Uotf
/ sfo{Ifdtfafkt lbg ;lsg] c #) dWo] @
tyf :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;d]t

cfwf/df lbg ;lsg] c @) dWo] @ lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . oL b'j} cfwf/df lbg ;lsg] cdf
clwstd\ qmdzM #) / !& ;Dd lbPsf] klg
b]lvG5 . s"n %) csf] of]udf b'j} cfwf/df
lbOPsf] csf] ;+of]hg x]bf{ s'g} pDd]bjf/nfO{
hDdf !@ c / s'g}nfO{ $& c;Dd lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . k|To]s ;Defljt pDd]bjf/sf] 5'f5'}
d"Nofg x'gk' g]{ ePklg ;du| d"Nofg tflnsf
x]bf{ s;}nfO{ Hofb} Go"g / s;}nfO{ clwstd\
c lbO{ pDd]bjf/xaLr d"Nofgdf 7"nf]
leGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h;sf] sf/0f v'nfPsf]
kfOPg . thlahL d"Nofgsf] clwsf/cGtu{t
s'g} dgfl;a sf/0f / cfwf/ gv'nfO{ 7"nf]
cGt/ sfod u/L c lbF b f ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf hf];'s}n] To:tf] d"Nofgpk/
k|Zg p7fpg ;Sg] / Go"gtd c k|fKt ug]{n]
klg ;fwf/0ftM lrQ a'emfpg g;Sg] cj:yf
/xg hfG5 . a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ ePsf]
JolQmsf] xsdf k|x/L P]g lgodn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] dfkb08 / sfo{ljlwnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
JolQmlkR5] 5'f5'} d"Nofg ul/g] x'Fbf Ps
hgfsf] d"Nofg csf{sf] eGbf lsg 36L jf
a9L eof] egL t'ngf ug{ / To;} cfwf/df
gful/s x:tIf] k ug{ o' l Qm;\ u t /
sfg"g;\ut b]lvg cfpFb}g . pDd]bjf/sf
xsdf sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt ;ldlt
jf kbflwsf/Ln] lbPsf] d" N ofgnfO{
cfTdutkdf a9L jf 36L d"Nofg eof]
eGg] 7fpF ;fwf/0ftof /xg cfpF b } g .
d" N ofgstf{ s f] lhDdfdf ;' D k] s f o:tf
lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt ;ldlt jf kbflwsf/Ln]
ljj]s ;\ut / Gofok"j{s k"/f ug'{kg]{ j}w
ck]Iffsf] s'/f cfgf] 7fpFdf 5Fb}5 .
907

&), sflQs
@)&),
!$= o; l;nl;nfdf ljrf/0fLo s'/f

s] 5 eg] lgod @^ sf] h:tf] Joj:yf tfn's
lgsfo jf ljefunfO{ x}sdjfb rnfpg
:j] R 5frf/Lkdf pDd] b jf/xsf] xsdf
d"Nofg ug{ ;Sg] u/fpg Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x' g ;Sb} g . k| x /L ;+ u 7gsf] cg' z f;g
Joj;flostf To;df ck]Iff ul/g] pRr
dgf]an / st{Jolgi7fsf] efjgf k|x/Lxdf
hufO{ /fVg ;du| k|x/L ;+u7g / u[xk|zf;gn]
;+jb] gzLn9n] ;+u7gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;Lk
/ tTk/tf b] v fpg ;Sg' k 5{ . sf] x L
cg' l rtkn] k' / :s[ t / sf] x L cg' l rt
e]befjk"j{s lt/:s[lt jf bl08t u/]sf] eGg]
b]lvg] Pp6} dfq pbfx/0f klg ;+u7gsf]
:jf:Yosf] nflu ljiffQm x'g ;S5 . To;}n]
k|x/L ;]jfsf] egf{b]lv a9'jf jf kb:yfkgsf
x/]s r/0fdf pk/f]Qm d"Noxsf] ;Ddfg e}
/xg ;sf];\, s;}n] klg cGofo / e]befjsf]
cg'ej ug{ gkfcf];\ eGg] lx;fan] ;"Idflb
;"Id s'/fxdf klg ;+j]bgzLn eP/ Wofg
lbg' k g{ ] x' G 5 . k| x /L k| z f;gsf] o:tf]
;+j]bgzLn s'/fdf pk/f]Qm plNnlvt lgod
@^ sf] h:tf] Joj:yfsf] k|of]u ubf{ cltGo"g
lbP klg x'g] / clt pRr d"Nofg lbP klg
x'g], clg To;sf] s}lkmot ;Dd hgfpg gkg]{
k/Dk/f ljsl;t jf :yflkt x'g lbg] xf] eg]
of] lgodsf] Joj:yf k|x/L ;+u7gleq unt
k4lt k|j]z u/fpg] 9f]sf aGg g;Snf eGg
;lsFb}g . clVtof/jfnfdfly sfg"gn] ljZjf;
u/]sf] p;sf] cfgf] Ifdtf xf] / p;;Fu
To:tf] clVtof/L ;'lDkbf p;n] hjfkmb]xL
af]w u/]sf] x'G5 eGg] ck]Iff klg xf] . clVtof/
k|fKt u/]sf]n] ;f] clVtof/L h;/L klg k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] sbflk xf]Og . xfnsf] lgod
908
@^ n] pQm a9'jf d"Nofgafkt c k|bfg

ubf{ tf]lsPsf] csf] dflyNnf] jf tNnf] s'g}
klg xb gtf]lsPsf] sf/0fn] s'g} xb;Dd
tNnf] / s'g}df xb;Ddsf] dflyNnf] c lbg]
u/]sf] / To;sf] sf/0fn] cGo k|lt:kwL{xsf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf c;fdfGo c;/ kf/]sf]
;Dd b]lvof] . ;dfg txdf nueu ;dfg
lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf k|x/LxaLr Jofkskdf
cGt/ kg]{ u/L d"Nofg x'g hfG5 eg] To;sf]
k'li6df sf/0fx hgfpg / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
cGo pDd]bjf/nfO{ :jo+ a9'jf ;ldlts}
:d/0fsf] nflu klg h/L x'g] xf] . x/]s
clVtof/Lsf] k|of]udf ;f]sf] b'kof]usf] klg
;Defjgf x' G 5 . To;} n ] ;DalGwt
clVtof/jfnf :jo+sf] cfTd;+od / ;f]eGbf
dflyNnf] txsf] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf]
lgu/fgL klg h/L x'g hfG5 . of] lgoldt
k|lqmofsf] ;w} x]l//xg' kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n]
a9'jf ;ldltn] ljz]ifkdf ;r]t x'g h?/L
b]lvG5 .
!%= k|:t't d'2fdf dfly g} pNn]v
ul/Ph:tf] s'g} pDd]bjf/nfO{ s'g} zLif{sdf
xb;Ddsf] dflyNnf] / s'gn
} fO{ csf]d{ f xb;Ddsf]
Go"gtd\ c lbO{ s"n of]u k|efljt ePsf];d]t
b]lvPsf]n] To:tf] k|jl[ Q ;+:yfut x'g gkfcf];\
egL ljz]if kdf ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ ePsf] 5 .
o;/L x]bf{ lgod @^ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
d"Nofg ubf{ ;ldltn] plrt sf/0f;lxt
cltsd\ jf clt Go"g c k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]
s'/fdf ljjfb ug'{ gk/] klg To:tf] clt pRr
jf clt Go"g c s'g} zLif{sdf k|bfg ubf{
To;sf] sf/0f pNn]v u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ / To;sf]
cf}lrTodf ljrf/ ug{ ;lsg] u/L k|of]u x'g
jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . To;sf] nflu ca cfoGbf
k|rlnt k|x/L P]g, lgodfjnLcGtu{t vf; u/L

lgod @^ cGtu{t a9'jf k|of]hgsf] nflu c
k|bfg ubf{ a9'jf ;ldlt jf kbflwsf/Ln] tf]lsPsf
zLif{sdf tf]lsPsf] cdWo] rfnL; k|ltzteGbf
sd c k|bfg u/L jf &) k|ltzteGbf a9L
c k|bfg u/L d"Nofg ug'{kbf{ ;DalGwt
d"Nofgstf{n] plrt / k|of{Kt sf/0f s}lkmotdf
clgjfo{ hgfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ug{ / u/fpg /
To:tf] cfwf/df ePsf] d"NofgnfO{ dfq}
j}wflgstf lbg lbnfpg ljkIfL a9'jf ;ldlt,
k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, u[x dGqfno;d]tsf
gfpFdf cfb]z hf/L x'gk' g]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 .
o:tf] ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu c:jfefljs
b]lvg] d"Nofg k4ltnfO{ Gofo;\ut9n]
;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 .
!^= csf]t{ km{ k|rlnt k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod @^ sf] b]xfo -5_ n] :yfgLo
clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df a9'jfsf]
;DefJo pDd]b\jf/nfO{ @) c;Dd lbg ;Sg]
Joj:yf eP klg xfn;Dd To:tf] clwsf/Lsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . sfg"gdf s'g} vf;
lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu vf; k|lqmof jf s'/fnfO{
cfwf/ lng] egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg]
nfdf] ;do;Dd To:tf] sfg"g jf lgodn]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] Tof] Joj:yf jf k|lqmofnfO{
l/Qm 5f8\g', cgb]vf ug'{ jf dgf]ut9n]
k|of]u u/]df jfl~5t cEof; x'g g;Sg]
cj:yfsf] ;DefJotf /xg hfG5 . k|x/L
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @^-5_ sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] kl/efiff
xfn;Dd gePsf] / :yfgLo k| z f;gsf]
;Gbe{df k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ :yfgLo
clwsf/L dfGg ;lsg] eP klg ljjflbt kbsf]
a9'jfdf :yfgLo k|zf;g P]g jf cGo vf;
P]gdf kl/eflift s'g} clwsf/LnfO{ :yfgLo

clwsf/L dflgg] ;DaGwdf k|x/L P]g, lgodfjnL
jf To:tf P]gn] :ki6 lgb]{z u/]sf] gb]lvFbf
k[ys k|of]hgsf nflu ag]sf sfg"gxdf
plNnlvt kl/efiffcg' ? ksf] :yfgLo
clwsf/LnfO{ ljjflbt kbsf] nflu klg a9'jfsf]
k| o f] h gsf] nflu k| l tj] b g lbg] :yfgLo
clwsf/Lsf] kdf lng ldNg] x'Fb}g . k|x/L
lgodfjnLn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] k|x/Lxsf]
a9'jfsf] nflu s] s'g kbsf] nflu s] s'g
bhf{sf jf s'g kbflwsf/L :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf]
kdf /xg] x'g\ / :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] lbg]
k|ltj]bg s:tf] x'g], To:tf] k|ltj]bg a9'jfsf]
;dodf dfq lbg' kg]{ xf] jf tf]lsPsf]
sfo{If]qdf ;Dkfbg ul/Psf] ljljw sfo{sf]
k|ltj]bg;d]tnfO{ a9'jfsf] cfwf/ agfpg] eGg]
;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf x'g' klg Tolts}
cfjZos b] l vg cfpF 5 . lgod @^-5_
adf]lhdsf] d"Nofgstf{ / a9'jf ;ldlt Pp6}
/xFbf a9'jf ;ldltsf] sfo{df lgikIftfsf] cefj
/xg hfg] hf];'s}n] zf ug{ ;Sg] k|z:t 7fpF
x'bF f k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df;d]t
plNnlvt lgod @^-5_ sf] k|fjwfg v/f]
pqg g;Sg] cg'e"t ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf Gofo
tyf sfg"gsf dfGo l;4fGtsf] efjgf cg's"n
x'g] u/L ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{;d]t b]lvG5 . a9'jfsf]
lg0f{o ab/sf] bfjL ug{ a9'jfsf] l;kmf/Lz
ug{] a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ xf],
xf]Og eGg] t];|f] k|Zgsf] xsdf ljrf/ ubf{
a9'jf ePsf ljkIfL k|x/L clws[tx a9'jf
;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/zadf]lhd ljjflbt
kbdf k|x/L gfoa dxflg/LIfssf] kbdf a9'jf
ul/Psf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5} g . l/6
lgj]bsxn] ;f] a9'jf l;kmfl/zsf] lg0f{onfO{
909

&), sflQs
@)&),
s'g} r'gf}tL lbPsf] gb]lvO{ ;f] l;kmfl/zsf]

cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\ n ] u/] s f] a9' j fsf]
lg0f{onfO{ dfq ab/ ug{ bfjL u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df ul/g] a9'jfsf] lg0f{o
tt\;DaGwL l;kmfl/zsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
xf] . l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df dfq s'g} lg0f{o
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf]df To:tf] l;kmfl/z
ug]{ lgsfon] l;kmfl/z gu/]sf] cj:yfdf :jtM
lg0f{ostf{n] lg0f{o ug{;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf
a9'jfsf] lg0f{osf] dfq bfjL ubf{ Tof] lgZro
g} ck"/f] x'ghfG5 . a9'jfsf] l;kmfl/znfO{
h:tfsf]t:t} /fvL a9'jfsf] lg0f{onfO{ dfq
ab/ ug]{ xf] eg] klxn]sf] l;kmfl/zsf] cl:tj
sfod /lx/xg] / k'gM ;f]xL l;kmfl/z lqmofzLn
x'g]x'Fbf a9'jf ug{ ul/Psf] l;kmfl/zpk/ s'g}
bfjL gu/L a9'jfsf] lg0f{opk/ dfqsf] bfjLn]
tflTjs dxj /fVg] cj:yf x'Fb}g .
!&= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf a9'jfsf]
l;kmfl/z ug]{ a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf]
b] l vF b } g . a9' j f ;ldltdf /x] s f
kbflwsf/LxnfO{ eg] JolQmutkdf pDd]bjf/
agfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] b]lvG5 . dfly pNn]v
ul/Padf]lhd a9'jf ;ldlt u[xdGqfnosf
;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|x/L dxflg/LIfs
/ k|x/L cltl/Qm dxflg/LIfs jf k|x/L gfoa
dxflg/LIfs;d]tsf] ;fd"lxs x}l;otsf] :j?k
xf] . a9'jf ;ldltdf ;+nUg ePsf sf/0fn]
dfq} a9'jf ;ldltsf] xsdf s'g} ;b:on]
k| l tlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xF b } g .
;fd"lxskdf ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ k[ys x}l;otdf
/fv]/ x]g{ ;lsGg . To;}u/L k[yskdf ul/Psf]
sfo{n] ;fd"lxs sfo{sf] af]w klg x'g ;Qm}g .
;fd"lxskdf ul/Psf] lg0f{oaf6 clwsf/df
k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] egL bfjL ul/G5 eg]
910
To:tf] lg0f{o ug]{ ;fd"lxs cl:tjsf] :j?knfO{

g} ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ / To:tf] lgsfon]
;'gj' fO{sf] plrt / kof{Kt cj;/ kfPsf] x'gk' g]{
Goflos dfGotf xf] .
!*= l/6 lgj] b stkm{ s f ljfg
clwjQmfxn] a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL gagfP
klg a9'jf ;ldltsf ;a} JolQmxnfO{ ljkIfL
agfOPsf] egL ax;df lhsL/ lng'ePsf] ;Gbe{
klg ljrf/0fLo 5 . a9'jf ;ldlt Ps sfg"gL
JolQm xf] . p;sf] sfg"gtM cnu klxrfg
x'G5 . To;}n] a9'jf ;ldltsf] lg0f{o To;sf
cWoIf jf ;b:oxsf] lghL lg0f{o xf]Og .
;fd"lxskdf s'g} s'/f ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg]
lg0f{o Tof] ;d"xsf] tt\;DaGwL ljrf/xsf]
ldng xf] . ljrf/sf] ldngdf dt}Sosf s'/fx
;dfj]z x'G5 . t/, lghLkdf JoQm s'/fxn]
sfg"gadf]lhd ;fd"lxskdf ul7t lgsfon]
ug]{ lg0f{o;Fu k|lts"ntfsf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf
gu/] klg lghL s'/fxn] ;fd"lxs cl:tjsf]
lgsfosf] x}l;ot b]vfpg ;Qm}g . To;}n] a9'jf
;ldltsf] lg0f{odf s;L nufpFbf clgjfo{kdf
To; ;ldltnfO{ ;'gj' fO{sf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
x'gk' 5{ .
!(= oBlk, ljkIfL agfOPsf a9'jf
;ldltsf cWoIf jf ;b:oxn] lj;Ddt cy{
nfUg] s'/fx pNn]v u/]sf] cj:yf geP klg
s;}n] klg a9'jf ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 clVtof/
k|fKt u/]sf] jf a9'jf ;ldltsf] k|ltlglwTj
u/]sf] eGg] s'g} cflwsfl/s b:tfj]h k]z u/]sf]
b]lvFbg} . a9'jf ;ldltsf ;a} kbflwsf/Lxn]
;fd" l xskdf ;f] ;ldltsf] tkm{ a f6
lnlvthjfkm lkm/fO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] eGg]
klg b]lvFb}g . a? lnlvthjfkmdf a9'jf
;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL g} gagfOPsf] eGg] lhsL/
lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . a9'jf ;ldltaf6 sfg"g jf

lg0f{oadf]lhd clVtof/ k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
a9'jf ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ;b:oxsf]
JolQmut x} l ;otn] a9' j f ;ldltsf] g}
k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf
/x]g . To;}n] ;fd"lxskdf u7g ePsf] lgsfo
cyf{t\ a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df
ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ ab/ ug]{ bfjL lnFbf To:tf]
;ldltnfO{ g} ljkIfL agfO{ ;'gj' fO{sf] kof{Kt /
plrt cj;/ lbg'kg]d{ f a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL
gagfPsf] / a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/znfO{ ab/
dfu gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;ldltn] u/]sf] a9'jf
l;kmfl/zsf] lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf ug{ k|fs[lts
Gofosf] ;'gj' fO{sf] l;4fGtn] klg lbFbg} .
@)= ca l/6 lgj]bssf] dfuadflhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug'k{ g]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] clGtd
k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{, dfly ljleGg k|Zgxdf
ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd oL l/6 lgj]bsxnfO{
a9'jfsf] ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ gagfPsf] eGg]
gb]lvPsf], df}h'bf sfg"gn] a9'jfsf] nflu
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgdf h]i7tfafktsf] c
lbOPsf] eP klg a9'jfdf h]i7tfnfO{ dfq cfwf/
dfg]sf] gb]lvPsf], k|x/L lgodfjnLsf] lgod
@^-5_ adf]lhd a9'jf ;ldltsf] lg0f{odf ;a}
k|lqmof k"/f gePsf] eGg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf],
a9'jf ;ldltnfO{ ljkIfL gagfPsf] eGg];d]tsf
ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0fxaf6 lgj]bsxsf] dfu
bfjLadf]lhd pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L
ljjflbt kbdf a9'jf kfPsf JolQmxnfO{ a9'jf
ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg .
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sfn] o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t lgliqmo x'G5 .
911
@!= k/Gt', k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$(sf]

lgod @^-5_ adf]lhd d"Nofgsf] c a9'jf
;ldltn] lbg kfpg] k|fjwfg / d"Nofgsf] c
k|bfg;DaGwL k4ltnfO{ Gofo / sfg"gsf dfGo
l;4fGt;Fu tfbfTDo x'g]u/L Gofo;\ut /
kf/bzL{9n] ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ 68\sf/f]
b]lvPsf] egL dfly g}} ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}n] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ Goflos / :jR59n]
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/fpg / b'kof]u x'g]
;DefjgfnfO{ /f]Sg lgod @^-5_ sf] Joj:yfdf
;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L c k|bfg ug]{ pko'Qm
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] klxrfg u/L j:t'lgi7
cfwf/ / sf/0fsf] cfwf/df j}1flgs tl/sfn]
c k|bfg ug]{ k4ltsf] :yfkgf ug'k{ b{5 . d"Nofg
c k|bfg ubf{ cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 ;dly{t
x'gk' 5{, cfTdlgi7 x'gx' bF' g} . To;}u/L cf};tkdf
&) k|ltzteGbf a9L jf Go"gtd\ h:t} $)
k|ltzteGbf sd c k|bfg ubf{ klg To:tf] c
k|bfg ug's
{ f] sf/0f v'nfpg kg]{ / tYoaf6
;dly{t x'gkg]{ l:ylt sfod u/]df d"Nofg
k|0ffnL klg ljj]s;Ddt eO{ ;Da4 pDd]bjf/n]
klg lrQ a'emfpg ;Sg] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g ;Sg]
x'G5 . :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf
klg :ki6 kfb}{ d"Nofg k|of]hgsf] nflu :yfgLo
clwsf/Lsf] osLg u/L k|ltj]bgdf v'nfpg]
s'/fxsf] klg osLg ul/g'kb{5 . ta dfq
To:tf] d"Nofg k4ltnfO{ Gofo;\ut dfGg
slQ klg cK7\of/f] x'bF g} .
@@= ctM ca cfoGbf dfly ljj]lrt
s'/fxnfO{ dgg u/L ;f]adf]lhd geP;Dd
lgod @^ adf] l hd d" N ofg ubf{ s' g }
pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf tf]lsPsf] zLif{sdf tf]lsPsf]
cdWo] $) k| l tzteGbf tn jf &)
k|ltzteGbf a9L c k|bfg ubf{ plrt /

&), sflQs
@)&),
kof{Kt sf/0f s}lkmot hgfO{ lbg] Joj:yf ug'{

lj?4
u/fpg' To:tf] k|lqmofaf6 d"Nofg ePsfnfO{ k|ToyL{k|ltjfbL M sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!^
pQm k|of]hgsf] nflu dfGotf lbg' lbnfpg'
afnfh' 6f}8f]n a:g] dfOnL anfdL
egL ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] z' km};nf ug{] M
7x5{ . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lsf] nut
>L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+
sf u/L lgb]z
{ g sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfb]zsf] k'g/fj]bg txdf km};nf ug{] M
k| l tlnlk;lxt
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
df=Gof=>L t]haxfb'/ s]=;L=
sfof{nodfkm{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ n]vL k7fO{
df=Gof=>L k|sfzs'df/ 9'u+ fgf
;f] s f] hfgsf/L km} ; nf sfof{ G jog
lgb]z
{ gfnonfO{;d]t lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/
e"ld;DaGwL P]g sfg"gcGtu{tsf]
clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
cg';r
" L, gfkL, lkmN8a's / /fhLgfdf
;d] t df df] x Lsf kdf clt
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
JolQmsf gfddf ;fdfGo km/s kb{d} f
Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{
df]xL xf]Ogg\ eGg gldNg] .
/fhLgfdf;d]tsf lnvtdf df]xL
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn h]7 % ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
hlgPkl5 df]xL /x]sf] :jLsf/ ul/of]
Ohnf; clws[tM cfTdb]j hf]zL
eGg ldNb} g . xs eGg] s' / f
sfg"gcg';f/ dfq k|fKt x'G5 / xssf]
&
lj:yfkg klg sfg"gaf6 dfq x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
5f]/Lsf xsdf Psf;uf]ndf /xg'
lg0f{o g+= ()##
eg]s} cljjflxt /xg' xf] . ljjfxkl5
5f]/Lsf] afa'cfdf;Fusf] Psf;uf]nsf]
eGg] x}l;ot 6'6\b5 . Pp6} 3/df
' m Ohnf;
/xg' g} Psf;uf]n x'g' xf]Og . gftf
;DaGw kg{ ] k| T o] s JolQm
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf] x'g ;Sb}g .
@)^&CI!^@(
Psf;uf]n Pp6f sfg"gL x}l;ot xf] .
km};nf ldlt M @)&).#.!$.^
kl/jf/sf k|To]s JolQm Psf;uf]ndf
g/xg ;Sb5g\ . Psf;uf] n
d'2f M df]xL nut sf .
;fDklQs xs / bflo j;F u
;DalGwt /xg] cj:yf xf] .
k'g/fj]bsjfbL M sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!^
Ps} kl/jf/df /x]s} JolQm;d]t c+z
afnfh' a:g] nId0f >]i7
lnO{ jf c+z 5f]8kq u/L jf ;DaGw
912
()## nId0f >] i 7 lj=dfOnL anfdL
ljR5]b u/L cnu ePkl5 lghsf]

