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e08f/;Fu ug{ ;lsFb}g .
cfhsf lbg;Dd vhfgf vf]Hg]x¿ lx6n/sf] lyP . pgn] g t cfˆgf] cfodf g
wg vf]Hgdf nfu]s} 5g\ / Pp6f dxìjk"0f{ k|Zg h;n] t ;DklQdf s/ ltb{y] .
;a}sf] dlyª\un v/fa
u/]sf] 5, lx6n/n] n'6]/
hDdf u/]sf] ;'g sxfF 5 <
tyflk Pp6f s'/f t
:ki6 5 of] k|Zg cg'Ql/t,
c8\snn] 3]l/Psf], ldys /
c;fwf/0f /x:o eg] kSs}
xf] . Pp6f cfdljZjf;
s] 5 eg] lx6n/ :jo+n]
cfˆgf] wgdfn hd{gLsf]
8\o';]G8km{sf] ;'g;fg
:yfgdf uf8]sf 5g\ .
vhfgf vf]Hg] s]xL dflg;n]
rflxF cl:6«ofsf] 6klnTh

tfndf lx6n/n] cfˆgf] ;'g n'sfPsf] ljZjf;

l:j8]gk|lt pQ/ sf]l/ofsf] cfly{s
bfloTj k|To]s jif{ a9]/ #@ s/f]8 @)
nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ eO;s]sf] 5 .
l:j8]gn] e'StfgL lbg jif{df b'O{ k6s
pQ/ sf]l/ofnfO{ kqfrf/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 t/
pQ/ sf]l/ofn] slxNo} klg ;Demf}tfnfO{
lsgf/f nufpg] sf]l;; ub}{g .
pQ/ sf]l/ofn] ;g\ !(&$ df ;ft
s/f]8 #) nfv 8n/ nfut kg]{ u/L
ef]Nef] !$$ df]8]n Ps xhf/ j6f / cGo
pks/0f k|fKt ug{ l:j8]gL sDkgL;Fu
;Demf}tf u/]sf] lyof] t/ pQ/ sf]l/ofn]
;Demf}tf cg';f/ /sd e'StfgL u/]g . á
–o'jfd~r
u/]/ vf]hL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] rflxF ;'gsf
58 ljZjsf ljleGg a}ª\sdf e08f/0f ul/Psf] 5
eGb5g\ .
k|yd ljZjo'4 klxn] leogfdf ;ª\3if{
ul//x]sf] Ps snfsf/sf ¿kdf lx6n/n]
cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ ul/aL / kl/>dsf] gd'gfsf
¿kdf JofVof u/sf ] 5g\ . tyflk pgL;Fu s]xL
k}t[s wg lyof] . cfˆgf] ul/aLn] lx6n/ w]/} g} nHhfaf]w
x'Gy] . cfkm"n] s/f]8f}F ?lkofF sdfPsf] cfˆgf] k':ts
…dfO{ sfDkmÚ df gjf]lbtn] cl:tTjsf nflu s8f kl/>d
ug'k{ g]{ s'/fdf lx6n/n] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . cfˆgf] kl5Nnf]
hLjgaf6 cufl8 a9]/ pRrtd cj:yfdf :jo+sf]
k|of;af6 k'usf] ] s'/f n]Vb} lx6n/n] kl/l:yltn] ;a}
bofefj dfl/lbg] tyf hf] k5fl8 kg{ hfG5g\ pgLx¿k|lt
s?0ffefj d//] hfg] pNn]v u/sf ] 5g\ .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 7
8anL

lx6n/n]
/fhgLlt1 /
Jofkf/Lx¿sf] e/f];f
lhTg tyf pgLx¿nfO{ l6s6df k|sflzt
cfˆgf] cwLgdf /flv/fVg lx6n/sf] tl:a/sf]
ljnfl;tf, dxFuf pkxf/ / ;jf{lwsf/ pgsf
vr{kfgLdf nfvf}F 8n/ vr{
klg ub{y] . ;du|df eGg' kbf{ ldq x]gl/r
lx6n/n] k|rf/afhLdf 7"nf] xkmDofgnfO{ k|fKt
/sd vr{ ub{y] / dflg;nfO{ lyof] .
nfUbYof] pgL :jfyL{ xf]Ogg\ /
;x[boL x'g\ .
lx6n/sf] d[To'kl5 pgsf]

lbg] ub{Yof] . ;f] lgsfon] rflxF

hfoh]yf ldq/fi6«sf ;]gfn]
afefl/of /fHonfO{ ;'lDkPsf
lyP . h;df lx6n/n] cfˆgL
kTgL Oef a|fpgsf nflu Do'lgvdf
agfPsf] eJo 3/;d]t ;fd]n
lyof] . afefl/ofdf /x]sf] ar]{:6
uf8{gdfly
] cf]e/;fNhau{df lgdf{0f
ug{ nufPsf] cfˆgf] u|LidsfnLg
cfjf; 3/ xf];\ jf cfˆgf] lghL
snf;ª\u|xsf] ljsf;df lx6n/n]
/fHosf] wg dgnfUbL vr{ u/]sf
lyP . pgn] g t cfˆgf] cfodf g
t ;DklQdf s/ ltb{y] .
lx6n/n] sdfPsf] 7"nf] wg
pgLåf/f lnlvt k':ts …dfO{ sfDkmÚ
sf] Ps:jaf6 cfPsf] lyof] .
pgsf] /fhgLlts dfu{ tof/ kfg{
7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] of] k':ts cem}
k|sfzsaf6 k':ts vl/b ub{y] .
lx6n/n] g} …dfO{ sfDkmÚ af6
sl/a &* nfv hd{g /fOvdfs{
cfDbfgL u/sf] ] ljZjf; ul/G5 .
jt{dfgdf t'ngf ubf{ Ps /fOvdfs{
a/fa/ kfFrb]lv cf7 8n/ kg{
cfpF5 . lx6n/n] cfˆgf] tl:a/
cª\lst x'nfs l6s6;d]t k|sfzg
ug{ nufP/ ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf
Tof] l6s6sf] k|of]u clgjfo{ u/sf]
klg hd{gLdf k|ltalGwt 5 . lyP . l6s6df k|sflzt lx6n/sf]
t/ hlt a]nf lx6n/ zf;g tl:a/sf] ;jf{lwsf/ pgsf ldq
;Qfdf lyP Tolta]nf ljjfxaGwgdf x]gl/r xkmDofgnfO{ k|fKt lyof] .
afFlwg] x/]s hf]8LnfO{ :yfgLo Tolta]nf ;jf{lwsf/sf] cjlw !)
;d'bfon] …dfO{ sfDkmÚ pkxf/df jif{ x'g] eP klg lx6n/n] JolStut
hfgL /fvf}“
! x !Ö !
!! x !!Ö !@!
!!! x !!!Ö !@#@!
!!!! x !!!!Ö !@#$#@!
!!!!! x !!!!!Ö !@#$%$#@!
!!!!!! x !!!!!!Ö !@#$%^%$#@!
!!!!!!! x !!!!!!!Ö !@#$%^&^%$#@!
!!!!!!!! x !!!!!!!!Ö !@#$%^&*&^%$#@!
!!!!!!!!! x !!!!!!!!!Ö !@#$%^&*(*&^%$#@!

8 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 8anL
k[YjLdf k|To]s lbg cf};t *^ nfv
k6s r6\ofª kb{5 . k|foM r6\ofªaf6 dflg;,
hLjhGt' klg o;af6 ;'/lIft g} /xG5g\ t/
dflg;, hLjhGt' jf jg:kltdf r6\ofª k¥of] eg]
kl/0ffd lgs} 3fts x'g ;S5 .
r6\ofª kg]{ 36gfnfO{ dflg; / hLjhGt'aLr
t'ngf ubf{ lh/fkmdfly r6\ofª kg]{ ;Defjgf
clws x'G5 . lh/fkmdfly r6\ofª kg]{ ;Defjgf
dflg;sf] bfFhf]df nueu #) u'0ff a9L b]lvPsf]
5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] lh/fkm dflg;eGbf
¿kdf To; cjlwnfO{ a9fP/ @% jif{ k'¥ofPsf
lyP . h;n] s] ;ª\st] u5{ eg] lx6n/n]
w]/} cUnf] x'G5 . ;g\ !((^ b]lv @)!) ;Ddsf]
x'nfs l6s6df 5flkPsf] cfˆgf] tl:a/sf] tYofª\snfO{ x]bf{ dfq kfFr k6s lh/fkmdfly r6\ofª
;jf{lwsf/af6 ;d]t cfDbfgL ub{y] . k/]sf] 5 t/ lh/fkmsf] ;ª\Vof ljZjdf sl/a Ps
Jofkf/Ln] ;d]t lx6n/nfO{ l/emfP/ nfv $) xhf/ dfq ePsf sf/0f lh/fkmdf k|ltjif{
/fv]sf] b[i6fGt b]lvG5 . lx6n/ :jo+ r6\ofª kg]{ b/ )=))# x'g cfpF5 . o; lx;fan]
klg Jofkf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] jkmfbf/ agfP/ lh/fkmdfly r6\ofª kg]{ b/ t'ngfTds ¿kdf
zf;g alnof] agfO/fVg] s'l6n rfndf dflg;sf] eGbf #) u'0ff a9L b]lvG5 . á
lyP . ;g\ !($% ;Dd hd{gLsf] rfG;n/ – o'jfd~r
/xFbf;Dd lx6n/n] Jofkf/Laf6 nueu &)
s/f]8 /fOvdfs{ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g
xfnsf] ahf/ d"No;Fu t'ngf ubf{ tLg ca{
8n/eGbf a9L x'g cfpF5 .
lx6n/n] oLafx]s cGo s}of}F If]qaf6
;DklQ hf]8]sf lyP t/ k|Zg p7\5 s'g} hdfgfdf
k|yd ljZjo'4df n8]sf, ;fdfGo snfsf/ /
k|foM xf]:6]ndf hLjg JotLt ug]{ lx6n/n]
gfhL kf6L{sf] k|dv
' ePkl5 cfh{g u/sf]
] cyfx
;DklQ sxfF uof] <, of] cem} klg /x:od} 5 . á
–o'jfd~r

kf]6fl;odsf] /fd|f] ;|f]t xf] rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] xfd|f]

s]/f . z/L/df …On]S6«fnfO6Ú
] z/L/df nueu !^ ldnLu|fd
;Gt'ngsf nflu kf]6fl;odsf] kf]6fl;od–$) x'G5 . o;sf]
kof{Kt dfqf clgjfo{ x'G5 . cy{ xfdL klxn] g} s]/feGbf
o;n] ;f]l8od;Fu ldn]/ b'O{ *) u'0ff a9L /]l8of]wdL{
/St;~rf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ r':t 5f}F . s]/f vfFbf xfd|f] z/L/df
/fVb5 t/ oxL kf]6fl;odsf] k'Ug] cltl/St kf]6fl;od–$)
pRr dfqfn] s]/fnfO{ s]xL s]xL 306fleq g} z/L/af6 aflx/
/]l8of]wdL{ klg agfPsf] 5 . s]/fdf lg:sG5 . á
k|fs[lts cfO;f]6f]k kf]6fl;od–$) x'G5 . – o'jfd~r

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 9

km"naf/L

f p n
“ ] , k f r
“ u f p n
“ ]
,
tLg u u
| f p n
“ ]
af x
tL gufpFn], kfFrufpFn,] afx|ufpFn],
c7f/ufpFn] h:tf hflt jf :yfgsf]
klxrfg d':tfª lhNnfsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
oL ufpFdf a:g] ;a} ;d'bfonfO{ o:tf gfdn] ;d]6\5
t/ cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgn] @)%*
l7gL ufpFdf /x]sf] 5 . oxL eP/ logL l7gtfg ePsf
xf]nfg\ . l7gtfgleq cf]dlyg, tkf]lyg, 5f]lyg,
rlslyg, 9\ofª\lyg, nfª\nfªlyª h:tf y/ 5g\ .
nfª\nfªlyª nf]kf]Gd'v k|foM 5g\ . cflbjf;L
hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgn] tLgufpFnnfO{] ;'ljwf
;fndf afx|ufpFn]nfO{ Pp6f 5'6\6} hfltsf ¿kdf / jl~rt hfltsf] k|fyldstf ;"rLdf /fv]sf] 5 . logL d"ntM
tLgufpFn]leqsf lrdtg, l7gtfg, :ofª\tfgnfO{ cnu af}4 / af]Gkf] wdf{jnDaL x'g\ t/ sltko rf8af8 lxGb';/x
cun ¿kdf ;"rLs[t u/]kl5 tL :yfgsf afl;GbfnfO{ g} dgfpg] u/sf ] 5g\ . kz'kfng, 3'dGt] Jofkf/ ug]{ logL
;d'bfo eGg] ls hflt eg]/ ljjfb ePsf] lyof] . kl5Nnf ;dodf xf]6n Joj;fodf klg ;+nUg / ;kmn
sltkon] ;fwf/0f ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df oL 5g\ . logLx¿df k|an ;fd'bflos efjgf 5 . ;d'bfoleq
;a}nfO{ ysfnL hflt eg]sf 5g\ . lj;+ @)%@ df l9s'/ -9's6' L_ sf] k|rng 5 . h;n] pgLx¿sf] cfly{s
;/sf/n] agfPsf] hghflt pTyfg k|lti7fg sfo{bnn] x}l;ot j[l4 ug{ ;xof]u u/sf] ] kfOG5 .
@)%# ;fn j}zfvdf ljleGg ^! hfltnfO{ hghfltdf d':tfªsf] :ofª ufpFdf a;f]af; /x]sfn]
;"rLs[t ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]cg';f/ ;/sf/n] logLx¿nfO{ :ofª\tfg elgPsf] xf] . ;'?df
;f] ;"rLnfO{ @)%^ ;fn j}zfv @ ut] :jLs[t
u/]sf] lyof] / tL ^! hfltnfO{ cflbjf;L hghflt
eGg yflnof] . ;f] ;"rLdf kl/dfh{g ub}{ ;/sf/n]
@)%* ;fn df3 @% ut] -nfndf]x/ nfu] cg';f/_
cflbjf;L÷hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg :yfkgf
u¥of] . h; cg';f/ lrdtg, l7gtfg / :ofª\tfg tLg
hfltnfO{ ld;fP/ …tLgufpFn]Ú agfOof] .

tLgufpFn]
d':tfªsf tLg j6f ufpF :ofª, lrdfª / lygLdf
afSnf] a;f]af; /x]sf logLnfO{ tLgufpFn] elgG5 .
logLx¿sf] wd{, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs hLjg ;a} ysfnL;Fu
ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . logLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ysfnL hflts} ;b:o
eG5g\ . tLgufpFn] leqsf] Pp6f hflt lrdtg xf] .
logLx¿sf] ufpFnfO{ lrdbf jf lrdfª elgG5 / o;}af6
logLx¿ lrdtg elgPsf x'g ;S5g\ . lrdtg b'O{
j+zsf 5g\–ed kmf]bf] / WofNsLkfn kmf]bf] . ef]6–ad]{nL
efiff af]Ng] logsf gofF k':tfn] g]kfnL g} af]N5g\ .
a'4dfuL{ logLdf af]Gkf] wd{sf] k|efj klg 5 .
tLgufpFn] leqsf] csf]{ hflt l7gtfg xf] . h;sf]
d'Vo a;f]af; 6's'r] / sfua]gLaLrdf kg]{ hf]d;f]dsf]

10 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g


5'6\6} hfltsf ¿kdf ;"rLs[t
logLx¿nfO{ kl5 tLgufpFn]df
;dfj]z ul/of] . :ofª\tfgleq
;fsf/, :ofª\t]g, kfl;ª, ;fg,
rL, leml;g, Sof, :x/]g kmf]ksf
;Gtfg÷j+z kfOG5 . s]6LnfO{
ckx/0f u/]/ ljjfx ug]{ k|rng
5 eg]/ /fli6«o hghflt ljsf;
;ldltåf/f k|sflzt k'l:tsf
…g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿
@)%&Ú df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
o:tf] k|rngnfO{ /xf]nLjf]jf
elgG5 t/ clxn] o:tf] k|rng
k|foM nf]k ePsf] ;DalGwtx¿
atfpF5g\ . logLx¿sf] efiff,
;+:s[lt / rf8af8 w]/}h;f]
ysfnL;Fu ldN5 .
kfFrufpFn]
tLgufpFn] h:t} kfFrufpFnnfO{
] Nxf]dfGyfª jl/kl/ tyf ToxfFaf6
cflbjf;L hghfltdf ;"rLs[t
ul/Psf] 5}g . d':tfªsf] 6's'r]b]lv
sfua]gLaLrdf kg]{ lygL, :ofª,
dfkm{, lwdfª, r]/fªdf a:g]
logLx¿nfO{ kfFrufpFn] elgG5 .
sltko :yfgdf tLgufpFn]
/ kfFrufpFnsf]
] If]q ldl;Psf] klg
kfOG5 . . h:t} lygL / :ofªdf
tLgufpFn] klg 5g\, kfFrufpFn] klg
e]l6G5g\ . To;}n] oL ;a} Pp6}
hflt t/ leGg ;d'bfo jf y/
x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 . kfFrufpFnnfO{]
k'gn] klg elgG5 . ysfnL;Fu
zf/Ll/s agf]6b]lv efiff, ;+:s[lt
/xg;xg ldN5 . ljutdf s]6LnfO{
ha/h:tL u/]/ ljjfx ug]{ k|rng
lyof] t/ clxn] o:tf] ha/h:tLdf
ljjfx x'Fbg} . dfuL / k|d] ljjfx
;xdltdf x'G5 .
afx|ufpFn]
d':tfªsf] yfs vf]nfdfly
blIf0flt/ kg]{ 5';fª, 5fsf{, yf]r],
emf]ª, vfª;f/, sfua]gL hf]d;f]d,
5f];]/, 5f]Gx'knufotsf ufpF /
cGo ;fgf a:tLdf a:g] ;d'bfonfO{
afx|ufpFn] elgG5 .
;flassf d'lStgfy, emf]ª,
5';fª / sfua]gL uflj;nfO{ ldnfP/
…af/fu'ª d'lStIf]qÚ ufpFkflnsf
agfOPsf] 5 . logLx¿sf] ufpFnfO{
…af/fu'ªÚ elgG5 . pRrf/0fsf]
leGgtfn] afx|ufpF eGg yflnPsf]
x'g ;S5 . logLx¿sf] d'vfs[lt,
/xg;xg ;fdflhs k/Dk/f
Nxf]dfGyfªsf Nxf]kf / yfslt/sf
ysfnL;Fu ldN5 .
oxL cfwf/df sltkon]
afx|ufpFn]nfO{ klg ysfnL g} eGg]
u/]sf 5g\ t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
afx|ufpFn]nfO{ leGg hfltsf] ¿kdf
;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . logLx¿n]
klg af}4 / af]Gkf] wd{ dfG5g\ t/
clxn] Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fosf]
;Gbe{df kf]v/f tgx'Fnufotsf
If]qdf k'u]sf logLx¿n] lxGb'
km"naf/L
k/Dk/f cg';f/sf rf8af8
klg dgfpg] u5{g\ .
logLx¿n] dfuL, k|d] jf
eufP/ ljjfx u5{g\ . eufP/ lax]
u/]sf] 5 eg] s]6Lsf afj'cfdf;Fu
s]6fn] dfkmL dfu]/ ljjfxnfO{
j}wtf lbg] k|rng lyof] t/ cr]n
o:tf] k|rng lj36g ePsf] 5 .
o;/L dfkmL dfUg] k|rngdf s]xL
lgod k'¥ofpg' k5{ . /S;L / s]xL
pkxf/;lxt s]6Lsf] 3/ glhs uP/
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf s]6fn] lrRofP/
dfkmL dfUg' kg]{ rng /x]sf] 5 .
tLg, kfFr / afx|ufpFn]df
hGdd[To'sf ;+:sf/ nfdfåf/f
ul/G5 . cfdf dbf{ g'g / afa' dbf{
tLg lbg df;' afg]{ rng 5 . sltn]
#) / sltkon] $( lbgdf 3]jf
u/]/ h'7f] km'sfpF5g\ . kltkTgLdf
klg tLg lbg g'g af/gf 5 . ax'klt
k|yf cGtu{t h]7f bfh'n] lax]
u/L NofPsf] s]6L cGo efOsf]
klg ;femf >LdtL x'lG5g\ eg]/
n]vs u'?ª /fdk|;fb ;dlyªn]
n]v]sf 5g\ .
logLx¿df hg}k"l0f{dfsf]
cj;/df oft'{ª kj{ w'dwfd;Fu
dgfOG5 . of] kj{df bf}l8Psf]
3f]8fdfly a;]/ e'OFdf /flvPsf]
vfbf / k};f l6Kg] rng 5 . o;}lbg
tf/f] xfGg] k|rng klg 5 . tf/f]df
lhTg]sf] 7"nf] k|lti7f x'G5 . p;nfO{
…/f]zgÚ kbn] ;Ddfg ul/G5 . oL
ufpFleqsf hfltn] 7s'/L, u'?ª, If]qL
y/ n]Vg] u/]sfn] ysfnLnufot
logLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof sd 5 .
hgu0fgf @)&* df klg afx|ufpFn]
jf tLgufpFn]sf] hg;ª\Vof pNn]v
5}g . ;a}n] ysfnL, u'?ª, lji6,
7s'/L n]Vg] u/]sf 5g\ . logsf]
Nxf];f/ gofF jif{ xf] h'g ljz]if
pNnf;sf ;fy dgfOG5 . á
–lqe'jgrGb| jfUn]
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 11
 hfkfgsf]
cg}lts
o'lg6 &#!
; g\ !(#( b]lv !($% ;Dd ljZjn] Oltxf;sf]
;a}eGbf eoª\s/ o:tf] o'4 b]Vof] h;df
#) eGbf a9L b]z cfk;df s6'tf, snx /
/Stkftsf] cj:yfdf k'Ubf dlRrPsf] n8fOFn] ;+;f/el/
!) s/f]8 dflg;sf] Hofg uof] . Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 o'4
aGbLnfO{ /f]u k/LIf0fsf]
;fwg agfP/ pgLx¿df
To:tf s}of}F pksyfn] el/k"0f{ lyof] h;sf x/]s cWofon] ;ª\j|md0f / la/fdLsf]
xfd|f] dfgjtfsf] ;femf efjgf lvNnL p8fPsf] b]lvG5 .
t/ o'4sf ;a} df]rf{dWo] låtLo ljZjo'4 cjlwdf ;xg zlSt x]g]{ cg}lts
;a}eGbf a9L z[ª\vnfa4 n8fOF ePsf] k|zfGt If]qdf sfo{ p2]Zon] …o'lg6
ePsf sf/afxL ;f]rgLo 5g\ .
Oltxf;j]Qfx¿n] n]v]sf 5g\ ;g\ !(#! df dGr'l/of &#!Ú nfO{ l8hfOg
/ ;g\ !(#& df rLgdfly cfj|md0f u/]/ hfkfgn] o'4 ul/Psf] lyof] .
yfngL u/]sf] lyof] . oL xdnfn] tTsfn o:tf] xnrn
/ pynk'yn ;'? eof] h;n] rLgsf] cfwf/lznf
xNnfOlbof] . ToxfF u[xo'4 eof] / csfn pTkGg eP/