Psf;uf]n eGg] x}l;ot 6'6\5 .
cfdfsf] x]/rfx d}n] g} ub{yF] . ljjfx
3/ 5f]8/] dfOtLd} cfP/ a;]sL lyPF,
d[t cfdfsf] xs vfg] dafx]s sf]xL
5} g eGg] lhsL/n] s;} n fO{
Psf;uf]nsf] dfGg ldNb}g . Pp6}
3/df a:g' g} Psf;uf]ndf /xg'
xf]Og .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
P]gsf] kl/efiff v08n] s;}nfO{
clwsf/ lb+bg} . P]gdf lbOg] kl/efiff
v08 ;f] P]gsf bkmfxnfO{ JofVof
ug{sf nflu ;xfos;Dd x'G5g\ . d[t
df]xLsL Ps dfq xsbf/ ePsf] gftfn]
lghsf] xs cfkm"df ;g{' kg{] ;f/jfg\
bfjL ug{ of] kl/efiffsf] Joj:yf
s;}sf] klg xsflwsf/sf] ;|ft] aGg
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
sfg"g h'g ldltaf6 nfu" x'G5 egL
P]gdf pNn]v ePsf] x'G5, ;f]xL
ldltaf6 Tof] P] g df ePsf
k|fjwfgx nfu" ePsf] dfGg'kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
sfg"gL xssf] hGd lgj]bg jf lkm/fb
jf bv{f:t jf bfjL u/]sf] ldltdf
axfn sfg"gsf cfwf/df x'g] xf]Og .
xs eg]sf] ;f/jfg\ s'/f xf] . sf/0f
k/]sf] jf 36gf 36]sf] jf s'g} sfd
ePsf] lbgdf axfn sfg"gs} cfwf/df
xssf] :yfkgf jf lj:yfkgf x'G5 .
To;}sf] cfwf/df ck/fw x'g] jf gx'g]
913
tyf xs k|fKt x'g] jf gx'g] osLg

x'g] .
h'ga]nf sf/0f k/]sf] x'G5 To;}an
] f
k|rngdf /x]sf] sfg"gn] To;nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{] xf] . @)$% ;fndf
cfdfsf] b]xfGt ePsf] sf/0faf6
lghsf] gfdsf] df]lxofgL cfkm"df
;g{k' g{] bfjLsf xsdf @)$% ;fnd}
axfn /x]sf] sfg"gs} ;Ldfdf /xg'
kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
s;}sf] d[To' ePkl5 lghsf] :jfldTj
tyf ef]uflwsf/;DaGwL ;fDklQs
xssf] klg lgh;Fu} d[To' x'G5 .
;DklQ slxNo} klg :jfldTjlaxLg
/xF b } g .
;fDklQs
xs
sfg" g adf] l hdsf] xsbf/df
:jfldTjjfnfsf] d[To' ;Fu;Fu} ;b{5 .
;DklQdf xs /x]sf] JolQmsf] d[To'
ePsf] If0fdf axfn /x] s f]
sfg"gcg';f/ xs ;g{] jf g;g{] jf
s;df ;g{] eGg] s'/f lg/f]lkt x'G5 .
@)%# ;fndf ePsf] ;+zf]wgn] l;h{gf
u/]sf] xs @)$% ;fnd} k|fKt x'g
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
df]xLsf] d[To'kZrft\ dfq Psf;uf]nsf
5f]/Ldf klg d[t df]xLsf] df]lxofgL
xs ;g{;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf pQm sfg"g
;+zf]wgk"j{ g} d[To' e};s]sf df]xLsf]
df]lxofgL xs gfd;f/L x'g] 7x/ x'g
g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_

&), sflQs
@)&),
k'g/fj]bsjfbLtkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7

clwjQmf gf/fo0fjNne kGt / ljfg
clwjQmf hubLzrG kf08]
k|ToyL{k|ltjfbLtkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf Zofdk|;fb v/]n / clwjQmf
/fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L
canlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @-v_
/ @^ -!_-u_
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tL M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^&.(.@(.% sf] km};nfpk/
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd
jfbLsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg bfo/
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/
o; k|sf/ 5 M
xfdLxsf gfddf bt{f /x]sf] @)^$
;fndf ;fljssf hUufwgL lx/fdfg 8+uf]naf6
/fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf] ;fljs sf=lh=afnfh'
j8f g+=^, ls=g+=@) sf] If]=km=)!!@) e}
xfn gofF gfkLdf sf=lh= gu/ j8f g+= !^ l;6
g+= !)@)(*#)^ ls=g+=^& If]=km=@()=))
ju{dL6/ sfod ePsf] hUuf ljut #%$)
jif{bl] v xfdLxn] g} ;f] hUuf df]xLafkt sdfO{
cfPsf] / ;f] hUufsf] s'tafnL;d]t ;fljs
hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfO{ cfPsf] ;|]:tf k"h{fdf
hlgPsf], df]xLsf] #%$) aif{cl3 g} d[To'
e};s]sf] / lgheGbf cl3 g} lghsf] kltsf]
d[To' ePsf] x'bF f plNnlvt hUuf slxNo} lgh
tyf lghsf] kl/jf/n] hf]tef]u gu/]sf] gfkLsf]
;dodf cGo pgfp JolQm 7"nL eGg] dfof
anfdLsf] gfd n]lvg;Dd uPsf] xf] . 7"nL
914
eGg] dfof anfdLsf] Psdfq 5f]/Lsf] hfohGd

ePsf]df cfheGbf $)$% jif{ klxn] g}
dsjfgk'/ lhNnf, s'nv
] fgL v8\al' t/ ljjfx
e} uPsf] tyf lghn] slxNo} hf]tef]u gu/]sf]
/ ljjfx e} uPsL 5f] / L sfg" g adf] l hd
xsjfnf;d]t gePsf] / lgh tyf lghsL
cfdf;d]tn] slxNo} ;f] hUuf hf]tef]u gu/]sf]
gfkLsf] ;dodf e"naz pgfp JolQmsf] gfd
l6lkg uPsf] xf], g lxhf] lghsL cfdf df]xL
lyOg\, g ljkIfL cfh ;f] lsQf hUufsf] df]xL
x'g ;lS5g\ . ;|:] tf k"hf{ sf] df]xL dxndf hlgPsf]
pgfp JolQmsf] gfd sf ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] l/tf >]i7 / nId0f >]i7sf] ;+oQ
' m
lgj]bgkq .
;fljs sf=lh=uf=lj=;= afnfh' j8f
g+= ^ ls=g+=@) sf] If]=km= )!!@) / P]=P]=
j8f g+=^ sf] ls=g+=*& sf] If]=km= ))@)
lsQf hUuf bf]xf]/f] gfkgS;f x'Fbf sfodL
sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=!^ l;6 g+=!)@
)(*#)^ sf] ls=g+ = ^& If] = km=@()=))
ju{dL6/ hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL d lgj]lbsfsL
:j=cfdf 7"nL eGg] ;Gtdfof anfdL ePsf]
tYodf ljjfb gePsf], pQm lsQf hUufsf]
;fljs df]xLsf] :ju{af; ePkZrft\\ pQm lsQf
hUuf d lgj] l bsfn] df] x Lsf] x} l ;otn]
ef]urng u/L cfPsf] hUuf xf] . pQm lsQf
hUufsf] ;fljs df]xL /x]sf] tYodf ljjfb
g/x]sf] / ;fljs df]xLsf] sfg"gL xsbf/ d
lgj]lbsf /x]sf] tYo;d]t ljjfb g/x]sf] /
pQm lsQf hUuf d lgj]lbsfn] e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @-v_ adf]lhd xfn;Dd
ef]urng u/L cfPsf] / pQm lsQf hUufsf]
;fljs hUufwgLaf6 xfn dfq ljkIfLn] pQm
lsQf hUufsf] ;fljsnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L
hUufwgLsf] xs lx:;f;Dd ljkIfLn] xfn

lnPsf] tYonfO{ ljkIfLxn] ljjflbt lsQf
hUuf lnvt kfl/t u/L lnFbfsf] cj:yfdf g}
kfl/t lnvtdf g} df]xL dxndf d]/f] :j=cfdf
7" n L eGg] ;Gtdfof anfdL xfn;Dd
clGtdkdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ pQm
lsQf hUufsf] ;fljs df]xLsf] xsjfnf 5}g
egL s] j n hUufwgLsf] ljkIfLsf] xs
lx:;f;Dd v/Lb u/L lnPsf] ljkIfLxn] xfn
cfP/ d ;fljs df]xLsf] ljlwjt\ xsjfnf
5Fbf5Fb} xsjfnf 5}g egL d}n] sdfPsf]
hUufnfO{ ljkIfLxn] sdfPsf] egL lnPsf]
bfjL em"f xf] . ;fljs df]xLsf] Psdfq xsbf/
d ePsf]df ljjfb gePsf] ljkIfLxsf]
xslxtdf c;/ kg{] s'g} klg sfo{ daf6
gePsf] / s'g} lsl;dsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL;d]t
ljkIfLxdf gePsf] s]jn hUufwgLsf] xs
lx:;f;Dd ljkIfLsf] sfod /x]sf]df d]/f] ljjfb
g/x]sf] cj:yfdf d}n] df]xLsf] x}l;otn] lgj{fx
ug{'kg{ bfloj / lhDd]jf/L axg u/L pQm
lsQf hUufsf] @)^% ;fn;Ddsf] afnL;d]t
o; sfo{fnodf w/f}6L /fv]sf] cj:yfdf s]jn
dnfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv lbg] s'lgot lrtfO{
k|ltzf]wsf] efjgf /fvL ljkIfLxn] bfo/
u/]sf] xsb}oflaxLg skf]nslNkt tYoxLg
sfg"gL anlaxLg lgj]bg kqnfO{ c=a+=!*)
g+= adf]lhd vf/]h x'g] 7x/L km};nf u/L pQm
lsQf hUuf ;fljs df] x Lsf] gfdaf6 d
lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] u/L
OG;fkm kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfOnL
anfdLsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
k]z ePsf] uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/z,
;|:] tfsf] ljj/0f, lkmN8 a's, @ g+=cg';r
" L,
lgj]bg dfu, :ynut ;h{dLg d'r'Nsfaf6
915
b]lvPsf] ljj/0f, lgj]lbsf dfOnL anfdLn]

k]z u/]sf] gftf k|df0f / jf/];n] k]z u/]sf]
jf/];gfdf sfuhaf6 lghsf] ljjfx ePsf]
b]lvof] / ;h{dLg d'r'Nsfaf6 ;f] hUufdf
hUufwgLsf] hf] t sdf] b /x] s f] b] l vF b f
sf=lh=afnfh', j8f g+=^ ls=g+=@) sf] If]=km=
)!!@) le8L gofF gfkLdf gu/ !^ l;=g+=
!)@)(*#)^ ls=g+=^& sf] If]=km= @()=))
a=dL=hUufsf] df]xL 7"nL eGg] ;Gtdfof anfdLsf]
gfd e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_
-u_ adf]lhd df]xL nut sf x'g] 7x5{ eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfo{fno, sf7df8f}s
+ f] ldlt
@)^^.#.!! sf] lg0f{o .
bfjLsf] hUufsf] ;fljs hUufwgL
;'bz{gdfg l;+x 8+uf]n / df]xL 7"nL eGg]
;Gtdfof anfdL eO{ gfkgS;f eO{ cfdf
;Gtdfofsf] d[To'kZrft\\ d}n] g} df]xLsf] x}l;otn]
hf]tef]u 3/af; u/L a;]sL 5' . cfdfsf]
d[To'kZrft\\ e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
@^ adf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] glhssf] xsbf/
d k'g/fj]bsdfq ePsf] cj:yfdf d]/flj?4df
v8f ul/Psf] ;h{dLgnufotsf sfuhftxaf6
d k'g/fj]bssf] ljjfx e};s]sf] / hUuf
hUufwgLn] g} sdf]b u/]sf] eGg] sfNklgs
cfwf/ lnO{ df]xL nut sf x'g] egL u/]sf]
e"ld;'wf/ sfo{fnosf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/
u/L df]xL cfdf ;Gtdfofaf6 d]/f] gfddf df]xL
gfd;f/L x'g] u/L Gofo kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^
-!_ n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Iodf
z' e"ld;'wf/ sfo{fno, sf7df8f}+n] ldlt
@)^^.#.!! df u/]sf] lg0f{o ljrf/0fLo eO{
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf] nflu k|ToyL{

&), sflQs
@)&),
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/

k]z ug{' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.#!
sf] cfb]z .
cfdfsf] d[To'kZrft\ 5f]/L dfOnL
anfdLsf] gfpFdf df]xL nut sfod x'gk' g{d
] f
df]xL 7"nL eGg] ;Gtdfof anfdLsf] gfd df]xL
nutaf6 sf u/]sf] z' e"ld;'wf/ sfo{fnosf]
lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf dfGg ;lsPg, df]xL 7"nL
eGg] ;Gtdfof anfdLsf] gfd e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^ -!_ -u_ adf]lhd df]xL
nut sf x'g] 7xofPsf] z' e"ld;'wf/
sfo{fno, sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^^.#.!! sf]
km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] eO{ df]xL
7"nL eGg] ;Gtdfof anfdLsf] 5f]/L dfOnL
anfdLsf] gfddf df]xL nut sfod x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ldlt @)^&.(.@(.%df ePsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf .
@ g+ = cg' ; " r L, h=w=k| d f0fk" h { f /
lkmN8a'sdf Ps} gfd g/xL km/skm/s gfd
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf df]xL z+sf:kb 5 .
gfkL x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf lkmN8a'sdf 7"nL eGg]
;Gtdfof anfdL pNn] v ePaf6
z+sf:kbkdf df]xLsf] gfd pNn]v /x]sf]
tyflk lghnfO{ g} df]xL dfGg] xf] eg] klg
lghsf] ldlt @)$& ;fneGbf cufj} g} k/nf]s
e};s]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfnLg cj:yfdf df]xLsf]
xsbf/ klt, kTgL, 5f]/f x'g] / tTsfnLg
cj:yfdf 5f]/Ln] df]lxofgL kfpg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf g/x]sf] Pj+ ;+zf]wgsf] ;'ljwf lgh
5f]/Ln] kfpg g;Sg] / n}ls ;dfgtf sfod
ug{] s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{] P]g, @)^#
n] e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ df
/x]sf] Psf;uf]n eGg] jfSof+znfO{ ;+zf]wg
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ljjfx eO{ uPsL 5f]/Ln]
916
df]lxofgL xs k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf /

lghn] pQm hUuf df]xLsf] x}l;otn] gsdfPsf]
x'bF f k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 df]xLsf] nut
sfod x'g] 7xofPsf] ldlt @)^&.(.@( sf]
km};nf c=a=!*$ s, k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf #, %$, e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf
@-v_, @^-!_, Pj+ g]=sf=k=@)^# sf] c %,
k[i7 ^!$ df k|sflzt ghL/;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] pQm km};nf
ab/ pN6L u/L z' e"ld;'wf/ sfo{fno,
sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^^.#.!! sf] km};nf ;b/
sfod / df]xLsf] nut sf ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{
cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df o;} nufpsf] @)^&CI!^#)
df cfh o;} Ohnf;af6 c=a= @)@ g+= adf]lhd
k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z ePsf] / k|:t't d'2f
klg pQm d'2f;Fu cGtk|e
{ fjL ePsf]n] k|:t't
d'2fdf ;d]t c=a=@)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/
k]z ug{' eGg] o; cbfnt ;+oQ
' m Ohnf;sf]
ldlt @)^*.!@.@$.^ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f
k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't d'2fsf] ;DalGwt ldl;n cWoog u/L
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L gf/fo0fjNne kGt /
ljfg clwjQmf >L hubLzrG kf08]n] @
g+= cg';"rL lkmN8a's / h=w=k|df0fk"h{fdf
km/skm/s gfd ePsf]n] df]xL xf] eGg] s'/f g}
z+sf:kb 5 lkmN8a'sdf hlgPsf df]xL 7"nL
eGg] ;Gtdfofsf] d[To' x'Fbf ljjflxtf 5f]/Ldf
df]lxofgL xs hfg] sfg"gL Joj:yf lyPg .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df rf}yf] ;+zf]wg
ePkZrft\ dfq df]lxofgL xssf] xsjfnf 5f]/L

klg x'g;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] k|fb'ef{ j ePsf]
b]lvG5 . n}ls ;dfgtf sfod ug{] s]xL
g]kfn P]g, @)^# n] 5f]/f5f]/Ldf lje]b gu/L
5f]/f eGg] zJbn] 5f]/LnfO{ klg hgfpg] u/L
;dfg clwsf/sf] efuLbf/ agfPsf] dfq xf] .
sfg"gn] g} Ps;uf]nsf egL pNn]v u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ljjflxtf 5f]/LnfO{ Ps;uf]nsf] dfGg
ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ljjflxtf 5f]/Lsf gfpFdf
df]lxofgL xs gfd;f/L x'g] egL df]xL nut
sf gug{] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] km};nf sfg"g Pj+ ghL/;d]tn]
q'l6k"0f{ e} ab/efuL x'Fbf ab/ pN6L ul/kfpFm
egL ax; k|:t't ug{' eof] . o;} u/L k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L Zofdk|;fb v/]n / clwjQmf
/fdgf/fo0f lj8f/Ln] 7"nL eGg] ;Gtdfof
lkmN8a'sdf plNnlvt ;fljs df]xL ePsf]df
ljjfb 5}g . lgh ;Gtdfofsf] Psdfq 5f]/L
dfOnL anfdL ePaf6 lgh g} ;Gtdfofsf]
xsjfnf ePsf] s'/f klg lglj{jfb 5 . lghn]
ljjflbt elgPsf] hUuf xfn;Dd
cgj/tkdf ef]urng ul/cfO/x]sL 5g\ .
hUufwgLsf] xs lx:;f;Dd v/Lb u/L lnPsf
ljkIfLn] df]xL xs klg kfpF5 eGg' Gofof]lrt\
x'g ;Sb}g . df]xLsf] x}l;otn] lgefpg' kg{]
bfloj Pj+ st{Jo lgefO{ cfPsf] cj:yfdf
cfdfsf] gfpFsf] df]lxofgL xs cfdfsf] d[To'kl5
Psdfq xsjfnf 5f]/Lsf] gfpFdf df]xL gfd;f/L
x'g] sfg"g;Ddt\ lg0f{o ;b/ sfod x'g'kb{5
egL ug{' ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'lgof] .
plNnlvt ax; lhsL/x ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf
ldn] gldn]sf] s] 5 egL OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/
917
ubf{ ljjflbt hUuf @)^$ ;fndf ;fljssf

hUufwgL lx/fdfg 8+uf]naf6 /fhLgfdf u/L
lnPsf] ;fljs sf=lh=afnfh' ^ sf] ls=g+=@)
sf] If]=km=)!!@) sf] xfn gofF gfkLdf gu/
!^ sf] l;6 g+=!)@)(*#)^ sf] ls=g+=^&
If]=km=@()=)) ju{dL6/ sfod ePsf] hUufsf]
df]xL nut sf x'gk' g{] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;Gbe{df
lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 .
@= k|:t't d'2fdf z' e"ld;'wf/
sfo{fno, sf7df8f}a+ f6 hf]t nut sf x'g]
egL lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg k/L
sf/jfxL x' F b f z' e" l d;' w f/ sfo{ f no,
sf7df8f}s
+ f] km};nf pN6L e} hf]t nut sf
gx'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 km};nf
ePsf]df ;f]pk/ o; cbfntdf k|:t't k'g/fj]bg
kg{ cfPsf] b] l vof] . e" l d;DaGwL P] g
sfg"gcGtu{tsf] cg';r
" L, gfkL lkmN8a's /
/fhLgfdf;d]tdf df]xLsfkdf clt JolQmsf
gfddf ;fdfGo km/s kb{d
} f lgh df]xL xf]Ogg\
eGg ldNb}g . ;d:t lnvtdf df]xL hlgG5
eg] Tof] JolQm bfjLstf{ xf]Og eg] csf]{ sf] xf]
b] v fpg] bflo j hUufwgLsf] xf] .
/fhLgfdf;d]tsf lnvtdf df]xL hlgPkl5 df]xL
/x]sf] :jLsf/ ul/of] eGg ldNb}g . xs eGg]
s'/f sfg"gcg';f/ dfq k|fKt x'G5 / xssf]
lj:yfkg klg sfg"gaf6 dfq x'G5 . d[t df]xLsf]
xs lghsf] xsjfnf Psdfq 5f]/L /x]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] xs 5f]/Ldf ;g{ ;S5 jf
;Sb}g < s] s:tf] cj:yfdf ;g{ ;Sb5 eGg]
k|Zg g} o; d'2fsf] s]GLo ljifoj:t' xf] .
#= k|:t't d'2fdf e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
sf] xfnsf] bkmf @^-!_ g ePsf b' O {
;+zf]wgkl5sf] Joj:yf / ;fljs Joj:yfaLrsf]
lje]b / o; d'2fdf s'g Joj:yf k|of]u x'g] xf]

&), sflQs
@)&),
eGg] k|Zgsf] lgSof]n

]{ x'gk' g{] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;f]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
bkmf @^-!_ sf] ;fljs Joj:yfdf o;
kl/R5]bs
\ f cGo bkmfxsf] cwLgdf /xL df]xLn]
sdfO{ cfPsf] hUufdf df]xL;DaGwL lghsf]
xs lghkl5 lghsf] klt, kTgL jf 5f]/fxdWo]
hUufjfnfn] kTofPsf] JolQmnfO{ k|fKt x'g5
]
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . e"ld;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] @)%#.(.@$ df ePsf] ;+zf]wgkl5sf]
bkmf @^-!_ df o; kl/R5]bs
\ f] cGo bkmfxsf]
cwLgdf /xL df]xLn] sdfO{ cfPsf] hUufdf
df]xL;DaGwL lghsf] xs lghkl5 lghsf]
Psf;uf]nsf] klt, kTgL, 5f]/f, cfdf, afa',
wd{kq' , k}t+ L; jif{ k'us
] L cljjflxt 5f]/L, 5f]/f
a'xf/L, gflt, gfltgL a'xf/L jf bfh'efOx
dWo] hUufjfnfn] kTofPsf] JolQmnfO{ k|fKt
x'g5
] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/of] . o;/L
df]lxofgL ;g{ ;Sg] ;fljs lgw{fl/t gftfdf,
klt, kTgL, 5f]/fx dfq /x]sf]df rf}yf]
;+zf]wgaf6 d[ts df]xLsf] 5f]/Ldf hUufwgLn]
/f]hs
] f] v08df df]lxofgL ;g{ ;Sg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$= o; ;DaGwdf e"ld;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! pk/f]Qm rf}yf] ;+zf]wgkl5 hf/L n}ls
;dfgtf sfod ug{] s]xL g]kfn P]g, ;+zf]wg
ug{] P]g, @)^# n] e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf]
bkmf @^-!_ df k'gM ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . pQm
;+zf]wgn] bkmf @^-!_ sf] df]xL /f]Hg ;Sg]
;+/rgf o;/L x'g k'us
] f] 5, o; kl/R5]bs
\ f]
cGo bkmfxsf] cwLgdf /xL df]xL;DaGwL
lghsf] xs lghkl5 lghsf] Psf;uf]nsf klt,
kTgL, 5f]/f, 5f]/L, cfdf, afa', wd{kq' , wd{kq' L,
5f]/f, a'xf/L, gflt, gfltgL, gfltgL a'xf/L,
bfh', efO jf lbbL alxgLxdWo] hUufjfnfn]
918
kTofPsf] JolQmnfO{ k|fKt x'g5

] . o; kl5Nnf]
;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] kl/jt{gdf #% jif{ k'us
] L
cljjflxtf 5f]/L eGg] zJb lemsL 5f]/L eGg]
zJb dfq sfod /fv]sf] 5 .
%= o;/L xfn sfod d[t df]xLsf]
df]lxofgL xs hUufjfnfn] /f]h]df h'g;'s}
x}l;ot ePsL 5f]/LnfO{ xs k|fKt x'g] xf] ls
eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ub{f n}ls ;dfgtf;DaGwL
P]gn] df]lxofgL xs ;g{ ;Sg] ljljw gftfxdf
lgoGqs zAbsfkdf /x]sf] Psf;uf]n eGg]
zAbnfO{ oyfjt\ /fv]sf] 5 . e"ld;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ df /x]sf] Psf;uf]n
eGg] zAb o; P]gn] x6fPsf] b]lvFb}g . of]
zAb df]xL /f]Hg ;lsg] ;a} gftfxsf]
lgoGqs kbfjnLsf kdf oyfjt\ sfod
5 . df]xL xs ;g{] gftfxsf] ;"rL ;+zf]wgn]
km/flsnf] agfPsf] / k} + t L; jif{ k' u ] s L
cljjflxt 5f]/L eGg] k|s[ltnfO{ 5f]/L;Dddf
;Lldt /fv] s f] eP klg d[ t df] x Lsf]
Psf;uf]ndf g/x]sf JolQmdf df]xL xs g;g{]
sfg"gL Joj:yf oyfjt\ 5 .
^= 5f]/Lsf xsdf Psf;uf]ndf /xg'
eg]s} cljjflxt /xg' xf] . ljjfxkl5 5f]/Lsf]
afa'cfdf;Fusf] Psf;uf]nsf] eGg] x}l;ot
6'6\b5 . Pp6} 3/df /xg' g} Psf;uf]n x'g'
xf] O g . gftf ;DaGw kg{ ] k| T o] s JolQm
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf] x'g ;Sb}g . Psf;uf]n
Pp6f sfg"gL x}l;ot xf] . kl/jf/sf k|To]s
JolQm Psf;uf] n df g/xg ;Sb5g\ .
Psf;uf] n ;fDklQs xs / bflo j;F u
;DalGwt /xg] cj:yf xf] . ljjflxt 5f]/LnfO{
xfd|f] sfg"gL k|0ffnLn] afa'cfdfsf] ;DklQaf6
c+z kfpg ;Sg] x}l;ot k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g .
Ps} kl/jf/df /x]s} JolQm;d]t c+z lnO{ jf
c+z 5f]8kq u/L jf ;DaGw ljR5]b u/L

cnu ePkl5 lghsf] Psf;uf]n eGg] x}l;ot
6'6\5 . cfdfsf] x]/rfx d}n] g} ub{y]F . ljjfx
3/ 5f]8]/ dfOtLd} cfP/ a;]sL lyPF, d[t
cfdfsf] xs vfg] dafx]s sf]xL 5}g eGg]
lhsL/n] s;} n fO{ Psf;uf] n sf] dfGg
ldNb}g . Pp6} 3/df a:g' g} Psf;uf]ndf
/xg' xf]Og .
&= k|:t't d'2fsL k|ltjfbL dfOnL
anfdL df]xL ;Gtdfofsf] ljjflxtf 5f]/L /x]sf]
b] l vG5 . lghnfO{ cfdf ;Gtdfofsf]
Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . df]xL
hlgPsL cfdf ;Gtdfof;Fu Psf;uf]ndf g/xL
dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf ljjfx u/L uPsL JolQmn]
sf7df8f}+ afnfh'sf] hUufsf] e"ld;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @-v_ adf]lhd sdfO{ cfPsf]
eGg Jofjxfl/s b]lvFb}g . ;f] hUuf cfkm"n]
sdfPsf] s'g} e/kbf{] k|df0f klg lghn] k]z
ug{ ;s]sf] l:ylt 5}g . nufpsf] hf]t gfd;f/L
d'2fsf] cWoog ub{f o; d'2fsL k|ToyL{n]
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @-v_ ;d]tsf
cfwf/df df]xL gfd;f/Lsf] bfjL u/]sf] cj:yf
5 . bkmf @-v_ n] df]xLsf] kl/efiff;Dd lbG5 .
P]gsf] kl/efiff v08n] s;}nfO{ clwsf/ lbb}g+ .
P] g df lbOg] kl/efiff v08 ;f] P] g sf
bkmfxnfO{ JofVof ug{sf nflu ;xfos;Dd
x'G5g\ . d[t df]xLsL Ps dfq xsbf/ ePsf]
gftfn] lghsf] xs cfkm"df ;g{' kg{] ;f/jfg\
bfjL ug{ of] kl/efiffsf] Joj:yf s;}sf] klg
xsflwsf/sf] ;|f]t aGg ;Sb}g .
*= sfg"g h'g ldltaf6 nfu" x'G5
egL P]gdf pNn]v ePsf] x'G5, ;f]xL ldltaf6
Tof] P]gdf ePsf k|fjwfgx nfu" ePsf]
dfGg'kg{] x'G5 . xs eGg] s'/f s]jn sfg"gsf]
lqmofzLn bkmfn] lbg ;Sg] s'/f xf] . Tof]

sfg"gsf] hGdsf ;fy;fy} To;n] lbPsf] xs
;DalGwt JolQmdf k| T ofe" t x' G 5 .
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg
@)%#.(.@$ df ePsf] 5 . o;} ;+zf]wgn]
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ df
df]xLsf] d[To'kl5 hUufwgLn] df]xL /f]Hg kfpg]
gftfsf JolQmxsf] kl/lw km/flsnf] kf/]sf]
5 . n}ls ;dfgtf sfod ug{] s]xL g]kfn
P]g, ;+zf]wg ug{] P]g, @)^# n] 5f]/Lsf xsdf
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bfjL ljkIfLn] BE (Electrical) ljifodf
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ljifosf] Go"gtd\ z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{
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pQm ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod %! sf] k|of]hgsf]
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xl/zrG ;fx sfg'sf] d~h"/Lgfdfcg';f/ d]/f
gfpFdf df]xL gfd;f/L u/L df]xf]ofgL xssf]
k|df0f kq kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL t]t/L

sg'Og{ sf] ldlt @)^^.#.#) sf] lkm/fb bfjL .
jfbLsf kltn] slxn] klg hUuf hf]ts
] f
lyPgg\ / jfbLn] klg df]xLsf] x}l;otn] hUuf
hf]Tg' ePsf] 5}g . hUuf hf]ts
] f] eP ph"/L;fy
e/kfO{ k]z ug{' kg{d
] f e/kfO{ k]z ug{ ;Sg'
ePsf] 5}g . d]/f gfpFsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{sf]
df]xL dxndf df]xLsf] gfd pNn]v gx'bF f df]xL
gfd;f/L x'g' kg{] xf]Og eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL uh]Gk|;fb ofbjsf] ldlt @)^^.^.@%
sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
cd/kl uf=lj=;=sf] r=g+= %$ ldlt
@)^^.!).& sf] l;kmfl/zdf bfjLsf] hUuf,
hUufwgLs} hf]tef]udf /x]sf] egL pNn]v e}
cfPsf] tyf jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] hUufsf] s'g}
;fnsf] hUufwgLnfO{ s'tjfnL a'emfPsf] e/kfO{
k]z ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvFbf jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;sL
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ egL z' e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,
af/faf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.% df ePsf] km};nf .
jfbL bfjLsf] lhNnf af/f, cd/kl
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= @, ls=g+=@# sf] )!()
hUufsf] ljlwjt\ df]xL ef]yL ;fx ePsf]df ljjfb
5}g . d"n ls=g+=@# af6 lsQfkmf]8 eO{ sfod
ePsf] ls=g+= !*% sf] )^) hUuf / ls=g+=
!*^ sf] )!#) hUufdWo] ls=g+= !*^ sf]
)!#) hUufsf] ;DaGwdf d jfbL t]t/L sg'Og{
/ k|ltjfbL a/db]j dx/faLr rn]sf] df]xL
gfd;f/L d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, af/fn]
ldlt @)^^.!@.% df df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] u/L
km};nf u/]sf] 5 eg] ls=g+= !*% sf] )^)
hUufsf] xsdf Pp6} ldlt @)^^.!@.% df df]xL
gfd;f/L gx'g] u/L P]= sfof{noaf6 km};nf
ePsf] 5 . Pp6} k|sl[ tsf] df]xL gfd;f/L d'2fdf
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, jf/fn] km};nf ub{f Pp6fdf
929

&), sflQs
@)&),
df]xL sfod x'g] t/ k|:t't d'2fdf eg] sfod

gx'g] lg0f{o u/]sf] ljifodf cfwf/ sf/0f
gv'nfPsf] x'bF f pQm q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8+ fdf
k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
jfbLsf] bfjL em"7f xf] d}n] df]lxofgL
hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] xf]Og . :jtGqksf] hUuf
)%* ;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . e"ld;DaGwL
P]g, @)@! rf}yf] ;+zf]wg ldlt @)%#.(.@$ n]
gofF df]xL hGdg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5}g . ;Dk"0f{
k|df0fxsf] d"Nofg u/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,
af/fn] jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7xofPsf] km};nf
sfg"g Pj+ Gofo;\ut g} x'bF f ljkIfLsf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ / ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] k|ToyL{ lemsfpg]
cfb]zfg';f/ OG;fkm x'g' kg{] cj:yf 5}g . z'sf]
km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL uh]Gk|;fb ofbjsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}8+ fdf k/]sf] lnlvt k|ltjfb .
log} jfbLn] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;fy;fy} ;f]
ls=g+= !*^ sf] h=lj=)!#) hUufsf] ;d]t
df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm egL a/db]j dx/f;d]t
pk/ df]xL gfd;f/L d'2f lbPsf]df lgh jfbLsf
gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] u/L ldlt @)^^.!@.%
df z' e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, af/faf6 lg0f{o ePsf]
sfuh k|df0f ldl;n ;+nUg k]z x'g cfPsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfjLsf] ls=g+= !*%
sf] ;fljs ls=g+=@# sf] h=lj= )!() sf] btf{jfnf
df]xL ef]yL ;fx sfg' ePsf] tYonfO{ z' sfof{non]
;d]t :jLsf/} u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] pxL e"ld;'wf/
sfof{noaf6 pxL ldlt @)^^.!@.% df ls=g+=!*^
sf] hUufsf] xsdf df]lxofgL gfd;f/L x'g] t/
ljjflbt ls=g+= !*% df jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;sL
vf/]h x'g] egL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, af/faf6 ePsf]
lg0f{o Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGts} k|lts"n b]lvG5 .
930
ctM k|ltjfbL uh]Gk|;fb ofbjsf gfpFdf btf{

/x]sf] ls=g+= !*% sf] h=lj= )^) hUufdf
jfbLsf klt ef]yL ;fxsf] gfpFdf sfod /x]sf]
df]lxofgL xs jfbLsf gfpFdf gfd;f/L x'g] 7x5{
eGg] ldlt @)^*.&.^ sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
x]6f}8+ fsf] km};nf .
;fljs ls=g+=@# h=lj=)!() sf]
;fljs hUufwgL /fdfb]jL pkfWofo -u'/fufO{_
/ btf{jfnf df]xL ef]yL ;fx sfg' ePsf]df
ljjfb b]lvFb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfdf pNn]v ePtfklg km};nfdf / df]xLdf
ljjfb 5 . lsgeg] bfjLsf] hUufsf] ;fljs
ls=g+=@# sf] h=lj=)!() hUuf, hUuf
gfkhfFr P]g, @)!( adf]lhd ;e{] gfkL x'bF f
/fdfb]jL pkfWofosf] gfddf gfkL ePsf]
lkmN8a'ssf] ls;fgsf] dxndf ef]yL ;fx sfg'
pNn]v ePklg e"ld k|zf;g P]g, @)@$ nfu"
ePkl5 hUuf gfkhfFrsf] cfwf/df btf{ ;|:] tf
v8f x'bF f h=w=/fdfb]jL pkfWofosf] gfddf
;|:] tf sfod ePsf] / df]xLdf ef]yL ;fx sfg'sf]
gfd pNn]v geO{ lgh} hUufwgLsf] gfd pNn]v
ePsf] /x]5 . ;fljs hUufwgLn] pQm ;l;d}
hUuf /fwfdf]xg k|;fbnfO{ )#& ;fndf dfnkf]t
sfof{no, af/faf6 as;kq kfl/t u/] u/fPsf]
/ /fwfdf]xgn] ;f]xL ;l;d} hUuf df=kf]=sf=
af/fsf] /=g+=@&$) ldlt @)$).!!.!! ut]
/fh]Gk|;fb dxtf] sf]O/LnfO{ /fhLgfdf lnvt
kfl/t u/L lbg'ePsf] / /fh]Gk|;fb dxtf]n]
a/db]j dx/fnfO{ df=kf]=sf= af/fsf] /=g+= #!!%
ldlt @)$@.!!.@) ut] /fhLgfdf u/L lbPsf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . a/db]j dx/faf6 d k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;fljs lsQfkmf]8 u/L df=kf]=sf=
af/fsf] /=g+=$%$$ ldlt @)%*.(.!& ut] xfn
sfod ls=g+= !*% sf] h=lj= )^) hUuf
()#% uh] G b| k | ; fb ofbj lj=t] t /L sfg" O g
d"No =*),))). df v/Lb u/L lnO{ ;f]xL

ldltb]lv ef]urng u/L cfPsf] 5' . ljkIfLsf
klt ef]yL ;fx sfg' df]xL x'bF f] xf] eg] ef]yL ;fx
hLljt /x]s} cj:yfb]lv ;|:] tf k"hf{ df ;fljs
hUufb]lv txtx x'bF } kl/jlt{t x'bF } cfPsf]
pk/f]Qm plNnlvt k"j{sf hUufwgLxsf]
gfpFaf6 df]xL sfod u/fO{ lng ;Sg'kg{] lyof] .
;f] u/]sf] cj:yf;d]t 5}g . t;y{, k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, x]6f}8+ faf6 ldlt @)^*.&.^ df ePsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'bF f k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ ;f] km};nf
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ldlt @)^(.%.% df k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, x]6f}8+ fdfkm{t\ k'g/fj]bs uh]Gk|;fb
ofbjsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L
k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg;lxtsf]
ldl;n cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bstkm{sf ljfg
clwjQmf >L k'ik/fd kf}8fnn] ug{' ePsf]
ax;;d]t ;'lgof] .
@= o;df ;fljs ls=g+ = @# sf]
)!() hUufsf] hUufwgL /fdfb]aL pkfWofo
/ df]xL d]/f klt ef]yL ;fx sfg' x'ge
' Psf]df
kltsf] @)#% ;fndf d[To' ePkZrft\ pQm
hUuf d lkm/fbL / 5f]/fx ;d]t eO{ sdfO{
df]xLsf] bfloTj k"/f ub{} cfPsf lyof}+ . pQm
ls=g+= @# sf] hUuf txtx laqmL x'bF } ldlt
@)$@.!!.@) df a/db]j dx/fn] v/Lb u/L
;f] hUufdWo]af6 ls=sf= u/L ls=g+= !*% sf]
)^) hUuf ljkIfL uh]Gk|;fb ofbjnfO{ laqmL
ul/lbg' ePsf] / kltsf] df]xL xs ePsf] ;fljs
ls=g+= @# sf] hUuf ls=sf= eO{ xfn sfod
ePsf] ls=g+= !*% sf] hUufsf] df]xL xs d]/f
gfddf gfd;f/L ul/lbg 5f]/fxn] ;d]t d~h"/
u/]sfn] ljkIfL gfpF btf{sf] pQm ls=g+= !*%
sf] hUufsf] df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpmF eGg] lkm/fb
931
bfjL e} df]xLsf] x}l;otn] jfbLn] hUuf ghf]ts

] f]
/ hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ df ;d]t df]xL pNn]v
ePsf] cj:yf gx'bF f bfljadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L
x'g] xf]Og eGg];d]t Aoxf]/fsf] OGsf/L k|ltpQ/
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/fPsf]
z' e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o pN6L x'g]
7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8fsf] km};nf
pk/ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg
k/]sf] b]lvof] . ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}8F fsf]
km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g / k|ltjfbL k'g/fj]bssf]
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og o; ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ub{f ;fljs ls=g+= @# sf] hUuf txtx laqmL
x'bF } bftf a/db]aaf6 oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
lsQf kmf]8 u/L ls=g+= !*% sf] )^) hUuf
v/Lb u/]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0fxnfO{ b[li6ut ub{f lkmN8a's ptf/,
df]xLsf] ! g+= nut tyf df]lxofgL xssf]
k|df0fkqsf] 5fofFkl| tx ;d]taf6 pQm ;fljs
ls=g+= @# sf] hUufsf] df]xL ef]yL ;fx sfg'
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm ls=g+= @# sf] hUuf ls=sf=
eO{ sfod ePsf] ls=g+= !*% / ls=g+=!*^
dWo] ls=g+=!*^ sf] )!#) hUuf lgh bftf
a/db]j ofbjs} gfpFdf /xL ls=g+= !*% sf]
h=lj=)^) hUuf oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
uh]Gk|;fb ofbjsf gfpFdf sfod /xg uPsf]
kfOG5 . o;/L ef]yL ;fx sfg'sf] df]xL xs
ePsf] ;fljs ls=g+= @# sf] hUuf ls=sf= eO{
cnucnu JolQmsf] gfddf xs ;b{} uPtfklg
To:tf] df]xL sfod ePsf] hUufdf /x]sf] df]xLsf]
xs eg] :jtM ;dfKt x'g] xf]Og . s'g} klg
JolQmsf gfddf sfod ePsf] df]xLsf] xs
;dfKt x'gsf nflu e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! /
e"ld;DaGwL lgodx, @)@! n] lgw{fl/t u/]sf]
sfg"gL k|lqmofx k"/f u/]s} x'gk' 5{ . hUufwgL

&), sflQs
@)&),
k|df0fk"hf{df df]xL pNn]v ePsf] 5}g jf df]xLn]

afnL a'emfPsf] k|df0f k]z u/]sf] 5}g jf hUuf
hf]ts
] f] 5}g eGg] h:tf ts{sf] cfwf/n] df]xL
gfd;f/L d'2fdf s'g] dxj /fVb}g . df]xLn]
hUuf ;fn;fn} gsdfPsf] jf hUufsf] pAhgL
36\g] u/L hUuf lauf/]sf] jf s't ga'emfO{
df]xLsf] x}l;otn] kfngf ug'k{ g]{ s'gk} lg bfloj
df]xLn] k"/f gu/]sf] eGg] h:tf lhsL/ hUufwgLn]
lnO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] ;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6
df]xLsf] nut sf gu/fP;Dd df]xLsf] xsdf
s'g} c;/ kg{] cj:yf x'bF g} .
#= k|:t't d'2fdf df]xL gfd;f/L x'g]
gx'g;
] DaGwL ljjfb /x]sf] cj:yf x'bF f df]xL
gfd;f/L gx'gsf nflu oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL
hUufwgLn] ljjflbt hUufsf] sfg"gadf]lhd
;flwsf/ lgsfoaf6 df]xL nut sf eO;s]sf]
eGg] b]lvg];Ddsf] k|df0f k]z ug{k' g{] x'G5 .
t/ ;f] adf]lhdsf] k|df0f oL k'g/fj]bsn] k]z
ug{ ;s] s f] ldl;naf6 b] l vg cfPg .
sfg"gadf]lhd df]xLsf] nut sf ePsf] k|df0f
k]z gu/L s]jn df]xLn] hUuf ghf]ts
] f] jf
afnL a'emfPsf] k|df0f k]z gu/]sf] eGg] h:tf
ts{sf cfwf/df df]lxofgL xsaf6 df]xLsf]
lgisfzg x'g ;Sb}g . ctM oL k'g/fj]bsn]
lnPsf pQm lhsL/xaf6 k|:t't df]lxofgL
gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf s'g} gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbg} .
$= o;sf cltl/Qm log} jfbL t]t/L
sg'Og{ / k|ltjfbL a/db]j dx/f ePsf] df]xL
gfd;f/L d'2fdf ;fljs ls=g+= @# sf] hUufaf6}
ls=sf= eO{ xfn sfod ePsf] ls=g+=!*^ sf]
hUufsf] df]xL log} jfbLsf] klt ef]yL ;fx
sfg'nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L ;f] hUufsf] df]xL xs
lgh df]xLsf] kTgL oL jfbL t]t/L sg'Og{ sf]
932
gfpFdf gfd;f/L x'g] u/L e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,

af/faf6 ldlt @)^^.!@.% df lg0f{o;d]t ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L ;fljsdf d"n lsQf ls=g+= @#
af6 lsQf kmf]8 eO{ sfod ePsf ls=g+= !*%
/ !*^ sf hUufdWo] ls=g+= !*^ sf] hUufsf]
df]xL gfd;f/L x'g] t/ ls=g+= !*% sf] xsdf
lagfcfwf/ sf/0f hUufsf] df]xL gfd;f/L x'g
g;Sg] eGg' sfg"gsf] ;/f;/ pNn\3g x'g'
xf] .
%= t;y{ , dfly ljj] l rt cfwf/
k|df0fxaf6 ljjflbt ls=g+= !*% sf] hUufsf]
df]xL gfd;f/L x'g g;Sg] 7x/fPsf] z'
e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, af/fsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.%
sf] lg0f{o pN6L u/L bfjLadf]lhd pQm hUufdf
jfbLsf klt ef]yL ;fx sfg'sf] gfpFdf sfod
ePsf] df]xL xs lghsf] kTgL jfbL t]t/L
sg'O{gsf gfpFdf gfd;f/L x'g] 7x/fPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, x]6f}8F fsf] ldlt @)^*.&.^
sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;SQm}g .
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) c;f/ @! ut] ^ /f]h z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t zs'Gtnf sfsL{
&
()#^ k' i kaxfb' / sfsL{ lj=g] k fn ;/sf/
lg0f{o g+=()#^
' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
)^^-CR-)&&$
km};nf ldlt M @)&).@.@(.$
d'2f M st{Jo Hofg .
k'g/fj]bsk|ltjfbL M lhNnf ;+vj' f;ef, jfgf
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= $ 3/ eO{
xfn sf/fuf/ sfof{no, ;+v'jf;ef
vfFbaf/Ldf s}bdf /x]sf k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{
lj?4
k|ToyL{jfbL M 6Lsf/fd tfdf\sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn
;/sf/
z' km};nf ug]{ M
df=lh=Gof= >L lzjk|;fb k/fh'nL
k'g/fj]bg txdf km};nf ug]{ M
df=Gof=>L 6]s/fh g]kfn
df=Gof=>L z]if/fh l;jfsf]6L
klg /x]g5, p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] s'g}

s'/fdf l/; yfDg g;sL hf]lvdL
xltof/n] xfg]sf] jf ljif v'jfPsf]df
afx]s ;fwf/0f nf7f, 9'f, nft d'Ssf
OToflbn] xfGbf ;f]xL rf]6 kL/n] P]gsf
Dofbleq Hofg d/]df d'ns
' L P]g,
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= n] jl0f{t u/]sf]
ck/fwsf] k|sl[ tleq kg{ cfpg] .
Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfsf] s'g} vf;
JolQmnfO{ dfg]{ u/L k"j{ l/;OjLsf ;fy
of] h gf gagfPsf] jf/bftnfO{
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !# g+= f/f kl/eflift
ul/Psf] lgotjz jf dg;fok"js
{
ul/Psf] xTofsf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] geO{
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cGtu{tsf]
jf/bft :ki6 x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ dfg]{ u/L k"j{
l/;OjLsf ;fy of]hgf agfPsf] /
;f] x Lcg' k sfo{ gu/] s f] , dfg' {
kg];
{ Ddsf] dg;fosf] k"0f{tof cefj
/x]sf] / k"j{ of]hgf / tof/Ladf]lhd
36gf 36]sf] ge} b'O{ kIfaLr tTsfn
d[tssf] 3/ hfg] laifodf s'/f gldn]sf]
sf/0faf6 p7]sf] lkIfLo ljjfbn]
s'6kL6sf] 36gf ePsfn] k"j{ l/;OjLsf]
cefjdf cf/f]lkt Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#
-#_ g+= sf] s;"/bf/ dfGg' sfg"g /
Gofo;\ut x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
pQ]hgfdf cfO{ rf]6dfly rf]6 5fl8Psf]

k|df0faf6 k'li6 ePsf] jf/bftnfO{
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= df jl0f{t
cGt/\j:t'sf] cefjdf eljtJosf]
jf/bft eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
3l6t jf/bftsf] k|sl[ t, Hofg dfgf{sf] k'g/fj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmfo
dg;fo /x]g5, Hofg lng'kg];
{ Ddsf]
x]d/fh clwsf/L / /fhg clwsf/L
OjL klg /x]g5, n'sL rf]/Lsg xfg]sf]
933