12 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g


nueu 5 s/f]8 #) nfv dflg;n]
Hofg u'dfP . o:tf] ljifd kl/l:ylt
;g\ !($% df rLgsf] d'lSt;Dd
hf/L /x]sf] lyof] .
cfˆgf] k|e'Tjsfndf
;fd|fHojfbL hfkfgn] rLgdfly
aofg ug{ g;lsg] cftª\s
dRrfof] . t}klg …o'lg6 &#!Ú åf/f
ul/Psf] cTofrf/sf] t'ngfdf Tof]
sd g} lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . …o'lg6
&#!Ú hfkfgsf] h}ljs o'4 PsfOsf]
s]Gb|laGb' lyof], h;n] klxn] g}
hflt;+xf/ o'4nfO{ cftª\ssf] gofF
ulx/fOdf hflslbof] .
…o'lg6 &#!Ú n] h}ljs
xltof/sf] o:tf] e08f/ tof/ kfg{
vf]h]sf] lyof] h;n] o; k[YjLsf
x/]s k|f0fLnfO{ 3fts /f]uåf/f dfg{
;SYof] . aGbLnfO{ /f]u k/LIf0fsf]
;fwg agfP/ pgLx¿df ;ª\j|md0f /
la/fdLsf] ;xg zlSt x]g]{ cg}lts
sfo{ p2]Zon] …o'lg6 &#!Ú nfO{
l8hfOg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($%
df aGb ul/g'klxn];Dd …o'lg6
&#!Ú df o:tf] sfo{ rln/Xof],
dfgj Oltxf;df olQsf] cToGt
j|m'/ oftgf / k/LIf0f ePsf] lyPg .
;DejtM of]l;d'/f lx;ftf]nfO{
…o'lg6 &#!Ú sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOg'
lrlgofF aGbLsf nflu k|nosf]
lbg ;'? x'g' lyof] . xfOkf]yld{of
k/LIf0fk|lt c:jfefljs nufj
ePsf Ps lkmlhof]nf]lh:6 lyP
lx;ftf], h;sf] j|m'/tfsf] s'g} ;Ldf
lyPg . dfgj hLjgnfO{ pgn] s'g}
dxìj g} lbFb}gy] .
ToxfF dfgjhfltdfly k/LIf0f
ug{sf nflu ljz]if kl/of]hgf
rnfOPsf] lyof], h;nfO{ df?tf
sf]8 gfd lbOof] . dflg;sf
xftuf]8fdf nfUg] rf]6df df?tfsf]
cg';Gwfg ;zSt agfpg lx;ftf]n]
lrlgofF aGbLsf] xftuf]8f kfgL
/ a/kmdf 8'afP/ Tolta]nf;Dd
/fVby] ha;Dd xftuf]8f hd]/
5fnfdf a/km g} hd]sf] b]lvFb}gYof] .
k'gM /St;~rf/
eP/ a/km kUng uO{
xftuf]8f tfTg slt
;do nfUbf] /x]5
egL pgn] hd]sf
xftuf]8fnfO{ /ftel/
TolQs} /fv]/ klg x]/] .
k|ToIfbzL{x¿nfO{ Oltxf;n] p4[t
u/]/ n]v]sf] 5, hd]sf xftuf]8f
sf7 h:tf x'Gy] . ltgdf lxsf{pFbf
sf7 ah]sf] h:tf] cfjfh cfpFYof]
t/ lx;ftf]sf nflu t Tof] ;'?jft
dfq lyof] .
lx;ftf]n] aGbLx¿sf] hd]sf
xftuf]8f oyfzL3| tftf] agfpg
cg]s ljlw k/LIf0f u/] . s]xL
k|of;df pgn] hd]sf xftuf]8f
tftf] kfgLdf 8'afP . pgn] hd]sf
xftuf]8fnfO{ cfuf]df ;]sfP klg .
k'gM /St;~rf/ eP/ a/km kUng
uO{ xftuf]8f tfTg slt ;do
nfUbf] /x]5 egL pgn] hd]sf
xftuf]8fnfO{ /ftel/ TolQs}
/fv]/ klg x]/] .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 13
df?tf / hLjR5]bgsf]
c;Xo j]bgf
Ps cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf ¿kdf
:yfkgf ul/Psf] …o'lg6 &#!Ú ;z:q
ansf] n8\g] Ifdtfdf rf]6 / /f]un]
kfg]{ c;/sf] hfFr ug{df tNnLg
lyof] . To; s]Gb|sf] Ps ljefu
df?tfrflxF lrlsT;f lj1fgsf
kl/eflift ;Ldf kf/ uP/ cfˆgf]
cg';GwfgnfO{ Ps sbd cufl8
lnP/ uof], hals p;n] /f]uLdf
rf]6 / /f]usf] cj:yfnfO{ dfq
x]g'{kg]{ lyof] . kl/of]hgfn] ;]gfsf
o; kl/of]hgfn] ;]gfsf :jod\;]jLaf6
:jod\;]jLaf6 cg';Gwfg ;'? u/]sf] nflu cr]t gkf/L dfgj z/L/nfO{
eP klg h;} h;} cg';Gwfgn] ult
cg';Gwfg ;'? u/]sf] ckfª\u agfOGYof] . tL lbgdf
lng yfNof] :jod\;]jLsf] cefj eP klg h;} h;} Kn]u / x}hf h:tf /f]un] u|:t
x'g yfNof] / kl/of]hgfsf] Wofg cg';Gwfgn] ult lng xhf/f}F s}bL -d'Vo ¿kdf lrlgofF_,
lrlgofF o'4aGbLdf s]lGb|t eof] . a"9fkfsf, ls;fg / afnaflnsfsf]
;xdlt ePsf b]zsf] syf eof] tyf
yfNof] :jod\;]jLsf] cª\uR5]bg u/L k/LIf0f ul/Psf]
cg';Gwfgdf s] slt xb;Dd hfg] cefj x'g yfNof] / lyof] .
eGg] s'g} ;Ldf g} afFsL /flvPg . kl/of]hgfsf] Wofg oL ;a}sf] p2]Zo pgLx¿sf]
oxfF ljz]if ¿kdf pNn]v d[To'kl5 z/L/ s'lxg'klxn]
ug}{kg]{ x'G5, tL lbgdf hLjR5]bg lrlgofF o'4aGbLdf pgLx¿df nfu]sf ljleGg
lgs} cEof;df lyof]] . of] o:tf] s]lGb|t eof] . /f]usf] ;Defljt c;/sf
k|lj|mof lyof] h;cGtu{t hLjg af/]df cWoog ug'{ lyof] . s]xL
k|0ffnLsf] cWoog / k/LIf0fsf 36gfdf dflg;sf xftuf]8f

14 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

sf6]/ z/L/sf] csf]{ efudf hf]8\g] sfd;d]t
ul/of] . z/L/df Uofª\lu|g cyf{t\ cj;fb ;ª\j|md0f
lj:tf/sf] cWoog ug{sf nflu s;} s;}sf]
xftuf]8f a/kmn] hdfpg], s'Nrg] jf sf6\g] ;d]t
ul/Psf] lyof] .
ha s'g} JolStsf] z/L/ o:tf k/LIf0fsf nflu
cg'kof]uL x'g hfGYof] p;nfO{ 3fts OGh]S;g nufP/
jf uf]nL xfg]/ dfl/GYof] . s]xLnfO{ t lhpFb} ufl8Psf]
s'/f klg Oltxf;df pNn]v 5 . …o'lg6 &#!Ú sf oL
s}bLaGbLdWo] sf]xL klg o:tf] cdfgjLo s[Toaf6
ar]gg\, rfx] tL lrlgofF x'g\ jf sf]l/ofnL jf ?;L jf
dª\uf]lnofnL .
k|efjsfl/tfsf]
ljleGg :t/sf]
d"Nofª\sg ug{
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n]
3fpsf] k|sl[ t /
ulx/fOsf] t'ngf
uf]nL nfu]/
dl//x]sf aGbL /
jf:tljs d[To'aLr
ub{y] .
g[z+; z:q k/LIf0f
k|To]s o'4df xltof/df >]i7tf dxfzlStx¿dfem
d'Vo rrf{sf] ljifo x'g] u5{ . hfkfgLx¿ o;df
elnefFtL hfgsf/ lyP . km/s olt dfq xf] pgLx¿n]
o;nfO{ a9L uDeL/tfk"j{s lnP .
o'4 h;} e8\lsof] lgld{t xltof/sf] k|efjsfl/tf
Ps dxìjk"0f{ k|Zg tyf ;]gfsf] d'Vo rf;f]sf] If]q
aGg uof] . cfˆgf xltof/sf] df/s Ifdtf lgwf{/0f ug]{
k|of;cGtu{t …o'lg6 &#!Ú n] s}bLaGbLnfO{ cfˆgf]
…kmfol/ª /]GhÚ df e]nf ub{Yof] .
…o'lg6 &#!Ú n] hfkfgL xltof/x¿ h:t} …af]N6–
PS;g /fOkmnÚ, …gfDa' * PdPdÚ, …d]l;g ugÚ, …lu|g]8Ú
/ …lk:tf]nÚ cflb k|of]u u/]/ pgLx¿dfly km/s km/s
b"/Laf6 uf]nL k|xf/ u¥of] . k|efjsfl/tfsf] ljleGg
:t/sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] 3fpsf]
k|s[lt / ulx/fOsf] t'ngf uf]nL nfu]/ dl//x]sf aGbL /
jf:tljs d[To'aLr ub{y] .
k/Dk/fut xltof/x¿ h:t} 5'/f, t/af/ /
;ª\lugsf] ;d]t ;dfg ¿kn] k|efjsfl/tf hfFr ul/of] .
o; k/LIf0fsf nflu aGbLnfO{ afFlwPsf] x'GYof] . …o'lg6
&#!Ú n] 9flsPsf] / v'nf 5fnfdf …ˆn]dy|f]j/Ú sf] klg
k/LIf0f u¥of] eg] …lAn:6/ Ph]G6Ú / …ge{ Uof;Úaf6
aGbLx¿df kg]{ k|efj hfFRg /0fgLlts PsfOsf ejgdf
…Uof; RofDa/Ú;d]t agfOPsf] lyof] .
aGbLnfO{ s'g} :yfgdf afFw]/ p;df dflyaf6 ux|f}F
j:t' v;fn]/ s'NrFbf nfUg] rf]6sf] cWoog klg ul/of]
ToxfF . JolStnfO{ 3fOt] agfP/ vfg]kfgLaf6 jl~rt
agfO{ cf};t dflg; kfgLlagf slt ;do afFRg] /x]5
egL cWoog pgLx¿n] u/] . clwsf+z dfldnfdf tL
kLl8tn] ;d'b|L kfgL dfq lkpg kfP jf pgLx¿df /ut
;f/L / /Sty]Snf aGg] k|lj|mof ljZn]if0f ug{ cldNbf]
dfgj /ut jf kz'sf] /ut r9fOof] klg .
…o'lg6 &#!Ú df nfdf] ;do PS;–/]sf] k|efjaf6
cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ul/Psf aGbLdf gk'+zstf /
ckfª\utf eof] eg] PS;–/]sf …Kn]6Ú nfO{ unt
lsl;dn] /flvFbf jf u'Ktfª\u, cg'xf/ jf :tgsf d'G6f
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 15
glhs /fVbf uDeL/ hngsf 36gf klg eP . kfOn6
/ ljdfgaf6 xfd kmfNg] …Kof/f6«'k/Údf …hL–kmf];{Ú sf]
k|efjsf af/]df ;d]t ToxfF cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .
h;sf nflu cg';Gwfgstf{n] aGbLnfO{ Pp6f 7"nf]
cks]lGb|t oGq -;]lG6«ˆo'h_df /fv]/ To;nfO{ lgs}
t]h ultdf ta;Dd 3'dfP ha;Dd aGbL cr]t x'Fbg}
jf db}{g . To; ultn] ;fdfGotof !) b]lv !% …hLÚ
pTkGg x'g] uYof]{ . o;af6 pgLx¿n] s] yfxf kfP eg]
afnaflnsfdf k|j]u an ;xg ug]{ Ifdtf clws x'G5 .

o'4aGbLdfly lel/ª\uLsf] cWoog

k|frLg OlhK6sf a]nfb]lv yfxf ePsf] s'/f xf]
of}g /f]un] ;]gfsf] ;ª\u7gdf g/fd|f;F
] u Jojwfg
pTkGg ub{5 . o:t} vfnsf] ;d:of pTkGg x'gaf6
/f]Sg hfkfgL ;]gfn] lel/ª\uLsf nIf0f / pkrf/sf]
cWoogdf ?lr lnof] .

aGbLdf /f]usf] ;'?jft / lj:tf/sf]

cj:yf hfFlrof] . Toltn] gk'u]/ klxnf]
k/LIf0fdf ;ª\j|md0f gb]lvP yk
aGbLnfO{ anfTsf/ ug{ nufO{
;ª\j|md0f :yflkt u/fOGYof] .

;'?jftsf nflu …o'lg6 &#!Ú df lrlsT;sn]

o'4aGbLnfO{ lel/ª\uLn] ;ª\j|mldt u/fP, clg
pgLx¿sf] pkrf/ /f]s] / /f]usf] k|efj lj:tf/ x]/] .
tyflk /f]usf] b'ik|efj hfGg Tolta]nf k|rngdf
/x]sf] s]df]y]/fkLsf] k|fylds 36s tyf ;dsfnLg
pkrf/s …;fNef;{gÚ nfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf nflu
k|of]urflxF ul/of] . slt;Dd cTofrf/ ul/of] eg]
lel/ª\uLn] ;ª\j|mldt k'?ifnfO{ aGbL k'?if / dlxnfsf]
anfTsf/ ug{ afWo kf/]/ /f]u k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;g]{
;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] lyof] .
o; k|sf/ aGbLdf /f]usf] ;'?jft / lj:tf/sf]
cj:yf hfFlrof] . Toltn] gk'u]/ klxnf] k/LIf0fdf
;ª\j|md0f gb]lvP yk aGbLnfO{ anfTsf/ ug{ nufO{
;ª\j|md0f :yflkt u/fOGYof] .
h'g sfo{ …o'lg6 &#!Ú df eP To;sf cufl8 ;a}
anfTsf/ / ;'lgof]lht ue{wf/0f lkmSsf x'G5 . ;a}eGbf cfd36gf lyP, dlxnf aGbLnfO{
tkfO{+nfO{ nfUg ;S5 lel/ª\uLdflysf] k/LIf0f lgs} anfTsf/ ug{' / ;'lgof]lht ¿kdf ue{jtL agfP/
j|m'/ s[To lyof] t/ anfTsf/ / ha/h:tL ue{wf/0fsf pgLx¿dfly dfgl;s cf3ft / xltof/sf] k/LIf0f ug'{ .

16 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g


…o'lg6 &#!Ú åf/f
agfOPsf] Kn]usf] Ps
clek|fok"0f{ gZn
lyof]– Kn]u afl;n; .
tL dlxnfnfO{ hfgfhfg
k|f0f3fts /f]un] ;ª\j|mldt kfg]{,
s'Nr]/ 3fOt] agfpg], /f;folgs
xltof/n] k|efljt kfg]{, adsf 5/f{
/ uf]nLn] 3fOt] agfpg] sfd;d]t
…o'lg6 &#!Ú df ul/Psf] lyof] .
oL ;a}sfd ;s]kl5 …o'lg6 &#!Ú
sf lrlsT;sn] ue{jtL dlxnf /
e|"0fdfly To;sf] k|efj hfFr ub{y] .
lrlgofFx¿dly plkofF /
Kn]u k/LIf0f
h;}h;} ;do JotLt x'Fb}
uof] olb ;do ldN5 eg] hfkfgsf]
…o'lg6 &#!Ú ;g\ !(#( ;Dd
cfd;+xf/sf] xltof/ ljsf; ug{],
lrlgofF gful/snfO{ ;vfk kfg]{ /
ldq /fi6«sf] ;}Go zlStnfO{ gi6
kfg]{ k/d p2]Zon] kl/rflnt /x]sf]
:ki6 x'g uof] .
…o'lg6 &#!Ú n] dRg'l/ofsf
ljleGg :yfgdf xhf/f}F aGbL e]nf
u/]/ /fv]sf] lyof] . lj1fgn]
Tolta]nf;Dd yfxf kfPsf 3fts
efO/; / /f]uf0f'åf/f hfkfgLx¿n]
tL aGbLnfO{ ;ª\j|mldt u/] .
To:tf /f]uf0f'sf] k|d'v pbfx/0f x'g
;S5 …ofl;{lgof k]l:6;Ú . o;n]
…Go'df]lgs Kn]uÚ / …Ao'af]lgs Kn]uÚ
/f]u nfUb5 . ;fy} cg';Gwfgstf{n]
hfgfhfg aGbLnfO{ …6fOkm;Úåf/f
;ª\j|mldt;d]t ub{y] .
lrlsT;sx¿n] /f]uf0f'sf
cg]s gZn klg agfPsf lyP .
/f]usf] ljleGg r/0fdf aGbLdf
To;sf] k|efj pgLx¿ hfFr ub{y]
/ hf] /f]uL aGbL afFRbYof] p;nfO{
uf]nL xfg]/ dfl/GYof] / /f]un] ynf
k/]sf]nfO{ zju[xdf nu]/ TolQs}
5fl8lbGy] .
/f]uLsf] /ut lnP/
lrlsT;sn] cGo aGbLnfO{
;ª\j|mldt kfg]{ / To; ;d"xsf]
;a}eGbf czSt /f]uLnfO{ /StfDd]
x'g lbP/ /f]uf0f'sf] cem} 3fts
gZnåf/f aGbLsf] cGo ;d"xnfO{
/f]uåf/f ;ª\j|mldt agfpgdf ;d]t
pgLx¿ k5fl8 k/]gg\ .
…o'lg6 &#!Ú åf/f agfOPsf]
Kn]usf] Ps clek|fok"0f{ gZn lyof]–
Kn]u afl;n; . o'lg6n] o;nfO{
cToGt 3fts /f]uf0f'sf ¿kdf
ljsf; u/sf] ] lyof] . cg';Gwfgsf
nflu /flvPsf aGbLsf] clGtd
hTyfdfly 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf plkofFsf]
cfj|md0f u/fP/ Kn]usf] hfFr ul/of] .
cg';Gwfgstf{n] klxn] plkofFnfO{
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 17

rf/}lt/af6 cfj|md0f,
c;kmntf / 3]/faGbLdf
k/]kl5 hfkfgsf
;d|f6n] /]l8of]
;Gb]zaf6 cfTd;dk{0f
u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/] ;fy}
…o'lg6 &#!Ú aGb eof] .
ad cfsf/sf df6f]sf] efF8fdf aGb
u/] . To;kl5 ;g\ !($) cS6f]a/
$ df hfkfgL ad jif{s ljdfgn]
plkofF;lxtsf tL efF8fnfO{ nIodf
nu]/ v;fn]sf lyP . k|To]s efF8fdf
/Stlkkf;' #) xhf/ plkofF /flvPsf]
lyof] / ;'?df lrlgofF ufpF So'emf]pdf
18 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
/flvPsf s}bLdfly tL plkofF 5fl8P .
k|ToIfbzL{nfO{ p4[t ub}{
Oltxf;df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ ad;Fu}
gu/sf ljleGg :yfgdf /lStd w'nf]
klg b]lvPsf] lyof] / To;;Fu} ToxfF
ePsf dflg;dfly /Stlkkf;' plkofFsf]
cfj|md0f ;'? eof] . tL plkofFn] 6f]Sbf
sDtLdf klg b'O{ xhf/ lrlgofFsf]
Kn]u nfu]/ d[To' ePsf] lyof] / /n ] g/fv]/ gi6 kfl/of] .
;]jfdf sfd ug]{ /f]uL sd{rf/Ln] Kn]u
;fbf{ glhs}sf] ufpF lopdf yk Ps
xhf/eGbf a9L dflg;n] Hofg u'dfP .
…o'lg6 &#!Ú n] To;
xdnfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg
PGy|fS;;d]t k|of]udf NofPsf
sf/0f sDtLdf 5 xhf/ dflg;sf]
cgfxsdf d[To' ePsf] lyof] .
låtLo ljZjo'4sf] ;dfkglt/
hfkfgn] ltg} plkofFnfO{ adsf ¿kdf
cd]l/sfdf k|xf/ ug]{ sf]l;; u¥of] t/
s'g} kmfObf ePg . ;g\ !($% cu:tdf
lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf cd]l/sfåf/f
k/df0f' ad cfj|md0f tyf ;f]leot
;ª\3sf ;}lgsåf/f dGr'l/ofdfly
cfj|md0f u/L hfkfgL ;}Go zlStnfO{
gi6 kf/sf] sf/0f …o'lg6 &#!Ú sf] ktg
;'? ePsfn] x'g ;S5 cd]l/sf plkofF
cfj|md0faf6 hf]luPsf] . rf/lt/
} af6
cfj|md0f, c;kmntf / 3]/faGbLdf
k/kl5
] hfkfgsf ;d|f6n] /l8of]]
;Gb]zaf6 cfTd;dk{0f u/sf] ] 3f]if0ff
u/] ;fy} …o'lg6 &#!Ú aGb eof] .
…o'lg6 &#!Ú n] u/sf] ] ;a}
cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ / /s8{
] hfkfgLn]
hnfOlbP tyf To; o'lg6åf/f !# jif{df
;ª\slnt ;a} ;"rgf;d]t s]xL afFsL
To; o'lg6df /x]/ sfd
u/]sf s]xL cg';Gwfgstf{ s]xL
ePs} 5}g h;/L hfkfgsf] b}lgs
hLjgdf kmls{P . s]xLrflxF z}lIfs
/ lrlsT;f If]qdf nfu]sf lyP . á
–pd]z cf]emfåf/f cg'jflbt
/ ;Dkflbt
 crDdsf] kfl/jfl/s
k'gld{ngsf] s'/f u/f}F Û
Xj]n df5f /
x]kf]kf]6fd; Pp6}
kl/jf/sf x'g\ .
c d]l/sfsf]
ldl;ugdf /x]sf]
a'ns lj|ms
xfO:s'nsf ljBfyL{n]
;dfgtf
;g\ @))) df @&,$#$
c;fwf/0f 5 . /f]n 6\jfOn]6
k]k/af6 !^ 306f
;do nufP/ !^
lkm6 cUnf] lk/fld8
agfPsf lyP .

c d]l/sfsf] elh{lgofdf /f]cfgf]s

sfpG6Ldf /f]ls/fv]sf] Pp6f sf/df
crfgs y'lgPsf] sl/a () lsnf]sf]
Pp6f sfnf] efn'n] Tolta]nf;Dd
xg{ ahfof] ha;Dd k|x/Ln] p;sf]
p4f/ u/]g .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 19
/fhf
Rofp
cf/aL a'9fyf]sL

;+ ;f/df ;of}F y/Lsf

Rofp kfOG5g\ /
Rofp w]/} dflg;sf]
lk|o vfBj:t' klg xf] . 3/df dfq
xf]Og xf]6n /]:6'/]G6df klg Rofpsf]
y/Ly/Lsf kl/sf/ kfSg] u5{ .
zfsfxf/Lsf nflu Rofp
kf]if0f k|flKtsf] Ps pQd ljsNk
x'G5 . df;'sf] eGbf w]/} kl/sf/
agfpg ldNg] Rofpsf] /fhf dflgg]
…lsª cf]P:6/Ú Rofp g]kfndf xfn
rrf{df 5 .
:jf:Yosf lx;fan] klg
cTolws :jf:Yoj4{s of] Rofp
Jofj;flos lx;fan] klg ahf/
lnFb} uPsf] 5 . kfFrtf/] xf]6nb]lv
/]:6'/]G6 / 3/df of] Rofpsf] dfu
a9\bf] 5 .
k"0f{ ¿kdf cuf{lgs tj/af6
nfdf] ;do e08f/0f ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf of] Rofp
v]tL u/L pTkfbg ul/g] of] Rofp cGo t/sf/Lsf t'ngfdf ;a} lx;fan] /fhf g}
z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL alnof] dflgPsf] 5 .
agfpg pkof]uL dflgG5 .

20 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 :tg / k|f:] 6]6 SofG;/af6 arfpg]b]lv k'?ifTj dw'dxb]
] lv d'6'/f]u / 6\o'd/sf /f]uLn] klg of] Rofp
a9fpg;d]t of] Rofp pkof]uL x'g] lj1x¿sf] egfO 5 . lgoldt ¿kdf vfg ;S5g\ . nfdf] ;do e08f/0f ug{
cf}ifwLo u'0fn] ;d]t el/k"0f{ of] Rofp df]6f]kgf 36fpg ;lsg] x'Fbf of] Rofp cGo t/sf/Lsf t'ngfdf ;a}
klg pkof]uL dflgPsf] 5 . lx;fan] /fhf g} dflgPsf] 5 .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 21
 /fhf Rofpsf kl/sf/
…lsª cf]P:6/Ú Rofpaf6 s}of}F
:jfbsf kl/sf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . of]
Rofpsf] 5f]Onf ;a}eGbf dg k/fOPsf]
kl/sf/dWo] Ps xf] . of] kl/sf/ xf]6n,
/]:6'/]G6sf] zfsfxf/L d]g'sf] pkNnf]
bhf{df /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ .
o;afx]s ;fFw]sf] Rofp, 8fd]sf]
Rofp, emfg]sf] Rofp, t/sf/L, l6d'/]
Rofp, Rofpsf] dd,
Rofpsf] y'Kkf, Rofpsf]
rfpldg, Rofpsf] ;'k,
Rofp ;]s'jfnufot
s}of}F kl/sf/ agfpg
;lsG5 . d6/ klg/,
v'Dasf ;f]af{, x6
ufln{s Rofp, ;t]
Rofp kfsrf]o,
cf]P:6/ ufln{s
Rofp, x'gfg tf]km'
Rofp, ;]Hjfgf Rofp,
;fDan Rofp, An]slag Rofp, Rofp
dGr'l/og, Rofp l8d;d, Rofp :6k afcf],
Rofp sf]ªkfp, s]G6'lgh Rofp, dª\uf]lnog
Rofp, xªsª :6fPn Rofp, lj|mdL Rofp
;'k, k|m]Gr Rofp k|fpg yld{8f]/, Rofpsf]
SofgkL, Rofp l6SsL, Rofp l6Ssf, lrh
Rofp j|m's]6, Rofp lkHhf, Rofp kf:tf,
lrh :6k Rofp, afla{So' Rofp, Rofpsf]
;nfbnufot ;ofF} kl/sf/ of] Rofpsf] tof/
kfg{ ;lsG5 . á

22 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 ;+;f/ xf“Sg]
o'jf k|mf G;df bf];|f] k6s
/fi6«klt r'lgPsf
ODofg'on
Dofj|mf]n] ut hgj/L ( df #$
jif{ !) dlxgf pd]/sf Uofla|on
cQnn] ;g\ @)!& h'gdf /fi6«klt Dofj|mf]sf] k'ghf{u/0f
kf6L{sf tkm{af6 /fli6«o ;ef ;b:odf lgjf{lrt ePkl5
b|t' ultdf /fhgLlts km8\sf] dfg{ yfn]sf x'g\ .
cQnnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'St u/sf]
5g\ . of] lg0f{onfO{ /fhgLlts
j[Qdf Dofj|mf]n] cfˆgf] u'dfpFb}
u/sf]
] ;fv k'gM xfl;n ug{]
k|of;sf ¿kdf JofVof ul/bF } 5 .
cfw'lgs o'usf] k|mfG;sf
/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs ;'ljwf
;'/G›
] g]kfn >]i7 cg';f/ cfjZos kbf{ cfˆgf
k|wfgdGqL km]/abn
;S5g\ . k|wfgdGqL af]g{n]
Ps jif{ @#* lbgdf /fhLgfdf
lbPkl5 /fi6«kltn] cQnnfO{
ug{
k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'St u/] .
pgn] ;'?df O8f]jf8{ lkmlnk]nfO{
k|wfgdGqL agfPsf lyP . pgnfO{
tLg jif{ $( lbgkl5 x6fP/ lhg
sf:6]S;nfO{ Ps jif{ #!& lbg
/fv]/ Plnhfa]ynfO{ dgf]gLt
u/]sf lyP .
k|mfG;sf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;df
o;eGbf cufl8 #& jif{sf
nf]/]G6 kmflao;nfO{ /fi6«klt
k|mflG;; ldt]/fG8n] ;g\ !(*$
h'nfO{ !& b]lv ;g\ !(*^ dfr{
@) ;Dd k|wfgdGqL lgo'St u/]sf
lyP . ;g\ @)!& df klxnf] k6s
/fi6«klt lgjf{lrt x'Fbf DofJf|mf] klg
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 23
#( jif{sf dfq lyP . pgn] cfˆgf]
u'?cfdf;Fu ljjfx u/]sf] ljifodf
ljjfb pTkGg eof] .
klxnf] >Ldfg\;Fu kf/kfr's]
u/]sL la|luQ]n] nf k|fle8] ] G;
xfO:s'ndf cWofkg ubf{ !% jifL{o
Dofj|mf];Fu pgsf] e]6 ePsf] lyof] .
ToxL sIffdf pgsL 5f]/L n/]G; klg
Dofj|mf]sf] ;xkf7L lyOg\ . la|luQ] /
Dofj|mf]aLr ;g\ @))^ cS6f]a/df
ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿aLr
@% jif{ pd]/ km/s 5 .
cQnn] ;g\ @)!& h'gdf
/fi6«klt Dofj|mf]sf] k'ghf{u/0f kf6L{sf
tkm{af6 /fli6«o ;ef ;b:odf
lgjf{lrt ePkl5 ›'t ultdf
/fhgLlts km8\sf] dfg{ yfn]sf x'g\ .
;g\ @)!* df pgL /fli6«o lzIff /
o'jf ;xfosdGqL ag]sf lyP eg]
;g\ @)@) d} ;/sf/sf] k|jStf
aGg ;kmn eP .
;g\ @)@@ df ;fj{hlgs sfo{
/ n]vfdGqL tyf csf]{ jif{ /fli6«o
lzIff / o'jfdGqL ag]sf lyP pgL .
Tolt dfq x}g k|mfG;sf k|wfgdGqL
cQnn] cfkm"nfO{ ;dlnª\uL;d]t
eg]sf 5g\ . xfn ljZjdf v'nf
¿kdf …PnhLaL6LSo'Ú x'F eg]/
3f]if0ff ug]{ cQnafx]s gf} hgf
/fHo jf ;/sf/ k|d'v 5g\ .
k|wfgdGqL ePsf] b'O{ lbgkl5
24 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
cQnn] dGqLd08ndf dlxnf
;ft / k'?if cf7 u/L hDdf !%
;b:o rog u/] . h;dWo] ;ft
hgfnfO{ k"j{lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5
tyf rf/ hgfsf] dGqfno x]/km]/
ul/Psf] 5 eg] rf/ gofF cg'xf/
5g\ . ;/sf/sf] k|jStfdf #*
jifL{o lk|:sf y]e]gtnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
5 . k//fi6« tyf o'/f]lkogdGqLdf
Dofj|mf]sf ;Nnfxf/ / k'ghf{u/0f
kf6L{sf dxf;lrj #* jifL{o :6]kmg
;]hg{nfO{ lgo'St ul/Psf] 5 . 5
hgfdGqL rfln; jif{d'lgsf 5g\ eg]
tLg hgf krf; jif{d'lgsf .
o;}u/L 8lAngdf hGd] x's{s
] f
lnof] j/f8s/ cfo/NofG8sf]
Pl;ofnL d"nsf] tyf v'nf
;dlnª\uL klxnf] k|wfgdGqL x'g\ .
o;cufl8 pgL oftfoft, ko{6g
/ v]ns'b, :jf:YodGqL tyf
;fdflhs ;'/IffdGqL lyP .
pgsf a'af ef/tsf] d'DaO{sf
x'g\ . Ps nfO;]G; k|fKt d]l8sn
8fS6/ j/f8s/n] cfˆgf] d]l8sn
OG6g{l;ksf j|mddf d'DaO{df
s]xL ;do latfPsf lyP . dfgj
clwsf/ cleofgsf cg';f/ pgL
ljZj Oltxf;df ;/sf/ k|d'v aGg]
rf}yf] v'nf ;dlnª\uL x'g\ . $$
jifL{o j/f8s/ k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt
x'Fbf #* jif{sf lyP .
k|mfG; / :k]gaLrsf] kfO/]lg;
kxf8L If]qdf cjl:yt tyf sl/a
&& xhf/ hg;ª\Vof /x]sf]
o'/f]ksf] 5}6f}F ;fgf] :jtGq /fi6«
PG8f]/fdf ;g\ @)!( df #( jifL{o
Hofleo/ P:kf]6 hfdf]/f k|wfgdGqL
lgjf{lrt eP . GofofwLzaf6
/fhgLltdf k|j]z u/]sf hfdf]/f
To;cl3 ;fdflhs dfldnf, Gofo
/ cfGtl/sdGqL lyP . pgn]
afl;{nf]gfaf6 sfg'gdf l8u|L k|fKt
u/]sf lyP . ut ;]K6]Da/df Ps
/]l8of] cGtjf{tf{dfkm{t pgn] cfkm"
;dlnª\uL ePsf] v'nf;f u/] .
o;}u/L stf/sf jt{dfg
cld/ tldd lag xdfb cn yfgL
;g\ @)!# df ;Qfdf cfPsf
lyP . pgL Tolta]nf s]jn ##
jif{ lyP . cld/ aGg'cl3 pgn]
a]nfotsf] :ofG8x:6\{sf] /f]on
ldln6/L Ps]8]dLaf6 :gfts pQL0f{
u/]/ stf/sf] ;z:q andf k|j]z
u/]sf lyP .
e'6fgsf /fhf lhUd] v];/
jfª\r's cfˆgf lktf lhUd] l;ª\u]
jfª\r'sn] /fHo Tofu u/]kl5 ;g\
@))^ df @^ jif{s} pd]/df /fhf
ag]sf lyP . pgn] cd]l/sf /
a]nfotaf6 pRr lzIff xfl;n
u/]sf 5g\ .
;g\ @)@! b]lv sf];f]ef]df
#( jifL{o Ehf];f cf]:dfgL /fi6«klt
/x]sL 5g\ . pgL cª\uhL,
|] 6s]{nL,
:k]gL, ;la{ofnL / cNa]lgofnL
efiff af]Ng ;lS5g\ . sf];f]ef]sf] o'lgel;{6L ckm o;}u/L ;]/bf/ alb{d'xfd]8f] $! jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\
lk|l:6gfdf sfg'g cWoog u/]kl5 pgLn] lk6\;au{ :s'n @)@@ df t's{d]lg:tfgsf] /fi6«klt eP . pgn] cfˆgf
ckm n ljZjljBfnodf :gftsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lw lktf /fi6«klt x'Fbf ;/sf/sf sltko lhDd]jf/ kbdf
pkflw xfl;n u/]sL lyOg\ .
;fg ;fNef8f]/sf k"j{Jofkf/L tyf d]o/ gfOa
a's]n] ;g\ @)!( km]a|'c/Ldf Pn ;fNef8f]/sf] r'gfj

/x]/ lktfsf] ;xfossf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .

pgnfO{ :yfgLo ldl8ofn] k|foM …/fi6«sf] 5f]/fÚ eGg]
u/]sf] 5 . t's{d]lg:tfgdf OG6/g]6 kx'Fr ;Lldt ug]{ /
dlxnfdfly ljleGg k|ltaGw nufPsf sf/0f
alb{d'xfd]8f]sf] cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ @)@@ sf] ;]K6]Da/df tTsfnLg g]tf kn–
x]g/L bfldafnfO{ ;QfRo't u/]/ ;]gf k|d'v #$ jifL{o
;lhn} lht]/ /fi6«kltsf ¿kdf zky lnPsf lyP .
pgsf] /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu dxfu7aGwgsf] lhtn]
PkmPdPnPg / P/]gf kf6L{sf] k|e'Tj ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] .
klxn] l6\j6/df %* nfv …kmnf]c/Ú ePsf a's]
Ps pT;fxL ;fdflhs ;~hfn k|of]ustf{ x'g\ . pgn]
kbef/ u|x0f u/]kl5 s]xL clwsf/LnfO{ l6\j6dfkm{t
avf{:t u/]sf lyP . pgL Tolta]nf s]jn #* jif{sf
lyP .
hlh{ofdf O/fSnL Uofl/afl:enL #! jif{sf] pd]/df
klxnf] k6s ;g\ @)!# b]lv @)!% ;Dd k|wfgdGqL
Oa|flxd 6«fcf]/] a'ls{gfkmf;f]sf] /fi6«k|d'v ag] . 6«fcf]/]
e"lj1fgsf] ljBfyL{ lyP / kl5 pgn] hh{; gdf]gfcf]
ldln6/L :s'ndf cWoog u/]sf lyP .
o;}j|mdff nfu"kbfy{ t:s/Lsf] ;d:of em]ln/x]sf]
OSj]8/df xfn;fn} lgjf{lrt /fi6«klt 8\oflgon gf]cf]af

ag]sf lyP . To;kl5 /IffdGqL ag]sf O/fSnL ;g\

@)@! df k'gM k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 25
s]jn #% jif{sf 5g\ . ljZjdf OSj]8/ ;jf{lws s]/f lrnLdf klg ;g\ @)@@ dfr{blv ] #% cf}F
pTkfbs d'n'ssf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 . /fi6«kltsf ¿kdf #^ jifL{o Uofla|on af]l/s ;Qfdf
gf]cf]afsf wgf9\o afa'n] kfFr k6s /fi6«klt
lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/L lbP klg ;kmn ePsf lyPgg\ t/
pgsf 5f]/f ;f+;b ag]sf] b'O{ jif{kl5 g} ;bg eª\u eP/
;g\ @)@# df ;DkGg lgjf{rgaf6 /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt
eP . s]xL xKtfcl3 pgn] b]zdf ;ª\s6sfn 3f]if0ff
u/L t:s/L, xToflx+;fsf] cGTo ug]{ jfrf u/]sf 5g\ .
;g\ @)@# b]lv df]G6]g]u|f]df k|wfgdGqLsf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ul//x]sf ldnf]Hsf] :kflhs klg #^ jif{sf 5g\ .

5g\ . pgL sn]hsf lbgaf6} /fhgLltdf ;lj|mo lyP .

pgn] lrnLnfO{ k|ultzLn ;+ljwfg k|bfg ug{
hgdt;ª\u|x u/]sf lyP t/ hgtfn] pgnfO{ ;fy
pgn] k|mfG;sf] PrO;L k]l/;af6 cy{zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ lbPgg\ .
cWoog u/]sf lyP . pgn] /fhgLltdf k|j]z ug{'cl3 ;fpbL c/asf /fhs'df/ df]xDdb lag ;ndfgn]
6f]lsof] / l;ª\ufk'/sf a}ª\sdf sfd u/]sf lyP . ;g\ @)@@ b]lv k|wfgdGqLsf] sfo{ef/ klg ;DxfNb}
;fg dfl/gf]sf] /fi6«k|d'v lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf
cln /f]rs 5 . k|To]s 5 dlxgfdf ToxfFsf] Joj:yflksf
u|fG8 PG8 hg/n sfplG;n ;b:ox¿af6 b'O{ hgf
k|d'v rog ul/G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ …SofK6]g l/h]G6Ú eGg]
ul/Psf] 5 .
ut cS6f]a/df lgjf{lrt Ps …SofK6]g l/h]G6Ú
ufOtfgf] 6«f]Ogfsf] pd]/ #^ jif{ dfq 5 . pgn] af]nf]Ugf
ljZjljBfnodf sfg'g ljifo cWoog u/]sf 5g\ .

cfPsf 5g\ . /fhs'df/ ;ndfg lag cAb'nflhhsf

5f]/f ;ndfg #& jif{sf 5g\ . o;cl3 pgn] lghL
If]qdf ljz]if u/L skf]{/]6 sDkgLx¿sf] g]t[Tj ub{y] .
rf8sf k"j{/fi6«klt Ol8«; 8]aLsf] ;g\ @)@!
clk|ndf k'gM lgjf{lrt ePsf] s]xL lbgd} d[To' ePkl5
pgsf #* jifL{o 5f]/f dxfdt 8]aL ToxfFsf] cGtl/d
;/sf/sf] k|d'v ag] . pgn] !* dlxgfleq lgikIf

26 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

lgjf{rg ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf lyP
t/ b'O{ jif{ eof] lgjf{rg
ePsf] 5}g .
ut hgj/L ! df 8]aLn] $)
jifL{o ;'S;]; d;|fnfO{ rf8sf]
;ª\j|md0fsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lgo'St
u/] . b 6«fG;kmd{;{ kf6L{sf] cWoIfsf
¿kdf d;|f nfdf] ;dob]lv ljkIfL
bnsf] g]tf lyP .
dfnLdf ;g\ @)@! df ePsf]
;}Go lj›f]xsf] g]t[Tj ubf{ cl;dL
uf]O6f $) jif{sf lyP . pgn]
cfˆgf] afa'sf] kbrfknfO{ cg';/0f
u/]sf x'g\ .
ljutdf klg ;+;f/df ljz]iftM
/fhtGqfTds b]zdf ;fgf] pd]/d}
/fi6«k|d'v aGg] u/]sf] sltko
b[i6fGt 5g\ .
k' oL ;g\ !()* df b'O{ jif{sf]
pd]/df rLgsf] ;d|f6 ag]sf lyP .
pgn] nfdf] ;do zf;g ug{ eg]
kfPgg\ . s]jn tLg jif{kl5 ToxfFsf]
j|mflGtn] zfxL zf;g ;dfKt u/L
u0ftGq rLg :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] .
:jflhNofG8df Ps jif{sf]
pd]/df /fhf ePsf ;f]e'hf låtLo
Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do
zf;g ug]{ /fhf x'g\ . ;g\ !*((
h'nfO{ @@ df hGd]sf ;f]e'hf gfRb}
u/]sf afa' cs:dft\ n8]/ d/]kl5
/fhf 3f]if0ff ePsf lyP . ;g\ !(*@
;Dd hLljt ;f]e'hfn] cfˆgf]
b]znfO{ a]nfotaf6 :jtGq agfP .
o:t} ;g\ !^@# b]lv !^$)
;Dd /fh u/]sf d'/fb rf}yf] c6f]dg
;fd|fHosf] ;'Ntfg 3f]if0ff x'Fbf
s]jn !! jif{sf lyP .
O/fgsf] zf;flgog
;fd|fHosfndf ;aeGbf sd pd]/,
To;df klg hlGdg'eGbf klxn]
cfdfsf] ue{d} /fhf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
36gf 5 . ;g\ #)( df ToxfFsf
/fhf xld{Hbsf] d[To' ePkl5 pgsf
5f]/f cb'/ gf;]{xsf] s]xL dlxgfkl5
g} xTof ePsfn] cfdfsf] ue{df
/x]sf zfk'/ låtLo b u|]6nfO{ /fhf
3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] .
t/ pgn] !^ jif{sf] pd]/b]lv
dfq ;lj|mo ¿kdf /fhsfh
;Dxfn]sf lyP . pgsf] d[To' &)
jif{sf] pd]/df ePsf] lyof] .
To:t} :k]gsf /fhf cNkmf]G;f]
t]x|fF} klg ;g\ !**^ df hGdg]lalQs}
/fhf tf]lsP klg !^ jif{ k'u]kl5 dfq
/fhf ePsf lyP . a]nfotdf gf}
dlxgfdf /fhf ePsf x]g/L 5}6fF}
a]nfotL Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf sfG5f
zf;s x'g\ . %) jif{sf] pd]/df
6fj/ ckm nG8gdf pgsf] xTof
ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf klg /fhf lqe'jgn]
b]z 5f8]/ ef/t uPkl5 /f0ffx¿n]
pgsf gflt 1fg]G›nfO{ /fhf agfpFbf
pgL tLg jif{ !@# lbgsf dfq lyP .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 27

o:t} O/fsdf ;g\ !(#( df tLg
jif{ ##& lbg pd]/ k'u]sf km};n
låtLonfO{ /fhf agfOPsf] lyof] .
ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf sd pd]/sf]
k|wfgdGqL x'g] ;f}efUo eg]
a]nfotsf ljlnod lk6 of]ª\n]
kfPsf 5g\ . s]jn @$ jif{ @)%
lbgsf] pd]/df k|wfgdGqL ag]sf
28 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
pgn] emG8} !* jif{ ;]jf u/]sf
lyP . cd]l/sfdf xfn;Dd ePsf
$^ /fi6«kltdWo] sfG5f] /fi6«klt
x'Fbf lyof]8f]/ ?ha]N6 $@ jif{ #@@
lbgsf lyP .
clxn];Dd sfG5L k|wfgdGqL
rflxF lkmgNofG8sL ;Ggf dfl/g
x'g\ . ;g\ @)!( sf] l8;]Da/ !) df
kb axfnL ubf{ pgsf] pd]/ #$ jif{
@$ lbg dfq lyof] .
ljZjsf] klxnf] dlxnf
k|wfgdGqL l;l/dfjf] aGb/gfos]
x'g\ . ;g\ !(^) df cfˆgf] kf6L{nfO{
klxnf] agfP/ >Lnª\sf ;/sf/sf]
g]t[Tjdf k'Ubf pgL $$ jif{sL
lyOg\ .
d'l:nd afx'No b]zdf
nf]stflGqs ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rgåf/f
klxnf] k6s dlxnf k|wfgdGqL aGbf
a]glh/ e'6\6f]sf] pd]/ s]jn #%
jif{ lyof] . pgn] @& jif{sf] pd]/df
;g\ !(*) b]lv ;g\ @))& df xTof
x'Fbf;Dd kfls:tfg lkk'N; kf6L{sf]
g]t[Tj klg u/]sL lyOg\ . á
 ;k{sf]
kf]r'u{ nL
] efiffdf
So'Odf8f eg]sf]
…hª\unsf] cfuf]Ú x'G5
cf Gw| dxf;fu/sf]
ulx/f] gLnf]
kfgLdf lgif]lwt
pi0fsl6aGwLo :ju{e"ld 5,
h;nfO{ /x:o / k|fs[lts
/ :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] ;'Gb/tf dflgG5 .
s]/f v]tL ug{ jgdf :g]s cfONofG8 cyf{t\
;k{sf] 6fk' . 6fk'sf] gfdn] g}
cfuf] nufPkl5 of] o;sf] kl/ro lbG5 . o; 6fk'nfO{
6fk' …hª\unsf] cfuf]Ú nfdf] ;dob]lv k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf
eg]/ klg lrlgof] . vt/gfs, eofgs :yfgsf ¿kdf
lrlgFb} cfPsf] 5 .
of] 6fk' a|flhnsf] t6Lo
6fk'
If]qdf cjl:yt 5 t/ of]
k"0f{tof lgh{g 5, hxfF ;"o{sf]
t]lhnf] k|sfzd'lg ;'Gb/ r6\6fgL
t6Lo /]vf jl/kl/ ulx/f] /x:o
n's]sf] 5 . ToxfF hlt zflGt
b]lvG5 oyfy{df To:tf] 5}g .
6fk' vt/gfs ;k{x¿n] el/Psf]
5 . ;+;f/df Toltsf] ;k{ Ps}
:yfgdf sxLF klg b]lvPsf] 5}g .
3fts ;k{x¿ nfvf}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf
hxfFtxLF 5g\ . ?vdf, kftdf,
emf/kftdf, 9'ª\ufdf / d}bfgdf
/x]sf ;k{ 6fk'df v'6\6f /fVg]nfO{
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 29
 hxfhnfO{ k/} /fVg ;g\ !()( df
ToxfF Pp6f …nfO6xfp;Ú lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] lyof] . ha …nfO6xfp;Ú
nfO{ :jrflnt agfOof] ToxfF
…nfO6xfp;Ú ;~rfnsn]
a:g gkg]{ eof] . pgLx¿
cfˆgf] k5fl8 o:tf] eofgs
hª\un 5f8]/ uP hxfF ;k{x¿sf]
jr{:j 5 .

;d'bs | f] ;tx a9\b} uP/ xhf/f}F jif{klxn] of]

6fk'df kl/0ft ePsf] dflgG5 . o; k|lj|mofdf
s}of}F ljiffn' ;k{ ToxLF /xg uP . tab]lv r/fsf]
l;sf/ u//] ;k{ ToxfF x'sL{ al9/x]sf 5g\ .

8:g x/]s If0f tof/ /xG5g\ .

:g]s cfONofG8 gfdn]
k|Voft ONxf 8f So'Odf8f u|fG8]
6fk' hlt dgdf]xs 5 Tolt
g} eofgs klg . a|flhnsf]
blIf0fk"jL{ ;x/ ;fcf] kfpnf]af6
nueu #! lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf
cjl:yt o; 6fk'n] cfGw|
dxf;fu/df s]jn rf/ nfv
#) xhf/ ju{ld6/ If]qkmn
cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o; 6fk'sf] agf]6 ljljwtfn]
el/Psf] 5 . oxfF lgh{g r6\6fgL
If]qb]lv jiff{jg;Dd b]Vg
;lsG5 . oxfFsf] pRrtd :yn
;d'b|L ;txaf6 5 ;o ^&
lkm6 cUnf] 5 . oxfF k|foMh;f]
jiff{ eO/xG5 . a]nf :g]s cfONofG8 a|flhnsf] :g]s cfONofG8sf] Oltxf;
cfw'lgs sfndf o; ONxf d'Vo e"ld;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'g' k[YjLdf !! xhf/ jif{klxn]
8f So'Odf8f u|fG8] 6fk'df jg k5{ . ;d'b|sf] ;tx a9\b} uP/ lxdo'u ;dflKtsf a]nfb]lvsf]
kmF8fgL ul/of] . kf]r'{u]nL efiffdf xhf/f}F jif{klxn] of] 6fk'df kl/0ft 5 . lxdo'u ;lsP/ ;d'b|sf]
So'Odf8f eg]sf] …hª\unsf] ePsf] dflgG5 . o; k|lj|mofdf hn;tx a9\g hfFbf ;k{x¿
cfuf]Ú x'G5 / :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] s}of}F ljiffn' ;k{ ToxLF /xg uP . pi0fsl6aGwLo If]qdf km:g
s]/f v]tL ug{ jgdf cfuf] tab]lv r/fsf] l;sf/ u/]/ ;k{ k'u]sf lyP .
nufPkl5 of] 6fk' …hª\unsf] ToxfF x'sL{ al9/x]sf 5g\ . xhf/f}F jif{;Dd cnUu}
cfuf]Ú eg]/ klg lrlgof] . s'g} r6\6fgL t6Lo If]qaf6 kfgL /xFbf ;k{sf] ;ª\Vofdf

30 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

pNn]vgLo cg's"ntf cfof] .
ltgsf] ;ª\Vof t]h ultdf
a9\of] / 6fk' ltgsf] lgif]lwt
:ju{ aGg k'Uof] . ls+jbGtL
cg';f/ ;d'b|L n'6]/fx¿n]
cfˆgf] n'6sf] wg n'sfpg
:g]s cfONofG8nfO{ pQd :yn
dfg]sf lyP .
cr]n o; 6fk'df lgs}

6fk'df vt/gfs ;k{sf] af;

ePsfn] a|flhnsf] hn;]gfn]
ToxfF cfddflg;nfO{ hfg /f]s
nufPsf] 5 . o; lg0f{osf]
d'Vo sf/0f xf] dflg; / ;k{
b'j}sf] /Iff ug'{ .

cg's"n 5 / o;sf] ljif cGo efOk/ ;k{eGbf kfFr

ljiffn' …lk6 efOk/Ú ;k{ …uf]N8]g nfG;x]8Ú
sf] ;ª\Vof b'O{ xhf/b]lv rf/ xhf/ ePsf]
cg'dfg 5 . of] ;ª\VofnfO{ x]bf{ 6fk'df
x/]s sbddf Pp6f …uf]N8]g nfG;x]8Ú km]nf
kg]{ b]lvG5 .
sbd sbddf 5n ePsf] :g]s cfONofG8df
…uf]N8]g nfG;x]8Ú s} /fHo 5 . of] ;k{ w]/} g} ljiffn'
x'G5 . h;nfO{ j}1flgsn] a|f]y|f]K; OG;'nfl/;
eGb5g\ . o; ;k{sf] ljif :yfgLo r/fnfO{ dfg{
u'0ff a9L ljiffn' / t]h x'G5 .
:g]s cfONofG8df dflg; ga:g] / ghfg]
ePsf sf/0fn] ToxfF …uf]N8]g nfG;x]8Ú n]
s'g} dflg;nfO{ 6f]s]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5}g t/
blIf0f cd]l/sfdf …nfG;x]8Ú n] 8;]/ cGo
k|hfltsf ;k{sf] t'ngfdf w]/} dflg;sf] d[To'
x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
o; ;k{n] 8;]df uDeL/ kl/0ffd x'G5 . z/L/
;'lGgg], c;Xo kL8f / jfsjfsLsf ;fy} cfGtl/s
/St;|fj jf lduf}{nf sfd gnfUg] nIf0f b]vf
k5{ . pkrf/ ul/P klg d[To'b/ )=% k|ltztb]lv
# k|ltzt;Dd / pkrf/ gul/P & k|ltzt d[To'b/
b]lvPsf] 5 .
6fk'df vt/gfs ;k{sf] af; ePsfn]
a|flhnsf] hn;]gfn] ToxfF cfddflg;nfO{ hfg /f]s
nufPsf] 5 . o; lg0f{osf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] dflg;
/ ;k{ b'j}sf] /Iff ug'{ .
t/ /f]s nufOPsf] eP klg t:s/n] ToxfF
l;sf/ ug{ 5f8]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿n] ;k{ ;dfTg] /
sfnf]ahf/df a]Rg] u5{g\ . á
–o'jfd~r
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 31
l8lh6n OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug'x{ G' 5, æz"Go
l8lh6n km'6lk|G6df a:5'Æ eGg]
s'/f ;Dej 5}g t/ tkfO{n+ ] rfxg'

kblr≈g eof] eg] cfkm"nfO{ c;/ ug]{ vfnsf

l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 36fpg
eg] ;Sg'xG' 5 . OG6/g]6
;dfhsf] km/flsnf]
cjwf/0ff cg';f/
l8lh6n km'6lk|G6n]
OG6/g]6sf]
;fdflhs d"NonfO{
sdhf]/ agfpF5 .
cho zdf{

x /]s lbg rfx]/ xf];\ jf grfx] xfdLn] cgnfOgdf cfˆgf] 5fk

5fl8/x]sf x'G5f}F . o:tf l8lh6n 5fk cyf{t\ kblrXgn]
tkfO{+sf] cgnfOg ultljlwnfO{ k5\ofpg d2t ub{5 .
k|of]ustf{sf] cgnfOg nf]s];gb]lv p;sf] ?lr, c?lr, ;lkª ug]{
afgL, p;n] x]g]{ lel8of]sf] hfgsf/Lnufotsf ;a} hfgsf/L l8lh6n
km'6lk|G6df cfpF5g\ .
l8lh6n kblrXg -km'6lk|G6_ ljz]if u/L cgnfOg
lj1fkgbftfnfO{ dxìjk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn]
pgLx¿nfO{ j]a;fO6 sDkgLx¿n]
cfˆgf k|of]ustf{sf] l8lh6n