&), sflQs
@)&),
k|ToyL{tkm{af6 M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L

e/tnfn zdf{
cjnlDat ghL/ M
;Da4 sfg"g M
d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] %,
!#-#_ / !$ g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tL M Gofo k|zf;g P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] d]/f] efO
wgaxfb'/ tfdf\ jfgf laxLaf/] ahf/ uPsf]df
laxfg;Dd 3/ gcfPsf] / d]/f] h]7f] bfh' cfh
laxfg $=#) ah]lt/ v]tdf kfgL nufpg egL
u}/Lwf/fsf] af6f] x'bF } hfFbf jfgf $ l:yt wf/f
-/fOwf/_ cfxfn d"naf6f]df efOnfO{ d[t
cj:yfdf b]vL 3/df kmsL{ cfO{ d}n;
] d]t yfxf
kfO{ uO{ x]bf{ ;f]xLcg';f/ b]vs
] fn] s] s;/L
s;sf] st{Joaf6 lgh efOsf] d[To' ePsf] xf]
egL a'bf lgh efO lxhf] jfgf laxLaf/]
ahf/af6 kmsL{ jfgf cfO{ jfgf # l:yt s'df/
/fO{sf] 3/df v'bf| k;n u/L a:g] hLjgk|;fb
tfdf\sf] 3/df cfO{ k'us
] f] / ToxfF /fdk|;fb
tfdf\, hgs /fO{, tLy{sd
' f/ lnDa', afa'/fd,
wgaxfb'/ tfdf\, 6]saxfb'/ tfdf\, kz{/' fd
tfdf\ / k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/
sfsL{;d]tsf dflg;x e]nf hDdf eO{ sf]xL
v]Ng] sf]xL x]g{] eO{ tf; v]nL a;]sf] yfxf
eof] . ;f] lbgsf] /flt cGbfhL (!) ah]kl5
d[ts efO / k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{ b'Oh
{ gfdfq ljjfb
ub}{ tf; v]nL a;]sf / ;f]kl5 s]xL cl3
k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{ / s]xL ;dokl5 d[ts efO
934
Pp6} af6f] eO{ cfcfgf] 3/ hfg] egL lx8]sf]

3/jfnf hLjgk|;fb tfdf\af6 yfxf ePsf] /
36gf:yndf plNnlvt ;a} dflg;x
e]nfhDdf eP klg k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{
gcfPsf]n] 3/df uO{ a'bf ;f] /flt @ ah]
3/df k'us
] f] t/ /flt g} s'Dnf] s'6n
' f] af]sL
km/f/ ePsf] kl/l:ylthGo cj:yfdf lgh}
k|ltjfbLn] d]/f] efOnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]
eGg] osLg x'g cfPsf] x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{
d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnadf]lhd xb};Dd
sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t 6Lsf/fd tfdf\sf]
hfx]/L b/vf:t .
lhNnf ;+v'jf;ef, jfgf ufpF ljsf;
;ldlt j8f g+= $ l:yt af6f]df d[ts wgaxfb'/
tfdf\sf] nf; /x]sf], ;f] nf;sf] pQ/tkm{
hdLgdf sfuh RofltPsf] dl;gf] 6'qmf /x]sf],
;f]xL :yfgdf =!) sf] gf]6;d]t /x]sf], ;f]bl] v
k"j{tkm{ ;]tf] Knfli6ssf] emf]nf /x]sf], ;f]b]lv
k"j{tkm{ gLnf] km';|f] gofF xfkmk]G6 /x]sf], ;f]
xfkmk]G6df /ut nfuL ;'ss
] f], pQm nf; /x]sf]
:yfgb]lv !) dL6/ tn cn}rL af/Ldf @!
O~r nDafO{, * O~r uf]nfO{ ePsf] lrnfpg]
sf7sf] bfp/f /x]sf], ;f] 8fnf] bfp/fdf /ut
nfuL ;'s]sf], ;f] nf;sf] s]zdf /utn] lehL
;'s]sf], afofF lgwf/df @ O~r uf]nfO{, !
O~r ulx/fO{sf] rf]6 /x]sf], afofF ;fO8
rNgLb]lv k5fl8 6fpsf]df ^ O~r uf]nfO{,
$ ulx/fO{sf] rf]6 /x]sf], ;f] rf]6af6 ;]tf]
lubL h:tf] lgl:sPsf] b]lvPsf], ;f] nf;sf]
xft, gfO6f] tyf vfnL z/L/df 6]sL df6f]
nfu]sf], ;f] nf; glhs kx]nf] 5fnfsf] k;{
/x]sf] / plNnlvt nf7L bfp/f;d]t k|x/Ln]
a/fdb u/L nu] s f] eGg] ; d] t Joxf] / fsf]
nf;hfFr k|s[lt d'r'Nsf .
d]/f] klt k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg]

k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{ ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] jfgf
laxLaf/] xl6of uPsf]df /flt @ ah]dfq
3/df cfPsf x'g\ . d d"n 3/b]lv kNnf]
u'jfnLdf ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf 9f]sf vf]n]sf]
yfxf kfPF / /fvL lbPsf] vfgf yf]/} dfq vfO{
afFsL yfnd} 5f8L ;f]xL /fltb]lv sxfF uPsf
x'g\ ;f] s'/f dnfO{ yfxf 5}g eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsL kTgL tf/fb]jL sfsL{n]
df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] !*=)) ah]sf]
;dodf lhNnf ;+vj' f;ef, jfgf # l:yt s'df/
/fO{sf] 3/df d]/f] v'bf| k;n /x]sf] pQm 3/df
s] sxfFaf6 k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/
sfsL{, d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\ ufpFs} /fdk|;fb
tfdf\, hgs /fO{, tLy{sd
' f/ lnDa', afa'/fd,
dgaxfb'/ tfdf\, 6]saxfb'/ tfdf\, kz{/' fd
tfdf\;d]tsf dflg;x e]nf hDdf eO{ tf;
v]nL /x]sf]df P]= @@ ah]sf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL
/ d[tsaLr jfbljjfb eO{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ ltd|f]
/ d]/f] s;sf] w]/} k};f 5 eg]sf] / k|ltjfbLn]
klg d[tsnfO{ ltd|f] hlt k};f d]/f] klg 5 egL
jfbljjfb u/] . cGo v]Ng] / x]g{] dflg;x
ca xfdL tf; v]Nb}gf}F egL cfcfkm\gf] 3/
uPsf x'g\ . ;f]kZrft\ b'Oh
{ gfdfq /ftsf] !
ah];Dd tf; v]nL cfgf] 3/ hfg] egL klxnf
k|ltjfbL uPsf] / %!) ldg]6k5fl8 d[ts
uPsf] d f ef] l nkN6 laxfg 36gf:yndf
wgaxfb'/ tfdf\sf] d[t nf; km]nf k/]sf] xf] .
pQm 36gf:yndf ufpFsf cGo dflg;x nf;
x]g{ cfPsf / k|ltjfbL ;f]xL /fltb]lv efuL
km/f/ ePsfn] lgh} k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg]
k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{n] d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L
df/]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
935
hLtdfof tfdf\ ; d] t sf dflg;xn]

;+oQ
' mkdf ul/lbPsf] df}sfsf] sfuh .
Death is due to Internal Cerebral Injury
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\sf]
zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] laxLaf/sf] lbg
k/]sf] / jfgfdf laxLaf/] xl6of nfUg] ePsf]n]
d ;f] lbg laxfg &=#) ah] 3/af6 jfgf
laxLaf/] xl6of cfO{ cfgf] sfd ;sL 3/ kmsL{
hfFbf hLjgk|;fb tfdf\sf] v'bf| k;ndf k'uL
a:b} ubf{ PsfPs u/L tLy{sd
' f/ lnDa';d]tsf
dflg;x / d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\;d]t e]nf
hDdf eO{ P]= !* ah]bl] v tf; v]Ng a;L v]Nb}
ubf{ P]= @@ ah]sf] ;dodf d[ts wgaxfb'/
tfdf\n] k'ikaxfb'/ / d dfq} 7"nf] v]nf}+ egL
dnfO{ eg]sf]n] dnfO{ l/; p7L tF;uF dfq k};f
5 egL s]xL l5g\ jfbljjfb u/F] . ;f] ;dob]lv
d[ts / ddfq = !)). / = %)). af]6]
tf; v]Ng yfNof}+F . ;f]kZrft\ cGo ;fyLx
cfkm" v]Ng gkfPkl5 PsfPs ub}{ cfgf] 3/tkm{
nfu] . d[ts / d dfq} v]Nb} ubf{ ;f] /flt
To:t} ! ah]kl5 d ca v]lNbg eGbf lgh
d[tsn] tF d"nf;Fu k};f eP kf] v]N5;\ egL
x]k]/ af]n]sf], klxnf klxnf klg lgh d[tsn]
dnfO{ wg / ansf] t'h's b]vfpg] ePsfn]
o;nfO{ df/]/ kmflnlbG5' egL ;f]xL 7fpFdf
dgdg} of]hgf agfO{ 3/ hfG5' egL aflx/
lgl:sP/ hLjgk|;fb tfdf\sf] bfp/fsf]
xf/af6 bfp/f lgsfnL lgh d[ts cfpg]
af6f] wf/fu}/Ldf 9'sL a;]F . d[ts cfpg;fy
;f] bfp/fn] 6fpsf]df b'O{k6s lxsf{O{ df/L
efu]sf] x'F eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL sfsL{
sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{n] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg .

&), sflQs
@)&),
d]/f] klt d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\ ldlt

@)^%.!@.@& ut] laxfg PSn} laxLaf/] xl6of
uPsf]df /flt;Dd klg 3/ cfPsf lyPgg\ .
P]= @* ut] 36gf:yndf lgh klt nl8/x]sf]
eGg] va/ kfO{ sfG5f 5f]/f 6+saxfb'/ tfdf\nfO{
x]g{ k7fpFbf d[t cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf]n] d[t
nf;nfO{ x]bf{ s'6kL6 u/L st{Joaf6 d[To' ePsf]
b]lvg cfPsf]n] a'bf ;f] lbgsf] /flt k|ltjfbL
sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{;d]t;Fu
hLjgk|;fb tfdf\sf] 3/df e]nf hDdf eO{
tf; v]ns
] f / k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg]
k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{;uF ljjfb;d]t ePsf], klxnf
3/ hfG5' egL k|ltjfbL lxF8s
] f, kl5 d]/f klt
lxF8s
] f]df 3/df cfO{gk'us
] f, laxfg d[t cj:yfdf
nf; km]nf k/]sf], d[ts kltsf] nf; hfFr
d'rN' sf ubf{ = !). sf] gf]6 dfq km]nf
k/]sf], lgh klt ahf/ hfFbf uf]? lsGg /
sk8f;d]t lng'k5{ egL = !%,))). af]sL
hfg' ePsf] d f ;fdfg v/Lb u/] s f] ; d] t
gkfOPsf] / xftdf nufPsf] 38L gePsf] x'bF f
lgh k| l tjfbLn] st{ J o u/L df/L gub
= !%,))). / 38L;d]t nu]sf] x'bF f st{Jo
HofgcGtu{t xb};Dd sf/jfxL u/L d]/f] gub
tyf ;fdfgsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] nIdL tfdf\n] df}sfdf
u/]sf] sfuh .
ldlt @)^%.!@.@* ut]bl] v laxfg jfgf
$ l:yt 36gf:yndf d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\sf]
nf; km]nf k/]sfn] ufpF 3/df xNnf x'bF f d;d]t
36gf:yndf uO{ k|ToIfkdf x]bf{ lghnfO{
st{Jo u/L dfl/Psf] b]lvg cfPsf]n] s;n]
st{Jo u/L df/]sf /x]5g\ egL a'bf ldlt
@)^%.!@.@& ut] ;fFem d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\
/ k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/
936
sfsL{;d]tsf dflg;x hLjgk|;fb tfdf\sf]

3/df e]nf hDdf eO{ tf; v]ns
] f] / w]/h
} gf
;fFemdf e]nf hDdf ePtf klg d[ts wgaxfb'/
tfdf\ / k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{ dfq ca]/;Dd
tf; v]nL a;]sf] / tf;df xf/hLt ePkl5
;fdfGo ljjfb ePsf], ljjfbkl5 klxnf k|ltjfbL
k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{ 3/ hfG5' egL uPsf, kl5
d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\ uPsf]df af6f] 9'sL
k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] eGg]
a'lemg cfPsf] eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] b]j]Gb|
kf}8n
] ;d]t kfFrhgfn] u/L lbPsf] j:t'l:ylt
d'rN' sfsf] Joxf]/f .
lgh d[tsn] klxnf tf; v]Nbf !)@)
sf] gf]6 lgsfnL !) k}of af]6 tf; v]ns
] f
lyP kl5 PSsf;L = %)). sf] gf]6 lgsfnL
af]6 xfn]sfn] ljjfb z' eO{ cGo v]Ng]
dflg;x cfcfgf] 3/tkm{ uPsf x'g\ .
d[tssf] ;fydf = %)).;d]tsf] gf]6 b]vs
] f]
xf] . 38L nufPsf lyP lyPgg\, tf; v]ns
] f]
;'/df osLg ul/g . d[tssf] gub / 38L;d]t
d}n] nu]sf] 5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL
sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{n] clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] tltDaf aofg .
d[ts afa' wgaxfb'/ tfdf\ ldlt
@)^%.!@.@& ut] laxfg jfgf laxLaf/] xl6of
uPsf]df ;f] lbgsf] /flt 3/df cfpg' ePg .
;w}F v]Ng] / ;fyLx;Fu a:g] afgL ePsfn]
/flt vf]hva/ ul/Pg . ef]lnkN6 laxfg
nf; km]nf k/]sf] eGg] h]7f] a'af lgdaxfb'/
tfdf\n] 3/df cfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] d
tTsfn 36gf:yndf uO{ x]bf{ st{Joaf6 dfl/Psf]
b] l vPsf] n ] d[ t s / k| l tjfbL k' i kaxfb' /
sfsL{;d]tsf dflg; jfgf # a:g] hLjgk|;fb
tfdf\sf] 3/df tf; v]nL a;]sf, cGo tf;
v]Ng] dflg;x klxnf g} cfcfgf 3/tkm{

uO;s]sf lyP . ca]/;Dd k|ltjfbL / a'afdfq
jfbljjfb ub}{ tf; v]ns
] f / s]xL klxnf k|ltjfbL
3/ hfG5' egL tf; v]ns
] f] 3/af6 lxF8s
] f/
s]xL a]/kl5 lgh d[ts a'af lx8]sf] ef]lnkN6
nf; km]nf k/]sf] / st{Jo u/L df/L ;s]kZrft\
uf] ? lsGg egL d[ t sn] af] s ] s f] gub
=!%,))). / xftdf afFw]sf] 38L yfg
Ps;d]t rf]/L u/L nu]sf]df ljZjf; nfU5
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] 6+saxfb'/ tfdf\n] df}sfdf
u/]sf] sfuh .
k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/
sfsL{n] a/fdb eO{ cfPsf] bfp/fn] wgaxfb'/
tfdf\sf] ;Dj]bgzLn c 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/L
st{Jo u/L df/L d[tssf] ;fydf ePsf] gub
=!%,))). / ljuf] =%))). a/fa/sf]
38L;d]t rf]/L u/L nu]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]
x'bF f lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] ! g+= ljk/Lt !#-#_ g+= cg';f/sf]
s;"/ ck/fwdf P]=dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd
;hfo x'g / k|ltjfbLn] gub =!%,))). /
=%,))). ljuf] a/fa/sf] 38L;d]t rf]/L
u/L rf]/Lsf] dxnsf] ! g+= ljk/Lt P]= sf] $ g+=
adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ck/fw;d]t u/]sf] x'Fbf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ P]= dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd
;hfo x'g / rf]/L u/L nu]sf] ljuf] =@),))).
P]= dxnsf] !)-#_ / @! g+= adf]lhdsf] d[tssf]
>LdtL nIdL tfdf\nfO{ k|ltjfbLaf6 lbnfO{
e/fO{ kfpFm eGg];d]t cleof]u kq .
ldlt @)^%.@.@& ut] laxfg vfgf vfO{
laxLaf/] ahf/ eg{ uPsf] lyPF . xl6of e/L
a]ns
' L 8fF8fufpF eGg] 7fpFsf] hLjg tfdf\sf]
ls/fgf k;ndf uPF . ToxfF ;fyLx 6]saxfb'/
uf]n,] lghsf] efO /fdaxfb'/ nfdf, u+ufaxfb'/
937
tfdf\ lyP . ToxLF ukmufkm ubf{ub}{ a]ns

' Lsf]
& ah]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 d[ts wgaxfb'/,
tLy{ ;'Ajf, hgs /fO{, wgaxfb'/ tfdf\, kz'/{ fd
tfdf\, afa'/fd yfkf;d]tsf dflg;x ToxLF
cfOk'u] . dgf]/~hg ug{sf nflu tf; v]nf}F
egL d[ts wgaxfb'/n] g} s'/f p7fO{ ;a}sf]
d~h"/L eO{ b'O{ vfn tf; v]Ng a:of}F . tf;
v]Ng] xfdL ( hgf lyof}F+ . afa'/fd yfkfn] tf;
v]ng] g\ . /ftsf] !@ ah];Dd tf; v]nL a:of}F+ .
cGo & hgf ;fyLx p7]/ uP . d / d[ts
wgaxfb'/ dfq b'Oh
{ gfn] !@=#) ah];Dd tf;
v]Nof}+ . d 3/ hfG5' egL p7L b'j} hgfaLr
egfeg x'bF f tF;uF k};f eP kf] v]N5;\ egL
d[tsn] eGof] . d 3/ hfG5' egL p7]/ lx8\g
vf]Hbf dfly plSnof], d 3/tkm{ nfuF,] pm klg
d]/f] kl5kl5 cfO{ d]/f] 3/ hfpFm egL gf8Ldf
;dft]/ tfGof] . d hfGg eGbfeGb} s] sf/0fn]
hfFbg} ;\ eGb} cufl8 klg dnfO{ slxn]sfxLF
nfg] u/]sf] x'bF f ;f] lbg klg p;}sf] 3/tkm{
nfuF] . u}/Lwf/f eGg] 7fpFdf k'uk] l5 dnfO{ p;n]
PSsf;L nfQfn] xfGof] . d % kmL6 hlt k/
pl5lPF . d}n] lrnfpg]sf] uf]nf] bfp/f e]fPF .
To;kl5 dnfO{ km]l/ s'6g\ egL d[ts wgaxfb'/
cfPsf]n] d}n] ;f] bfp/fn] xfg]F . ph]nL /ft
lyof] . Tof] 7fpFdf clncln 5fxf/L ePsf]n]
d}n] xfg]sf bfp/fsf] rf]6 lghsf] 6fpsf]df
nfu]5 . d}n] 6fpsf]df tfs]/ xfg]sf] xf]Og .
6fpsf]df xfg]kl5 lgh e"Od
+{ f n8] . n8\bf
7f8f] 9'fdf 6fpsf] -vKk/_ k/]5 . lgh
n8\gl] alQs} 8/n] d 3/lt/ uPF . 3/df k'uL
5f]/LnfO{ af]nfO{ vfgf vfO{ wgaxfb'/ dof] eg]
ufpFsf dfG5]n] dnfO{ df5{g\ egL 8/ nfuL
dgdf s'/f v]Ng yfn]sf]n] d 3/af6 cGbfhL
/ftsf] @=#) ah] lxF8] . ldlt @)^%.!@.@*

&), sflQs
@)&),
ut] z'qmaf/ wgaxfb'/ dof] c/] eGg] ;'g]F .

lgh d]/} rf]6sf] sf/0fn] d/]sf xf]nfg\ . d}n]
nf; b]lvg . d]/f] 5f]/Ln] ;f] s'/f ;'gfPkl5
ldlt @)^%.!@.@( ut] zlgaf/ laxfg *=#)
ah]lt/ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, vfFbaf/L k'uL
cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] x'F eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{n]
z' cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
laxLaf/] ahf/af6 kmls{bf hLjg
tfdf\ s f] ls/fgf k;ndf d[ t s /
k|ltjfbL;d]tsf] e]63f6 eO{ tf; v]nL /ftsf]
! ah]kl5 3/tkm{ hfg nfUbf k'ikaxfb'/ af6f]
9'sL lrnfpg]sf] 8f]nf] bfp/fn] d]/f] >Ldfg\nfO{
6fpsfsf] kl5lNt/ k|xf/ u/L df/]sf /x]5g\ .
k|ltjfbL k|x/Ldf cfkm}F uO{ PSn}n] 36gf 36fPsf]
xf] eGg] a'lemPsf] x'bF f / gub =!%,))). /
38L;d]t nu]sfn] lghnfO{ st{Jo HofgcGtu{t
xb};Dd sf/jfxL u/L d]/f] gub tyf ;fdfgsf]
Ifltk"lt{;d]t lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ nIdL tfdf\n]
z' cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] jfgf ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= # l:yt d]/f] k;ndf
d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\, sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg]
k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{;d]tsf dflg;x cfO{ /flt
ca]/;Dd tf; v]nL /ftsf] c+= !) ah]lt/
cGo dflg;x cfcfgf] 3/tkm{ uPsf /
d[ts wgaxfb'/ / k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{
c Ps 8]9 306f;Dd v]nL klxnf k'ikaxfb'/
!% ldg]6cufl8 / wgaxfb'/ !% ldg]6k5fl8
uPsf]df u}/Lwf/f eGg] 7fpFdf wgaxfb'/
tfdf\ s f] d[ T o' ePsf] xNnfvNnf eO{
k'ikaxfb'/n] g} df/]sf] egL ef]lnkN6 xNnf
u/]sf]n] lghn] df/]sf] ljZjf; nfU5 eGg];d]t
938
Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ hLtdfof tfdf\n]

z' cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] d]/f] efO
wgaxfb'/ laxLaf/] ahf/ uO{ kmls{bf af6f]sf]
k;ndf tf; v]n/] k|ltjfbL / d[ts /ftsf] !
ah];Dd a;]5g\ . To;kl5 k|ltjfbL cfgf]
3/tkm{ nfu]5g\ . s]xL ;dokl5 d]/f] efO klg
3/tkm{ cfpFbf af6f]df k|ltjfbL lrnfpg]sf]
bfp/f lnO{ dfg]{ lgotn] vsf] km]bdf n's/]
d]/f] efOsf] 6fpsf]df lxsf{P5g\ . ef]lnkN6
dfG5] d/]sf] eGg] xNnf ePkl5 x]g{ hfFbf yfxf
kfPsL x'F . d[ts / k|ltjfbL tf; v]ns
] f /
;fdfGo ljjfb u/]sf] / lghn] cfkm}F k|x/L;dIf
cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] x'bF f k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{
df/]sf] s'/fdf dnfO{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg]
Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf 6Lsf/fd tfdf\n] u/]sf]
askq .
ldlt @)^%.!@.@* ut] laxfg jfgf $
l:yt 36gf:yndf wgaxfb'/sf] nf; 5 egL
;'gL ;f] :yfgdf uO{ x]bf{ d[tsnfO{ k|ltjfbL
sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{n] a/fdb
ePsf] bfp/f;d]t lnO{ dfg]{ g} dg;fon] PsfGt
7fpFdf af6f] 9'sL d[tsnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df
dnfO{ k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 . k'ikaxfb'/afx]s
cGo s;}kl| t z+sf 5}g eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfsf JolQm b]j]Gb| kf}8]nn]
u/]sf] askq .
d[ts / k|ltjfbL klxn]bl] vsf ;Fu} lx8\g]
vfg] ;fyL;fyL x'g\ . Tof] lbg b'jh
} gf ahf/
uP/ ;Fu} cfPsf x'g\ . 36gf d}n] b]lvg s]
s;/L eof] d hflGbg . k|ltjfbL cfkm}F k|x/L;dIf
;fljtL ePkl5 dfq xfdLn] lghn] df/]sf] /x]5
eGg] s'/f yfxf kfof}F+ . d[ts = !%,))).
gub} af]s/] lx8\g] x}l;otsf JolQm xf]Ogg\ /
38L ;fdfGo vfnsf] lyof] eGg] Joxf]/fsf]