32 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g


kblrXg a]Rg] u5{g\ . To;}n] s]
s'/f a'‰g' h?/L 5 eg] tkfO{+n]
h'g;'s} ultljlw cgnfOgdf
ug{'x'G5 cfˆgf] l8lh6n
km'6lk|G6x¿ k5fl8 5f]8\b}
x'g'x'G5 .
oxfF OG6/g]6df 5f]8\g]
ljleGg kb5fkn] xfdLnfO{ s]
s:tf nfe jf xflg x'G5 eGg]
af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ha
tkfO{+ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug'{x'G5,
æz"Go l8lh6n km'6lk|G6df a:5'Æ
eGg] s'/f ;Dej 5}g t/ tkfO{+n]
rfxg' eof] eg] cfkm"nfO{ c;/
ug]{ vfnsf l8lh6n km'6lk|G6
36fpg eg] ;Sg'x'G5 . OG6/g]6
;dfhsf] km/flsnf] cjwf/0ff
cg';f/ l8lh6n km'6lk|G6n]
OG6/g]6sf] ;fdflhs d"NonfO{
sdhf]/ agfpF5 .
o;/L aGg] l8lh6n
km'6lk|G6 tkfO{+sf nflu
kmfObf jf hf]lvd x'g
s] x'G5 < o;sf] pQ/
;lhnf] 5 . ha;Dd
tkfO{+nfO{ o;n] xflg
ub}{g ta;Dd o;af6
s'g} hf]lvd 5}g .
tkfO{+sf] cgnfOg
km'6lk|G6 k|of]un] c¿n]
k};f sdfO/x]sf] x'g
;S5 .
l8lh6n kblrXg
l8lh6n kblrXg eg]sf]
k|of]ustf{sf o:tf …/]s8{Ú / …6«];Ú
x'g\ h'g OG6/g]6 k|of]u ubf{ xfdLn]
5f8\g] u5f}{+ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg'
kbf{ OG6/g]6 k|of]u ubf{ tof/ x'g]
8f6fsf] …6«]nÚ cyjf af6f]nfO{
g} l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 elgG5 .
;fdflhs ;~hfn rnfpFbf xf];\ jf
Od]n, Dof;]h jf j]a;fO6 k|of]u
ubf{ k|of]ustf{sf] …l8lh6n /]s8{Ú
/xG5 . o:tf] …l8lh6n /]s8{Údf
k|of]ustf{sf] ?lr, c?lr, vf]h]sf
;fdu|L, lelh6 u/]sf k]hnufotsf
ljleGg 8f6f 5'6]sf x'G5g\ .
cgnfOg j[Qsf ljleGg
dfWoddf k|of]ustf{sf o:tf
…/]s8{Ún] l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 agfpg
of]ubfg lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . …d]s
o'h ckmÚ j]a;fO6sf cg';f/
cgnfOgdf Ps JolStn] k|To]s
;]s]G8df nueu !=& d]ufjfO6
8]6f a/fa/sf] l8lh6n km'6lk|G6
agfPsf] x'G5 .
o;/L aGg] l8lh6n km'6lk|G6
tkfO{+sf nflu kmfObf jf hf]lvd
x'g s] x'G5 < o;sf] pQ/ ;lhnf]
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 33
5 . ha;Dd tkfO{+nfO{ o;n]
xflg ub}{g ta;Dd o;af6 s'g}
hf]lvd 5}g . tkfO{+sf] cgnfOg
km'6lk|G6 k|of]un] c¿n] k};f
sdfO/x]sf] x'g ;S5 . s;}n]
tkfO{+sf] cgnfOg ultljlw
lgu/fgL ul//x]sf] x'g ;S5 .
tkfO{+nfO{ s] dg k5{÷s] dg
kb}{g, sxfF hfg'x'G5, csf]{ xKtf
sf];Fu e]6\b} x'g'x'G5 eg]/ s'/f
kQf nufpg l8lh6n kblrXg
pkof]uL x'G5g\ .
cgnfOgdf ljleGg ;]jf
k|of]u ubf{ af/Daf/ nuOg ug{ jf
j]a;fO6x¿df JolStut ljj/0f
k]; ug{' k5{ . ;fdflhs ;~hfn,
Od]n, cl8of] jf lel8of] sn ug]{
Pknufotsf ljleGg j]a;fO6
jf Pk k|of]u ubf{ xfdLn] rfx]/
jf grfx]/ sltko hfgsf/L
cgnfOgdf 5f8]sf x'G5f}F . o:tf
l8lh6n km'6lk|G6x¿ tkfO{+;Fu
s'g} ;DaGw gePsf jf hf];Fu
tkfO{+sf] s'g} :jfy{, åGå jf
tkfO{+n] glrg]sf JolSt jf
sDkgL;Fu /xg ;S5 .
tkfO{+n] cgnfOgdf ug]{
ultljlwsf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs
ljj/0f o:tf j]a;fO6n] cGo
sDkgLnfO{ a]Rg jf cfkm"
cg's"n k|of]u u5{g\ . clxn]
34 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
cgnfOgdf /xFbf s]
s'/fdf Wofg lbg] <
à s] ;]o/ ub}{ x'g'x'G5
;r]t x'g'xf];\ .
à sxfF ;]o/ ug'{x'G5 To;df
;fjwfg /xg'xf];\ .
à sf];Fu s'g s'/f ;]o/ ug'{
x'Fb5
} Vofn ug'{xf];\ .
à s'g j]a;fO6 lelh6
ub}{ x'g'x'G5, k"0f{ ¿kdf
hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .
à Od]n k7fpFbf / Od]n
vf]Nbf ;r]t /xg'xf];\ .
à s'g} klg lnª\s lSns
ubf{ ;fjwfg /xg'xf];\ .
rflxF sltko dflg; OG6/g]6df
cfˆgf] af/]df hfgsf/L ;femf
ubf{ ;r]t aGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
l8lh6n km'6lk|G6sf]
k|of]un] tkfO{+ xfdLn] ;fdflhs
;~hfn, Pk tyf ljleGg
j]a;fO6 rnfpFbf cfpg]
cgnfOg lj1fkgdf cfˆgf]
?lrsf lj1fkg b]Vg'ePsf] x'g
;S5 . l8lh6n km'6lk|G6sf]
k|of]usf] of] Ps pbfx/0f xf] .
csf]{ pbfx/0f lncf}F tkfO{+n]
o'6\o'adf lel8of] x]b}{ ubf{ csf]{
lel8of] ;'? x'G5 h'g tkfO{+s}
?lrsf] x'G5 . o:tf] s;/L eof],
slxn] ;f]Wg' ePsf] 5 < cyjf
To;df b]lvg] lj1fkg;d]t
tkfO{+sf] ?lrsf] x'g] u5{ . of] ;a}
s'/f tkfO{+n] ljleGg cgnfOg
dfWoddf 5f8\g' ePsf] l8lh6n
kblrXgsf sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] .
o:tf s'/fn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;xof]u
klg u/]sf] x'g ;S5 jf s'g}
a]nf tkfO{+nfO{ o;n] hf;';L
u/]sf] h:tf] nfUof] eg] l8lh6n
kblrXg sd ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
cem egf}F tkfO{+n] s'g}
;fyL;Fu klxnf] e]6 ug'{eof] t/
s]xL ;dokl5 tkfO{+x¿ cfcfˆg}
uGtJodf nfUg'eof] . ha tkfO{+ cgnfOg x'g'x'G5
tkfO{+n] s]xL 306fcl3 e]6]sf] ;fyLnfO{ ;fdflhs
;~hfndf of] JolStnfO{ lrg]sf] 5;\ jf of] ;fyL
xf] eg]/ b]vfpg yfN5 .
csf]{ kf6f] x]g]{ xf] eg] l8lh6n km'6lk|G6
ck/fw cg';Gwfgdf ;d]t ;xof]uL klg aGg
;S5 . OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u u/]kl5 s'g} g s'g}
tl/sfaf6 k|of]ustf{n] l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 5f]8]sf
x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ k|df0f dfg]/ ck/fwL kj|mfp
k/]sf cguGtL pbfx/0f 5g\ . g]kfndf ;d]t
cgnfOgdfkm{t ul/g] ck/fw jf 7uLsf 36gfdf
l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 s;/L sd ug]{ <
!= s'g} klg j]a;fO6 nuOg ug'{eGbf klxnf ;f]
j]a;fO6sf] uf]kgLotf gLlt k"/f k9\g'xf];\ .
@= ;fdflhs ;~hfndf vftf agfpg'eGbf klxnf
;f] sDkgLsf] uf]kgLotf gLlt hfFr ug{'xf];\ .
#= s'g} klg j]a;fO6df cfˆgf] ljj/0f ;femf
ug{'cl3 cfkm"n] lbg] ljj/0f s'g txsf] xf]
a'em]/ dfq ;femf ug'{xf];\ .
$= uf]Ko ¿kdf s'g} j]a;fO6 k|of]u ug'{ k/]df
lelkPg -er{'cn lghL g]6js{_ k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .
k|x/Ln] l8lh6n km'6lk|G6sf] k|of]u u/]/ cg';Gwfg
u/L ck/fwL kj|mfp ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
u'undf s]xL s'/f h:t} kmf]6f] jf cGo
hfgsf/L vf]Hg' eof] eg] ToxfF tkfO{+n] cfˆgf]
l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 5f8\g'eof] . l8lh6n km'6lk|G6
Ps o:tf] af6f] xf] h;n] tkfO{+n] OG6/g]6df
s]–s] ug{'eof] ;a} s'/f b]vfOlbG5 . xfdLn]
cgnfOgdfkm{t sxfF–sxfF s]–s] cgnfOg ;lkª
u¥of}F / xfdLn] s]–s] JolStut sfd u¥of}F
;a} s'/f l8lh6n km'6lk|G6sf dfWodaf6 yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 .
xfd|f o:tf l8lh6n
km'6lk|G6df s'g sDkgLn] xfd|f] slt
;"rgf e08f/0f u/]sf 5g\ eGg]
k|foM ;a}nfO{ Vofn;d]t x'Fb}g .
o:tf l8lh6n kblrXg k|x/L,
ljleGg ;fdu|L laj|mL ug]{ sDkgL,
cgnfOg lj1fkg Ph]G;L tyf
OG6/g]6df cGo k|of]ustf{nfO{
b'Mv lbg] k|j[lQ ePsf dflg;sf
nflu o:tf l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 lgs}
pkof]uL x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] ToxL
l8lh6n km'6lk|G6af6 xfd|f] af/]df
hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ .
olt elg/xFbf tkfO{+nfO{ o:tf
s'/f ;se/ sd ug'{ k5{ eGg]
nfUof] eg] tkfO{+n] o:tf JolStut
hfgsf/Lx¿ uf]Ko /fVg ;Sg'x'G5 .
To;sf nflu tkfO{+n] OG6/g]6df
cfˆgf] l8lh6n km'6lk|G6 e/;s
;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] kfg]{ k|of; ug{'
k5{ . o:tf] ubf{ tkfO{+n] OG6/g]6df
u/]sf ultljlw uf]Ko /xG5g\ .
lelkPgsf] k|of]u ubf{ ;se/ z'Ns lt/]/ jf
cflwsfl/s lelkPg dfq k|of]u ug'{xf];\ .
%= ;se/ cfˆgf] cgnfOg ultljlw n'sfpg'xf];\ .
^= a]gfdL a|fplhª k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .
&= l;w} j]a a|fph/af6 OG6/g]6 rnfpg'sf] ;6\6f
…OgslUg6f]Ú df]8af6 OG6/g]6df /x]sf s'/f
vf]Hg] jf j]a;fO6 rnfpg] ug'{xf];\ .
*= s'g} klg j]a;fO6 rnfpFbf …k|fOe];L kf]ln;LÚsf
;fy} …s'lsh kf]ln;LÚ clgjfo{ x]g'{xf];\ . á
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 35
 sfnfGt/df To;sf] ug{sf nflu b]jtfx¿n] bfgj;Fu
5n u/] . cd[t lkP/ b]jtf cd/
jw ug{sf nflu eP . o;sf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg]
eujfg\sf] klg kl;gf s] ;d'›df To:tf] s]xL lrh 5
h;af6 cd[t lg:sf];\ <, s] cfh
cfof] . cd/ x'gsf klg lgl:sG5 < of] ;fª\s]lts klg
nflu sltko o:tf dGq x'g ;S5 . clxn] clwstd ;o
5g\, h'g hKgfn] z/L/ jif{sf] hLjgdf t cg]sfg]s /f]u,
si6, ;Gtfk / emGem6 5g\ eg]
p4jk|;fb e6\6/fO{ ;w}F o'jf alg/xG5 cd/tf k|fKt ubf{ s] xf]nf <
elgPsf] 5 . dxfef/tdf ci6
lr/~hLjLx¿sf] pNn]v ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . lr/~hLjLsf] cy{ cd/
JolSt . cd/sf] cy{ slxNo}
gdg]{ . cf7 hgf lr/~hLjL x'g\–

xfdL /fhf aln, k/z'/fd, ljeLif0f,

xg'dfg, j]bJof;, dfs]{08]o,
cZj:yfdf / s[kfrfo{ . ca
k|Zg p7\5 logLx¿ cd/ 5g\ eg]
clxn] pgLx¿nfO{ e]6\g kg]{ xf],

cd/ x'g lsg e]l6Fb}gg\ <

wfld{s u|Gyx¿df pNn]v eP
cg';f/ tL cf7} hgf lr/~hLjL
s}of}F xhf/ jif{b]lv o; k[YjLdf

;S5f}“ <
ljr/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ of al;/x]sf
5g\ t/ s] wtL{df a;]/ olt nfdf]
;do hLljt /xg ;Dej 5 t <
oBlk sltko o:tf Clifd'lg lyP,
hf] wtL{eGbf aflx/ uP/ km]l/ kms]{/
cfpFy,] zf:qdf elgPsf] 5 .

k| s[lt ;tt\ kl/jt{gzLn

5 . cfh h'g j:t' 5 Tof]
ef]ln x'Fbg} . To;sf/0f
k[YjLdf ePsf hlt klg hLljt j:t'
jf k|f0fL 5g\ tL Ps g Ps lbg
dg]{ 5g\ .
Ps t hLj dg{ rfxFb}g, ;a}
hLjn] afFRg rfxG5g\ . dg'iodf
a'l4 / ljj]s eP klg d Ps lbg
d5'{ eGg] r]t ePs} x'Fbg} . olb
d5'{ eGg] r]t hfu] klg hLjg ch/
cd/ g} 5 h:tf] Jojxf/ u5{ .
zf:qn] eGb5 ;d'› dGygaf6
cd[t lg:Sof] . o;nfO{ k|fKt

36 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 oBlk lxdfnodf a:gfn] klg cfo'
a9\g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . lxGb' wd{zf:qx¿df
o:tf sltko syf 5g\ h;df s]
k|fljlws n]lvPsf] 5 eg] cd/tf k|fKt ug{sf nflu
b[li6af6 slxNo} kmnfgf]–kmnfgf] b}To jf ;fw'n] 3f]/ tk
u/L lzjhLnfO{ k|;Gg agfP . sfnfGt/df
db}{g t/ Pp6f To;sf] jw ug{sf nflu eujfg\sf] klg
s'/f olb s;}n] kl;gf cfof] . cd/ x'gsf nflu sltko
o:tf dGq 5g\, h'g hKgfn] z/L/ ;w}F
o;sf] xTof o'jf alg/xG5 elgPsf] 5 .
u¥of] eg] jf …dxfd[To'~hoÚ dGq ToxL cd/tf
k|fKt ug]{ ;fwgf dGq xf] . o;sf af/]df
s'g} cGo hLjn] s] elgPsf] s] 5 eg] lg/Gt/ lgoddf
h]nLlkm;sf] a;]/, u'? cf1fd'tflas d[To'~ho
eIf0f ul/lbof] dGqsf] hk ug{ ;s]df cd/tf kfOG5 .
j]b, pklgifb\, uLtf, dxfef/t,
eg] t p;nfO{ k'/f0f, of]u / cfo'j]{bdf cd/Tj k|fKt
gd/L ;'v} 5}g . ug]{ cg]s ;fwg atfOPsf 5g\ .
cfo'j]{bdf sfofsNksf] ljlw To;s}
Ps lx:;f xf] .
zf:qdf pNn]lvt ;fljqL–
;Tojfg\sf] syf t ;a}n] ;'g]sf] x'g' k5{ .
;fljqLn] cfˆgf] tkf]ann] od/fh;Fu
vf];]/ cfˆgf klt ;Tojfg\sf] k|f0f lkmtf{
lnPsL lyOg\ . ;fljqL / od/fhsf
aLrdf nfdf] s'/fsfgL eof] . s] s'/f
yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] ;fljqLn] s]
o:tf] ul/g\ / pgsf klt ;Tojfg\ k'gM
hLljt eP/ kms]{ . o; ljifodf hLljt
ul/lbg] jf x'g hfg] k|lj|mofsf af/]df
dxfef/t klg df}g 5 t/ cjZo klg
;fljqL;Fu o; af/]df s'g} k|lj|mof lyof]
xf]nf . h'g lbg of] k|lj|mof j}1flgs
9ª\un] 1ft x'g hfnf, xfdL cd/Tj
k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5f}F .
elgPsf] 5 cd/tf k|fKt ug]{
h8La'6Lx¿ lxdfnosf] pRr kj{t
If]qdf kfOG5 . cd/ x'g] cf}iflw
cfo'{j]bfrfo{x¿n] s]xL dfqfdf vf]h
u/]sf klg 5g\ t/ Tof] Jojxf/df cfpg
;s]sf] 5}g . To:t} ;fwgfåf/f b}jL
l;l4 k|fKt ug{ ;s]df jg, kfvf, kj{t,
gbL / lxdfndf ePdf To:tf h8La'6Lsf]
1fg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] klg 5 .
tkfO{+n] cd/a]nsf] gfd ;'Gg'
ePsf] xf]nf . lj1fg s] rfxG5 eg]
dg'io klg o;} cd/a]n h:t} agf];\,
sfofkn6 eO/xf];\ / hLljt alg/xf];\ .
j}1flgssf] Ps ;d"x dfgjnfO{ cd/
agfpg bQlrQ eP/ nfu]sf] 5 .
;d'›df kfOg] h]nLlkm; -6\o'ln6f]lK;;
Go'l6«s'nf_ gfds df5f kfOG5 . of]
k|fljlws b[li6af6 slxNo} db}{g t/ Pp6f
s'/f olb s;}n] o;sf] xTof u¥of] eg]
jf s'g} cGo hLjn] h]nLlkm;sf] eIf0f
ul/lbof] eg] t p;nfO{ gd/L ;'v} 5}g .
o; sf/0f o;nfO{ …ODdf]6{n h]nLlkm;Ú
klg elgG5 . h]nLlkm; a'9];sfnaf6
afNosfnlt/ kms{g] Ifdtf /fVb5 .
dfly h] s'/f eg] klg cd/tfsf]
cy{ k|s[lteGbf k/ 5}g . k|s[lt x/;do
kl/jt{gzLn 5 . o;y{ wd{zf:qsf] egfO
;fª\s]lts 5 eGg ;lsG5 . ;ª\s]t
ga'‰bf dflg; cGof]ndf k/]sf 5g\ .
dxfk'?ifx¿sf] egfO s] 5 eg] cfTdf
cd/ 5, z/L/ / OGb|Lox¿ gf;jfg\ 5 .
z/L/ cnu xf] / cfTdf cnu xf] eGg]
cg'e"lt ePkl5 dflg; ch/ cd/tfsf]
1ft ub{5 . o;}nfO{ cd/ x'g ;lsG5
eGg] cnf}lsstfsf] ljrf/ zf:qn]
lbPsf] xf] . xfdL zf:qsf] ;f]emf] egfOsf]
kl5 nfUg] xf] eg] cd/tfsf] /x:o a'‰g
xhf/f}F jif{ nfUg ;S5 . á
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 37
 uGwj{sf] uLt ;'g/]
cfkm" k|;GglrQ x'g
k'usf]
] , pgnfO{ 5ftL plta]nfsf]
km'nfP/ Ps ?lkofF
alS;; lbPsf] /
Tolt /sd alS;;
kfPkl5 uGwj{
clt g} xif{ljef]/
efp
ePsf] k|;ª\u
;'nlnt lsl;dn]
k:s]sf 5g\ . df lg;n] jf:tljs
hLjgdf ef]u]sf
sltko
sfnfGt/df Pp6f cljZj;gLo
36gf

syf aGg k'U5 eg]/ st} k9]sf]

lyPF . 7ØfSs} o:t} cg'e"lt
ljutsf] efp–a]xf;fsf] ljj/0f
x]bf{ ldN5 . kª\lStsf/n] klg Ps
?lkofFdf vNtLel/ ld7fO{ lsg]/
vfPsf] xf] . afh]–a/fh'n] ;'sf
dfg' l3p vfP eGg] ;'lgcfPsf]
s'/f xf] . of] s'/f tTsfnLg
odaxfb'/ b'/f ;dodf jf:tljs eP klg clxn]
cljZj;gLo syf alg;Sof] .
gofF k':tfn] o;nfO{ kmut
syf ;DemG5 .
…c7GgLsf] vfglkg, ?lkofFsf]
XjfO .Ú o; egfOn] k'/fgf] ;dosf]
b/–efpnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf]
kfOG5 . csf]{ zAbdf o;n] k'/fgf]
;dosf] kbrfknfO{ k5ØfPsf]
kfOG5 . jt{dfgsf] cfFvfn] x]bf{
cjf:tljs h:tf] nfUg] s'/f
s'g} ;dodf jf:tljstf lyof] .
lxhf] c7GgL / ?lkofFaf6 w]/}
sfd kmQ] x'Gy] .

38 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 cª\uhL
]| k9fpgsf nflu s]xL aª\ufnL Tolt /sd alS;; kfPkl5 uGwj{ clt g} xif{ljef]/
ePsf] k|;ª\u ;'nlnt lsl;dn] k:s]sf 5g\ .
lzIfs klg egf{ ul/P5g\ . of]
s'/f ;flxTo–cGj]ifs z/b\rGb| zdf{ kfl/>lds
e6\6/fO{sf] s[lt …vf]hL clg JofVofÚ df /f0ff k|wfgdGqL hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ff o'/f]k e|d0faf6
kms]{kl5 cª\uhL |] efiffsf] dxìj a'em]5g\ . To;kl5
k9\g kfOG5 . e6\6/fO{n] To;/L egf{ pgnfO{ bafl/of efOef/bf/nfO{ cª\uhL |] k9fpg] x'6x'6L
ul/Psf lzIfsnfO{ lbOg] kfl/>ldssf] rn]5 . cª\uhL |] k9fpgsf nflu s]xL aª\ufnL lzIfs
nfd} ljj/0f k]; u/sf] 5g\ . klg egf{ ul/P5g\ . of] s'/f ;flxTo–cGj]ifs z/b\rGb|
zdf{ e6\6/fO{sf] s[lt …vf]hL clg JofVofÚ df k9\g
kfOG5 . e6\6/fO{n] To;/L
egf{ ul/Psf lzIfsnfO{
lbOg] kfl/>ldssf] nfd}
ljj/0f k]; u/]sf 5g\ .
tL lzIfsdWo] Ps
hgfsf] kfl/>lds ljj/0f
pbfx/0f:j¿k k|:t't 5 .
lj;++ !()* sf] lghfdtL
lstfavfgfsf] 98\8fdf
cª\uhL]| lzIfs s}nfzrGb|
uª\uf]nL -ufª\un
' L_sf]
kfl/>lds jflif{s 5 ;o
?lkofF tf]lsPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
o; lx;fan] uª\uf]nLsf]
dfl;s tna %) ?lkofF
lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;f] /sd To; ;dodf
lgs} cfsif{s d]xgtfgf
xf] -zdf{ e6\6/fO{, @)%^,
k[=@)(–@!)_ .
g]kfnsf] klxnf]
cvaf/ …uf]/vfkqÚ df
sfd ug]{ Ol86/ -;Dkfbs_
tyf cGo sfdbf/sf]
s'g} hdfgfdf Ps ?lkofFsf] bfg jf alS;; kfl/>ldssf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f e]l6Psf] 5 . To;a]nfsf
lbP/ s;}sf] dg /fVg klg kof{Kt lyof] . o;sf] Ol86/ g/b]j kf08]sf] dfl;s kfl/>lds %) ?lkofF
5gs @)@( ;fn j}zfvdf dw'ks{df k|sflzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L k|;Dofg,
] sDkf]lh6/ / s/]S6/
…/f/f, cK;/f / j}/f]rgÚ zLif{sdf k|sflzt -k'|kml/8/ <_ sf] dfl;s kfl/>lds j|mdzM rf/, 5
lgaGwdf n]vs hgsnfn zdf{sf] n]vaf6 / b'O{ ?lkofF /x]sf] clen]v e]l6G5 -zdf{ e6\6/fO{,
klg ldN5 . @)^), k[=#@_ . of] clen]v ;flxTo–cGj]ifs
zdf{n] cfˆgf] lgaGwdf afnfh' pBfgdf z/b\rGb| zdf{ e6\6/fO{s} csf]{ s[lt …;fgf] lrgf/L
;f/ª\uL /]6\b} u/]sf uGwj{;Fu ePsf] ;fª\uLlts g/b]j kf08]sf]Ú df kfOG5 .
hDsfe]6sf] k|;ª\u klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . pgn] o'uslj l;l4r/0f >]i7n] …;flxTosf/ emk6axfb'/
uGwj{sf] uLt ;'g]/ cfkm" k|;GglrQ x'g k'u]sf], /f0ffÚ gfds s[ltdf lj;+ !(() sf] e"sDkn] ljgfz
pgnfO{ 5ftL km'nfP/ Ps ?lkofF alS;; lbPsf] / NofPkl5 e"sDkkLl8tnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 39
e"sDk kLl8tf]4f/s ;+:yf v8f
ePsf], Tof] ;+:yfn] :jod\;]jssf
¿kdf sfd u/]sf] / kfl/>ldsafkt
dfl;s @% ?lkofF kfPsf] :d/0f
u/]sf 5g\ ->]i7, @)#&, k[=!)^_ .
b'/f8fF8f ndh'ªdf hGd]sf
SofK6]g avfgl;+x b'/f -lj;+
!(&!–@)&)_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf
of]4f lyP . bf];|f] ljZjo'4df
xf]ldPsf] ;dodf nfx'/]sf] tna !^
ef/tLo ?lkofF /x]sf] kª\lStsf/nfO{
pgn] atfPsf lyP .
k'sf{ª -ndh'ª_sL
7f8f]efsf uflosf wgdfof tfdfª
-lj;+ !(*&–@)^!_ n] cfˆgf]
cfTdfsyf …wgÚ df !#–!$ jif{sf]
pd]/df cfkm"n] lbgel/ lgd]s ubf{ cGg nu] Ps kfyL,
sf]bf] jf k};f lnP !@ k};f kfl/>lds kfpg] u/]sf]
pNn]v u/]sL 5g\ . pgn] cfˆgf >Ldfg\ rGb|axfb'/
tfdfª -lj;+ !(*)–@)$@_ s'G5fsf] c8\8fdf DofbL
3'dSs8 :jefjsf hgslj s]z/L
l;kfxL ag]/ hflu/ vfFbf dlxgfsf] kfFr df]x/ kfl/>lds wd{/fh yfkfdf e|d0fsf j|mddf
kfPsf] klg ;f]xL cfTdsyfdf :d/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 -wg, e]l6Psf ;"Idtd\ hfgsf/L clen]vg
@)^#, k[=@@ / %)_ .
ug]{ afgL e]l6G5 . hxfF h] e]l6G5,
dfn–j:t' h:tf] e]l6G5, To;nfO{ tTIf0f lnlka4
k'/fgf] ;dosf] efp–a];fxf k'/fgf k':ts, ul/xfNg] pgsf] :jefj lyof] .
nf]scleJolSt tyf nf]s:d[ltdf oqtq 5l/P/

v/fof] o:tf] hgfj/ xf] h;n] cfˆg}

lb;f vfG5 . cfˆg} dn vfP/ v/fof]n]
To;nfO{ tfhf vfgf;/x g} krfpF5 .
v/fof]sf] dn b'O{ vfnsf] x'G5 . Pp6f ;fgf
sfnf] uf]nfsf/ / csf]{ g/d sfnf], h;nfO{
;]sf]6«f]K; elgG5 . oxL ;]sf]6«f]K;nfO{
v/fof]n] vfg] u5{ . gkr]sf kf]ifs tŒj
k'gM krfpg v/fof]n] o;f] ub{5 . v/fof]n]
;fdfGotof lbgdf Ps k6s o;/L cfˆg}
lb;f vfg] u5{ .
–o'jfd~r

40 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 ul/aL, cefj tyf ef]sn] 8;]sf lghL
hLjg–ef]ufOnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} hg;dIf
/fVg k'/fgf ;flxTosf/ x[borGb|l;+x k|wfg
k6Ss} lxlRsrfPgg\ .

s]z/L wd{/fh yfkfdf e|d0fsf h:tfsf] t:t} hg;dIf /fVg k'/fgf

/x]sf] kfOG5 . k'/fgf k':ts k9\bf
nf]suLt tyf pvfg–6'Ssf ;'Gbf
tyf kfsf k':tf cu|h;Fu jftf{nfk
ubf{ k'/fgf] ;dosf] efp–a];fxfaf/]
hfgsf/L ldN5 .
3'dSs8 :jefjsf hgslj
j|mddf e]l6Psf ;"Idtd\ hfgsf/L
clen]vg ug]{ afgL e]l6G5 .
hxfF h] e]l6G5, h:tf] e]l6G5,
To;nfO{ tTIf0f lnlka4 ul/xfNg]
pgsf] :jefj lyof] . pgn] cfˆgf]
s[lt …lrtjg bk{0fÚ df kxf8af6
em/]sfx¿sf] a:tL gf/fo0f3f6
ahf/df @)!) ;fnsf] ahf/efp
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
…lrtjg bk{0fÚ df k|sflzt
d"No;"rL cg';f/ tTsfnLg
;dodf gf/fo0f3f6 ahf/df Ps
d'/L rfdnsf] 5 ?lkofF, Ps d'/L
wfgsf] Ps ?lkofF, v;L k|ltuf]6f
b'O{ ?lkofF %) k};f, xfF; k|ltuf]6f
%) k};f, s'v'/f k|ltuf]6f @% k};f /
Ps hf]/ k/]jfsf] efp !@ k};f lyof]
-yfkf, @)#@, k[= !(@_ .
ul/aL, cefj tyf ef]sn]
8;]sf lghL hLjg–ef]ufOnfO{
;flxTosf/ x[borGb|l;+x k|wfg
k6Ss} lxlRsrfPgg\ . pgsf] @)!)
;fndf k|sflzt lgaGw;ª\u|x …s'/f
;fFrf] xf]Ú df o:t} clezKt knsf]
j0f{g e]l6G5g\ . k|wfgn] s;}sf]
lgDtf] dfGg hfFbf klg cfkm"nfO{
cfly{s b[li6n] df/ kg]{ rrf{ u/]sf
5g\ .
pgn] s;}sf] cfltYo u|x0f
ubf{ nf]snfh:j¿k ;u'g -sf];]nL_
n}hfg'kg]{ / To;f] ubf{ kfl/jfl/s
ah]6 c;Gt'ng eO{ lg:tf] eft
vfg'kg]{ cj:yfsf] sf?l0fs rrf{
u/]sf 5g\ .
;flxTosf/ k|wfgsf cg';f/
;u'g n}hfFbf b'O{ ?lkofF hlt vr{
x'g] / Tof] /sd Pp6f cefju|:t
kl/jf/df s}of}F lbgsf nflu t/sf/L
lsGg k'Ug] vr{ xf] . pgn] cfˆgf]
bogLo cfly{s cj:yfaf/] j0f{g
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 41
ubf{ To; ;dodf b'O{ ?lkofF slt
d"Nojfg\ lyof] eGg] tYo klg
;Fu;Fu} emNsG5 .
@)@( ;fnlt/ skmLsf]
d"No clxn]sf] b[li6 ;of}F u'gf
;:tf] /x]5 . n]vs hgsnfn
zdf{n] k"j{plNnlvt lgaGw …/f/f,
cK;/f / j}/f]rgÚ df Go'/f]8df
Ps sk skmLsf] Ps ?lkofF /
cGoq Ps df]x/df kfOg] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . zdf{sf] lgaGwdf
To; ;dodf Ps sk skmLsf]
Ps ?lkofF rngrNtLsf] b/–efp
cg';f/ dxFuf] xf] eGg] cfzo klg
emNsG5 .
z/b\rGb| zdf{ e6\6/fO{n]
k"j{plNnlvt k':ts …vf]hL clg
JofVofÚ lj;+ !(!) tfsf ;'gsf]
d"No k|lttf]nf !& ?lkofF /x]sf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
7f8f]efsf uflosf wgdfof
tfdfªn] cfˆgf] cfTdj[QfGt …wgÚ
df cfˆgf] ljjfxdf b'nfxf kIfn]
!% ?lkofF a/fa/sf n'ufkmf6f
NofOlbPsf] ;+:d/0f k:s]sL 5g\
-@)^#, k[=%*_ .
kf7Ø;fdu|L
g]kfnsf] klxnf] cvaf/
uf]/vfkqsf] jflif{s u|fxs z'Ns
;'?df rf/ ?lkofF /x]5 . To;kl5
aLrdf b'O{ ?lkofF agfOPsf] /x]5 .
kl5 rf/ ?lkofF g} sfod ul/of] t/
To;a]nf uf]/vfkqsf] Psk|ltsf]
z'Ns slt lyof] eGg] v'Nb}g . ;'?df
;fKtflxs, aLrdf cw{;fKtflxs /
To;kl5 b}lgs ag]sf] uf]/vfkq
42 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
;'?df ;fKtflxs, aLrdf
cw{;fKtflxs / To;kl5
b}lgs ag]sf] uf]/vfkq
lbgx'F k|sfzg x'g yfn]kl5
o;sf] jflif{s u|fxs
z'Ns #^ ?lkofF k'u5] eg]
Psk|ltsf] z'Ns !) k};f
sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .
lbgx'F k|sfzg x'g yfn]kl5 o;sf]
jflif{s u|fxs z'Ns #^ ?lkofF k'u5 ]
eg] Psk|ltsf] z'Ns !) k};f sfod
ul/Psf] lyof] . of] P]ltxfl;s k|;ª\u
u[idaxfb'/ b]jsf]6fs[t s[lt …g]kfnsf]
5fkfvfgf / kqklqsfsf] Oltxf;Ú df
jl0f{t 5 -b]jsf]6f, @)%(, k[=@(_ .
o'uslj l;l4r/0f >]i7n]
…;flxTosf/ emk6axfb'/ /f0ffÚ
gfds s[ltdf zf/bf dfl;s
klqsfsf] jflif{s u|fxs z'Ns
rf/ ?lkofF /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf
5g\ ->]i7, @)#&, k[=!)*_ .
oBlk o'uslj l;l4r/0f >]i7sf]
n]vfOdf k|:t't u|fxs z'Ns s'g
;fnsf] z'Ns xf] / tTsfnLg
;dodf …zf/bfÚ sf] Psk|ltsf] d"No
slt lyof] eGg] v'n]sf] 5}g .
@))) / @))( ;fndf
k|sflzt k'ik/Tg …;fu/Ú s[t
…;'af]w g]kfn efiff Jofs/0fÚ /
;f]dgfy zdf{s[t …dWorlGb|sfÚ
sf] d"No To;tfsf j|mdzM b'O{
?lkofF %) k};f / b'O{ ?lkofF /x]5 .
o;}u/L uf]/vfkqsf] elugL k|sfzg
dw'ks{sf] @)@( ;fnlt/sf] d"No
Ps ?lkofF %) k};f /x]5 eg] jflif{s
u|fxs z'Ns !% ?lkofF .
dWorlGb|sfsf] k5fl8sf]
k[i7df s]xL k':tssf] lj1fkg
lbOPsf] 5 . h;df n3'rlGb|sf,
;+:s[ltrlGb|sf, cg'jfb rlGb|sf
/ cfbz{/f3j -dxfsfJo_sf] d"No
j|mdzM %) k};f, ^$ k};f, tLg ?lkofF
#) k};f / b'O{ ?lkofF /x]sf 5g\ .
Pp6f k|;ª\u cfpF5, ;+:s[t
efiffdf lg:sg] klqsfsf] . ;+:s[t
efiffdf n]lvPsf P]ltxfl;s tyf
;f+:s[lts ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog gu/L g]kfnsf] Oltxf;
/ ;+:s[ltaf/] k|fdfl0fs 1fg cfh{g ug{ ;lsFb}g .
oxL cfzon] Psy/L Oltxf; cGj]ifsx¿ ;+:s[t
efiffsf] klqsfsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ k'U5g\ . klqsfsf] gfd
h'/fOG5, …;+:s[t ;Gb]zÚ .
klqsf lgsfNg of]uL g/xl/gfy, wgjh| jh|frfo{,
/Tgaxfb'/ jh|frfo{, 1fgdl0f g]kfn, a'l4;fu/
k/fh'nLnufotsf ;fwssf] af}l4s >d k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@)!) ;fnlt/ ;'? eO{ !$ cª\s hlt lg:s]/
;bfsf nflu lj>fd lnPsf] …;+:s[t ;Gb]zÚ sf] jflif{s
u|fxs z'Ns clxn]sf] cfFFvfn] x]bf{ /f]rs nfU5 .
klqsfsf] jflif{s / cw{jflif{s u|fxs z'Ns j|mdzM
rf/ ?lkofF / b'O{ ?lkofF %) k};f tf]lsPsf] /x]5 eg]
Ps cª\ssf] d"No %) k};f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] . ;flxTo
;fws 36/fh e6\6/fO{n] cfˆgf] s[lt …vf]hvfhÚ df
…;+:s[t ;Gb]zÚ af/] dL7f] lsl;dn]
a]lnlj:tf/ nufPsf 5g\ -e6\6/fO{,
@)%$, k[= !%!–!^)_ .
g]kfndf k':tsnufotsf k7g
;fdu|Lsf] d"No t'ngfTds ¿kdf
;:tf] /x] klg s]xL jif{otf k':ts
clt dxFuf] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . xfn
dxFuf] ag]sf k':tssf] cufl8 ;femf k|sfzg, g]kfn
k|1f–k|lti7fg tyf /Tg k':ts e08f/n] k'/fgf] ;dodf
k|sfzg u/]sf k':ts lgs} ;:tf] k|tLt x'G5 .
oftfoft
g]kfndf cfw'lgs oftfoft k|0ffnL t'ngfTds
gjLtd\ ljsf;j|md eP klg oftfoft ef8fsf] s'g}
Jojl:yt clen]v kfOFb}g . emg\ clxn] t ;/sf/n]
tf]s]sf] b/eGbf a9L ef8f c;'Ng] afgL k/]sf
oftfoftsdL{n] lgodfg';f/ 6fF:g'kg]{ ef8fb/ g} ufoa
ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . clxn]sf] oftfoft ;]jf cltzo
cJojl:yt / :j]R5frf/L b]lvG5 .
k'/fgf] ;dosf] oftfoft ;]jfsf] w]/}h;f] ef8fb/
nf]s:d[lt dfq ;Lldt ePsf] b]lvG5 . k[YjL /fhdfu{df
a; rn]kl5 ofqf ug{ yfn]sf;Fu ;Dks{ ubf{ @)#@

k'/fgf] ;dosf] oftfoft ;]jfsf]

w]/h;f]
} ef8fb/ nf]s:d[lt dfq
;Lldt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 43

;fnlt/ sf7df8f}F–kf]v/fsf] a;ef8f nueu !% ?lkofF
/x]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] .
o;}u/L sf7df8f}Faf6 lqz"nL hfg] uf8Lsf] ef8fb/ lxhf]sf lbgdf
Ps ;dosf] ef8fb/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . k"j{k//fi6«dGqL gf]6sf] rng
dx]Gb|axfb'/ kf08]sf cg';f/ @)*) ;fn dª\l;/ !% ut]
ePsf] s'/fsfgL cg';f/ @)@@ ;fnlt/ sf7df8f}Fb]lv lyPg, l;Ssfsf]
lqz"nL;Ddsf] uf8L ef8f tLg ?lkofF $) k};f lyof] . rng lyof] .
slj x[bokfl0f clwsf/Ln] cWoogsf nflu x'g]vfg]n] 8fnfdf
@)@* ;fn h]7 @^ ut] uf]/vfsf] kfn'ª6f/af6 hxfh
r9]/ sf7df8f}F cfPsf] / To;a]nf xjfO{ ef8f $) ?lkofF k};f uGy] /
hlt /x]sf] :d/0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;a]nf 6ØfS;Lsf] y}nfdf k};f /fVy]
pltljlw k|rng g/x]sfn] sf7df8f}F pq]kl5 lqe'jg eGg] ;'lgG5 .
ljdfg:ynaf6 7d]n;Dd l/S;fdf cfpFbf kfFr ?lkofF
l/S;f ef8f lt/]sf] klg pgsf] :d/0f 5 .

la;f}gL
ljutsf oL d"No;"rL / clxn] avf{ofdsf]
e]n;/L pln{Psf b/–efpaLrsf] cGt/n] b]zsf]
cfly{s j[l4sf] pT;fxhgs tYofª\snfO{ ;ª\s]t
unf{ . Tof]eGbf klg a9L o;n] r'lnFbf] dxFuL,
a9\bf] d'b|f:kmLlt, cfly{s ckrng tyf xfdLleq
ljsl;t cgfrf/k"0f{ b|Jodf]xnfO{ uhan] ;ª\s]t
u5{ . ljut / jt{dfgsf] b/–efpaLrsf] vf8nnfO{
cfly{s, ;fdflhsnufot ljleGg sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f
ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF 5 .
lxhf]sf b/–efpdf wfgL{, la;f}nL, dfgf, kfyL,
d'/Lh:tf k/Dk/fut dfkg k|0ffnL hf]l8P/ cfpFy] eg]
clxn]sf b/–efpdf lsnf], ln6/h:tf d]l6«s dfkg
k|0ffnL cfPsf 5g\ . gofF k':tfn] k/Dk/fut dfkg
k|0ffnLsf] lx;falstfa g} la;{g yfln;s] . o;n] xfd|f]
ablnFbf] dfkg k|0ffnL / hLjgz}nLnfO{ Oª\lut u5{ .
b/–efpsf] k|;ª\udf lbdfu t/ª\lut eO/xFbf
csf]{ ;Gbe{ klg k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf hf]l8g cfpF5 .
xfdLn] uLt ;'g]s} xf] …plxn] afh]sf kfnfdf ?lkofF

gfOh]l/ofsf …r];
df:6/Ú 6'G8] cf]gfsf]ofn]
hd{gLdf Ps};fy !) v]n
v]n]sf lyP . crDdsf]
s'/f pgn] tL ;a} !) v]n
lht] klg .

44 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g


uGy] 8fnfdf, clxn] xfd|f kfnfdf lyof] eGg] klg afSn} ;'lgPsf]
ds} 5}g 8fnfdf .Ú of] uLt cfhsf] xf] . o;af6 c;'ljwf / c;'/Iff
;Gbe{df stfstf c;ª\ut nfUg a9\of] eg]/ gf]6sf] rng cfof] .
;S5 t/ ulxl/P/ dgg ug]{ xf] eg] olt ubf{ klg c;'/Iff eof] eg]/
o;n] xfd|f] ablnFbf] hLjgz}nL / a}ª\sdf k};f /fVg] k4lt ljsf;
;fFrf] cfly{s Oltxf; af]n]sf] 5 . eof] . Toltn] dfq gk'u]/ j|m]l86
lxhf]sf lbgdf gf]6sf] rng sf8{, lj|mK6f] s/]G;Lh:tf er'{cn
lyPg, l;Ssfsf] rng lyof] . k};fsf] rng cfPsf] 5 .
x'g]vfg]n] 8fnfdf k};f uGy] / ;Fu;Fu} xfd|f] vfgkfgdf klg
y}nfdf k};f /fVy] eGg] ;'lgG5 . cfd"n kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . hª\s
k};fsf] y}nf Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ km'8 tyf kmf:6 km'8sf] rngn]
7fpFdf el/of nufP/ n}hfg] rng xfdLnfO{ g/fd|/L ufFlh;s]sf]
dflg;sf] z/L/df
;a}eGbf alnof] df+;k]zL
s'g xf]nf < clnslt
a'‰g]n] d'6'sf] df+;k]zL
eGnfg\ t/ oyfy{df lha|f]
;a}eGbf alnof] df+;k]zL
xf] eGg ;lsG5 t/ lha|f]
;du|df Psn df+;k]zL
rflxF xf]Og . of] df+;k]zLsf]
Ps ;sn ¿k xf], hf] cfk;df
hf]l8P/ /x]sf x'G5g\ . s'n cf7 df+;k]zLn]
lha|f] ag]sf] x'G5 .
a"9fkfsfsf] a'emfOdf
plxn] k};f dxFuf] lyof],
efp–a];fxf ;:tf]
lyof] . clxn] 7ØfSs}
pN6f] kl/l:ylt 5,
k};f ;:tf] 5 t/
efp–a];fxf dxFuf] .
5 . ca 8fnfdf ds} /fVg} gkg]{
eO;s]sf] 5 . er'{cn k};f k|of]u
u/]/ 3/d} /]l8d]8 vfg]s'/f dufpg
;lsg] ePkl5 8fnfdf ds} lsg
rflxof] < uLtn] eg]h:t} ca g
8fnfdf ?lkofF ulgG5 g t To;df
ds} /flvG5 . Sof uhasf]
hdfgf Û
;/;tL{ x]bf{ kmf:6 k'm8 /
er'{cn k};fn] hLjgz}nL v'a}
;xh ePh:tf] nfU5 t/ o;}nfO{
csf]{ kf6f]af6 x]bf{ xfd|f] hLjgz}nL
:j:y / cy{ b'j} b[li6n] c;xh klg
aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . a"9fkfsfsf]
a'emfOdf plxn] k};f dxFuf] lyof],
efp–a];fxf ;:tf] lyof] . clxn]
7ØfSs} pN6f] kl/l:ylt 5, k};f
;:tf] 5 t/ efp–a];fxf dxFuf] .
oxL k|;ª\udf blIf0f sf]l/of
uP/ cfpg]n] /dfOnf] ls:;f
;'gfPsf] ;Demgf cfpF5 . Totflt/
7"nf] emf]nfdf k};f lnP/ ahf/
hfg] / ;fgf] emf]nfdf ;fdfg
lsg]/ Nofpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 /] .
;fpg] e]nem}F pln{+bf] d"No;"rLn]
xfdLsxfF klg oxL /f]u tLj| ultdf
lelqFb} uPsf] 5gs ldN5 . o:tf]
cj:yfnfO{ pN6ØfP/ k};f dxFuf]
/ efp–a];fxf ;:tf] t'Nofpg kfP
x'g] . cfly{s gLltsf/x¿n] otflt/
/rgfTds sbd rflnlbP 7"n}
nf]slxt x'g] lyof] . á
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 45
 d]/f] k':tsfno
Jofs'n dfOnf
/fli6«o ufgsf /rlotf
g]kfnL ;flxTodf Jofs'n
dfOnfnfO{ glrGg] ;fob} xf]nfg\ .
vf;u/L u0ftGq :yfkgfkl5
gofF /fli6«o ufgsf nflu cfXjfg
ul/Psf] k|ltof]lutfdf pgLåf/f
/lrt …;of}F y'Fuf km"nsf xfdL===Ú
5gf]6 ePkl5 pgsf] k|l;4L r'lnPsf]
xf] . ;flxlTos n]vgsf] If]qdf
o;} gfdaf6 rlr{t eP klg pgsf]
jf:tljs gfdrflxF k|bLks'df/ /fO{
xf] . cf]vn9'ª\uf lhNnfsf] yfSn]–*,
lxn]kfgLdf hlGdPsf /fO{n] lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnoaf6 sfg'gdf :gfts
/ hgk|zf;gdf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf
5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;flxlTos
kqklqsfsf] ;Dkfbg, uLt, uhn
tyf sljtf n]vgdf ;dlk{t dfOnf
;Dkfbgsf If]qdf klg plQs} ;lj|mo
5g\ . vf;u/L /fli6«o ufgsf
/rlotfsf ¿kdf pgnfO{ ;of}F ;ª\3
;+:yfn] ;Ddflgt / k'/:s[t
u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg
pgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{sf ;fy} j[lQ
ljsf;df cfly{s ;xof]u;d]t
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
dfgjLo hLjgdf k':tssf]
dxŒj bzf{pFb} pgL eG5g\, æc“Wof/f]
/ftdf lx“8\bf /f“sf]sf] h'g dxŒj x'G5,
46 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
hLjgdf cufl8 a9\gnfO{ k':tssf]
klg p:t} dxŒj x'G5 . xfdL hlGd“bf
xfd|f] dl:tis vfnL g} x'G5 .
hLjgnfO{ k"0f{ / ;kmn agfpg, To;df
pd]/;“u} hLjg pkof]uL 1fg, l;k /
ljj]s eb}{ hfg'k5{ . hLjgdf 1fgsf]
dxŒj ;jf]{kl/ ePsfn] o;sf nflu
k':ts g} dxŒjk"0f{ e08f/ xf] .Æ
æ;+;f/df lstfa gePsf]
eP c1fgtfsf] s'lx/f]leq ;+;f/
?dlNn/x]sf] x'GYof]Æ eGg] dfOnf
;Eotf, ;+:s[lt / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf]
cfwf/ g} k':ts ePsf] atfpF5g\ .
1fgsf] vf]hL / k|;f/ ug]{ dfWod
g} k':ts ePsfn] o;}sf] andf
;+;f/df 1fgsf] ;~rog / ljsf;
x'Fb} cfPsf] pgsf] egfO 5 .
pgL pd]/ cg';f/ hf] sf]xLdf
klg k7g?lr km]l/Fb} hfg] cg'ej
atfpF5g\ . SofDk; k9\bftfsf cfˆgf]
;dodf rlr{t ag]sf / ;flxlTos
j[Qdf rrf{s} ;]/f]km]/f]df /lx/x]sf
y'k|} k':tssf] cWoog u/]sf] atfpg]
dfOnf cWoogsf] ann] g} cfkm" klg
n]vgtkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] atfpF5g\ .
pgL cfˆg} gfddf …Jofs'n dfOnf
kmfpG8];gÚ agfP/ ;fdflhs Pj+
;flxlTos sd{df nfluk/]sf 5g\ .