k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL anaxfb'/ yfkfn] u/]sf]
askq .
d}n] 36gf 36]sf] b]lvg . d[ts /
k|ltjfbL ;Fu;Fu} 3/ hfg] qmddf egfeg x'bF f
t'Gt} l/; p7\g uO{ lrnfpg]sf] 8f]nf] bfp/fn]
d[tsnfO{ xfGbf lghsf] d[To' ePsf] xf] df/f}F
eGg] lgotn] k|ltjfbLn] xfg]sf xf]Ogg\ . 36gf
36\gk' j" { ;Fu;Fu} vfg] lx8\g] ub{y] . d[tssf]
gub / 38L oL k|ltjfbLn] nu]sf xf]Ogg\
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL eLdk|;fb
lnDa'n] u/]sf] askq .
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] /flt hLjg
tfdf\sf] 3/df tf; v]Ng] qmddf jfbljjfb
ePkl5 k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{n] wgaxfb'/
tfdf\nfO{ /ftsf] ;dodf af6f] 9's/] st{Jo
u/L df/]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg];d]t
Joxf]/fsf] j:t'l:ylt d'rN' sfdf a:g] cDa/axfb'/
yfkfn] u/]sf] askq .
k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{n] wgaxfb'/
tfdf\nfO{ nf7Ln] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ u/L df/L
d'n'sL P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+=
adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f]
7xgf{ n ] lghnfO{ ;f] x L g+ = adf] l hd
;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b x'G5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
z' ;+ v ' j f;ef lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.#.@! sf]] km};nf .
z' lhNnf cbfntn] dnfO{
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd
;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/ ubf{
kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fsf] Gofof]lrt\ d"Nofg
ul/Psf] 5}g . ctM pQm km};nf Gofosf] /f]xdf
;f] ql'6k"0f{ x'bF f ab/ u/L plrt Gofo kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{sf]
939
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6fdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg

kq .
k|:t't d'2fdf Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
!#-#_ g+= tyf !$ g+=;d]tsf] JofVofTds
k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] kl/k|I] odf z'sf] OG;fkm
km/s kg{ ;Sg] eO{ ljrf/0fLo x'bF f 5nkmnsf
nflu c=a+= @)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $& adf]lhd
k|ToyL{ jfbL kIfnfO{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug' { eGg] k' g /fj] b g cbfnt, wgs' 6 fsf]
@)^^.!).@* sf] cfb]z .
d[ts wgaxfb'/sf] d[To' k|ltjfbL
k'ikaxfb'/s} st{Joaf6 ePsf] tYo :yflkt
x'g cfO{ oL k|ltjfbLs} st{Joaf6 d[tssf]
d[To' ePsf]df ljjfb b]lvPg . d[tsn] oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfQLn] xfGbf cfkm" pl5lPsf] l/;
/ cfj]zdf lrnfpg]sf] nf7Ln] xfGbf d[To' ePsf]
b]lv+bF f Hofg;DaGwLsf] % g++ cfslif{t x'g ;Sg]
b] l vPg . Hofg;DaGwLsf] dxnsf] !$
g+=cfs{lift x'g ;S5 ;Sb}g eGg]tkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ oL k| l tjfbLn] d[ t snfO{ ;fwf/0f
lrnfpg]sf] nf7Ln] k|xf/ u/]sf] b]lvP klg
nf;hfFr k|sl[ t d'rN' sf / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
x]bf{ d[tssf] z/L/df nfu]sf] 3f rf]6sf]
ufDeLo{tf, rf]6 k|xf/, 36gf jf/bftsf] kl/l:ylt
/ dg;fo tj;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvFbf
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= klg cfslif{t x'G5 egL
dfGg gldNg] x' F b f lgh k| l tjfbLnfO{
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+=adf]lhd ;j{Zj;lxt
hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] z' ;+vj' f;ef
lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@!.! sf] km};nf
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, wgs'6fsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.!(.% sf]
km};nf .

&), sflQs
@)&),
d[ts;Fu lghsf] 3/ hfg] qmddf

u}/Lwf/f eGg] 7fpFdf k'u]kl5 lghn] PSsf;L
dnfO{ nfQfn] xfGbf d % kmL6hlt k/ pl5lPF
/ tTsfn ToxfF d}n] nf7L e]fPF To;kl5
km]l/ dnfO{ s'6kL6 ug{ cfPkl5 d}n] klg
;f]xL bfp/fn] xfg]F . To; 7fpFdf vsf]
5xf/L ePsf]n] cFWof/f] lyof] . d}n] xfg]sf]
nf7L lghsf] 6fpsf]df nfu]5 d}n] 6fpsf]df
xfg]sf] xf]Og . To;kl5 d[ts e"O{+df n8]
6fpsf] 9'fdf k/]5 . 6fpsf] 9'fdf k/L
nfu]sf] rf]6sf] sf/0fn] d[To' eP5 d}n]
xfg]sf] rf]6n] xf]Og . d}n] u/]sf] cfk/flws
sfo{af6 d[tssf] d[To'sf] ;Defjgf lyof]
lyPg eGg] tYo / k|df0fsf] d"Nofg ul/Psf]
5} g . nf; k| s [ l t d' r ' N sfdf d[ t ssf]
6fpsf]k5fl8sf] rf]6sf] k|s[lt s'lRrPsf]
eGg] ePaf6 d}n] k|xf/ u/]sf] nf7Lsf] k|xf/af6
gePsf] eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . d[ts / d]/f]aLr
dfg'{ d/fpg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} gePsf],
s]jn d[ts pl5lP/ n8\bf 9'fdf k/L
7f] l SsPsf] sf/0faf6 g} eljtJodf k/L
d[ t ssf] d[ T o' eO{ Hofg uPsf] k| : t' t
jf/bftdf Hofg;DaGwLsf] % g+= sf] cj:yf
5 . eljtJosf] jf/bftnfO{ st{Jo Hofgsf]
jf/bft 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km} ; nf g] = sf=k= @)$$, lg=g+ = #@#(
k[=!)$( df k|ltkflbt l;4fGtljk/Lt x'Fbf
pQm km};nf ab/ u/L s7f]/ ;hfoaf6 d'Qm
ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{sf]
o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k"j{ l/;OjLsf] cefj, dfg'k{ g]{
s'g} lgof]lht if8\oGq;d]t gb]lvPsf], tf;
v]nL 5'lg nfUbf d[tsn] xfg]sf] nfQLsf] sf/0f
tTsfn l/; p7L ;fdfGo xltof/ nf7f k|of]uaf6
940
d[To' ePsf]df ;f] s'/f k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf;d]t

:jLsf/ u/]sf] x'bF f o:tf] cfj]zk|l] /t ck/fwdf
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= cg';f/ ;hfo
x'gk' g]d
{ f ;j{Zj;lxt hGds}b u/]sf] lg0f{o
sfg"gk|lts"n eO{ ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 :yflkt
sfg"gL dfGotf tyf JofVofljk/Lt b]lvFbf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] lg0f{o km/s kg]{ x'bF f
c=a+= @)@ g+=cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;"rgf
lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
ldlt @)^*.@.!!.$ sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLtkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmfo >L x]d/fh clwsf/L / >L /fhg
clwsf/L tyf jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/tkm{af6 ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L e/tnfn zdf{n] k|:t't
ug'e
{ Psf] ax;;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L
x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6fsf] km};nf ldn]sf]
5 5}g ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvg
cfof] .
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbL k'ikaxfb'/
sfsL{n] wgaxfb'/ tfdfnfO{ s'6kL6 u/L st{Jo
u/L df/]sf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'n'sL P]g,
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+=adf]lhd ;hfo
ul/kfpmF eGg] cleof]u dfu bfjL ePsf]df
cleof]u dfu bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+=adf]lhd ;j{Zj;lxt
hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] z' ;+vj' f;ef
lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, wgs'6fsf] km};nfpk/ k|:t't jf/bft
eljtJo x' F b f ;f] a df] l hd ;hfo gu/L
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+=adf]lhd ;hfo u/]sf]
ldn]sf] 5}g egL k|ltjfbLsf]] k'g/fj]bg k/L
lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgDg
ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] M
-s_ k|:t't jf/bft eljtJo, cfj]z k|l] /t jf

dg;fo k|l] /tdWo] s'g k|sl[ tsf] jf/bft
xf] <
-v_ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo
x'gk' g]{ xf] xf]Og <
-u_ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6fsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] 5 5}g <
@= o;df klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] wgaxfb'/ tfdf\ jfgf
laxLaf/] ahf/ uPsf]df 3/ kmsL{ gcfPsf] /
h]7f] bfh'n] jfgf $ l:yt wf/f -/fOwf/_ cfxfn
d"n af6f]df ef]lnkN6 d[t cj:yfdf b]vL ;f]
;DaGwdf lghsf] d[To' s;/L ePsf] xf] egL
a'bf jfgf laxLaf/] ahf/af6 kmsL{ jfgf cfO{
jfgf # l:yt s'df/ /fO{sf] 3/df v'bf| k;n
u/L a:g] hLjgk|;fb tfdf\sf] 3/df cfO{
k'us
] f] / ToxfF /fdk|;fb tfdf\, hgs /fO{,
tLy{sd
' f/ lnDa', afa'/fd, wgaxfb'/ tfdf\,
6]saxfb'/ tfdf\, kz{/' fd tfdf\ / k|ltjfbL
sfsL{ sfG5f] eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{;d]tsf
dflg;x e]nf hDdf eO{ tf; v]ns
] f]df /flt
cGbfhL (!) ah]kl5 d[ts efO / k'ikaxfb'/
sfsL{ b'Oh
{ gfdfq ljjfb ub}{ tf; v]nL Pp6}
af6f] eO{ cfcfgf] 3/ hfg] egL lxF8s
] f]df
wgaxfb'/ d[t cj:yfdf e]l6Psf]n] k'ikaxfb'/
sfsL{n] g} st{Jo u/L df/]sf] egL 6Lsf/fd
tfdfn] ls6fgL hfx]/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . d[ts
/ k|ltjfbL /flt ! ah];Dd tf; v]ns
] f / ;Fu}
3/ hfg egL lxF8s
] f x'g,\ 3/ hfg'kj" { sf];uF
w]/} k};f 5 egL ljjfb ul//x]sf lyP, lghn] g}
d[ t snfO{ df/] s f x' g \ egL hLtdfof
tfdf;d]tn] df}sfdf sfuh u/]sf 5g\ . To:t}
j:t' l :ylt d' r ' N sfsf JolQmx b] j ] G b|
kf} 8 ] n ;d] t % hgfn] u/] s f] sfuhdf

@)^%.!@.@& ut] /flt @@=)) ah]sf] ;dodf
d[ts / k|ltjfbLaLr s;sf] k};f w]/} eGg]
ljjfb ePsf], lghx aLr ljjfb ePkl5
tf; v]Ng] cGo JolQmx hgs /fO{;d]t *
hgf pQm :yfgaf6 lxF8s
] f / d[ts / k|ltjfbL
/flt ! ah];Dd tf; v]ns
] f]df wgaxfb'/sf]
nf; ef]lnkN6 e]l6Psf]df lgh k|ltjfbL efuL
uPsf]n] lghn] g} df/]sf] xf] egL pNn]v u/L
df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ JolQmx tyf j:t'l:ylt
d'rN' sfsf JolQmx hLtdfof tfdf, b]jG] b|
kf}8n
] , anaxfb'/ yfkf / cDa/axfb'/ yfkfn]
cfkm"xn] n]vfPsf] Joxf]/f ;dy{g x'g] u/L
cbfntdf;d]t askq u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
wgaxfb'/ tfdf\sf] d[To'sf] sf/0fdf The cause
of death is due to Internal Cerebral Injury egL
zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v x'gs
' f] cltl/Qm
k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L;dIf / cbfntdf
u/]sf] aofg;d]taf6 oL k|ltjfbLn] k|xf/ u/]sf]
bfp/fsf] rf]6sf] sf/0faf6 wgaxfb'/ tfdf\sf]
d[To' ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
#= k|:t't jf/bft eljtJosf] jf/bft
xf] egL k|ltjfbLn] z' cbfntdf aofg ubf{
/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ pQm s'/fsf]
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ z' tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 pQm jf/bft eljtJo geO{ st{Jo
ePsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_
g++= sf] cleof]udf lhNnf tyf k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 !#-#_ g+=cg';f/ ;j{Zj;lxt
hGds}b ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf]
Hofg;DaGwLsf] % g+=sf] lhsL/ tyf o;
cbfntsf] k"j{ Ohnf;n] em=lem ubf{ k|:t't
jf/bft Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+=cGtu{tsf] b]lvg]
eGg]nufotsf ;du| sfg"gL k|fjwfg / tYo
941

&), sflQs
@)&),
k|df0fsf cfwf/df o; jf/bftsf ljifodf lg/f]k0f

ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . ca, k|:t't jf/bft
s'g k|sl[ tsf] jf/bft xf] eGg] ;Gbe{df 3l6t
tYo / k|fKt k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf u/L lg/f]k0f
ug]{ qmddf ;j{ky| dM k|:t't jf/bft eljtJosf]
jf/bft xf] xf]Og eGg] ljjflbt k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f
ug'k{ g]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . 36gfsf] k|sl[ t x]bf{ hLjg
tfdf\sf] 3/df oL k|ltjfbL / d[ts;d]t cGo
JolQmx ;fd"lxskdf tf; v]ns
] f]df cGo
JolQmx uPkl5 oL b'O{hgf d[ts / cleo'Qm
/flt ! ah];Dd tf; v]n]sf / kl5 cfkm\gf]
3/ hfg egL lx+8]sf]df aLr af6f]df k'u]kl5
d[tsn] oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/ hfpmF
egL k|ltjfbLsf] gf8Ldf ;dfO{ tfGg vf]Hbf
k|ltjfbLn] OGsf/ u/]sf] sf/0f d[tsn] oL
k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfQLn] xfg]sf] sf/0f glhs} bfp/f
e]fO{ ;f]xL bfp/fn] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ ubf{ ;f]xL
rf]6 kL8faf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . o;/L
3/ hfg] qmddf d[tsn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ cfkm\gf]
3/ nfg] k|of; u/]sf] / k|ltjfbLn] OGsf/
u/] s f] sf/0f d[ t sn] klg w} o { t f u' d fO{
k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfQLn] xfGbf k|ltsf/:jk oL
k|ltjfbLn] bfp/fn] k|xf/ ubf{ wgaxfb'/
tfdf\sf] d[To' ePsf] b]lvof] .
$= Hofg lng] OjL nfu jf dg;fo
ge} s;}n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] st{Jon] dflg; dnf{
eGg] h:tf] gb]lvPsf] s'g} sfd s'/f ubf{
To;}f/f s]xL e} s'g} dflg; dg{ uPsf]df
d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+=n] jl0f{t
u/] s f] ck/fwsf] k| s [ l tleq kb{ 5 . t/
Hofg;DaGwLsf] % g+= cGtu{t eljtJosf]
jf/bft 7xg{ s f nflu lgDg t jxsf]
ljBdfgtf 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lg/f]k0f x'g'
klg TolQs} cfjZos 5
942
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
d[ts jf p;sf] kl/jf/;+uF k|ltjfbLsf]

k"j{ l/;OjL 5, 5}g <
jf/bft ;+of]ujz 3l6t ePsf] xf],
xf]Og <
dflg; dg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] l:ylt
lyof] lyPg, /
kl/0ffd 6fg{ ;Sg] cj:yf lyof] jf
lyPg <
%= ca k|:t't jf/bftdf dfly ljj]lrt

tjsf] ljBdfgtf 5 jf 5}g eGg]tkm{ x]bf{
ldlt @)^%.!@.@& ut] /flt ! ah];Dd d[ts
/ k|ltjfbL b'j} kIf ;Fu;Fu} tf; v]nL 3/ hfg]
qmddf klg s] x L ldg] 6 sf] cGt/fndf
hLtaxfb'/sf] 3/af6 lxF8] klg aLr af6f]df
b'j} hgf k'gM e]6 eO{ d[tsn] k|ltjfbLnfO{
cfkm\gf] 3/ nfg OR5f JoQm u/]sf] t/ k|ltjfbLn]
OGsf/ u/]kl5 gf8Ldf ;dfO{ an ubf{ klg
OGsf/ ul//x]sf]n] d[tsn] oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfQLn]
k|xf/ u/]kl5 o;}sf sf/0faf6 36gfn] kl/jlt{t
:jk lnO{ wgaxfb'/ tfdf\sf] d[To' x'g k'us
] f]
5 . tfs]/ g} nf7Ln] 6fpsf]df k6sk6s k|xf/
gu/]sf] eP d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf sd eO{ Hofg
hfg] lyPg . o; tYosf] k'li6 zj k/LIf0faf6
x'G5 . lsgls d[tsnfO{ nf7Ln] 6fpsf]df k|xf/
ul/Psf] 5 / ToxLF 6fpsf]sf] rf]6sf] sf/0faf6
wgaxfb'/sf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . jf/bft ;+of]ujz
g36]sf], klxnf] rf]6kl5 rf]6 gyk]sf] eP
afFRg ;Sg] ;Defjgf lyof] . t/, pQ]hgfdf
cfO{ rf]6dfly rf]6 5fl8Psf] k|df0faf6 k'li6
x'G5 . To;sf/0f k|:t't jf/bftnfO{ Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] % g+= df jl0f{t cGt/\j:t'sf] cefjdf
eljtJosf] jf/bft eGg ldn]g .
^= jf/bft 36\gd
' f klg 3/ hfg]qmddf
Ps kIfn] cg'/f]w ug]{ / csf]{ kIfn] OGsf/
ug]{ qmddf tTsfn Psfk;df ljjfb l;h{gf
eO{ klxnf d[tsn] oL k|ltjfbLpk/ nfQL
k|xf/ u/]sf] / pQm k|xf/af6 tTsfn cfj]zdf
cfPsf oL k|ltjfbLn] cfTdlgoGq0f u'dfO{
bfp/fn] 6fpsf]df k|xf/ ubf{ d/]sf] b]lvG5 .
tf; v]Ng] qmddf ;fdfGo ljjfb eP klg ;f]
ljjfb ;fDo e};s]sf] eGg] tYo d[ts /
k|ltjfbL;Fu} hfg' / aLr af6f]df k'u]kl5
d[tsn] g} oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] d[tssf] 3/ hfg OGsf/ u/]kl5
d[tsn] oL k|ltjfbLpk/ nfQL k|xf/ u/]kl5
dfq jf/bftsf] hl/of l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
d[tsn] g} klxnf k|xf/ u/]sf] 5 . To;kl5
dfq k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ cfqmd0f u/]sf] 5 .
k|ltjfbLn] wgaxfb'/nfO{ dfg]{ of]hgf agfO{
k|xf/ u/]sf] jf lghsf] Hofg dfg]{ u/L n'sL
l5kL k|xf/ u/]sf];d]t cj:yf 5}g, wfl/nf]
xltof/ k|of]u ePsf] eGg] b]lvFb}g .
&= o:tf] cj:yfdf 3l6t jf/bftsf]
k|sl[ t, Hofg dfgf{sf] dg;fo /x]g5, Hofg
lng'kg];
{ Ddsf] OjL klg /x]g5, n'sL rf]/Lsg
xfg]sf] klg /x]g5 p;} df}sfdf p7]sf] s'g}
s'/fdf l/; yfDg g;sL hf]lvdL xltof/n]
xfg]sf] jf ljif v'jfPsf]df afx]s ;fwf/0f nf7f,
9'f, nft d'Ssf OToflbn] xfGbf ;f]xL rf]6
kL/n] P]gsf Dofbleq Hofg d/]df d'ns
' L
P]g, Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+ n] jl0f{t u/]sf]
ck/fwsf] k|sl[ tleq kg{ cfpF5 . wgaxfb'/sf]
Hofg uPsf] tYo;Fu+ ;DalGwt jf/bftdf bfp/f
k|of]u ePsf];Dd b]lvG5= . k|:t't jf/bftsf]
;du| k|sl[ tsf] ;"Id dgg\ u/L x]bf{ Ps kIfn]
csf]{ kIfsf] s'g} vf; JolQmnfO{ dfg]{ u/L k"j{
l/;OjLsf ;fy of]hgf agfPsf] b]lvFbg} . o:tf]

cj:yfsf] jf/bftnfO{ Hofg;DaGwLsf] !# g+=
f/f kl/eflift ul/Psf] lgotjz jf
dg;fok"js
{ ul/Psf] xTofsf] ;+1f lbg ldNg]
geO{ of] Hofg;DaGwLsf] !$ g+= cGtu{tsf]
jf/bft ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 .
*= k|:t't jf/bftsf] ;du|| k|sl[ tsf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ dfg]{ u/L
k" j { l/;OjLsf ;fy of] h gf agfPsf] /
;f]xLcg'k sfo{ u/]sf];d]t b]l] vFbg} . dfg'{
kg];
{ Ddsf] dg;fosf] k"0f{tof cefj b]lvG5 .
k"jo{ f]hgf / tof/Ladf]lhd 36gf 36]sf] klg
xf]Og . b'O{ kIfaLr tTsfn d[tssf] 3/ hfg]
laifodf s'/f gldn]sf] sf/0faf6 p7]sf] lkIfLo
ljjfbn] s'6kL6sf] 36gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . k"j{
l/;OjLsf] cefjdf oL k|ltjfbLxnfO{ cf/f]lkt
Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= sf] s;"/bf/ dfGg'
sfg"g / Gofo;\ut x'g ;St}g .
(= ca, bf];f| ] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ !
g+= k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ qmddf dflysf
k|s/0fxdf k|ltjfbLn] bfp/fn] k|xf/ u/]sf]
;f]xL k|xf/ 3fts ;fljt x'g uPsf] ;DaGwdf
ljj]rgf u/L ;lsPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'ns
' L P]g, Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf]
% g+= ljk/Lt s;"/ sfod x'g'kg]{ eGg]
k|ltjfbLtkm{sf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax;
lhsL/ Pj+ k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ tyf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ cf/f]lkt Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_
g+=adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpmF eGg] ;f] xb;Ddsf]
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cleof]u bfjL k'Ug ;Sg]
b]lvPg .
!)= oL k| l tjfbLdf d[ t snfO{
dfg'{kg]{;Ddsf] k"j{ l/;OjL g/x]sf], tf; v]nL
3/ hfg] qmddf d[tsn] oL k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfQLn]
943

&), sflQs
@)&),
xfg]sf] sf/0f tTsfn cfj]zdf cfO{ bfp/fn]

k|xf/ ubf{ d[ts wgaxfb'/ tfdf\sf] d[To'
ePsf] b]lvFbf k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ Hofg;DaGwL
dxnsf] !$ g+= cGtu{tsf] b]lvFbf ;f]xL dxnsf]
!$ g+= adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo 7x/
ug'{kg]{df Hofg;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+=adf]lhd
;j{Zj;lxt hGds}bsf] ;hfo x'g] 7x/ u/]sf]
;+v'jf;ef lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.#.@!
sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
wgs'6fsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.!( sf] km};nf
ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbL sfG5f]
sfsL{ eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{nfO{ Hofg;DaGwLsf]
!$ g+= sf] s;"/df !) jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g]
7x5{ . Hofg;DaGwLsf] !# -#_ g+=adf]lhd
;hfo x'g'kg]{ eGg] ;f] xb;Ddsf] cleof]u
bfjL tyf Hofg;DaGwLsf] % g+=adf]lhd
eljtJo 7x/ ug'{kg]{ eGg] ;f] xb;Ddsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .
cdf tk;Lnadf]lhd ug{" .
@)&%.!@.#) df s}baf6 d'Qm ul/lbg !)