olta]nf pgL ljBfjfl/lwsf j|mddf
ePsfn] zf]wsfo{;Fu ;DalGwt
Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt tyf k'/ftŒj ljifo
cGtu{t ls/fFt d'Gw'd;DaGwL
k':tssf] cWoogdf /x]sf]
atfpF5g\ . Odfgl;+ r]Dhf]ª, a}/fuL
d]/f] k':tsfno
sfO“nf, ef]uL/fh rflDnªnufotsf
n]vsåf/f ;ª\slnt / lnlvt
d'Gw'dL k':ts cWoog ul//x]sf
dfOnfn] cfkm"n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf
k9]sf kfFr k':tssf af/]df o;/L
hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ M

ls/fFt afo'ª /fO{– t'Dnf]ofnf] af/]df lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L ls/fFt lnDa"
cf]vn9'ªu\ f lgjf;L hfltsf] ;+:s[lt / d'Gw'dsf] ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf]
a'l4s'df/ afo'ª /fO{åf/f lnlvt uxgtf k':tsdf kfOG5 .
…ls/fFt afo'ª /fO{– t'Dnf]ofnf]Ú
gfds d'Gw'dL k':tsdf afo'ª dxfjL/ k'g M ;Demgf, ;kgf
/fO{ ;d'bfosf] ;+:sf/–;+:s[lt / clj/n ofqf
Pj+ /Lt ubf{ kmnflsg] d'Gw'd kf7 :jb]zd} lj1fg /
lgs} lj:t[t ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 . k|ljlw;DaGwL gjk|jt{gfTds
sfo{ ug{ /fli6«o cfljisf/
PlG;oG6 g]kfn s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L /ftlbg
Oltxf;sf/ 8f= nfluk/]sf j}1flgs cleoGtf
l8NnL/d0f /]UdLåf/f lnlvt dxfjL/ k'gsf] cfTdj[QfGt
…PlG;oG6 g]kfnÚ k':tsdf …dxfjL/ k'g M ;Demgf,
g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs k|frLg ;kgf / clj/n ofqfÚ
Oltxf; lnR5lj /fhf ;a}n] Ps k6s k9\gkg] } {
dfgb]jsf] O{=;+ $^$ sf] k':ts xf] . ;/n / Odfgbf/
rf“u'gf/fo0fsf] clen]vaf6 JolStsf] hLjgsyfaf6 kf7snfO{ pmhf{ ldNg'sf
k|f/De ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . ;fy} pgsf] cleofgdf klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ;a}sf]
To;f] elgP klg To;eGbf st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .
w]/} klxn]b]lv g]kfndf pTs[i6 ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
eO;s]sf] / Tof] ;+:s[lt ls/fFtL ePsf] ljrf/ k|:t't km}lnof] dfof b"af];/L
ul/Psf] 5 . uf]kfn/fh–j+zfjnLafx]s ls/fFt sfnnfO{ ;flxlTos j[Qdf plt
k|dfl0ft ug]{ 7f]; cfwf/ clxn];Dd csf]{ ge]l6Psf] rrf{df gcfPsf tyf r'krfk
s'/f pNn]v 5 . /x]/ klg y'k|} rlr{t uLt
n]Vg ;kmn uLtsf/ lqljj|md
ls/fFt Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt kf08]sf] …km}lnof] dfof b"af];/LÚ
ls/fFt Oltxf; uLlt;Fufnf] cfkm" klg uLtsf/
tyf ;+:s[ltljb\ Odfgl;+ ePsf sf/0f cf}lw dg k¥of] .
r]Drf]ªåf/f lnlvt / /fi6«k|]dn] cf]tk|ft] kf08]sf y'k|}
z]/axfb'/ Oªgfdåf/f g]kfnL uLt ;ª\uLta4 klg ePsf
efiffdf cg"lbt …ls/fFt 5g\ / cg]s dfWodåf/f
Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltÚ k':tsdf u'l~h/x]sf 5g\ . á
ls/fFt Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltsf – k||:t'lt M t'n;Lxl/ sf]O/fnf
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 47
/f0fflj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngdf
dlxnf
/tg e08f/L
lj
;+ !()# ;fndf
k|wfgdGqL
hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffn]
d'n'ssf] zf;g;Qf xftdf lnO{
lg/ª\s'z hxflgofF zf;gsf]
z"qkft u/]sf lyP . hxflgofF
/f0ff zf;glj?4 hª\uaxfb'/s}
kfnfb]lv b]zsf ljleGg :yfgaf6
cfjfh gp7]sf] xf]Og t/
hª\uaxfb'/n] cfˆgf lj/f]wLnfO{
xTof ul/lbP . d'n'ssf]
zf;g;Qfsf] afu8f]/ kl/jf/sf
;b:odf /xg] u/L /f]nj|mdsf]
Joj:yf u/] pgn] . pgsf]
48 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
lgwgkl5 pgs} efOelthf b]zsf]
k|wfgdGqL ag]sf lyP .
To; j|mddf klg /f0ff ;ª\u7gaf/] kf]n
v'nkl5
] k|wfgdGqL
zf;glj?4 cfjfh p7\b} u¥of] t/
To;/L cfjfh p7fpg]nfO{ /f0ffn] eLdzdz]/n]
s;}nfO{ b]z lgsfnf t s;}nfO{
b08 ;hfo;lxt sfnsf]7/Ldf /ª\ugfy zdf{nfO{
s}b u/] . k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] !! jif{ tyf cGonfO{
;'Aaf s[i0fnfn clwsf/LnfO{ cfhLjg s}b ;hfo
ds}sf] v]tL gfds k':ts n]v]sf]
cleof]udf h]n ;hfo tf]s] . ;'gfP . ;f] sf08kl5
clwsf/Lsf] h]nleq} lgwg eof] . s]xLsf] h]nd} lgwg
aLkL sf]O/fnfsf lktf s[i0fk|;fb
rGb|zdz]/s} kfnfdf b]z lgsfnf
eof] . ar]sfx¿ @))&
ul/P . ;fnsf] j|mflGtkl5
lj;+ !(** df v8sdfgl;+x h]nd'St ul/P .
a:Goft, d}gfaxfb'/, pd]zljj|md
zfx, /ª\ugfy zdf{, rG›ljj|md
zfx cflbn] e"ldut ¿kdf …k|r08
uf]vf{Ú gfds ;ª\u7g vf]n]sf
lyP . ;f] ;ª\u7gaf/] kf]n v'n]kl5
k|wfgdGqL eLdzdz]/n] /ª\ugfy
zdf{nfO{ !! jif{ tyf cGonfO{
cfhLjg s}b ;hfo ;'gfP . ;f]
sf08kl5 s]xLsf] h]nd} lgwg
eof] . ar]sfx¿ @))& ;fnsf]
j|mflGtkl5 h]nd'St ul/P .
k|wfgdGqL h'4zdz]/n] t
b]z / hgtfsf] clwsf/sf nflu
cfjfh p7fPsf] cleof]udf lj;+
!((& df3df z'j|m/fh zf:qL,
wd{eSt dfy]df, bz/y rGb /
uª\ufnfn >]i7nfO{ d[To'b08 g}
lbP/ sfo/tf k|bz{g u/]sf lyP .
pg} rf/ hgf dxfg\ ;lxbsf]
;Demgfdf x/]s jif{ ;lxb ;Ktfx
dgfOFb} cfOPsf] 5 . hxflgofF
rGb|zdz]/sL /fgLaf6 dlxnflj;+;ldlt!(&$ df aLkL
cWoIf kbdf cf;Lg x'g] sf]O/fnfsL cfdf lbJof sf]O/fnfsf]
:jLs[lt cfPsf] / pSt cu'jfOdf g]kfndf klxnf] k6s
;ldltsf] p2]Zo ;dfh …;Kt/
dlxnf ;ldltÚ ag]sf] lyof] .
Lsf] rGb|uGhdf u7g ePsf]
;'wf/ lyof] t/ b'ef{Uo pSt ;ldltdf ;/bf/ sfnLbf;
dlxnf ;ldlt u7g ePsf] -sfnLbf; sf]O/fnf e}/jk|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf a'jf, aLkL sf]O/fnfsf
5 dlxgfleq} sf]O/fnf 7"nf]–a'jf x'g\ . e}/jk|;fb,
kl/jf/n] b]z 5f]8\g' sfdfIffk|;fb / ;/f]h sf]O/fnfsf
k¥of] . a'jf x'g\_ sL kTgL of]udfofb]jL
;efg]qL, s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnfsL
sfG5L kTgL lbJofb]jL ;]j|m]6/L,
/f0ff zf;g lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] ;'Aaf /fdrGb| clwsf/LsL sfG5L
s'/f ubf{ k'?ifsf] gfd a9L kTgL k"0f{s'df/Lb]jL -dgdf]xg
cfpg] u/]sf] 5 t/ /f0ff lj/f]wL clwsf/L, e/tdf]xg clwsf/LsL
cfGbf]ngdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf klg cfdf_ csL{ ;]j|m]6/L, ;'Aaf
sd lyPg . /fdrGb| clwsf/LsL h]7L kTgL
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 49
b]js'df/Lb]jL -g/f]Qd clwsf/LsL
cfdf_ / s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnfsL
h]7L kTgL df]xgs'df/L b]jL
-dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsL cfdf_
;b:o lyP .
…dlxnf ;ldltÚ u7gsf
nflu rGb|zdz]/sL /fgLnfO{
lj/f6gu/af6 kq n]lvPsf]
lyof] . lbJof sf]O/fnfn]
g]kfnsf dlxnfsf] ;'wf/df klg
Wofg hfg'k5{ eGg] ljrf/n]
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/sL kTgL
-sfG5L /fgL_ nfO{ laGtLkq
n]v]sL lyOg\ . dlxnfsf] Pp6f
;ª\u7g x'g'kg]{ / To;sf]
cWoIftf cyjf ;ª\/Ifs :jod\
rGb|zdz]/sL /fgL eOlbg] s[kf
eP g]kfnsf :qL hfltsf]
cljnDa ;'wf/ x'g] ljrf/ lbJof
sf]O/fnfsf] lyof] .
;ldltdf rGb|zdz]/sL
/fgLaf6 cWoIf kbdf cf;Lg x'g]
:jLs[lt cfPsf] / pSt ;ldltsf]
p2]Zo ;dfh ;'wf/ lyof] t/
b'ef{Uo dlxnf ;ldlt u7g ePsf]
5 dlxgfleq} sf]O/fnf kl/jf/n]
b]z 5f]8\g' k¥of] .
g]kfn k|hf–kl/ifb\df dlxnf
6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{, bz/y
rGb, wd{eSt dfy]df, /fdxl/
zdf{ / hLj/fh zdf{sf] cu'jfOdf
lj;+ !((# h]7 @) ut] emf]F5],
cf]daxfndf /x]sf] wd{eSt
dfy]dfsL km'k"sf] 3/df …g]kfn
k|hf–kl/ifb\Ú sf] u7g ePsf]
lyof] . k|hf–kl/ifb\n] /f0ff lj/f]wL
ultljlw cl3 a9fPkl5 6ª\sk|;fb
cfrfo{, bz/y rGb, wd{eSt
dfy]df, z'j|m/fh zf:qL, uª\ufnfn
>]i7, r"8fk|;fb zdf{, uf]ljGbk|;fb
pkfWofonufotsf g]tf
h]n k/]sf lyP .
kj|mfp k/]sf /fhaGbLnfO{
gs{t'No sfnsf]7/Ldf /flvPsf]
50 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
lyof] . sfnsf]7/Ldf /x]sf aGbLsf]
b'/j:yf aflx/L ;+;f/nfO{ yfxf
lyPg . To;}n] /fhaGbLx¿sf]
cj:yf ;fj{hlgs ug{ 6ª\sk|;fb
cfrfo{sL kTgL /]jGts'df/L /
/fdxl/ zdf{sL kTgL ;Ltfb]jL
g]kfnn] d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x
u/]sf lyP .
…wd{ pboÚ ;lxt
…/fx lylt h'u rngÚ
abNg'kg]n{ ufotsf
of]udfof Gof}kfg]sf
dfupk/ h'4zdz]/af6
;'gj' fO gePkl5 pgn]
lj;+ !((% sflQs
@& ut] ;fd"lxs …clUg
;dflwÚ lng] lg0f{o
u/sL
] lyOg\ .
aGbLx¿sf] cj:yf aflx/
Nofpg ;Ltfb]jL g]kfnn] rfdn
/ e6df;sf sf];fn] 5f]k]/
l6gsf] afs;df h]nleq Sofd/f
k'¥ofPsL lyOg\ . h]nleq Sofd/f
k'u]kl5 lvlrPsf tl:a/sf]
g]u]l6e / Sofd/f pg}n] aflx/
NofPsL lyOg\ . To;kl5
6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{, /fdxl/ zdf{,
uf]ljGbk|;fb pkfWofo, r"8fk|;fb
zdf{sf] ;fd"lxs tl:a/ aDaO{af6
k|sflzt …lAnhÚ klqsfsf] ;g\
!($( km]a|'c/L !( sf] cª\sdf
5flkPsf] lyof] .
6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{;Fu}
h]ndf /x]sf bz/y rGbnfO{ eg]
d[To'b08 ;'gfOof] . bz/y rGbnfO{
;kmfO sd{rf/L /fddfof g]kfnL
-kf]8]_ sf] ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] .
bz/y rGbn] æcfˆgf] d[To'kl5
cfˆgf] ?g] dfG5] sf]xL gePsfn]
ltdL /f]Olbg' x} /fddfofÆ eg]sf
lyP . tyflk kj|mfp kg'{cl3 eg]
bz/y rGb ksgfhf]nl:yt ;f}t]gL
cfdf nfns'df/L;Fu a:b} cfPsf]
atfOPsf] 5 .
k|wfgdGqL h'4zdz]/s}
kfnfdf ef]hk'/sL of]udfof
Gof}kfg]n] jghª\un / rl/r/gsf]
;'/Iff / hftkft–5'jf5"tlj/f]wL
cleofg rnfPsL lyOg\ . cfˆgf
dfukqsf] ;'g'jfOsf nflu b'O{ k6s
sf7df8f}F cfP/ pgn] k|wfgdGqL
h'4zdz]/nfO{ e]l6g\ klg . …wd{
pboÚ ;lxt …/fx lylt h'u rngÚ
abNg'kg]{nufotsf pgsf dfupk/
h'4zdz]/af6 ;'g'jfO gePkl5
pgn] lj;+ !((% sflQs @& ut]
;fd"lxs …clUg ;dflwÚ lng] lg0f{o
u/]sL lyOg\ .
;f] s'/f h'4zdz]/n] yfxf
kfPkl5 of]udfofnufotnfO{ kj|mfp
u/L y'lgPsf] lyof] . y'gfd'St
ePkl5 of]udfofn] cfˆgf dfu k"/f
gePsf] eGb} c?0f gbLdf …hn
;dflwÚ lnPsL lyOg\ .
6fO;'6 nufP/
dflg; lrl6Ss
b]lvG5g\ . dflg;sf]
JolStTj g} 6fO;'6n]
a9fpF5 t/ s] tkfO{+nfO{
yfxf 5 3fF6Ldf 6fO{
afFWgfn] dl:tisdf
/Stk|jfx sd x'g
hfG5 .
;g\ @)!* df ul/Psf]
Pp6f cg';Gwfgn] s]
lgisif{ lbPsf] 5 eg]
 cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL aLkL sf]O/fnf,
dgdf]xg clwsf/L, lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfnufot kj|mfp k/]sf
lyP . To;kl5 lj/f6gu/df lbJof aLkL sf]O/fnf, dgdf]xg clwsf/L, lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf k|bz{g sf]O/fnfnufot kj|mfp k/]sf lyP . To;kl5
lj/f6gu/df lbJof sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf k|bz{g
ePsf] lyof] . ePsf] lyof] .
k|bz{gsf/Ldfly ;'/IffsdL{n] uf]nL rnfpFbf Ps
hgfsf] d[To' / s}of}F 3fOt] ePsf lyP . k|bz{gs} j|mddf
k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngdf dlxnf lbJof sf]O/fnf, glngL pkfWofo, OlGb/f cfrfo{,
lj;+ @))# r}t dlxgfdf lj/f6gu/df h'6 sfldgL sf]O/fnfnfO{ kj|mfp u/L wgs'6f h]n rnfg
ldn cfGbf]ng ePsf] lyof] . cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL ul/Psf] lyof] . lbJof sf]O/fnf, glngL pkfWofo, OlGb/f
cfrfo{ / sfldgL sf]O/fnfnfO{ 5
dlxgf wgs'6f h]ndf /flvof] .
3fF6Ldf 6fO{ afFWgfn] lj;+ @))$ j}zfvdf sf7df8f}F
lbdfudf /utsf] ePsf] ljzfn k|bz{gdf k'iknfn,
6ª\sljnf; jh|frfo{, zDe'/fd
k|jfx &=% k|ltztn]
>]i7, ltns/fh zfxL;Fu} ;fwgf
36\5 . h;sf sf/0f k|wfg, ;xfgf k|wfg, :g]xntf,
dflg;n] 6fpsf] sgsntf klg y'lgPsf lyP .
b'vsf]
] , jfsjfsL h'n';df ;xefuL k|ldnf >]i7nfO{
eg] pgsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:on] 3/
nfu]sf] / cfn:otf
nu]sf lyP . /fhgLlts sf/0fn]
dx;'; ub{5 . 6fO{ lu/ˆtf/ x'g] …klxnf] dlxnf
a9L hf]/n] afFw]df t /fhaGbLÚ pgLx¿ g} lyP .
cfFvfdf ;d]t bafa t/ @))$ ;fn j}zfvdf
;fwgf k|wfg, ;xfgf k|wfg,
a9\g hfG5 .
– o'jfd~r sgsntf kj|mfp kg'{cl3 @))#
;fn r}t !$ ut] lj/f6gu/df
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 51
lbJof sf]O/fnf, glngL pkfWofo,
OlGb/f cfrfo{, sfldgL dlxnf hfu/0f / lzIff k|rf/sf nflu ul7t
sf]O/fnfnufot kj|mfp k/]sf lyP .
lj;+ @))% df gfgLd}ofF gsdL{,
e"ldut ;ª\u7gdf uh;'Gb/ k|wfg, gGbnfn
s]z/L k|wfgfª\u, hubLZj/L xf8f, hf]zL, lrQ/~hg g]kfnL, ;xfgf k|wfg,
pdfb]jL xf8f;lxt !! dlxnf /f0ff ;fwgf k|wfg, zª\s/k|;fb k|wfgnufot
zf;glj?4sf] ;Tofu|xdf ;xefuL
eP . dlxnfn] eStk'/df ;8s
hf]l8Psf lyP .
k|bz{g u/]sf lyP . k|bz{gsf
j|mddf gfgLd}ofF, nIdL dfgGw/
/ b]jofgL tfd|fsf/nfO{ lu/ˆtf/
u/L y'lgPsf] lyof] . h]ndf
/x]sf dlxnf aGbLnfO{ zf/Ll/s
oftgf;d]t lbOof] .

/fhgLlts bndf dlxnf

g]kfn k|hftGq sf+u;sf]
|] ;g\
!($( hgj/L !% -@))% ;fn df3 @_
c;dsf] u'jfx6L ;Dd]ngsf nflu
tof/L ;ef ul/Psf] lyof] . tof/L
;efdf z'j|mjtL ;'Aaf, OGb's'df/L
;'Aaf, zfGtsL ;'Aafnufot dlxnf
;xefuL lyP .
;g\ !($* h'nfO{ !^ -@))%
;fn ;fpg !_df sf]nsftfdf
…g]kfn k|hftGq sf+u|];Ú u7gsf
nflu tof/L e]nf ePsf] lyof] .
e]nfdf d]xGb|ljj|md zfx, lg/~hguf]ljGb j}B, g/axfb'/ æ s f ] n s f t f s f ]
;'j0f{zdz]/, ;"o{k|;fb pkfWofo, sdf{rfo{ / gf/fo0fljnf; Zofdahf/l:yt ;/sf/L
dxfjL/zdz]/, lgd{n nfdf, >LdtL hf]zLn] eg] df]tLb]jLnfO{ g]skfsf] 6f]nflngdf k'iknfn, gf/fo0fljnfz
;'zLnf g]kfn rfln;], dfofb]jL ;+:yfks ;b:o dfg]sf 5}gg\ . hf]zL, lg/~hguf]ljGb j}B /
zfx, gsnL lrqsf/, 6Lsf/yL
a:g]t, u'njbg tfd|fsf/,
nSsLb]jL kl/of/nufot ^# hgf tkfO{+nfO{ crDd
pkl:yt lyP . nfUnf :k]gsf] /fli6«o ufg
To;} u/L ef/tsf] cflwsfl/s zAblagfsf] 5 .
sf]nsftfdf ;g\ !($( clk|n :k]g;/x af]l:gof xh{uf]legf,
@@ -@))^ ;fn j}zfv !)_df sf];f]ef] / ;fg dfl/gf]sf]
k'iknfn;lxt kfFr hgfsf] uf]Ko /fli6«o ufgdf ;d]t
a}7sn] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ zAb 5}g .
-g]skf_ :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . :k]gsf] /fli6«o ufgnfO{
g]skfsf] ;+:yfks ;b:o k'iknfn, …drf{ l/ofnÚ elgG5 . ldg]6sf] x'G5 t/ v]ns'b
df]tLb]jL >]i7, lg/~hguf]ljGb o;sf] gfdaf6} :ki6 x'G5 of] k|ltof]lutfdf ahfOg] …drf{
j}B, g/axfb'/ sdf{rfo{ / rf/÷rf/ k6ssf] ;}Go dfr{ l/ofnÚ sl/a $) ;]s]G8sf]
gf/fo0fljnf; hf]zL lyP t/ -k/]8_ xf] . …drf{ l/ofnÚ b'O{ dfq x'G5 .
52 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
g/axfb'/ sdf{rfo{sf] pkl:yltdf
Ps aª\ufnLsf] 3/df a;L kf6L{sf]
:yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . df]tLb]jL
pSt cj;/df pkl:yt gePsf] t/
k'iknfnn] df]tLb]jLnfO{ kf6L{sf] sfddf
v6fOPsfn] ;+:yfks dfGg'kg]{ ts{
klg ul/G5 .
@))& ;fnsf] j|mflGtdf dlxnf
g]kfn k|hftGq sf+u|];n]
u'jfx6L ;Dd]ngkl5 ;z:q j|mflGtsf]
tof/Lsf nflu sf7df8f}F cfPsf
1fgaxfb'/ ;'Aaf, ;LaL /fO{ / hd'gf
/fO{nfO{ ab|Lljj|md yfkfn] ;xof]u
u/] . g]kfn k|hftGq sf+u|];sf]
…hgd'lSt ;]gfÚdf OGb's'df/L ;'Aaf, /]0f' ;'Aaf /
hd'gf /fO{ ;xefuL lyP .
sf7df8f}Fdf ;]gfsf hjfgnfO{ k9fpFb} cfPsf
l;Gw'nLsf yfkf leqleq} j|mflGtsf] k|rf/df lyP .
yfkfn] cfjZos vr{ ;'Gb//fh rfln;]af6
kfpFy] . rfln;] gx'Fbf yfkfnfO{ pgsL >LdtL
;'zLnfn] vr{ lbg] u/]sL lyOg\ . @))& ;fnsf]
j|mflGtdf ;3fpg d]h/ lbndfgl;+x yfkfdu/n]
jL/uGhdf kfg k;n vf]n]sf lyP . yfkfdu/nfO{
OGb's'df/L ;'Aafn] ;3fpg] u/]sL lyOg\ . @))&
;fnsf] j|mflGttfsf g]kfnuGh cfpg] dflg;;Fu
;Dks{ /fVg sNn' l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf u'Kt
;ldlt ag]sf] lyof] . ;ldltdf /Tgb]jL sdf{rfo{,
nIdLb]jL sdf{rfo{, b'uf{b]jL sdf{rfo{, d'GgLb]jL
afx'gL / k|]dnfn t'nfw/sL lbbLnufot
;b:o lyP .
…drf{ l/ofnÚ slxn] ;'? ul/of] eGg]
:ki6 ltly 5}g t/ ;g\ !&^! lt/ Dofg'on
8L Ol:kgf];fn] …nf drf{ u|fgf8]/f===Ú gofF ;}Go
dfr{ ;ª\uLta4 u/]sf] Oltxf;df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
;g\ !&&) df sfnf]{; t[tLon] cfkm"
cfpFbf …nf drf{ u|fgf8]/f===Ú ahfOP cfkm"nfO{
v';L x'g] cfb]z hf/L u/]kl5 o;nfO{ /fli6«o
ufg agfOof] . O;fa]nf låtLosf] zf;gsfn
;g\ !*##–^*, df o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf
:k]gsf] /fli6«o ufg agfOPsf] lyof] . á
– o'jfd~r
ljdfg cjt/0fsf j|mddf dlxnfx¿n]
…lqe'jg Oh cfj/ lsªÚ, …nª lne
lsª lqe'jgÚ, …jL jfG6 l8df]j|m];LÚ,
…la|6; ld;g uf] AofsÚ gf/f nufP .
lj;+ !(((–@))) tfsf sf7df8f}Fdf …uf]Ko
e"ldut ;ª\u7gÚ ag]sf] lyof] . ;ª\u7gsf
;+:yfksdf k|]daxfb'/ s+;fsf/, k'iknfn >]i7,
;"o{axfb'/ ef/åfh lyP . ;ª\u7gdf kl5
sfdfIffb]jL, /fhf/fd sdf{rfo{, e}/juf]kfn j}B,
hutk|tfkhª\u zfx, zDe'/fd >]i7, uª\ufnfn
>]i7 -xnjfO{_ cflb ylkP .
pSt ;ª\u7gsf] u7gkl5 e'jgnfn k|wfgsf]
;+of]hsTjdf sf7df8f}Fd} csf]{ …e"ldut ;ª\u7gÚ
aGof] . dlxnf hfu/0f / lzIff k|rf/sf nflu ul7t
e"ldut ;ª\u7gdf uh;'Gb/ k|wfg, gGbnfn hf]zL,
lrQ/~hg g]kfnL, ;xfgf k|wfg, ;fwgf k|wfg,
zª\s/k|;fb k|wfgnufot hf]l8Psf lyP . ;ª\u7gn]
@))@–@))# ;fnlt/ sf7df8f}F / kf6gdf @)–#) hgf
dlxnfnfO{ tflnd lbPsf] lyof] .
@))& ;fn sflQs @^ ut] /f0ffsf] cfFvf
5Nb} ef/tLo b"tfjf;df z/0f lnPsf /fhf
lqe'jgnfO{ ef/t n}hfg sf7df8f}Fsf] uf}r/gdf
ef/tLo 8]sf]6f ljdfg plqPsf] lyof] . ljdfg
cjt/0fsf j|mddf dlxnfx¿n] …lqe'jg Oh
cfj/ lsªÚ, …nª lne lsª lqe'jgÚ, …jL jfG6
l8df]j|m];LÚ, …la|6; ld;g uf] AofsÚ gf/f nufP .
gf/f nufpg]df zflGt lgs'GhsL 5fqf zfGtf >]i7 /
k|ef xn'jfO{ lyP .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 53
 @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGttfsf /fg'b]jL kf}8]n
clwsf/Ln] lj/f6gu/df :yflkt …g]kfn k|hftGq
/]l8of]Údf j|mflGtsf/L uLt ufPsL lyOg\ . @))&
;fnsf] j|mflGtdf kfNkf uf}F8fdf dlxnfx¿n] /f0ff
zf;glj?4 h'n'; lgsfn]sf lyP . @))& ;fn k';
!( ut] kfNkfdf k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] klxnf] lbg
!& hgfsf] h'n'; lg:s]sf] lyof] . h'n';df lq/Tg
jh|frfo{, xl/ ;'d]/, a'4k|;fb;lxt !# k'?if tyf
cgdf]n af]x/f, ;TonIdL >]i7;lxt rf/ dlxnf
;xefuL lyP .
h'n';df lxF8]sL cgdf]n af]x/fnfO{ ;/sf/lj?4
g]kfnL sf+u;nfO{
|] ;xof]u u/]sf] cleof]udf gh/aGbdf
/flvPsf] lyof] . cgdf]n af]x/f ;]gfsf ;'jbf/
] k|ltdfg
rGb af]x/fsL 5f]/L lyOg\ .
o;/L g]kfndf lg/ª\s'z /f0ff zf;g
lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng / hgclwsf/;lxt k|hftGq
:yfkgfdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf ;d]t pNn]Vo lyof] .
/fhwfgLleq dfq geO{ b]zsf ljleGg efu / b]z
aflx/af6 klg dlxnf /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf
hf]l8Psf lyP . á

tf;sf %@ kQLdf afbzfxsf s'g ;dodf s] vfg] <

rf/ kQL x'G5g\ . tL rf/ afbzfxn]
Oltxf;sf rf/ dxfg\ ;d|f6sf] b"w – b"w lkpg] pQd ;do /flt
k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . kQL cg';f/ tL xf] . laxfg b"w lkpg'sf]
afbzfx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M kmfObf 5}g .
lr8Lsf] afbzfx – cn]Sh]G8/ dxfg\ .
x's'dsf] afbzfx – lsª 8]le8 . eft – eft vfg] pQd
O6fsf] afbzfx – h'lno; l;h/ . ;do lbpF;f] xf] . /flt eft
kfgsf] afbzfx – zfn{d]g . vfg' x'Fbg} .

bxL– bxL lbpF;f] vfg' k5{ . /flt

bxL vfg} x'Gg .

lrgL – lrgL vfg] ;xL ;do

laxfg xf] . ;fFem k/]kl5 lrgL
vfg' x'Fbg} .

s]/f – s]/f ck/fXg

vfFbf /fd|f] . /flt s]/f
cª\u|]hL vfg' x'Fbg} .
efiffsf] ;a}eGbf
a"9f] zAb Town :ofp– :ofp vfg] pQd ;do
laxfg xf] . /flt :ofp vfg}
-6fpg_ xf] . of] zAb cem} klg k|rngdf
x'Gg .
/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !&%% df klxnf] k6s
of] zAbn] cª\u|]hL zAbsf]ifdf k|j]z
kfPsf] lyof] . u]8fu'8L– u]8fu'8L vfg]
o;}u/L …I amÚ nfO{ cª\u|]hL efiffsf] pQd ;do /flt
;a}eGbf 5f]6f] k"0f{ jfSo dflgPsf] 5 . xf] . laxfg u]8fu'8L
–o'jfd~r vfg' x'Fbg} .