-bz_ jif{ s}bsf] nut s;L c;"n ug'{ egL
z' ;+ v ' j f;ef lhNnf cbfntdf n] v L
k7fpg"===========
!
km} ; nfsf] hfgsf/L k| l tjfbLnfO{
;DalGwt sfof{nodfkm{t\ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut
sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg' ; f/ a' e mfO{
lbg"=========================================================@
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn h]7 @( ut] /f]h $ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M bLks 9sfn
&
lg0f{o g+=()#&
tk;Ln
o;df dfly OG;fkm v08df
' m Ohnf;
n]lvPadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, wgs'6fsf]
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
ldlt @)^^.!@.!( sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L eO{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ts{/fh e
k|ltjfbL sfG5f] sfsL{ eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{nfO{
l/6 g+=+ )^&-WO-!)&#
Hofg;DaGwL dxnsf] !$ g+= adf]lhd !)
cfb]z ldlt M@)&).%.#.@
-bz_ jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n]
z' ;+vj' f;ef lhNnf cbfntn] km};nfsf]
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f .
tk;Ln v08sf] b]xfo ! / @ df /fv]sf] nut
sfod g/xg] x'bF f pQm nut ;+zf]wg u/L lgj]bs M lhNnf nlntk'/, O{df8f]n uf=lj=;=j8f
k|ltjfbL sfG5f] sfsL{ eGg] k'ikaxfb'/ sfsL{
g+=! a:g] d'sz
] a:g]t
ldlt @)^%.!@.#) b]lv y'gfdf /x]sf] b]lvFbf
lj?4
;f] x L ldltaf6 s} b sf x' g ] u/L ldlt ljkIfL M ;z:q k|x/L an k|wfg sfof{no
@)&%.!@.@( ;Dd s} b df /fvL ldlt
xnrf]s, sf7df8f};
+ d]t
944
()#& d's]z j:g]t lj=;z:q k|x/L an k|=sf= ;d]t
lgj]bsnfO{ Dofb lbg'sf] cy{ lghnfO{

ePsf] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L kfP jf kfPgg\
;Ddsf] ;/f]sf/ x'G5 . lghn] s;} u/L
klg Dofb kfP eg] kfpg' g} kof{Kt
x'G5 / h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu Dofb hf/L
ePsf] xf] Tof] ;DkGg ePsf] dfGg' kg{]
x'G5 . Pp6f ;/sf/L lgsfosf] kq
sfg"g;Ddtkdf csf{] sfof{noaf6
tfd] n x' G 5 eg] ;f] tfd] n LnfO{
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
u}/ xflh/ /x]sf] lgj]bsnfO{ a'g vf]Hbf
klg c6]/ u/L a'lemg] sfo{nfO{ k/f:t
ug{] tj/af6 lx8]sfnfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf
lbg ;lsg] cj:yf g} l;lh{t x'g
glbPsf] cj:yfdf ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO{
sf/0f vf]nL kr{f v8f u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt g} /x]sf] dfGg' kg{] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
cfb]z
Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ cGtu{t
o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs ldlt @)^#.!!.@^ ut] ;z:q
k|x/L hjfg kbdf lgo'lQm eO{ cfgf] st{Jo
kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;?jf
eO{ Ps st{Jolgi7 ;z:q k|x/L hjfgsf]
x}l;otn] cfgf] a'l4 ljj]sn] Eofp~h]n b]z /
hgtfsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t e} sfo{ ub{} cfPsf]
lyPF . o;/L cfgf] st{Jo kfngf ubf{ub{} ldlt
@)^%.!!.@* ut]bl] v 3/fo;L sfd Jojxf/n]
ubf{ ljbfdf a;]sf]df d cs:dft\ cr]t
cj:yfdf 9n]sf]n] ldlt @)^^.!.!! ut]bl] v
d]l/l8og x]Ny s]o/ ;]G6/df cf}iflw pkrf/
u/fO{ /x]sf] s'/f sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{
a;]sf] cj:yfdf, :yfoL jtg v'nfO{ ;DalGwt
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, nlntk'/nfO{ kqfrf/
ubf{ s'g} lsl;dsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g gcfPsf]
/ s'g} lsl;dsf] ;Dks{lagf u}/xflh/ /xL
lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg clwjQmf gGbk|;fb gf]s/Lk|lt g} a]jf:tf u/]sf] k|i6 b]lvPsf] x'bF f
;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnL @)^) -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_
clwsf/L
ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf dx]z sf] kl/R5]b !) sf] lgod *& sf] pklgod !
b]xfo (%) adf]lhd s;"/df P]= lgodfjnLsf]
zdf{ kf}8n
]
lgod *$ v08 -v_! adf]lhd eljiodf
canlDat ghL/ M
;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L
gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] ;hfo ug{ ;z:q k|x/L P]g,
;Da4 sfg"g M
@)%* sf] bkmf @! sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd
;z:q k|x/L P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @! sf] ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbO{ /xg' gkg{] lg0f{o kr{f v8f
-s_-v_ / -u_
ul/Psf] 5 egL ljkIfL ;z:q k|x/L an
aunfd'vL ljz]if sfo{bn u0fsf u0fklt
;=k| = p=af6 ldlt @)^^.@.# b] l v dnfO{
945

&), sflQs
@)&),
gf]s/Laf6 x6fOof] . ;f]pk/ ljkIfL ;z:q k|x/L

an k|wfg sfof{nodf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ljkIf
;z:q k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfsHo"af6 ldlt
@)^&.!).# df ;b/ lg0f{o u/]sf] s'/f d}n]
ldlt @)^&.!!.^ ut] hfgsf/L kfPsfn] pQm
u}/sfg"gL lg0f{ox ab/ u/fpg] cGo j}slNks
pkrf/sf] af6f] s f] cefjdf ;Ddflgt
cbfnt;dIf of] lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf]
5' .
d lgj]bsnfO{ gf]s/Laf6 av{f:t ubf{
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;'gj' fO{sf] df}sf glbPsf]
eGg] s'/f ljkIfLxsf] lg0f{oaf6 g} :ki6 x'G5 .
ljkIfL ;z:q k|x/L an a+unfd'vL ljz]if
sfo{bn u0fn] dnfO{ xflh/ x'g cfpg] egL
k7fPsf] kq d}n] a'em]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ljkIfL
;z:q k|x/L an a+unfd'vL ljz]if sfo{bn
u0fn] ljkIfL dxfgu/Lo k| x /L kl/;/,
nlntk'/dfkm{t ljkIfL dxfgu/Lo k|x/L k|efu,
O{df8f]nn] dnfO{ Dofb ;"rgf a'emfpg kfpg]
clwsf/ g} 5}g . d lgj]bs ;z:q k|x/L
hjfgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L ePsf] / dnfO{ xflh/
x'g cfpg] ;"rgf klg ;z:q k|x/Ln] g} lbg'kg{]
xf] . hgkb k|x/Ln] lbg kfpg] cj:yf sbflk
gePsf]n] ;j{ky| dtM pQm xflh/ x'g cfpg]
egL k7fPsf] ;"rgf g} unt 5 . o;/L xflh/
x'g cfpg] egL k7fPsf] Dofb g} k|fKt geO{
/x]sf] cj:yfdf dnfO{ ljkIfLxn] gf]s/Laf6
x6fpg ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]n] ;z:q k|x/L
an a+unfd'vL ljz]if sfo{bn u0fsf] ldlt
@)^^.@.# sf] / ljkIfL ;z:q k|x/L an k|wfg
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^&.!).# sf] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL
ePsf]n] ;f] cfb]zx pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L dnfO{ u}/sfg"gLkdf gf]s/Laf6
946
x6fPsfn] gf]s/Ldf k'g{axfnL u/L dnfO{

;fljsb]lv s} tnj, eQf, ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{'
eGg] ljkIfLxsf] gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z
tyf cGo pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z;d]t hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg bfjL .
dfuadf]lhd cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg{] xf] <
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt sfuh ;fy} /fvL
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt
gSSn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt
hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3] k l5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
l/6 lgj]bs, o; ;z:q k|x/L an
a+unfd'vL ljz]if sfo{bn u0f b/aGbL eO{ o;}
u0fdf sfo{/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf ldlt @)^^.!.!^
ut]bl] v sf]xL s;}nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] hfgsf/L
gu/fO{ cfkm"v;
' L cfkm" nfO{g Jof/]s 5f8L efuL
lx8]sf] x'bF f lgh ;z:q k|x/L hjfg ;z:q
k|x/L ansf] s'g} klg sfof{nodf ;Dks{df
cfP gcfPsf] hfgsf/L lbg x'g egL o;
u0fsf] l;=g+=^@#@ sf] ;+rf/f/f ;z:q k|x/L
ansf OsfO{x ;a}df kqfrf/ ul/Psf] /
lghnfO{ ;]jf ug{] tyf ;kmfO k]z ug{] df}sf
:jk ;DalGwt 3/ 7]ufgfdf vf]htnf;sf]
nflu kqfrf/ ubf{;d]t s'g} lsl;dsf] ;Dks{df
gcfO{ u}/xflh/ /xL gf]s/Lk|lt g} a]jf:tf u/]sf]
k|i6 b]lvPsf] x'bF f clVtof/k|fKt clwsf/Lf/f
;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)^) -;+zf]wg;lxt_
sf] kl/R5]b !) sf] lgod *& sf] pklgod
-!_ sf] b]xfo -5_ sf] s;"/df P]=lgodfjnLsf]
lgod *$-v_! adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L

gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ ;fdfGotM cof]Uo g7xl/g]
u/L lgh u}/xflh/ /x]s} ldlt @)^^.!.!^ ut]af6
nfu" x'g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fPsf] xf] . sf]xL
s;}nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] hfgsf/L gu/fO{
cfkm"v;
' L sfof{no kl/;/ 5f8L efuL lx8L
nfdf] ;do u} / xflh/ /x] s f] cj:yfdf
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{
lghn] gePsf] s'/fnfO{ ePsf] / lgodfg';f/
ePsf] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lgodljk/Lt egL
;Ddflgt cbfnt;dIf em"f l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf]
b]lvFbf pQm em"f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;z:q k|x/L an a+unfd'vL
ljz]if sfo{bn u0fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgh l/6 lgj]bssf] ;DaGwdf lghsf]
3/ 7]ufgfdf tfd]n ug{ cfPsf] rnfgL g+=^%@
ldlt @)^&.!).# ut]sf] vfdaGbL kq o;
kl/;/sf] rnfgL g+=!@&$ ldlt @)^&.!).!#
ut]sf] kq;fy dxfgu/Lo k|x/L k|efu, O{df8f]n
nlntk'/nfO{ e"=k"=;=k|=h=d's]z a:g]tnfO{
a'emfO{ ;f]sf] e/kfO{ ToxfF k|efuaf6 dhs'/
;z:q k|x/L an k|wfg sfof{no, sfg"g tyf
cg'udg zfvf xnrf]s, sf7df8f}d
+ f k7fO{ lbg'
x'g egL kqfrf/;d]t ul/Psf] xf] cGo s]xL
ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ kf6g,
nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
nlntk'/ lhNnf O{df8f]n uf=lj=;=j8f
g+=! sf e"=k"=;=k|=h= d'sz
] a:g]tsf] gfdsf]
r=g+=^%@ sf] ldlt @)^&.!).# ut] vfdaGbL
kq yfg! o;} kq;fy ;+nUg /fvL k7fOPsf]
5 / pQm kq ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ o;
sfof{nodf af]nfO{ ;f] e/kfO{ ldl;n ;+nUg
/fVgsf] nflu o; zfvfdf k7fO{ lbg' x'g cg'/f]w
eGg] dhs'/ ;=k|=an k|wfg sfof{no, sfg"g

tyf cg'udg zfvf xnrf]s, sf7df8f}+sf]
r=g+ = ^%( ldlt @)^&.!).^ ut] qmdzM
dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/ hfjnfv]n, n=k'=sf]
r=g+=!@&$ ldlt @)^&.!).!# sf] kq o;
sfof{nodf k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] lghsf] gfddf
cfPsf] kq o; sfof{nosf] r=g+=@*) ldlt
@)^&.!!.^ ut] lghnfO{ a'emfO{ ;f]sf] e/kfO{
o; k|efuaf6 dhs'/ ;=k|=an k|wfg sfof{no
sfg"g tyf cg'udg zfvf, xnrf]s, sf7df8f}+
k7fOPsf] xf] cGo s]xL ul/Psf] 5}g eGg]
dxfgu/Lo k|x/L k|efu, O{df8f]nsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] z' lg0f{opk/ lrQ
ga'emL ;z:q k|x/L an k|wfg sfof{nosf
;z:q k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs;dIf k'g/fj]bg
lbO{ pQm k'g/fj]bgpk/ lg0f{o x'Fbf lgh
k'g/fj]bs ldlt @)^^.!.!$ ut] sf]xL s;}nfO{
g;f]wL cfkm"vz
' L sfof{no kl/;/ 5f8L efuL
uPsf] x'bF f lgh pk/ vf]h tnf; u/L cfjZos
sf/jfxL ul/kfpF m egL pQm u0fsf
x=d] = ;=k| = a=x= /fdaxfb' / /] U dLn] ldlt
@)^^.!.!$ ut] k]z u/]sf] lnlvt k|ltj]bgsf]
cfwf/df ;]jfk|lt ;kmfO k]z ug{] df}sf:jk
lghnfO{ vf]htnf;sf] nflu ;z:q k|x/L an
a+unfd'vL ljz]if sfo{bn u0fsf] l;=g+=^@#@
l8=l6=cf]=@!!@#% sf] ;~rf/ kqnufot lghsf]
;DalGwt 3/ 7]ufgfdf tLgk':t];d]tsf] ljj/0f
vf]nL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no nlntk'/nfO{
r=g+=!!^* ldlt @)^^.!.@$ ut]sf] kqf/f
vf]htnf; ubf{;d]t s'g} lsl;dsf] ;Dks{df
gcfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd u}/xfhL/ /x]sf] k|i6
b]lvG5 . o;y{ lghn] ;kmfO k]z ug{] df}sf
k|bfg gu/L k|fs[lts Gofosf] pNn\3g u/L
947

&), sflQs
@)&),
u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]

lhsL/ cfkm}d
F f skf]nslNkt Pj+ cfwf/xLg
lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} lgh k'g/fj]bs
la/fdL e} a:g' g} kg{] cj:yfdf lgodfg';f/
clVtof/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 ljbf :jLs[t u/L
o; ;+u7gsf] cfg} ;'ljwf ;DkGg c:ktfndf
uO{ pkrf/ u/fpg' kg{]df ;f];d]t gu/L
cfkm"v';L nfdf] ;do;Dd u}/xflh/ /xL
gf]s/Lk|lt g} a]jf:tf u/]sf] ldl;n ;+nUg
sfuhftxaf6 k|i6 b]lvPsf] x'bF f lghn] lnPsf]
ljleGg lhsL/xnfO{ ;dy{g ug{] s'g} k|df0fx
ldl;n ;+nUg gb]lvPsf] / k'g/fj]bg bfjL
k'Ug g;s]sf] b]lvFbf ;z:q k|x/L lgodfjnL,
@)^) -;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] lgod (( sf]
pklgod (#) adf]lhd z' lg0f{onfO{ g}
;b/ x'g] u/L ldlt @)^&.!).# ut] lg0f{o
ePsf] xf] . lgh ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs ldlt
@)^^.!.!$ ut] sf]xL s;}nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf]
hfgsf/L gu/fO{ cfkm"v;
' L sfof{no kl/;/
5f8L efuL lx8L nfdf] ;do u}/xflh/ /x]sf]
cj:yfdf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 u/]sf]
lg0f{onfO{ lghn] lgodljk/Lt egL ;Ddflgt
cbfnt;dIf em"f l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvFbf
pQm em"f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;z:q k|x/L an k|wfg sfof{nosf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
@=lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmf >L gGbk|;fb clwsf/Ln] lgj]bs
la/fdL k/L pkrf/ u/fO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf
/x]sf]n] sfof{nodf hfg g;Sg' ePsf] xf] .
gf]s/Laf6 cjsfz lbFbf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf
lbg'kg{]df ;f];d]t eP u/]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
948
t;y{ lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf

lg0f{ox ab/ u/L dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x' g ' k b{ 5 egL / k| T oyL{ k| x /L
sfof{ n oxsf] tkm{ a f6 pkl:yt ljfg
;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z zd{f kf}8n
] n] cxf]/fq
zflGt ;'/Iffsf] nflu vl6g' kg{] k|x/L ;]jfdf
sfo{ / t\ lgj] b sn] kbLo cfr/0fljk/Lt
sfof{ n odf va/} gu/L nfdf] ;do;Dd
cg'kl:yt /xg' ePsf] / xflh/ x'g kqfrf/
ubf{;d]t ;Dks{lalxg /x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf
lghnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf lg0f{ox
sfg"g;Ddt ePsfn] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg{] xf]Og vf/]h x'g'kb{5
egL ug{' ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
ljfgxn] ug{ ' ePsf] ax;
lhsL/;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ b]xfosf
ljifoxdf lg0f{o lbg' kg{] x'g cfof] .
-!_ lgj] b snfO{ tfd] n ul/Psf] Dofb
l/tk"js
{ sf] 5 5}g <
-@_ lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz lbFbf ;'gj' fO{sf] df}sf
k|bfg ug{' kg{] xf] xf]Og <
-#_ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{k' g{]
xf] xf]Og .
#= plNnlvt k| Z gxsf] lgk0f
ug{c
' l3 k|:t't lgj]bgsf] tYodf k|jz
] ubf{
ldlt @)^#.!!.@^ ut]bl] v k|x/L ;]jfdf k|jz
]
u/L sfo{/t\ /x]sf] cj:yfdf cs:dft\ ldlt
@)^^.!.!! ut] la/fdL e} d]l/l8og x]Nk s]o/
;]G6/df pkrf/ u/fO{ /x]sf]n] sfof{nodf
pkl:yt x'g ;lsPg . ;f]xL sfof{nodf

pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f hgfpFb} ;'gj' fO{sf]
df}sf;d]t glbO{ dnfO{ gf]s/Laf6 cjsfz
lbg] u/]sf] ;z:q k|x/L an a+unfd'vL ljz]if
sfo{bn u0fsf] ldlt @)^^.@.# sf] / ;f]
lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug{] u/L ldlt @)^&.!).# df
;z:q k|x/L an k|wfg sfof{nosf] k'g/fj]bg
lg0f{o pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L gf]s/Ldf
axfnL ug{] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg
dfu bfjL / lgj]bs nfdf] ;do;Dd sfof{nodf
hfgsf/L g} gu/fO{ cg'kl:yt /x]sf], pkl:yt
x'g kqfrf/ ubf{ klg a]jf:tf u/]sf]n] lghnfO{
cjsfz lbOPsf] xf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= ca dfly lgk0f ug{k' g{] ljifo
egL /flvPsf] klxnf] k|Zgsf] xsdf ljrf/
ubf{ plNnlvt tYosf] k[i7e"lddf lgj]bs d'sz
]
a:g]t k|x/L hjfgdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] / lghnfO{
ldlt @)^^.!.!$ ut]af6 nfu" x'g] u/L cjsfz
lbOPsf] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFbg} . ca lgj]bsnfO{
pkl:yt x'g' egL Dofb lbO{b+ f / cjsfz lbFbf
sfg"gsf] k|lqmof -Due process of law_ k"/f u/L
cjsfz lbOPsf] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ubf{ lgj]bsn] lgj]bg;fy k]z u/]sf] ;z:q
k|x/L an a+unfd'vL ljz]if sfo{bn u0fsf
u0fkltn] ldlt @)^^.@.# df u/]sf] lg0f{o
kr{f cWoog ubf{ lgj]bs ldlt @)^^.!.!$
b]lv sfof{nodf sf]xL s;}nfO{ vj/ gu/L
u}/xflh/ /x]sf], ;z:q k|x/L an dhs'/
sfof{nodf vf]htnf; ubf{ ;Dks{df cfPsf]
gb]lvPsf], lghsf] 3/ 7]ufgfdf kqfrf/
ubf{;d]t ;Dks{df gcfPsf] egL cjsfzsf]
lg0f{ofwf/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lg0f{ofwf/nfO{
v08g u/L oL lgj]bsn] d o;/L of] sfof{no

jf k|lqmofdfkm{t\ ;Dks{df /x]sf] lyPF cyjf
labf lnO{ jf cd's kbflwsf/LnfO{ va/ u/L
cg'kl:yt ePsf] lyPF egL ;k|df0f eGg ;s]sf]
b]lvFb}g .
%= ljkIfLdWo]sf dxfgu/Lo k|x/L
kl/;/, nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] k|s/0f
g+=# cWoog ubf{ nlntk'/ lhNnf O{df8f]n
uf=lj=;=j8f g+ = !sf e" = km' = ;=k| = h=d' s ] z
a:g]tsf] gfdsf] r=g+=^%@ ldlt @)^&.!).#
ut]sf] vfdaGbL kq yfg! lghnfO{ a'emfO{
e/kfO{ k7fpg' egL ;z:q k|x/L an k|wfg
sfof{no, sfg"g tyf cg'udg zfvf, xnrf]ssf]
r=g+=^%( sf] kq dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/,
nlntk' / df k| f Kt ePsf] / kl/;/af6
r=g+=!@&$ sf] ;fy ;f] kq lgh lgj]bsnfO{
a'emfO{ e/kfO{ u/L e/kfO{ ;z:q k|x/L an
s]GLo sfof{nodf k7fPsf] xf] egL pNn]v
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] Joxf]/fnfO{ lgj]bsn] v08g
ug{ g;sL s]jn ;z:q k|x/L ansf] kq k|x/L
kl/;/n] tfd]n ug{ ldNg] xf]Og egL sfg"gL
cfwf/ b]vfpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= s'g} sfof{non] cfgf] kq s;}nfO{
tfd]n ubf{ k|fozM cfkm}+ ub{5g\ . t/ cj:yf /
tfd]n ug{] :yfg x]/L Pp6f sfof{nosf] kq
csf{] sfof{noaf6 d2t lnO{ tfd]n u/fpg
;Sg] l:yltnfO{ s'g} sfg"gn] /f]s nufPsf]
b]lvFbg} . ;z:q k|x/Lsf] kq g]kfn clw/fHoe/
hxfF eP klg / h:tf] cj:yfdf klg cfkm}n]
tfd]n ug{'kg{] s'g} afWotf sfg"gn] u/]sf]
b]lvFbg} . cfcfgf] ;'ljwf kl/l:ylt cg';f/
sfd tfd]n x'g] s'/f xf] . ;z:q k|x/L an /
k|x/L kl/;/ b'a} k|x/L sfof{nox ;/sf/L
949

&), sflQs
@)&),
k|x/L sfof{nox x'g\ . To;df klg ;z:q

k|x/Lsf] kq tfd]n ug{ k|x/L kl/;/ / k|x/L
k|efun] d2t u/]sf] sf/0faf6 s] s'g sfg"gsf]
q'l6 eof] egL lgj]bsn] :ki6tM b]vfpg ;s]sf]
kfO{Pg . j:t'tM Dofb lgj]bsnfO{ lbg'sf] cy{
lghnfO{ ePsf] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L lghn] kfP
jf kfPgg\;Ddsf] ;/f]sf/ x'G5 . lghn] s;}
u/L klg Dofb kfP eg] kfpg' g} ko{fKt x'G5 /
h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu Dofb hf/L ePsf] xf] Tof]
;DkGg ePsf] dfGg'kg{] x'G5 . Pp6f ;/sf/L
lgsfosf] kq sfg" g ;Ddtkdf csf{ ]
sfof{noaf6 tfd]n x'G5 eg] ;f] tfd]nLnfO{
sfg"gljk/Ltsf] eGg ldNg] gb]lvg] b]lvPg .
&= lgj]bsnfO{ k|ltjfbsf] df}sf k|bfg
ug{k' g{] xf] xf]Og < eGg]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ s;}nfO{
klg s'g} ;hfo ubf{ ;f] ul/g'k"j{ p;nfO{
cfgf] s'/f eGg df}sf k|bfg ug{k' b{5 . of]
;j{dfGo k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt xf] / o;
ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 k6sk6s sfg"gL
l;4fGt klg k|ltkflbt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . sltko
cj:yfdf ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbO/xg k|fKt
kl/l:yltdf grfFlxbf] cndn x'g hfg] /
Jojxfl/s klg gx'g] / :ki6 b]lvg] x'g klg
;S5 . tyflk ToxL cndn / Jojxfl/s gePsf]
cf8df eg] s;}sf] cfkm"lj?4 nfu]sf] cleof]u
ljifodf cfgf] k|lt/Iff ug{ kfpg] xs x/0f
x'g ;Sb}g, dgdfgL tj/af6 s;}nfO{ klg
av{f:t ug{ kfOGg . To;}n] s;}nfO{ ;hfo
ug{k' j" { k|ltjfbsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] s'/fdf ljjfb
ug{ ;ls+ b } g t/ k| l tjfbsf] df} s f lbg'
cJojxfl/s jf df}sf lbg ;lsg] kl/l:ylt
gePsf] cj:yfsf] sNkgf klg sfg"gn] u/L
To:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbsf] df}sf glbO{ ;hfo
ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg klg /flvPsf] x'G5 .
950
To;}n] of] k|ltjfb ug{ df}sf k|bfg ug{ cj:yf

x]/L df}hb" f sfg"g, kl/l:ylt / cleo'Qm jf
bf]if nufO{Psf JolQmsf] cfr/0f Jojxf/df
lge{/ ug{' kg{] x'G5 . log} ljifonfO{ dgg\ u/L
;z:q k|x/L P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @! sf] -s_
-v_ / -u_ df sfg"gL k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsnfO{ bkmf @!-u_ cg'k
;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg dgfl;a gkg{] egL cjsfz
lbPsf] kfOof] .
*= pQm bkmf @!-u_ cg'k ;kmfOsf]
df}sf glbg] xf] eg] To:tf] df}sf lbg dgfl;a
gkg{] cj:yf b]vfO{ Joxf]/f vf]nL ;hfo lbg]
clwsf/Ln] kr{f v8f ug{k' g{] x'G5 . ;f]cg'ksf]
sfd k|:t't d'2fdf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g egL x]bf{
ldlt @)^^.@.# df kr{f v8f ePsf] g} b]lvG5
/ pQm kr{fdf lgj]bsnfO{ vf]htnf; ubf{
klg ge]l6Psf] ;Dks{df gcfPsf] u}/xfhL/
/x]sf] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg
gkg{] lgSf{}ndf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . lghnfO{
pkl:yt u/fpg ePsf k|of;x / kq a'em]sf]
e/kfO{ ;d]taf6 lgh lgj]bsnfO{ a'bf ;Dks{
x'g grfx]sf] :ylt b]lvG5 . o;/L ;Dks{ d}
gcfpg] ;Dks{ ug{ vf]Hbf klg a]jf:tf ug{n
] fO{
;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg ;lsg] cj:y} /xFbg} .
;kmfOsf] df}sf vf]Hg]n] af]nfpFbf hfg' k5{ /
pQm df}sf k|fKt ug{k' b{5 . o;/L u}/xfhL/
/x]sf] lgj]bsnfO{ a'g vf]Hbf klg c6]/ u/L
a'lemg] sfo{nfO{ k/f:t ug{] tj/af6 lx8]sfnfO{
;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg ;lsg] cj:yf g} l;lh{t
x'g glbPsf] cj:yfdf ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO{
sf/0f vf]nL krf{ v8f u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
sfg"g;Ddt g} /x]sf] dfGg' kg{] x'G5 .
lnnfaxfb' / u' ? lj=k| w fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ s f] sfo{ n o ;d] t

()#* lnnfaxfb'
(= ca lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z

hf/L x'g] xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
dfly plNnlvt tYo Pj+ ljj]rgfaf6 lgj]bs
ldlt @)^^.!.!$ b]lv sfo{/t\ sfof{nodf
cg'kl:yt /x]sf], s'g} sfof{nodf ;Dks{df
g/x]sf] / sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g cfpg' eGg]
kq a'em]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] ;f] kqnfO{
a]jf:tf u/L sfo{/t\ sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ug{
guO{ ;'gj' fO{sf] df}sf lbg ;lsg] cj:yfnfO{
g} k/f:t kf/]sf] o; l:yltdf lghn] ;'gjfO{sf]
df} s f kfOg eGg ldNg] b] l vPg . t;y{
lgj]bsnfO{ kr{f v8f u/L cfwf/ sf/0f vf]nL
k|x/L ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf lg0f{o
sfg"gcg'ks} b]lvFbf dfucg'ksf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldn]g . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg" .
lg0f{o g+=()#*
;jf]R{ rcbfnt, ;+oQ

' m Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo
l/6 g+= M )^(WO!!)$
cfb]z ldlt M @)&).$.!#.!
ljifoM pTk|i] f0f;d]t .
lgj] b s M cf] v n9' f lhNnf, ?Dhf6f/

uf=lj=;=j8f g+=% 3/ eO{ xfn nlntk'/
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
lhNnf, nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f
Gof=ts{/fh e
g+=@) df cjl:yt sNof0f ;]le P08
qm]l86 sf]ck/]l6e ln=sf] ;~rfns
nlntk' /
lhNnf,
nlntk' /
Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn ebf} # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ = $ a:g]
lnnfaxfb'/ u'?
Ohnf; clws[t rf0fsdl0f co{fn
lj?4
&
ljkIfL M k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f+;
} d]t
dfgj clwsf/ df}lns xssf] ;+/If0fsf]

d'Vo lhDdf cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsfn]
cbfntn] clt ;fjwfgLk"js
{ j:t'
951

&), sflQs
@)&),
l:ylt, kl/l:ylt, ck/fwsf] k|sl[ t,

cleo'Qmsf] cj:yf ;a} ;]/f]km]/f] a'emL
c~hfd u/L k6s k6s jf Ps} k6s
@% lbg;Dd y'gfdf /fVg cg'dlt lbg
;Sg] clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u ug'k{ g]{ .
ePsf]nfO{ ;Rofpg nufpg ;S5,

cbfntsf] c Goflos sfdsf/jfxLdf
;Sb}g egL ;+sl' rt cy{ ug{ gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
s'g} ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg x'bF f hfx]/jfnf

/ kf]ns
] f] k|ltjfbL b'O{ kIfaLr ljjfbsf]
l:ylt /x]s} x'G5, cg';Gwfg g} s'g}
ck/fwsf] ljjfbsf] ljifodf x'g] .
cg';Gwfgk"j{ g} cleof]hg st{faf6

cg';Gwfg u/L d'2fsf] tof/L g}
gePsf]df klxnf] lbgd} 7uL jf n]gb]g
s] xf] egL cbfntaf6 y'gfdf /fVg
cg'dlt glbO{b+ f kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf]
txsLsftdf 7"nf] Jojwfg kg{ hfG5 /
o;tkm{ s'g} ;ts{tf gckgfO{ o:tf]
cfb]z a/fa/ x'g yfNof] eg] Goflos
If]qdf c/fhstf pTkGg x'g] qf; /xG5
tyflk oxL sf/0f b]vfO{ cfgf] JolQmut
jf /fhg}lts jf hftLo ]ifaf6 k"jf{ u|xL
eO{ b'/fzok"0f{ tj/af6 /fHosf] zlQm
k|of]u u/L s;}sf] xs s'l07t ug{ eg]
5"6 s;}n] gkfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ To;sf]

clek|fo, k|of]hg / dd{ ;a}sf] ;d'lrt
cjnf]sg x'gk' g]{ .
dftxtsf lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
sfdsf/jfxL cjnf]sg u/L ;Rofpg
nufpg] sfo{ k|ydtM k'g/fj]bg
cbfntaf6 x'g] xf] . ;RofOg] sfo{sf]
k|lqmofdf leGgtf x'g ;S5 t/ s]jn
cbfntdf btf{ ePsf d'2fdf dfq j]l/t
952
-k|s/0f g+=$_

wf/f @$-#_ df kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{
d' 2 f x] g { ] clwsf/L;dIf af6f] s f]
Dofbafx]s @$ 306fleq pkl:yt
u/fpg' kg{] ;+jw} flgs k|fjwfg ePsf]
b]lvFbf kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmsf] kqmfp
kg{k' j" { g} d'2f cbfntdf bfo/ ePs}
jf x'gk} b{5 eGg] geO{ ljjfb / ;f]sf]
cg';Gwfg x'bF f tTsfn h'g ck/fw
k|yd b[li6af6 b[li6ut x'G5 ToxL g}
d'2f dflgg] / ToxL d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/LsxfF
pkl:ylt u/fpg' kg{] .
s'g} ck/fwsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg x'g]
/ s'g} ck/fwsf] ljjfb ;DaGwdf s]
s:tf] d'2f rnfpg] egL lg/fs/0f x'g]
ljifonfO{ d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'
xf]Og eGg gldNg] .
cg';Gwfg e} g;s]sf] / k|ltjfbL sfod
e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf hfx]/Laf6 7uLhGo
s;"/sf] ljifo p7]sf] ljjfbnfO{ ljjfb
g} xf]Og / o;sf] d'2f ljifo;Fu s'g}
;/f]sf/ g} x'bF g} eGg ldNb}g . t;y{,

()#* lnnfaxfb'
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 lhNnf cbfntn]

y' g fdf /fVg] cg' d lt glbPsf]
cfb]zpk/ ;'gjfO{ u/L oyf]lrt\ cfb]z
ug{ ;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/

y' g fdf a:g' k g{ ] k| f oM lglZrt\
eO;s] k l5 cfb] z sfo{ f Gjog /
cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;dk{0f u/L
;kmf xft lnO{ r'gf}tL lbg cbfntdf
k|jz
] ug{k' g{] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj]bstkm{af6 M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfo zDe'

yfkf / z+s/s'df/ >]i7 tyf ljfg
clwjQmfo zflGt/fd vltj8f / s[i0f
yfkf
ljkIfLtkm{af6 M ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf
7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L, pkGofoflwjQmf
of] u /fh a/fn tyf jl/i7 ljfg
clwjQmfx xl/x/ bfxfn / sf}znlszf]/
lj]bL tyf ljfg clwjQmfx /fdhL
lji6, ljho/fh zfSo, /fdrGb| ;'jb] L /
sdn]z lj]bL
canlDat ghL/ M
g]sfk @)%*, lg=g+=&)!%, c &*,
k[i7 #^^
;Da4 sfg"g M
953

wf/f !#%-@_
d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+=!& g+=
;=d'=;=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-$_
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *
-!_, !$-v_
cfb]z
Gof= a}Bgfy pkfWofo M g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf wf/f
!)&-@_ adf] l hd o; cbfntsf]
clwsf/If]qleqsf] eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/
5M
d lgj]bs sNof0f ;]le P08 qm]l86
sf] ck/] l 6e ln=sf] ;+ r fns ;ldltsf]
cWoIfsf] kdf sfo{ ul/cfPsf] 5' . pQm
;+ : yfdf ljkIfL lzjlbk nf] x gL ldlt
@)^%.!).!% b]lv dxfk|aGwssf] kbdf /xL
;+:yfsf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfpg'
ePsf] lyof] . lghn] ldlt @)^(.$.!* df
:jf:Yosf] sf/0f lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg g;Sg]
sf/0f b]vfO{ kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{ :jLs[t
eO;s]sf] 5 . lgh / d lgj]bssf] cGo s'g}
sf/f] a f/ / ;DaGw /x] s f] 5} g . ldlt
@)^(.*.!# sf lbg ;+:yfsf] sfof{nodf sfd
u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf tkfO{nfO{ dxfgu/Lo k|x/L
kl/;/, hfjnfv]ndf pkl:yt u/fpg' eGg]

&), sflQs
@)&),
cfb]z 5 egL ;fbf kf]zfsdf cfPsf k|x/L

sd{rf/Lxn] dnfO{ lnO{ uP . pQm sfof{nodf
k'u]kl5 ljkIfL lzjlbk nf]xgLnfO{ ;+:yfsf]
dxfk| a Gws kbaf6 x6fOPsf] sf/0faf6
lghnfO{ kg{ uPsf] cfly{ s ;fdflhs
Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu $)%) nfv k}ofFsf]
sfuh ug{ bafa lbOof] .
ljkIfL lzjlbk nf]xgLn] dpk/ /sd
lnO{ lkmt{f glbO{ 7uL u/]sf] egL ljkIfL k|x/L
kl/;/df hfx]/L lbg' eO{ pQm hfx]/Lsf]
cfwf/df dnfO{ k'gM kqmfp u/L k|ToyL{ lhNnf
cbfntdf !) lbg k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg
Dofb dfu u/L k]z ul/Psf]df ;/sf/L d'2f
;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% adf]lhd
k|ltjfbL lnnfaxfb'/ -Pn=lj=_ u'?nfO{ y'gfdf
g/fv]/ klg d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg;d]tsf sf/jfxL
cl3 a9fpg afwf kg{];d]t gb]lvFbf xfnnfO{
k| l tjfbL lnnfaxfb' / -Pn=lj=_ u' ? nfO{
dfucg';f/ k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg cg'dlt
lbg ldn]g egL cfb]z ePsf] lyof] . lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] pQm cfb] z sf] lj?4
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf lgj]bg k/]sf]df
ldlt @)^(.!@.@@ df lgj]bs jfbL g]kfn
;/sf/af6 cfPsf] lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{
7uLhGo s;"/ jf cGo sfg"gcg';f/ rNg] s]
xf] ljkIfLsf] aofg;d]t gePsf] b]lvFbf
nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.!).#
df ePsf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] x'bF f ab/ u/L lbOPsf]
5 . cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf nflu ljkIfLnfO{
k| x /L lx/f;tdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug{
sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{' xf]nf eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 cfb]z ePsf]
5 . d'n'sL P]g, c=a+=!& g+= sf] Joj:yf
954
dftxtsf cfdf bfo/ eO{ ljrf/fwLg /x]sf

d'2fxsf] ;DaGwdf dfq k|of]u / cfsif{lt
x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]5 . lgj]bslj?4
nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf b]jfgL, kmf}hbf/L
jf ljljw nutdf s'g} d'2f bfo/ ePsf] g}
5}g . d'2f g} bfo/ gePsf] cj:yfdf c=a+=!&
g+=cfslif{t eO{ s'g} cfb]z ug{ g} gldNg]
ePsf]n] k|ToyL{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf]
cfb]z c=a+=!& g+= sf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] x'Fbf
ab/efuL 5 .
lgj]bsnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL cg';Gwfg
txsLsft ug{'kg{] s'g} ljifo g} afFsL g/x]sf]
cj:yfdf y'gfdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug'{ egL ePsf]
cfb]z Goflos dgsf] cefjdf ePsf] x'Fbf
ab/efuL 5 . ljkIfL lzjlbk nf]xgL;Fu
lgj]bssf] s'g} n]gb]g sf/f]af/ g} g/x]sf]
ePkl5 d}n] lghnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] /sd ltg{'
a'emfpg' kg{] x'g ;Sb}g . dgf]utkaf6 olt
k}ofF d}n] lbPsf] x'F / lkmt{f kfpg'kg{] s'g}
cfwf/ sf/0f / k|df0flagf g} 7uL u/]sf] egL
bt{f ePsf] hfx]/L / hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/df kqmfp
ul/Psf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] 5 . d lgj]bsn]
lghaf6 /sd lnO{ lkmt{f gu/]sf] eGg] dfGg]
xf] eg] klg ;fk6Lsf] kdf /sd lnO{ lkmtf{
gu/]sf] eg]sf] sfo{ kmf}hbf/L s;"/ ck/fwsf]
bfo/fleq kg{ ;Sb}g . b]jfgL ljifonfO{ cfwf/
agfO{ lgj]bsnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg vf]lhPsf]
sfo{nfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf lbg] u/L ePsf]
kg'/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] cfb]z kmf}hbf/L
Gofo l;4fGt ljk/Lt 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^(.!@.@@ sf] cfb]zdf jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfu u/]cg'k cg';Gwfg
txsLsftsf nflu ljkIfLnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf
/fvL sf/jfxL ug{ sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{'
()#* lnnfaxfb'
xf]nf eGg] k/dfb]zsf] h:tf] cfb]z jf lgb{z

] g
lbg] clwsf/ c=a+=!& g+= cGtu{t kg{] ljifo
xf]Og . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 lgj]bsnfO{
lx/f;tdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug{ sfg"gadf]lhd
cfb]z ug{' egL ldlt @)^(.!@.@@ df ePsf]
cfb]znufot ;f] ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{xaf6 eP
ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLx pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L k|ToyL{ lzjlbk nf]xgLn]
lg/fwf/kaf6 b]jfgL ljifo b]vfO{ 7uL u/]sf]
egL bfo/ u/]sf] hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/df lgj]bsnfO{
w/ks8 gug{' gu/fpg', lx/f;tdf g/fVg'
/fVg gnufpg' eGg] k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z nufot
cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf k"lh{
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]l] hdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg{] xf],
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s
!% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6
lgj] b gsf] Psk| l t gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ Dofb ;"rgf lbO{ lnlvt hjfkm
cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug{' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)&).!.* sf]
cfb]z .
n]gb]gsf] ljifo / hfx]/L bvf{:tsf]
ljifo Pp6} x'g' dfq ko{fKt x'Fb}g . cg';Gwfg
txsLsftaf6 lgw{f/0f x'g] ljifo xf] . cbfntn]
cleof]hg kIfaf6 cg';Gwfg txsLsftkZrft\
bfo/ ePsf] cleof]u kqsf] ljj]rgf /
;\slnt sfuhaf6 lgSof}{n x'g] a'FbfnfO{
d'2fdf cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] Dofb yk x'bF fs}
r/0fdf k|f/lDeskdf 7uLaf6 ePsf] eGg]
b]lvg cfPg egL ldlt @)^(.!).# sf]
cfb]zaf6 lgSof}{ndf k'u]sf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf]
x'Fbf ab/ u/L jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfu

u/]cg'k cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf nflu
ljkIfLnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug{
sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{' xf]nf egL ldlt
@)^(.!@.@@ df ePsf] cfb]z sfg"g;Ddt\
ePsf] n ] ljkIfL l/6 lgj] b ssf] lgj] b g
dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g'kg{] xf]Og, vf/]h
x'g'kb{5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^(.!).# df ePsf] cfb]z j]/Ltsf] x'bF f jfbL
g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfu u/]cg'k cg';Gwfg
/fvL sf/jfxL ug{ sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{'
xf]nf eGg] ldlt @)^(.!@.@@ ut]sf lbg
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 cfb]z eO{
cfb]z;lxtsf] kmfon o; cbfntdf /x] ePsf]
x'bF f lgj]bssf] xs clwsf/df uDeL/ cf3ft
kg{] lsl;dsf] sfd sf/jfxL o; cbfntaf6
eP u/]sf] gx'bF f k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] nlntk'/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t';uF o; sfof{nonfO{
s'g} ;DaGw g} g/x]sf] / ;+ljwfg tyf
sfg"gadf]lhd k"/f ug{k' g{] s], s'g bfloj k"/f
gu/]sf] sf/0f k|ToyL{ agfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg]
cfwf/e"t tYo g} :yflkt x'g g;s]sf] k|:t't
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . ;Ifd cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb] z sf ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj] b sn] o;
sfof{nopk/ l/6 lgj]bg lbg' kg{] sf/0f /
cf}lrTo /x]sf] 5}g . cbfntsf] :jtGqtf /
;Ifdtfdf cGoyf x'g] u/L tT;DaGwdf o;
sfof{noaf6 s]xL ug{ ;lsg] klg x'bF g} . o;
955

&), sflQs
@)&),
sfof{nosf gfddf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L

x'gk' g{] cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] o; sfof{nosf] s'g sfd
sf/jfxLpk/ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z dfu ug{' ePsf]
xf] ;f] lgj]bg n]vaf6 k|i6 x'g cfpFbg} . o;
sfof{non] bfo/ u/]sf] d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+=!&
g+=adf]lhd lgj]bgsf] 6'f] nflu;s]sf] tyf
pQm lgj]bg sfg"gL cfwf/af6 ul/Psf],
lghlj?4sf] lg0f{o gePsf] / pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z
hf/L u/L ab/ ug{k' g{] cj:yfsf] gx'bF f l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no, kf6gsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o; sfof{nosf] of] o:tf] lg0f{o jf
clGtd cfb]zn] cfgf] of] o:tf] df}lns xsdf
c;/ k/]sf] egL l/6 lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bgdf
slx+ st} pNn]v ug{ g;Sg' ePsf] / o;
sfof{noaf6;d]t lgj]bssf] df}lns xsdf c;/
kg{] s'g} sfo{ geP gu/]sf] x'bF f ljkIfL agfO{
bfo/ ul/Psf] k|:t't l/6 o; sfof{nosf] xsdf
hf/L x'gk' g{] geO{ vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf]
lhNnf ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no, nlntk'/sf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
xfn lx/f;tdf /fVg ldn]g egL
nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 cfb]z eO{ cfPsf]
x'bF f lghnfO{ ;f]xL ldltdf lgh]sf] cfkmGt
lht]G /fO{sf] lhDdf nufO{ k7fOPsf]df
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^(.!@.@@
sf] cfb]zn] nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt
@)^(.!).# df ePsf] cfb]z ab/ u/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] dfu u/] c g' k cg' ; Gwfg
956

/fvL sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{x' f]nf eGg] cfb]z
lzjlbk nf]xgLn] o; kl/;/df k]z u/]sf] b]lvFbf
lgh lnnfaxfb'/ -Pn=lj=_ u'?nfO{ k'gM
kqmfpsf] nflu kqfrf/ ug{;
] Ddsf] sfo{ ePsf],
lghnfO{ xfn;Dd kqmfp ul/Psf] 5}g x}g,
kqmfp gul/Psf] x'bF f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] Joxf]/fsf] dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/,
nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
sfg"gadf]lhd k/]sf] hfx]/Lcg'k
cg';Gwfg / txsLsftsf] qmd cufl8 a9\g
nfu]sf] ljkIfLn] d]/fpk/ u/]sf] 7uLsf] s;"/
ck/fwdf /fHosf tkm{af6 clwsf/k|fKt lgsfon]
cg';Gwfg u/L cfgf] clwsf/If]qsf] ljifodf
lg0f{o lng gkfpFb} sfg"gadf]lhd x'g,' ug{'
kg{] cg';Gwfg txsLsft / ;f] cfwf/df x'g]
lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{;d]t cj?4 kf/L sf/jfxL /
;hfoaf6 pGd'lQm lng] ab\lgotdf cfwfl/t
l/6 lgj]bg x'Fbf ljkIfLn] dfu u/]adf]lhd
cbfntn] cfgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q k|of]u
u/L pTk|i] f0fnufotsf] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{k' g{] cj:yf 5}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] sfg"g;Ddt cfb]z sfof{Gjogdf
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L /f]s nufpg' kg{]
cj:yf gx'bF f y'gfdf /fVg] / cfb]zkl5 km/f/
eO{ jf/];dfkm{t\ k/]sf] of] l/6 lgj]bg d'ns
' L
P]g, c=a+=^%-!_ sf] ljk/Lt ePsf] x'bF f vf/]h
x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] lzjlbk nf]xgLsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmfo >L zDe' yfkf / >L
z+s/s'df/ >]i7 tyf ljfg clwjQmfo >L