54 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g


o;/L
/xg uof]
gfd
!_ cf]vn9'ª\uf– nueu 5 ju{lkm6sf] dWodf &_
vf]lkN6f] k/]sf] cf]vn h:tf] Pp6f 9'\ª\uf /
glhs} Pp6f d';n klg /x]sf] 7fpF x'gfn]
cf]vn9'ª\uf gfd /xg uPsf] atfOG5 .
@_ Onfd– lnDa" efiffdf O eg]sf] 3'dfp/f] /
nfd eg]sf] af6f] eGg] cy{ nfUg] ePsfn]
Onfd /xg uof] .
#_ OGb|rf]s– OGb|hfqfsf] lbg OGb|sf] k|ltdf
k|bz{g ul/g] k|d'v :yn ePsfn] OGb|rf]s
elgPsf] xf] .
$_ slknj:t'– slkn Clifsf] cf>d
/x]sf] :yfgdf zfSoj+zsf dflg;n] pg}
slkn Clifsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ;x/ a;fPsf]
x'gfn] pSt 7fpFsf] gfd slknj:t'
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
l6kg 6fkg
ab|Lk|;fb l3ld/]
%_ sf7df8f}F– sf7
a9L xfn]/ agfOPsf] k|frLg
z}nLsf] d08k agfOof] sfi7d08k /
ToxL zAb cke|+z eO{ sf7df8f}F gfd
/xg uPsf] dfGotf 5 .
^_ sf:sL– sZok Clifn] tk:of u/sf] ] If]q
ePsfn] ;ª\If]kdf sf:sL eGg yflnPsf] xf] .
s'Zdf– d'lStgfy hfg] hf]uLn] s';d' 9sdSs
km'nsf]
] b]v]kl5 pSt 7fpFsf] gfd s';d' /fv] .
kl5 cke|z + eO{ s'Zdf /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
*_ vf]kf;L– ;+:s[tdf s'Kkl;ssf] cy{
skf;sf] n'uf eGg] x'G5 . oxL zAb cke|+z
eO{ s'Kk;Lu|fd eof] / sfnfGt/df g]jf/L
efiffdf vf]kf;L eGg yflnof] .
(_ uf];fOFs'08– uf] eGgfn] hLjhGt' ;fOF
eGgfn] dflns cyf{t\ kz'klt /x]sf] s'08
x'gfn] uf];fOFs'08 eGg yflnof] .
!)_ rGb|flul/– rGbgsf] hª\un ePsf] kj{t
x'gfn] rGbglul/ elgof] / To;}sf] cke|+z
rGb|flul/ ePsf] xf] .
!!_ rfalxn– rf?dtLn] :yfkgf u/sf] ] rf?dtL
ljxf/sf] gfd cke|z+ eO{ rfalxn ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!@_ rfFu'gf/fo0f– rfFksf] ?vaf6 lg:s]sf]
lji0f' x'gfn] RffFu'gf/fo0f eGg yflnof] .
!#_ 5]qkf6L– 5q cyf{t\ 5ftfsf] h:tf]
cfsf/sf] kf6L ag]sf] 7fpFnfO{ 5qkf6L
eGbfeGb} kl5 uP/ 5]qkf6L eGg yflnof] .
!$_ hgsk'/– ldlynfsf /fhf hgssf] /fhwfgL
/x]sf] 7fpF ePsfn] hgsk'/ elgof] .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 55
l6kg 6fkg

!%_ 88]nw'/f– :yfgLo efiffdf 9f8nfO{ 8F8]n / @@_ lkmlbd– lnDa" efiffdf km/flsnf] 7fpFnfO{
8fF8fnfO{ w'/f elgg] x'Fbf dfG5]sf] 9f8 h:tf] km]b]g elgG5 . To;}af6 lkmlbd gfd /xg uof] .
b]lvg] ahf/nfO{ 88]nw'/f eGg yflnof] .
!^_ tfg;]g– /fhf tfd|;]gsf gfdn] a;fOPsf]
a:tLsf] gfd cke|+z eO{ tfg;]g gfd /xg
uof] .

@#_ lj/f6gu/– /fhf lj/f6sf] /fhwfgL /x]sf]

7fpF ePsfn] lj/f6gu/ elgof] .
@$_ ;Kt/L– ;+:s[t efiffsf] zKtcl/ cyf{t\
zq'¿lk ;ft j6f sf]zL aUg] If]q x'gfn] ;Kt/L
elgof] .
!&_ tfKn]h'ª– ltAatL efiffdf tfKn]sf] cy{
/fhfsf] / hf]sf] cy{ lsNnf x'g] x'Fbf o;}af6
lhNnfsf] gfd tfKn]h'ª /xg uof] .
!*_ bf]nvf– b'O{ nfvrf]l6 rSs/ nufpFbf
klg 3'ldlkm/L pxL 7fpFdf k'lug] ePsfn] pSt
7fpFnfO{ bf]nvf eGg yflnof] .
!(_ wg'iff– ;Ltfsf] :joDa/ ;df/f]xdf /fdn]
lzjwg'df tfFbf] r9fpg vf]Hbf efFlrP/ Ps 6'jm| f @%_ l;Gw'kfNrf]s– l;Gw'sf]6 / kfNrf]s gfpFsf
eO{ v;]sf] 7fpF ePsfn] wg'iff gfd /xg uof] . b'O{ 8fF8fsf] ;+o'St gfdaf6 lhNnfsf] gfd
/xg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
@^_ xg'dfg9f]sf– b/af/sf] d"n 9f]sfdf /fhf
k|tfk dNnn] xg'dfgsf] d"lt{ /fVg nufPsfn]
xg'dfg9f]sf elgof] .

@)_ gf/fo0flx6L– gf/fo0f:yfg glhs} wf/f

/x]sf] x'gfn] pSt 7fpFsf] gfd g]jf/L efiffdf
gf/fo0flx6L /xg uof] .
@!_ kgf}tL– k'0ojtLsf] cke|+z ¿k g} kgf}tL
ePsf] b]lvG5 . @&_ x]nDa'– z]kf{ efiffdf x]n eg]sf] kmGsf] / df]
eg]sf] 7fpF xf] . jl/kl/ 8fF8fn] a]/]sf] h:tf]
b]lvg] x'Fbf XofNdf] eGbfeGb} x]nDa' /xg
uPsf] xf] .
@*_ wgs'6f– l9sLsf] vfFaf h:tf b]lvg] 8fF8f
/ wfg s'6\g] cf]vn h:tf] b]lvg] sfut]
kf]v/Lsf] gfd wfgs'6f /Xof] / To;}sf]
cke|+z ¿k g} wgs'6f xf] . á

56 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

nfn ;fu/sf]
cftª\s

/fdk|;fb cfrfo{

nf n ;fu/df cftª\s
a9]sf] 5 . odgsf]
x'yL ljb|f]xL ;d"xn]
ToxfF eP/ cfjthfjt ug]{ dfnjfxs
kfgLhxfhdf cfj|md0f u/];Fu} ljZj
Jofkf/ g} k|efljt ePsf] 5 . ufhf
If]qdf xdf;dfly Oh/fonn] r/d
bdg u/]sf] eGb} of] ;d"xn] nfn
;fu/df dfnjfxs kfgLhxfhdfly
cfj|md0f u/L cftª\s l;h{gf
ul//x]sf] 5 .
x'yLn] Oh/fonL dfnjfxs
kfgLhxfhdf dfq cfj|md0f ug]{ eg] klg
xdnf To;df dfq ;Lldt /x]g . cGo
dfnjfxs kfgLhxfh klg cfj|md0fsf]
lg;fgfdf k/]kl5 7"nf kfgLhxfh sDkgL
c;'/Iffsf] sf/0f nfn ;fu/sf] dfu{
kl/jt{g ug{ afWo ePsf 5g\ . h;n]
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 57
ubf{ clxn] ToxfF 9'jfgL z'Ns cd]l/sfsf /fi6«klt hf]P afO8]gn] nfn ;fu/df
cTolws a9]sf] 5 . 9'jfgL z'Ns
a9];Fu} dfn;fdfgsf] d"Noj[l4 x'g' x'yL ljb|f]xLn] ut gf]e]Da/otf kfgLhxfhdf
:jfefljs} xf] . ul//x]sf] cfj|md0fsf] k|ltlj|mof:j¿k xjfO{
cfj|md0f ul/Psf] atfPsf 5g\ .
x'yL cv8fdf xjfO{ cfj|md0f
nfn ;fu/sf] of] cj/f]w
x6fO{ Jofkfl/s dfu{ ;xh agfpg]
eGb} cd]l/sf / a]nfotn] x'yL
ljb|f]xLsf ljleGg cv8fnfO{ nlIft
u/L xjfO{ cfj|md0f u/]sf 5g\ .
cd]l/sfsf /fi6«klt hf]P afO8]gn]
nfn ;fu/df x'yL lj›f]xLn] ut
gf]e]Da/otf kfgLhxfhdf ul//x]sf]
cfj|md0fsf] k|ltlj|mof:j¿k xjfO{
cfj|md0f ul/Psf] atfPsf 5g\ .
vf;u/L x'yLsf] aGbf]a:tLsf s]G›,
jfo' k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL / xltof/
uf]bfdnfO{ nlIft u/L cfj|md0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
a]nfotsf k|wfgdGqL
Clif ;'gsn] klg cfj|md0fsf]
k'li6 ub}{ /f]on Po/ kmf];{sf
o'4 ljdfgx¿af6 lglZrt ;}Go
lg;fgfdf cfj|md0f ul/Psf]
atfPsf 5g\ . xjfO{ cfj|md0fdf
g]b/NofG8;\, c:6«]lnof /
ax/fOgaf6 klg ;xof]u ePsf] 5 .

abnf lng] r]tfjgL
cfkm"dfly cfj|md0f ePkl5
j|m'4 ag]sf] x'yL ljb|f]xLn] o;sf]
abnf lng] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 .
x'yL pkljb]zdGqL x';]g cn–
OhLn] cd]l/sf / a]nfotn] 7"nf]
d"No r'sfpg'kg]{ r]tfjgL lbPsf
5g\ . x'yLsf x]lnsf]K6/n] nfn
;fu/df dfnjfxs hxfhx¿dfly
lgu/fgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
cd]l/sf / a]nfotsf] xjfO{
cfj|md0f odgsf] /fhwfgL ;gf;lxt
nfn ;fu/df x'yLsf] lgoGq0fdf
/x]sf] aGb/ufx / odgsf] pQ/
klZrdL If]qdf cjl:yt x'yLsf]
ks8 If]q ;2fdf s]lGb|t ul/Psf]
5 . o; cfj|md0faf6 x'yL ljb|f]xL
dfl/Psf] / pgLx¿sf] cv8fdf
Iflt k'u]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sL o'4kf]tn] x'yL
ljb|fxLnfO{
] nlIft u/L 6dxs j|mh
If]Kof:q k|xf/ u/sf]
] / cfˆgf ljdfgn]
/fhwfgL ;gf;lxtsf ljleGg :yfgdf
cfj|md0f u/sf] ] cd]l/sfsf] egfO
5 . ;fOk|;sf] xjfO{ cv8faf6
cfPsf rf/ j6f cf/PPkm 6fOkm'g
hxfhn] x'yLsf b'O{ j6f cv8fdf
u/sf] ] cfj|md0f k|efjsf/L ag]sf]
cd]l/sfsf] bfaL 5 .
odgsf] clwsf+z If]q lgoGq0fdf
lnPsf x'yL ljb|fxLn] ] nfn ;fu/
x'bF' } Oh/fontkm{ hfg] kfgLhxfhnfO{
lg;fgf agfP/ cfkm"x¿n] xdf;nfO{
;dy{g u/sf]] atfpg] u/sf] ] 5.
cfkm"dfly xjfO{ cfj|md0f ePkl5 x'yL
lj›f]xLn] nfn ;fu/ x'bF } Oh/fon
' hfg] ;a} kfgLhxfhnfO{ lg;fgf
agfpg] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 . ut
gf]e]Da/df x'yLn] Oh/fonL :jfldTj
hf]l8Psf] Pp6f dfnjfxs kfgLhxfh
ckx/0f u/sf]] lyof] . kl5Nnf b'O{
dlxgfdf /s]6 / 8«fg] k|of]u u//] cGo
w]/} Jofj;flos kfgLhxfhdf klg
cfj|md0f ul/Psf] 5 .
ut cS6f]a/ !( df ufhfdf
Oh/fonL hjfkmL sf/afxL tLj|
aGb} ubf{ x'yLn] klg Oh/fondfly
If]Kof:q / 8«f]g cfj|md0f u/]sf]

58 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g


lyof] . nfn ;fu/df /x]sf] cd]l/sfsf o'4kf]tn]
To;dWo] s]xLnfO{ aLrd} gi6 ul/lbPsf] lyof] eg]
sltko tL /s]6 OlhK6;Dd k'u]sf lyP .
dfnjfxs kfgLhxfh sAhf
gf]e]Da/df x'yLn] Oh/fonsf] ePsf] bfaL ul/Psf]
Pp6f dfnjfxs kfgLhxfh nfn ;fu/df sAhf u/L
odgsf] t6Lo If]qeGbf k/ nu]/ /fv] . l8;]Da/ #
otf x'yLn] odgsf] t6Lo If]qaf6 s}of}F Jofj;flos
kfgLhxfhdf 8«f]g / Aofn]l:6s If]Kof:qaf6 cfj|md0f
u/]sf lyP . cd]l/sf, a]nfot / k|mfG;sf o'4kf]tn]
To;dWo] w]/}nfO{ /f]Sg ;kmn eP klg s]xL hxfhdf
eg] lg;fgf nfu]sf] lyof] .
nfn ;fu/sf] dfu{ kl/jt{g
ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] l;lkª sDkgL
x'yLlj?4 gfd dfqsf] odg
;/sf/nfO{ ;fpbL c/a tyf
o'PO{sf] g]t[Tjdf c/a d'n'ssf]
u7aGwgn] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 .
d]l86/]lgcgn] cfˆgf ;a} kfgLhxfhnfO{ nfn ;fu/sf]
dfu{ k|of]u gug{ eg]sf] 5 . o:t} k|mfG;]nL sDkgL l;PdP
l;lhPd, 8]gdfs{sf] df:s{, hd{gLsf] xfkfu–nf]o8 /
t]n sDkgL lakL klg o:t} lg0f{odf k'u]sf 5g\ .
cd]l/sfn] x'yLaf6 ePsf] o:tf] cfj|md0fnfO{
O/fgn] ;3fPsf] cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 . p;n] Jofj;flos
l;lkªsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu hn;]gfsf] 5'6\6} sfo{bn
agfpg k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .
odgsf] l;of d'l:nd cNk;ª\Vos hfObLsf]
;z:q ;d"x xf] x'yL . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf tTsfnLg
/fi6«klt cnL cAb'Nnfx ;fn]xn] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] bfaL
ub}{ e|i6frf/lj?4 n8\g of] ;d"x u7g ul/Psf] lyof] .
o;sf] gfd cfGbf]ngsf ;+:yfks x';]g cn x'yLaf6
/flvPsf] 5 .
;g\ @))# df cd]l/sfn] O/fsdf cfj|md0f u/kl5 ]
x'yLn] cd]l/sf / Oh/fonlj?4 s8f r]tfjgL lbPsf] lyof] .
O/fgsf] ;xof]udf /x]sf] of] ;d"xn] cd]l/sf, Oh/fon /
klZrdf b]zx¿sf] k|lt/f]wL lsQfdf xdf; / x]Ha'Nnfx;Fu}
cfkm"x¿ klg /x]sf] 3f]if0ff u/sf]
] 5 . of] ;d"xnfO{ clxn]
O/fgn] xltof/ / cfly{s ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 59
 klZrdL ;}Go sf/afxL;Fu}
nfn ;fu/df x'yL ljb|f]xLaf6
yk cj/f]w x'g] / To;af6
OGwgsf] d"No j[l4sf ;fy}
cfk"lt{ z[ª\vnf lalu|g]
qf; a9]sf] 5 . ljZjdf
;fd'l›s dfu{af6 x'g]
s'n Jofkf/sf] !%
k|ltzt nfn ;fu/df
lge{/ 5 . h'g :j]h
gx/af6 e"dWo;fu/;Fu
hf]l8Psf] 5 . o'/f]k /
Pl;ofnfO{ hf]8\g] of] ;a}eGbf
5f]6f] ;fd'l›s dfu{ xf] .
nfn ;fu/df Jofj;flos
hxfhdflysf] cfj|md0fsf] of]hgf agfpg]
sfddf O/fg uxg ¿kdf ;xefuL ePsf]
Pp6} z/L/df efn] / kf]yL
cf/f]k cd]l/sfsf] 5 t/ O/fgn] o;sf] sf]nlDaofdf Pp6} z/L/df efn] / kf]yL ePsf] clt b'n{e
v08g u/]sf] 5 . r/f km]nf k/]sf] 5 . of] r/fsf] z/L/sf] cfwf efudf gLnf] /
;fpbLsf] ;}Go ;fy kfPsf cfwf efudf xl/of] KjfFv 5 . lj1x¿sf cg';f/ ;o jif{df
tTsfnLg /fi6«klt ;fn]xn] ;g\ @))# o:tf] r/f km]nf k/]sf] of] bf];|f] k6s xf] .
df x'yL lj›f]xLnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ k|of; r/fr'?ª\uLdf ljz]if ?lr /fVg] hf]g d'l/of]n] sf]nlDaofdf
u/sf] lyP t/ x'yLn] ;fn]x / ;fpbL o:tf] r/f km]nf kf/]sf x'g\ . of] r/fsf] b]a|]k6\l6sf] KjfFv
b'jnfO{
} k/f:t u¥of] . ;g\ @)!! sf] c/a xl/of] 5 . of] k|hfltsf kf]yL r/fdf dfq xl/of] KjfFv x'G5 .
j|mflGt;Fu} /fi6«klt ;fn]x ;QfRo't ePkl5 bflxg]k6\l6sf] KjfFv eg] efn]df dfq x'g] vfnsf] gLnf] 5 .
PsfPs x'yLsf] k|efj a9]sf] lyof] . ;g\ d'l//of]n] cfkm"n] b]v]sf] r/fsf] s'/f Go'lhNofG8sf] o'lgel;{6L
@)!$ b]lv x'yL lj›f]xL odg ;/sf/lj?4 ckm cf]6fuf]df hLjzf:q k|fWofkg ug]{ xld; :k]G;/nfO{ atfP .
u[xo'4df xf]ldof] . x'yLlj?4 gfd dfqsf] r/fr'?ª\uLdf ?lr /fVg] :k]G;/ j|mdljsf;–cg'jz+ zf:qL x'g\ .
odg ;/sf/nfO{ ;fpbL c/a tyf o'PO{sf] æTof] lgs} /f]rs lyof] . clwsf+z kG5L cjnf]sgstf{n]
g]t[Tjdf c/a d'ns ' sf] u7aGwgn] cfˆgf] hLjgdf Pp6} z/L/df efn] / kf]yL ePsf] r/f b]Vg
;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . kfpFb}gg\ . hf]gn] kQf nufPsf] s'/faf6 d nfeflGjt ePF,Æ
k|fWofks :k]G;/n] eg]sf 5g\ .
;f9] tLg nfv dflg;sf] d[To' k|foM of] hftsf] r/fdf efn]sf] k"/} KjfFv gLnf] / kf]yLsf]
odg ;/sf/ tyf x'yLaLrsf] k"/} KjfFv xl/of] x'G5 . :k]G;/sf cg';f/ efn] / kf]yL b'j} y/L
åGåsf sf/0f xfn;Dd ;f9] tLg nfv u'0f Pp6} kG5Ldf b]lvPsf] cj:yf lgs} b'n{e x'G5 .
dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] / $) nfv dflg; låkfZjL{o :qLk'?iftf -cfwf efu efn] / cfwf efu kf]yL_
lj:yflkt ePsf] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] x'bF f hLjsf] Pp6f efun] efn]sf] u'0f / csf]{ efun] kf]yLsf] u'0f
hgfPsf] 5 . b]vfpF5 . ;o jif{sf] clen]v cg';f/ pSt r/fsf] k|hfltdf
x'yL lj›f]xLn] cfkm"nfO{ n]agfgL efn] / kf]yL Pp6} z/L/df kQf nfu]sf] of] bf];|f] k6s xf] .
l;of lj›f]xL ;d"x x]Ha'Nnfx h:t} ePsf] efn] / kf]yL leGgfleGg} x'g] k|hfltdf Pp6} z/L/df efn] /
atfpg] u/]sf] 5 . cd]l/sL cg';Gwfg kf]yLsf] u'0f ePsf hLj e]l6g' lnª\u klxrfg / kG5Lsf] of}g
;+:yf …b sDAofl6ª 6]/f]l/Hd ;]G6/Ú sf Jojxf/af/] xfd|f] a'emfOsf nflu dxìjk"0f{ 5 .
cg';f/ ;g\ @)!$ b]lv x]Ha'Nnfxn] låkfZjL{o :qLk'?iftfsf] of] pbfx/0fn] c¿ k|hfltdf h:t}
x'yLnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf ;}lgs lj1tf tyf r/fsf] Pp6f efu efn] jf kf]yL x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnd ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . x'yLn]

60 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

O/fgnfO{ klg cfˆgf] ;xof]uL
dfGb5 . lsgeg] ;fpbL c/a
pgLx¿sf] ;femf zq' xf] .
;g\ @)!( df cfˆgf t]n
pBf]udfly x'yLn] u/]sf] cfj|md0fdf
klg O/fgn] j|m'h ld;fOn tyf
8«f]g ;xof]u u/]sf] cf/f]k ;fpbL
c/asf] 5 . x'yLn] ;fpbL c/adf
klg 5f]6f] b"/Lsf ld;fOn k|xf/
ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg] o'PO{sf ljleGg
nIodf klg cfj|md0f u/]sf] 5 .

odgsf] c;xh cj:yf

odg clxn] c;xh cj:yfdf
5 . ToxfFsf] clwsf+z e"efu
x'yL ljb|fxLsf]
] lgoGq0fdf /x]sfn]
cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] dfGotf
lbPsf] cflwsfl/s ;/sf/ ToxfF
5}g . cflwsfl/s ;/sf/ ToxfFsf]
/fi6«ktLo g]t[Tj kl/ifb\ xf], h'g clxn]
;fpbL c/asf] l/ofbdf 5 . /fi6«klt
cA›fa'x dG;'/ xfbLn] ;g\ @)@@ 5 . of] lj›f]xL ;d"xn] s/ ;ª\sng
sf] clk|ndf pSt kl/ifb\nfO{ cfˆgf] / d'›f 5kfO klg ub{5 .
clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f u/sf ] lyP . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 ;'/Iff
odgsf clwsf+z hgtf x'yL kl/ifb\sf cg';f/ x'yL lj›f]xLsf]
lj›f]xLaf6 lgolGqt If]qdf a:5g\ . ;b:o ;ª\Vof !@ nfv;Dd k'u]sf]
/fhwfgL ;gf / pQ/L odg;Fusf] } 5 . h;df ;z:q n8fs'blv ]
nfn ;fu/ klg x'yL lj›f]xLsf] k|efjdf u}/;}lgs ;dy{s;d]t 5g\ .