()#* lnnfaxfb'
zflGt/fd vltj8f / >L s[i0f yfkfn] xfd|f] kIf

/ 7uL d'2fsf] hfx]/jfnfaLr n]gb]gsf] ljifo
ePsf]n] lhNnf cbfntn] k|f/lDeskdf 7uLsf]
ljifo gb]vs
] f] x'bF f Dofb yksf] cfb]z glbPsf]
xf] . Dofb yksf] ljifo lhNnf cbfntsf] d'2f
x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] clwsf/sf] ljifo xf] . To:tf]
clwsf/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;/]/ hfg ;Sb}g .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] dftxt lhNnf cbfntnfO{
y'Gg] cfb]z ug{' egL lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] xf]Og .
lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zdf 7uL d'2f bfo/ g}
gx'g] eg]sf] 5}g . y'gfdf g/fvL klg cg';Gwfg
ug{ afwf gkg{] egL cfb]z ePsf] xf] . lhNnf
cbfnt, nlntk'/nfO{ y'Gg] cfb]z ug{' egL
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^(.!@.@@
df ePsf] cfb]z pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/
x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t ax; k|:t't ug{e
' of] .
ljkIfL lzjlbk nf]xgLsf tkm{af6

pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx >L xl/x/
bfxfn, >L sf} z nlszf] / lj] b L, ljfg
clwjQmfx >L /fdhL lji6, >L ljho/fh
zfSo, >L /fdrG ;'jb] L / >L sdn]z lj]bLn]
cbfntdf k|j]z u/]/ Dofb yksf] nflu
uO;s]kl5 lhNnf cbfntsf] GofofwLzn]
cg'dlt slt lbg slt k6s u/L lbg] eGg]
s'/f sfuhft x]/L thljhcg';f/ ug{ ;S5
t/ cg'dlt g} lbGg eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
5}g . cbfntdf k|jz
] u/L lhNnf cbfntaf6
ePsf] cfb]zpk/ c=a+=!& g+=cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf hfg ldNg] g} x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gn] lhNnf cbfnt nlntk'/sf]
cfb]znfO{ ab/ u/L y'gfdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug{]
cfb]z ePkl5 lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ cfTd;dk{0f
gu/L jf/];dfkm{t\ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg
ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t
ax; k|:t't ug{e
' of] .
b'jt} km{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxn] ug{'
ePsf] ax; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{
tYosf] o; /f]xdf lgDg k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f u/L
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] l/6 cfb]z hf/L ug{'
kg{] xf] xf]Og egL lg0f{o ug{' kg{] b]lvof] .
ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg gfoj

dxfGofoflwjQmf >L 7f]sk|;fb lzjfsf]6L, pk
GofoflwjQmf >L of]u/fh a/fnn] d'2f rNg]
grNg] egL clGtd lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/
;+ljwfgn] dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ lbPsf] 5 .
lhNnf cbfntn] n]gb]gsf] ljifo ePsf] egL
7uLdf d'2f grNg] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ 5}g .
Dofb yksf] nflu d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L;dIf
pkl:yt u/fpg' kg{ ] eGg] ;+ j } w flgs
Joj:yfcg'k 7uLdf Dofb yksf] nflu NofPsf]
aGbLnfO{ Dofb yk gu/L 7uL xf]Og egL ul/Psf] -!_
lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z clGtd x'g ;Sb}g .
pQm cfb]z pk/ Due process sf] kdf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf hfg ;Sg] g} x'bF f k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ePsf] cfb]z unt eGg
ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'gk' b{5 eGg];d]t -@_
ax; k|:t't ug{e
' of] .
957
cg';Gwfgsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg

cg' d ltsf] dfu ePsf] d f lhNnf
cbfnt cg'dlt lbg afWo x'g] xf] jf
xf]Og <
lhNnfn] cg';GwfgnfO{ cg'dlt glbg]
cfb]z u/]df c=a+=!& g+=af6 k'g/fj]bg

&), sflQs
@)&),
cbfntn] clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{ kfpg]

#= cfkm";uF af6 k}ofF k};f ljleGg
xf] xf]Og <
axfgf agfO{ ;fFjf Jofh;lxt # dlxgfleq
lkmtf{ u5{' egL nuL lkmtf{ dfu ubf{ lkmtf{
-#_ cbfntsf] cfb]zn] y'gfdf /xg' kg{] glbO{ 7uL u/]sf] egL clwsf/k|fKt clw/sL;dIf
k|foM lglZrt\ eO;s]sf] JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ ljkIfL lzjlbk nf]xgLn] 7uLdf hfx]/L b/vf:t
;dk{0f gu/L jf/];dfkm{t\ cfPsf] l/6 lbPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . 7uLdf hfx]/L k/L kqmfp
lgj]bgaf6 pkrf/ k|fKt x'G5 x'bF g} < u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ cfjZos cg';GwfgkZrft\
d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] clGtd lg0f{o ug{]
clwsf/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bs !#%-@_ adf]lhd dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ePsf]
lnnfaxfb'/ u'?n] ljleGg axfgf agfO{ ;fFjf b]lvG5 . kqmfp u/L @$ 306fleq Dofb yksf]
Jofh;lxt # dlxgfleq lkmtf{ u5{' egL /sd nflu cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt u/fOPsf] JolQmnfO{
lnO{ lkmtf{ glbO{ 7uL u/]sf] egL clwsf/k|fKt ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%
clwsf/L;dIf hfx]/L bvf{:t lbPsf] / pQm -$_ cg'k pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd y'gfdf /fVg]
hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/df lgj]bsnfO{ kqmfp u/L cg'dlt dfu]df cbfntn] ;DalGwt sfuhft
lx/f;tdf /fvL cg';Gwfg ug{ Dofb yksf x]/L txsLsft ;Gtf]ifhgskdf eP jf
nflu nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntdf nluPsf]df gePsf] ljrf/ u/L ;Gtf]ifhgskdf txsLsft
k|ltjfbL lnnfaxfb'/ u'?nfO dfucg';f/ k|x/L eO/x]sf] b]lvPdf Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s u/L
lx/f;tdf /fVg cg'dlt lbg ldn]g egL pQm a9Ldf @% lbg;Dd y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt lbg
cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf] / ;f] cfb]zpk/ ;Sg]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf ljkIfL lzjlbk nf]xgL ug{] sfo{ g} afFsL /x]sf] cj:yfdf cg';Gwfgsf]
tyf k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfof{no, nflu y'gfdf /fVg cg'dlt dfu ubf{ ljjflbt
kf6gaf6 d'n'sL P]g, c=a+=!& g+=adf]lhd sf/f]af/ k|f/lDeskdf 7uLaf6 ePsf] xf] eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf lgj]bg k/]sf]df b]lvg cfPg . ;f] x'Fbf dfucg';f/ k|x/L
;f]pk/ ;'gjfO{ x'bF f cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf] lx/f;tdf /fVg cg'dlt lbg ldn]g egL
nflu ljkIfLnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fvL sf/jfxL nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf]
ug{ sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{x' f]nf egL nlntk'/ b]lvof] . cleof]hg kIfn] cg';Gwfgsf] lgldQ
lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^(.!).# df ePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg kfpg] s8f / 7"nf]
cfb]znfO{ ab/ u/L lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, clVtof/L sfg"gn] lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] clwsf/sf]
kf6gsf] ldlt @)^(.!@.@@ sf] cfb]znfO{ k|of]u ul/+bf s'g} lgbf{i] f JolQmnfO{ em"7f d'2f
pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L kfpgsf] nflu nufO{ jf s;}kl| t b'/fu|x /fvL b'Mv lbg ;lsg]
lgj]bs lnnfaxfb'/ u'?sf] o; cbfntdf vt/faf6 hf] u fpg ljlwst{ f n] JolQmsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ;'/If0f x]t' @$ 306fleq
cbfnt nUg' kg{] / cbfntn] x]/L Dofb yk
958
()#* lnnfaxfb'
ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . dfgj

clwsf/ df}lns xssf] ;+/If0fsf] d'Vo lhDdf
cbfntnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . t;y{ cbfntn]
clt ;fjwfgLk"j{s j:t' l:ylt, kl/l:ylt,
ck/fwsf] k|sl[ t, cleo'Qmsf] cj:yf ;a} ;]/f]km]/f]
a'emL c~hfd u/L k6sk6s jf Ps} k6s @%
lbg;Dd y'gfdf /fVg cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]
clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u ug'k{ b{5 . cbfntn] y'gfdf
/fVg cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 eGg'sf] cy{ y'gfdf
/fVg] cg'dlt lbg} kg{] afWotf 5 eGg]
ljkIfLxsf] tkm{af6 cfPsf] egfO{tkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ cbfntn] y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt k|fo;M
lbO/x]sf] g} kfOG5 . cg';Gwfg x'gk' j" { g} of]
klxnf] lbgd} of] d'2f x'g] jf gx'g] egL cleof]hg
kIfn] cg';Gwfg u/L lg0f{odf k'Ug'k"j{ g}
cbfntn] k|fo;M s'g} cfk/flws ljifosf]
cg';GwfgnfO{ /f]Sg] u/]sf] kfO{b+ g} . cg';Gwfgk"j{
g} cleof]hgst{faf6 cg';Gwfg u/L d'2fsf]
tof/L g} gePsf]df klxnf] lbgd} 7uL jf n]gb]g
s] xf] egL cbfntaf6 y'gfdf /fVg cg'dlt
glbO{b+ f kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] txsLsftdf 7"nf]
Jojwfg kg{ hfG5 / o;tkm{ s'g} ;ts{tf
gckgfO{ o:tf] cfb]z a/fa/ x'g yfNof] eg]
Goflos If]qdf c/fhstf pTkGg x'g] qf;
/xG5 tyflk oxL sf/0f b]vfO{ cfgf] JolQmut
jf /fhg}lts jf hftLo ]ifaf6 k"jf{ u|xL eO{
b'/fzok"0f{ tj/af6 /fHosf] zlQm k|of]u u/L
s;}sf] xs s'l07t ug{ eg] 5"6 s;}n] kfpFbg} .
oL g} ;+jb] gzLntfnfO{ dgg\ u/L b'/fu|x k"jf{ u|x
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] JolQmsf] j}olQms
:jtGqtf ckx/0f gxf];\ eGgsf] vflt/ klg
cg';Gwfgsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt glbg
klg ;S5 . To;/L y'gfdf g/fVg] xf] eg] y'gfdf
/fVg cg'dlt glbg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] ;f] klg
cfb]zdf pNn]v x'gk' b{5 . o; k|sf/ ;/sf/L

d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% n]
cf/f]lktnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg
lhNnf cbfntnfO{ cg'dlt lbg} kg{] egL afWo
u/]sf] 5}g .
$= ca bf]>f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
lhNnf cbfntn] lx/f;tdf /fVg cg'dlt lbg
ldn]g egL u/]sf] cfb]zpk/ d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+=!&
g+=adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;'gj' fO{ u/L
lg0f{o ug{ ldNg] gldNg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/
ug{ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* / cbfntL
aGbf]j:tsf] !& g+= nfO{ x]gk'{ g{] b]lvof] . k'g/fj]bg
cbfntn] cfgf] dftxtsf] lhNnf cbfntsf]
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-!_ cg'k
z'? km};nf jf clGtdcfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg
;'Gg] / bkmf !$-v_ n] lhNnf cbfntn] ug{
kfpg] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] tyf
bkmf !^ cg'k k'kI{ fsf] nflu k|ltjfbLnfO{
tfl/v, hdfgt jf y'gfdf /fVg] u/L ePsf]
cfb]z jf d'2fsf] sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf cGo
s'g} cGt/\sfnLg cfb]zpk/ ;'gjfO{ ug{ ;Sg]
clVtof/L kfPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L cbfntL
aGbf]a:tsf] !& g+= x]bf{ dftxtsf cfdf k/]sf
d'2fsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf === a'bf Dofb g3fPsf]
jf j]/Lt ePsf] b]lvPdf sfg"gadf]lhd ug{
nufpg'k5{ elgPsf] b]lvFbf d'2fsf] sfd
sf/jfxLdf j] / Lt eP u/] d f k' g /fj] b g
cbfntaf6 ;Rofpg ldNg] g} b]lvg cfof] .
pQm sfg"gL k|fjwfgxdf d'2fsf] / d'2fsf]
sf/jfxLsf] ;Gbe{ pNn]v ePsf] t/ k|:t't
ljjfbdf d'2f g} bfo/ eO{ g;s]sf] / jfbL
k| l tjfbL s] x L gePsf] cj:yfdf lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]zpk/ c=a+=!& cg'k
959

&), sflQs
@)&),
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] x]g{ kfpFbg} eGg] g} lgj]bg

lhls/ /x]sf] kfOof] . s'g} sfg"gsf] JofVof
ubf{ To;sf] clek|fo k|of]hg / dd{ ;a}sf]
;d'lrt cjnf]sg x'gk' b{5 . pk/f]Qmfg';f/ Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *, !^ tyf c=a+=
!& g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 a]nf avt
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @) cg'k
lg/LIf0f lhNnf cbfntdf x'g] / cfjZos
k|zf;lgs jf Goflos x'g;Sg'sf] cnfjf z'
/ k'g/fj]bg tx b'j} lsl;dsf] clGtd cfb]z
bkmf !$ cg'k ug{ ;Sg] cflb sfg"gL
k| f jwfgxaf6 ;d' l rtkdf k' g /fj] b g
cbfntn] dftxtsf] lhNnf cbfntsf]
sfdsf/jfxLdf sfg"gcg'k ePsf] xf] xf]Og
egL x]g{ / cfb]z ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . dftxtsf lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf]
sfdsf/jfxL cjnf]sg u/L ;Rofpg nufpg]
sfo{ k|ydtM k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 x'g] xf] .
;RofOg] sfo{sf] k|lqmofdf leGgtf x'g ;S5
t/ s]jn cbfntdf btf{ ePsf d'2fdf dfq
a]/Lt ePsf]nfO{ ;Rofpg nufpg ;S5,
cbfntsf] c Goflos sfdsf/jfxLdf ;Sb}g
egL ;\sl' rt cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .
%= k'gZrM k|:t't ljjfbdf cg';Gwfgsf]
lgldQ cg'dlt dfUg] sfo{sf] :jk / k|sl[ t
tyf d'2fsf] :jk / k|sl[ t Ps} 5 5}g egL
ljrf/ ubf{ klg lhNnf cbfnt emu8f jf
ljjfbsf] lg/fs/0f ug{] lgsfo ePsf]n] d'2fsf]
sf/jfxLdf jf d'2fdf eGg] zAbxsf] pQm
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf bkmfxdf /
c=a+=!& g+=df k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . s'g}
ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg x'bF f hfx]/jfnf / kf]ns
] f]
k|ltjfbL b'O{ kIfaLr ljjfbsf] l:ylt /x]s}
x'G5, cg';Gwfg g} s'g} ck/fwsf] ljjfbsf]
960
ljifodf x'g] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f @$-#_ df kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L;dIf af6f]sf] Dofbafx]s @$
306fleq pkl:yt u/fpg' kg{] ;+j}wflgs
k|fjwfg ePsf] b]lvFbf kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmsf]
kqmfp kg{k' j" { g} d'2f cbfntdf bfo/ ePs} jf
x'g} kb{5 eGg] geO{ ljjfb 5 / ;f]sf] cg';Gwfg
x'bF f tTsfn h'g ck/fw k|yd b[li6af6 b[li6ut
x'G5 ToxL g} d'2f dflgg] / ToxL d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/LsxfF pkl:ylt u/fpg' kg{] egL dfGg'kg{]
x'G5 . o;/L s'g} ck/fwsf] ljifodf cg';Gwfg
x'g] / s'g} ck/fwsf] ljjfb ;DaGwdf s] s:tf]
d'2f rnfpg] egL lg/fs/0f x'g] ljifonfO{
d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' xf]Og eGg ldNb}g .
tyflk oxfF 7uLsf] ljjfb cbfntdf k|jz
] ;d]t
eO;s] s f] / cbfntaf6 ;sf/fTds jf
gsf/fTds h] xf];\ ;f] cfb]z af]ln;s]sf]
l:ylt;d]t /x]sf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfb 7uL ljifodf
hfx]/L k/]sf] lhNnf cbfntaf6 7uLhGo s;"/
xf]Og egL y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt glbOPsf]af6
hfx]/jfnf / oL l/6 lgj]bsaLr 7uLhGo
s;"/sf] ljjfb /x]sf] / lhNnf cbfntnaf6
cfb]z x'bF f o; ljjfb ljifodf af]ns
] f] b]lvof] .
oxfF b'O{ kIfaLr ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvof], rfx] Tof]
n]gb]g xf];\ jf 7uL xf];\ cbfntleq klg
ljjfbn] :yfg lnof] k/Gt' 7uL d'2fdf g]kfn
;/sf/ jfbL x'g] ePsf]n] dfq oxfF cg';Gwfgsf]
lgldQ y'gfdf /fVg cg'dltsf] dfu g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ePsf] xf] . ljjfb /x]sf] tYodf
ljjfb /xg] cj:yf b]lvFbg} / ljjfbs} csf{]
k d'2f xf] / cbfntdf of] ljjfb h'g;'s
} kdf
eP klg k|jz
] ul/;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . k/Gt' s]
s:tf] cg';Gwfg x'G5 k|df0f kof{Kt k'U5 jf
k'Ub}g, cem a9L JolQmx d'l5O{ k|ltjfbL
()#* lnnfaxfb'
agfOG5 ls < jf d'2f bfo/ x'G5 x'bF g} cflb

kl5 x'g] s'/f x'g\ . t/ cg';Gwfg e} g;s]sf]
/ k|ltjfbL sfod e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
hfx]/Laf6 7uLhGo s;"/sf] ljifo p7]sf]
ljjfbnfO{ ljjfb g} xf]Og / o;sf] d'2f ljifo;Fu
s'g} ;/f]sf/ g} x'Fb}g eGg ldNb}g . t;y{,
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 lhNnf cbfntn] y'gfdf
/fVg] cg'dlt glbPsf] cfb]zpk/ ;'gjfO{ u/L
oyf]lrt\ cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] .
^= ca k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg] ljifo x]gk'{ g{] l:ylt
cfpg'k"j{ lgj]bsn] pQm cfb]zlj?4 l/6
cfpg'kj" { cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f ug{k' g{] x'G5 jf x'bF g}
egL ljrf/ ug{k' g{] b]lvG5 . ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gn] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/n]
dfu u/]cg'k cg';Gwfg txsLsftsf nflu
ljkIfLnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug{
sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{' egL cfb]z u/]sf]
b]lvof] . pQm k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/
nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntaf6 l/6 lgj]bsnfO{
y'gfdf /fVg' kg{] cfb]z x'g] cj:yf 5 / ;f]xL
cfb]z;d]t pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/sf] dfu
oL lgj]bsn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . nlntk'/ lhNnf
cbfntsf] cfb] z nfO{ ab/ u/L oL l/6
lgj]bsnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fvL sf/jfxL ug{
sfg"gadf]lhd cfb]z ug{' egL k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, kf6gaf6 cfb]z ePsf] t/ lgh
nlntk'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^(.!).#
sf] cfb]zkZrft\ lx/f;tdf g} gePsf] eGg]
b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] cfb]z
sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
cbfntn] y'gfdf /fvL d'2fsf] k'kI{ f ug{' egL
cfb]z u/]df ;f] cfb]zlj?4 ph'/L jf lgj]bg
ub{f To:tf] JolQmn] tTsfnnfO{ pQm cfb]z
961
dfgL cfkm"nfO{ ;dk{0f u/L dfq ph"/ u/]sf]df

;'gj' fO{ x'g ;Sg] -g]sfk @)%* lg=g+= &)!%
c &*, k[i7 #^^_ sfg"gL l;4fGt o;
cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 k|ltkflbt ePsf]
blvG5 . oxfF p7fOPsf] ljjfbdf lgj]bsnfO{
y'gfdf /fVg] cfb]z eO;s]sf] l:ylt eg]
g/x]sf]n] s]xL leGgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . tyflk
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lgj]bsnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fVg]
cfb]z ug{' egL lhNnf cbfntnfO{ cfb]z
ul/;s]sf] 5 . pQm cfb]zfg';f/ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ lx/f;tdf /fVg] cfb]z
x'g] l:ylt kSsf eO;s]sf] cj:yf /xL kmut
cfb]z x'g kg{] /Lt k'ofpg];Ddsf] sfd dfq
afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm k|ltkflbt l;4fGt
y'gfdf /fVg] cfb]zsf] ;Gbe{df ePklg To;sf]
dd{, p2]Zo / ;}4flGts kIf oxfF lx/f;tdf
/fVg] cfb]z ug{' eGg] ePsf]af6 cfs[i6 x'g] g}
b]lvg cfof] . d'ns
' L P]g, c=a+=^% sf] b]xfo !
n] sfg"gadf]lhd k'kI{ fsf nflu y'gfdf a:g'
kg{=] === ePsf] JolQmn] jf/]; /fVg kfpFbg} ====
eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] / lgj]bs y'gfdf
g/x] klg k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zaf6 lhNnf
cbfntn] lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] cfb]z x'g]
kSsf eO{ jf/];;d]t gnfUg] l:ylt cfpg]
cj:yf k|ToIf eO;s]kl5 oL l/6 lgj]bs
jf/];dfkm{t\ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cbfntdf
k|j]z u/]sf]af6 sfg"gadf]lhd cbfntf/f
ePsf] cfb]znfO{ sfof{Gjog g} x'g glbO{ lgj]bs
;kmf dg;foaf6 cfPsf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvg cfPg . t;y{, k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
cfb]zfg';f/ y'gfdf a:g'kg{] k|foM lglZrt\
eO;s]kl5 cfb]z sfo{fGjog / cg';Gwfgsf]
k|lqmofnfO{ ;dk{0f u/L ;kmf xft lnO{ r'gf}tL
lbg cbfntdf k|jz
] ug{k' g{d
] f jf/];dfkm{t\

&), sflQs
@)&),
cbfnt k|jz
] u/L cfb]z sfof{Gjog / cg';Gwfg
k|lqmofnfO{ g} k/f:t ug{ ;kmf xft glnO{ l/6
lgj]bg cfPsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgaf6
lgj]bsn] dfucg'ksf] cfb]z hf/L eO{ pkrf/
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg .
x'bF f vf/]h x'g] 7x{5 . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L

ldl;n lgodfg';f/ clen]v zfvfdf a'emfO{
lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
^= ctM sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] k'g/fj]bg Gof=1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{

cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)^(.!@.@@ sf]
cfb]znfO{ ab/ ug{ pTk|i] f0fsf] cfb]z tyf Olt ;+jt\ @)&) ;fn ;fpg !# ut] /f]h ! z'ed
lx/f;tdf a:g gk/f] ; \ egL k| l tif] w sf]
cfb]z;d]t dfu ul/Psf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg Ohnf; clws[tM u]xG] /fh /]UdL
Gofo / sfg"gL b[li6af6 o'lQm;t gePsf]
&
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70 Kartik

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lg0f{o g+=()@(

;jf]R{ r cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx

cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ lgik|efjL x'g]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

/fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/

/lj/fh e08f/L, cfof{ >]i7

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

klg cfof]un] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu

ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'ofPsf JolQmxdWo]af6

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

-v_ P]gsf] bkmf !^ sf] pkbkmf -$_

of] Joj:yf cfof]usf] ;Ifdtf;DaGwL k]l/;

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] /fli6o

cbfntsf GofofwLzn] kfpg] kfl/>lds /

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] pkbkmf -@_

l;kmfl/zdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug{5

/fli6 o dfgj clwsf/ cfof] u , xl/x/ ejg;d] t

ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ xfn /fi6 k|dv

k|tLslrGx dfq k|of]u ug{' egL /fli6o dfgj

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf

bkmf !)-%_ nfO{ cdfGo jf ab/ 3f]lift ug{'

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

ljifodf d'2f rnfpgsf] nflu ko{fKt cfwf/

lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

ubf{ To;sf] k|efj cy{ Joj:yfdf klg :jtM

dfgj clwsf/ pNngsf] 36gfnfO{ ^

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

k|sf/fGt/n] ;/sf/sf] cwLg:y agfpFb5 .

Ps :jtGq, :jfoQ / ;an lgsfosf] kdf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

sfof{Gjogdf s'g} g s'g} kdf Jojwfg v8f

k|df0fsf] cefj b]lvPdf dfq} obfsbf d'2f

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

bkmf @) sf] pkbkmf -@_ / -#_, bkmf @%, bkmf

P]g, @)^* sf] plNnlvt bkmfxsf] sfg"gL

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

l;kmfl/z ug{] sfd;d]t ;+ljwfgtM cfof]unfO{

-s_ df s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xsf] dfgj clwsf/

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

cGo s;}n] cfof]u;dIf ph"/L lbg], ;f]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

pkbkmf -$_ sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+ . pQm

36gf jf sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmn] k|rlnt

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

pkwf/f -!_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg]

JolQmsf lj4 cfjZos cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

jf cfof]un] d'2f bfo/ ug{] u/L l;kmfl/z

eGg] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf u/]sf] x'bF f ;+ljwfgsf]

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

dfq ;Lldt u/L x] g { ] eGbf o;nfO{

clwsf/nfO{ lgliqmo kfg{] p2]Zo lnPsf] eGg]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] :jtGq Pj+

k|wfgdGqL jf ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ k|lts"n

()@( cf] d k| s fz cof{ n ;d] t lj=

rfx]df tf]lsPadf]lhd cfof]usf] ;xdlt

lhDd]jf/L / st{Jo kfngf ug{] jf sfd