hd]sf] gbLdfly plqof] ljdfg

s'g} klg Iflt k'u]sf]
5}g / s;}nfO{ klg
rf]6k6s klg nfu]g .
?;L Po/nfOG;sf
cg';f/ pSt hxfh
ofs' T : s–hfoo{ + s f–
;|]8g]sf]lnD:s ?6df
p8]sf] lyof] . …PG6f]gf]e
@$ ˆnfO6Ú sf] ;f]
ljdfgn] ofs'ltgf If]qdf
lho{+sf ljdfg:yndf
cjt/0f ug{'sf] ;f6f]
gbLd} cjt/0f u¥of] .
?;df xfn} kf]nf/ Po/nfOG;sf] Pp6f hxfh kf]nf/ Po/nfOG;sf cg';f/ pSTf
kfOn6sf] uNtLsf sf/0f sf]lndf gbLdfly cjt/0f 36gfaf/] ?;sf] ;ª\3Lo xjfO{ oftfoft
ePsf] 5 . wGg ofqLsf] efUo alnof] /x]5 . lsgeg] Ph]G;Lsf] If]qLo ljefun] cg';Gwfg
hxfh cjt/0f ePsf] pSt gbL lr;f]sf sf/0f k"0f{ ul//x]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes hfgsf/L cg';f/
¿kdf hd]sf] lyof] . rfnsbnsf ;b:osf] uNtLsf sf/0f ljdfg
;f] ljdfgdf #) ofq' / rf/ hgf /gj]sf] ;f6f] hd]sf] gbLdfly cjt/0f
rfnsbnsf ;b:o lyP . o; 36gfn] ljdfgdf ePsf] xf] . á

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 61

62
dlxgfsf] v]nf8L
cfsfz rGb -lj|ms]6/_

o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 o'–!( ljZjsk lj|ms]6sf] k|bz{g l;lgo/ /fli6«o l6ddf
k|jz
] kfpg] 7"nf] cj;/ x'G5 . o'–!( ljZjskdf /fd|f]
ug]{ lj|ms]6/n] /fli6«o l;lgo/ l6ddf km6fkm6
:yfg agfPsf] pbfx/0f ljZjsf ;a}h;f] l6ddf
b]Vg kfOG5 . g]kfnsf t]h an/ cfsfz rGb o;}
ju{df k5{g\ . blIf0f clk|msfdf ePsf] o'–!( ljZjsk
lj|ms]6 k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnsf] r'gf}tL ;'k/ l;S;df
;dfKt eof] . Toxf“;Dd g]kfnnfO{ k'¥ofpg s]xL lj|ms]6/sf] 7"nf]
e"ldsf /Xof] . h;dWo] cfsfz klg Ps lyP .

ljZjsksf] ;d"x r/0fdf Go'lhNofG8 /
kfls:tfglj?4sf] v]ndf xf/ a]xf]/]kl5 g]kfnnfO{
;'k/ l;S;df k'Ug ckmuflg:tfglj?4sf] v]n
lhTg}kg]{ afWotf lyof] . ;f] v]ndf cfsfzn]
rfdTsfl/s alnª u/] . cfsfzn] zLif{ 5dWo]
kfFr Aof6\;DofgnfO{ l;sf/ agfPkl5 6]:6
dfGotfk|fKt ckmuflg:tfgsf] Aofl6ª Wj:t eof] .
h;af6 g]kfnsf] lhtsf] cfwf/ tof/ x'g k'Uof] .
cfsfz o'–!( ljZjskdf 6]:6 v]Ng]
l6dlj?4 kfFr ljs]6 lng] g]kfnsf klxnf] an/
ag] . cfsfz g} o; dxìjk"0f{ v]nsf] Dofg
ckm bL Dofr r'lgP . cfsfzn] kfls:tfgsf]
klg zLif{ tLg Aof6\;DofgnfO{ cfp6 u/]/
cfˆgf] Ifdtf b]vfP .
g]kfnL lj|ms]6 l6dsf k|lzIfs df]G6L b];fO{n]
cfsfznfO{ /fli6«o l;lgo/ l6ddf ;fd]n u/]/ ;f]
c;fwf/0f k|bz{gsf nflu k'/:sf/ k|bfg u/]sf
5g\ . blIf0f clk|msfd} 5Fbf cfsfzsf] rog
ePsf] lyof] . ca cfsfzn] Sofg8flj?4sf]
tLg Pslbj;Lo lj|ms]6 z[ª\vnfdf v]n]/ l;lgo/
l6ddf kbfk0f{ ug]{5g\ . o'–!( ljZjsk l6ddf
/x]sf b]j vgfn / u'N;g emf klg k|lzIfs
b];fO{n] rog u/]sf] l6ddf 5g\ t/ oL b'j} l;lgo/
l6ddf :yfg agfO;s]sf lj|ms]6/ x'g\ .
3/]n' lj|ms]6df cfsfz lqe'jg cfdL{
Snadf cfa4 5g\ . ;f] l6ddf ;f]dkfn sfdL,
lht]Gb| d'lvof h:tf g]kfnsf x:tL t]h an/
x'Fbf cfsfzn] TolQ v]Ng] df}sf kfPsf 5}gg\ .
3/]n' lj|ms]6df vf;} gb]lvP klg /fli6«o l6ddf
pgsf] of]ubfg 7"n} 5 . s~rgk'/sf cfsfzn]
;g\ @)@! b]lv /fli6«o l6ddf g]6 an/sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
;g\ @)!( nfO{ cfsfzsf] lj|ms]6 hLjgsf]
dxìjk"0f{ jif{sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . To; jif{
ef/tsf] x}b/fjfbdf o'–!( Rofn]Gh/ l;l/hdf
v]Ng cfsfzsf] rog eof] . h'g o'–!( /fli6«o
l6d;Fu pgsf] klxnf] k|ltof]lutf lyof] . ;f]xL jif{
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf k'/fgf] lj|ms]6 Sna d]l/n]af]g
lj|ms]6 Sna -Pdl;;L_sf] l6d g]kfn e|d0fdf
cfpFbf cfsfzn] g]kfn …PÚ af6 v]Ng] cj;/
kfPsf lyP .
o'–!( /fli6«o l6daf6 k|d'v k|ltof]lutfdf
v]Ng eg] cfsfzn] ut jif{ o'PO{df ;DkGg
cfOl;;L o'–!( ljZjsk Pl;ofaf6 ;'? u/]sf
x'g\ . u'N;gn] l;lgo/ 6f]nLaf6 cfOl;;L
ljZjsk lnu–@ v]Ng] ePkl5 cfsfzn]
o'–!( /fli6«o l6ddf v]Ng] df}sf kfPsf lyP .
;f] cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u u/]sf cfsfz To;kl5
lgoldt ¿kdf o'–!( /fli6«o l6dsf] k|d'v
an/sf ¿kdf v]ln/x]sf 5g\ .
o'–!( ljZjsk 5gf]6–@)@# df cfsfzn]
rf/ v]ndf !! ljs]6 lnP/ g]kfnnfO{ ljZjskdf
k'¥ofpg 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP . ;f]
k|ltof]lutfdf cfsfzn] s'j]tlj?4sf] v]ndf
5 ljs]6 lnP . To;kl5 g]kfnn] Pl;;L o'–!(
lk|ldo/ sk RoflDkog x'Fbf klg cfsfzn] cf7
ljs]6 lnPsf lyP . ca cfsfzn] /fli6«o l6ddf
k|j]z u/]/ 7"nf] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . lszf]/ pd]/d}
kfPsf] of] 7"nf] cj;/ cfsfzsf] v]n hLjgdf
lg0ff{os df]8 aGg ;S5 . á
–k|lht zfSo

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 63

g]kfnsf] klxnf]
;'k/ l;S;
;f]d/fh kf]v/n
]

k lxnf] k6s cfOl;;L o'–!( Pslbj;Lo

ljZjsk lj|ms]6sf] ;'k/ l;S;df v]n]/
g]kfnL l6d :jb]z kmls{Psf] 5 . ut
dlxgf blIf0f clk|msfdf ePsf] ljZjskdf g]kfnn]
ldl>t kl/0ffd lgsfNof] t/ ckmuflg:tfg h:tf]
l6dnfO{ x/fP/ ;'k/ l;S;df k|j]z ug'{ g]kfnsf
nflu 7"nf] ;kmntf dfGg ;lsG5 .
;du|df eGg' kbf{
g]kfnn] nuftf/ b'O{ k6s x/fO;s]sf] g]kfnL l6dn] ck]Iffs[t
Go'lhNofG8lj?4 eg] lht xfl;n ug{ ;s]g .
Tolt dfq geO{ ef/t, kfls:tfg / aª\unfb]zsf k|bz{g ug{ ;s]g .
cufl8 klg g]kfn c;kmn eof] .
;'k/ l;S;sf] clGtd v]ndf ef/tlj?4
;a}eGbf cg'ejL
v]Nbf g]kfn !#@ /gsf] cGt/n] k/flht eof] . cn/fpG8/ u'N;g
lhtsf nflu @(* /gsf] r'gf}tL k5\ofpg]
j|mddf g]kfnn] gf} ljs]6sf] Ifltdf !^% /g
emfaf6 ul/Psf] ck]Iff
dfq agfpg :fSof] . v]/ uof] .
;'k/ l;S;sf] klxnf] v]ndf g]kfnnfO{
aª\unfb]zn] kfFr ljs]6n] k/flht u/]sf] lyof] .
!&) /gsf] ;fdfGo r'gf}tL aª\unfb]zn] kfFr

64 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

ljs]6sf] Ifltdf @%=@ cf]e/d} k"/f
u/]sf] lyof] . To; v]ndf
g]kfnsf ;'jf; e08f/Ln] kfFr}
ljs]6 cfp6 u/]sf lyP .
;d"x r/0fdf g]kfnn]
Go'lhNofG8 / kfls:tfglj?4
v]Nbf k/fho a]xf]/]sf] lyof]
t/ To;kl5 ckmuflg:tfgdfly
/f]df~rs lht xfl;n u/]/ ;'k/
l;S;df :yfg agfof] .
o'–!( lj|ms]6df g]kfn klxnf]
k6s Go'lhNofG8åf/f k/flht
eof] . o;cl3 ePsf b'j} e]6df
g]kfn ljhoL ePsf] lyof] t/ t];|f]
e]6df g]kfn ^$ /gn] k/flht
eof] . Go'lhNofG8n] agfPsf] #)#
/g k5\ofpg] j|mddf g]kfnn] gf}
ljs]6sf] Ifltdf @#* /g agfpg
;s]sf] lyof] .
o:t} kfls:tfglj?4sf]
v]ndf g]kfn kfFr ljs]6n]
k/flht eof] . lhtsf nflu !(*
/gsf] ;fdfGo r'gf}tL k5\ofPsf]
kfls:tfgn] kfFr ljs]6 u'dfP/
$&=$ cf]e/df nIo xfl;n
u/]sf] lyof] .
ckmuflg:tfglj?4sf]
v]ndf rflxF g]kfn Ps ljs]6sf]
cGt/n] ljhoL eof] . g]kfnn]]
!$^ /gsf] ;fdfGo r'gf}tL $$=$
cf]e/df gf} ljs]6 u'dfP/ k|fKt
u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf nflu o; v]ndf
cfsfz rGbn] kfFr ljs]6 cfp6
u/]sf lyP . ljZjskdf pgsf]
;a}eGbf pTs[i6 alnª ePsf] 5 .
;du|df eGg' kbf{ g]kfnL
l6dn] ck]Iffs[t k|bz{g ug{ ;s]g .
;a}eGbf cg'ejL cn/fpG8/
u'N;g emfaf6 ul/Psf] ck]Iff v]/
uof] . pgn] ljZjsk lnu–@,
ljZjsk 5gf]6 / Pl;of skdf
xfl;n u/]sf] ;kmntf;Fu} cg'ejn]
o'–!( df /fd|f] glthf xfl;n x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] . á
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 65
SofG;/sf
cfdnIf0f
!= ;f; lngdf sl7gfO .
@= ysfg dx;'; .
#= lg/Gt/ vf]sL .
$= z/L/sf] tf}n crfgs 36\g' .
%= lgNgdf sl7gfO .
^= 5fnfsf] /ª kl/jt{g .
&= 5fnfd'lg ufF7fu'F7L b]lvg' .
*= /flt ;'t]sf a]nf c:jfefljs
kl;gf cfpg' .
(= df+;k]zL / hf]gL{df kL8f .
!)= Hj/f] cfO/xg] .
!!= vfg dg gnfUg] .
!@= ckr / a]r}gL .

/fd|f] cf;gn] ;w}F tkfO{+sf]

cfTdljZjf; a9fpF5 . ;w}F ;'lglZrt
ug'{;\ tkfO{+sf] z/L/ clws km}lnPsf]
xf];\ / ;ª\s'lrt gb]lvof];\ . cGoyf ljZjdf
o;af6 s] yfxf x'g] 5 eg] tkfO{+
hlt dflg;
nhfn' x'g'x'G5 / lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{]
Ifdtf /fVg' x'Gg .
5g\ To;sf
cfwf/df tkfO{+sf]
hGdlbgdf yk
Ps s/f]8
() nfv
dflg;sf]
klg
hGdlbg
kb{5 .

66 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

Pk]lG8S; /
lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/
P k]lG8S; / lkQy}nL b'j}
cª\u kfrg gnLsf
;xfos cª\u eP
klg kfrg k|lj|mofdf lkQy}nLsf]
lgs} dxìj x'G5 . vf;df lrNnf]
vfg]s'/f krfpgsf nflu lkQy}nLsf]
lgs} dxìjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .

Pk]lG8S;sf] SofG;/
Pk]lG8S; gfdsf] cª\u
zfsfxf/L hLjsf nflu lgs}
dxìjsf] cª\u xf] . hLj ljsf;j|md
-Oef]n';g_ sf j|mddf dflg;df eg]
Pk]lG8S; sfd gnfUg] cª\udf
kl/0ft x'g uof] t/ klg oxL cª\u
a]nfavt ljleGg sf/0fn] ;'hg
x'g], lgs} lj/n g} eP klg o;df
SofG;/ knfpg] x'G5 . Pk]lG8S;df
SofG;/ knfpg] ;d:ofnfO{ lgs}
lj/n dflgG5 . k|ltjif{ k|ltbz
nfv dflg;df s]jn b'O{ hgfeGbf
sddf dfq of] SofG;/ x'G5 .

nIf0f / k|sf/
Pk]lG8S; lgsflnPsf Pk]lG8S;df SofG;/ x'Fbf k]6
JolStsf] lkQy}nLsf] df;' km'Ng], k]6sf] tNnf] bflxg] efudf
c;xh x'g], ;f; km]g{ ufx|f] x'g]
hfFr -Kofyf]nf]hL_df k7fpFbf tyf vfgf g?Rg] x'G5 . of] SofG;/
sl/a rf/ ;o dflg;dWo] k|f8f ;'dg/fh tfd|fsf/ cf};tdf %)÷%% jif{sf JolStnfO{
Psdf sfl;{gf]O8 b]lvg] x'G5 . Pk]lG8S;df knfpg] 6\o'd/
clwst/ sfl;{gf]O8 vfnsf]
u/sf]
] kfOPsf] 5 . -SofG;/ vfnsf] xf]Og_ x'G5 .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 67
 cGo sf/0fn] Pk]lG8S;
lgsflnPsf JolStsf] lkQy}nLsf]
df;' hfFr -Kofyf]nf]hL_ k7fpFbf
sl/a rf/ ;o dflg;dWo]
Psdf sfl;{gf]O8 b]lvg] u/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . To;} u/L Pk]lG8S;
cfkm}F u|lGyo'St cª\u ePsfn]
u|lGyo'St cª\udf x'g] clwst/
SofG;/ P8]gf] sfl;{gf]df vfnsf]
x'G5 . To;}n] Pk]lG8S;df x'g]
bf];|f] d'Vo SofG;/ Do'l;g;
P8]gf] sfl;{gf]df vfnsf] x'g]
u5{ . t];|f] d'Vo SofG;/ klg
P8]gf] sfl;{gf]df g} xf] t/ oxL
eg]/ 5'6\ofpg g;lsg] vfnsf]
x'G5 . rf}yf]df l;Ug]6 ;]n
P8]gf]sfl;{gf]df kb{5 .

hals Go'/f]OG8f]j|mfOg
6\o'd/;Fu} P8]gf] sfl;{gf]df
5 eg] bfofFlt/sf] cfwfh;f]
7"nf] cfGb|f, ;fgf] cfGb|fsf]
k'5f/sf] efu klg lgsflng]
x]ldsf]n]S6f]dL elgg] zNolj|mof
cfjZos kb{5 .

w"dkfg, kfl/jfl/s Oltxf;,
OG8f]j|mfOg u|lGysf cGo SofG;/
Pk]lG8S; SofG;/sf hf]lvd
tìj x'g\ . cN6«f;fpG8, l;6L
:Sofg jf Pdcf/cfO{n] klg
Pk]lG8S;sf] SofG;/ eP gePsf]
cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . o;sf]
lgSof{]nsf nflu k|efljt 7fpFsf]
afof]K;L -df;' hfFr_ ug'{ kb{5 .
Uof:6«fOl6; -tf/Gtf/ k]6 b'Vg]_,
Ol/6]an afpn l;G8«f]d -k]6
kf]Ng'sf ;fy} lb;f lalu|/fVg]
;d:of_, NofS6f]h -Ps k|sf/sf]
sfaf]{xfO8«]6_ krfpg g;Sg]
cj:yf / k]6sf] SofG;/n]
ubf{ Pk]lG8S;sf] SofG;/sf]
lgSof{]n ug{ cln ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg' kb{5 .
pkrf/
6\o'd/ lgs} ;fgf] -cyf{t\ @
;]ldeGbf ;fgf]_ / SofG;/ vfnsf]
geO{ sfl;{gf]O8 vfnsf] ePdf
Pk]lG8S; lgsfNg] zNolj|mof
ul/G5 . hals Go'/f]OG8f]j|mfOg
6\o'd/;Fu} P8]gf] sfl;{gf]df 5
eg] bfofFlt/sf] cfwfh;f] 7"nf]
cfGb|f, ;fgf] cfGb|fsf] k'5f/sf]
efu klg lgsflng] x]ldsf]n]S6f]dL
elgg] zNolj|mof cfjZos
kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} cfjZostf
cg';f/ s]df]y]/fkL, /]l8of]y]/fkL
klg rflxg ;S5 .

68 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 t/ of] SofG;/ hlt lj/n
5, pkrf/kl5 kfFr jif{;Dd afFRg]
;Defjgf klg lgs} sd -s]jn
@% b]lv ** k|ltzt_ 5 . k|fylds
k|sf/sf] cyf{t\ Pk]lG8S;af6} ;'?
x'g] SofG;/ lgs} sd eP klg
6\o'd/sf] k|sf/, pd]/, lnª\u,
SofG;/sf] r/0f ljZn]if0f
ubf{ kl5Nnf] ;do of] SofG;/
klg a9\bf] j|mddf 5 . lh:6
elgg] Uof:6«f]OG6]l:6gn 6\o'd/
vfnsf] SofG;/ / lnDkmf]df klg
Pk]lG8S;af6} ;'? x'g ;S5 eg]
:tg SofG;/, cfGb|fsf] SofG;/,
:qL hgg]lGb|osf] SofG;/ km}lnP/
Pk]lG8S;df ;g{ ;S5 .
lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/
cd]l/sfsf] tYofª\s
cg';f/ k|ltPs nfv dflg;df
b'O{ dflg;nfO{ lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h'g sd g} eP
klg Pk]lG8S;df eGbf a9L g} xf] .
of] SofG;/ dWocd]l/sf, blIf0f
cd]l/sf, dWo / k"jL{ o'/f]k, hfkfg
/ pQ/L ef/tdf a9L kfOPsf] 5 .
To;df klg lx:kflgs / cd]l/sg
lkQy}nLdf kTy/L ePsf
JolStdf kTy/ ;fx|f]
-SoflN;kmfO8_ x'g uO{
lkQy}nL kf];]l{ ng vfnsf]
-lrlgofF df6f]n] agfPsf]
efF8fsF8' f h:tf]_ x'g
;S5 . o:tf] kf];]l{ ng
vfnsf] lkQy}nLdf
SofG;/ knfpg]
;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
OlG8ogx¿df a9L b]lvPsf] 5 .
lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/sf]
cd]l/sfdf k|ltjif{ kfFr xhf/
hlt /f]uL x'G5g\ . h;dWo] k|ltjif{
sl/a b'O{ xhf/ /f]uLsf] d[To' x'G5 .
lrnLdf SofG;/sf sf/0f x'g]
d[To'sf] rf}yf] sf/0f oxL xf] .
;dod} kQf nfu]sf] v08df
lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/sf] pkrf/ ubf{
sn]hf]sf] Ps c+z / lnDkmgf]8;lxt
k|efljt efu lgsfn]df of] lgsf] x'g
;S5 t/ nIf0f b]vf kl/;Sbf;Dd
l9nf] eO;S5 . nIf0f b]vf k/]kl5
kfFr jif{ afFRg] ;Defjgf sl/a
tLg k|ltzt dfq x'G5 . lkQy}nLsf]
SofG;/sf] cf/Delt/ o;sf
nIf0fn] lkQy}nLsf] ;'hg xf] ls
eg]/ em'Sofpg ;S5 .
nIf0f
dflyNnf] bflxg] efudf lg/Gt/
k]6 b'Vg], hlG8; b]vfkg],{ jfsjfsL
cfpg], pN6L cfpg] -kx]n F f]
lkQo'St_, k]6 km'Ng], Hj/f] cfpg],
lagfsf/0f z/L/sf] tf}n 36\g] x'g
;S5 eg] sltko JolStdf s'g} klg
nIf0f gb]lvg ;S5 .
lkQy}nLdf pTkGg SofG;/sf
sf/0f lkQ axg] af6f]df cj/f]w
v8f eof] eg] pN6L cfpg] /
hlG8; b]vfkg]{ x'G5 . lkQy}nLdf
kTy/L ePsf JolStdf kTy/ ;fx|f]
-SoflN;kmfO8_ x'g uO{ lkQy}nL
kf];]{lng vfnsf] -lrlgofF df6f]n]
agfPsf] efF8fsF'8f h:tf]_ x'g
;S5 . o:tf] kf];]{lng vfnsf]
lkQy}nLdf SofG;/ knfpg]
;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
kl5 lkQ axg] Pj+ cfdfzo /
;fgf] cfGb|f hf]l8g] 8\o'8]gd elgg]
cª\udf cj/f]w b]vf k¥of] eg] ;f]xL
cg';f/sf] yk nIf0f b]vf kb{5 .
lkQy}nLsf] ;'hg gb'Vg] vfnsf] jf
hlG8; b]vf kg]{ lkQy}nLsf] kTy/Ln]
dfq x'g ;Sb}g . o;f] lkQy}nL jf
KoflGj|mofhsf] SofG;/sf] sf/0fn]
x'g ;S5 .
hf]lvd tìj
dlxnfdf bf]Aa/ ;Defjgf
x'G5 . &)÷*) jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xsf
dflg;, df]6f]kgf ePsf, hL0f{vfnsf]
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 69
lkQy}nLsf] ;'hg jf kTy/Lsf] lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/sf] lgbfg
;d:of ePsf, lkQgnLsf] ;lhnf] 5}g . cN6«f;fpG8,
;'hg ePsf, hL0f{ l;6L :Sofg, kfrg
vfnsf] kTy/Lsf] gnLd} b"/lag l5/fP/
6fOkmfO8 ;ª\jm| d0f ul/g] cN6«f;fpG8
ePsf, …l;ª\un -OG8f]:sf]lks
Go'lSncf]6fO8 Kn] cN6«f;fpG8_,
cf]df]lk{mHdÚ elgg] Pdcf/cfO{,
;d:of ePsf, Pdcf/l;kLaf6 o;sf]
lkQy}nLdf df;' lgbfg ul/G5 .
knfpg] -kf]lnk_ lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/
;d:of ePsf, HofGyf]u|fg'nf]df6;
lkQy}nL SoflN;kmfO8 vfnsf] lkQy}nLsf] ;'hg;Fu
ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'G5 . To;f] eP/
w]/h;f]
} df lkQy}nLsf] kTy/Lsf]
;d:ofsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ SofG;/sf]
zª\sf:kb lrXg kQf nufpg 6\od' /af6
lgsflnPsf] df;'sf] afof]K;L ul/G5 .

cGo sf/0f jf lkQy}nLsf]
kTy/L ePsf] cj:yfdf lkQy}nL
lgsfln;s]kl5 df;' hfFr -Kofyf]nf]hL_
sf j|mddf lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/ kQf
nfu]df zNolj|mof bf]xf]¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
eO{ kf];]l{ ng vfnsf] lkQy}nL ePsf, lkQgnLsf] hGdhft
v/faL ePsfdf lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/ x'g ;S5 .
kfrg k|0ffnLsf cGo 7fpFdf ePsf SofG;/;Fu
of] SofG;/n] em'SSofpg ;S5 . lkQy}nL u|lGyo'St
cª\u ePsfn] w]/}h;f] P8]gf] sfl;{gf]df vfnsf]
SofG;/ x'G5 eg] s]xL JolStdf …:Sj]d; ;]n sfl;{gf]Ú
df vfnsf] x'G5 .
pkrf/
gkm}lnPsf] cj:yfdf lkQy}nLsf]
SofG;/sf] pkrf/ zNolj|mofaf6} ul/G5 .
o; j|mddf lkQy}nL, sn]hf]sf] s]xL c+z
-k|efljt ePsf] cj:yf x]/]/ sn]hf]sf]
cln 7"n} efu_ / lnDkmgf]8 lgsflnG5 .
pkrf/fTds lx;fan] zNolj|mof
ug{ ;Dej gePsf] cj:yfdf klg
lkQ/;sf] ;xh k|jfxsf nflu
…:6]lG6ªÚ -ljz]if vfnsf] kfOk_ lkQ/; v'Ng]
7fpFdf /fVg] jf lkl6la8L eg]/ pkrf/af6 pN6L
cfpg] / hlG8;sf] /fxt ldNg] Joj:yf ul/G5 .
zNolj|mofsf cltl/St s]df]y]/fkL, /]l8of]y]/fkL
rflxg ;S5 .
olb cGo sf/0f jf lkQy}nLsf] kTy/L ePsf]
cj:yfdf lkQy}nL lgsfln;s]kl5 df;' hfFr
-Kofyf]nf]hL_ sf j|mddf lkQy}nLsf] SofG;/ kQf nfu]df
zNolj|mof bf]xf]¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;a]nf sn]hf]sf 7"n}
efu / glhssf] lnDkmgf]8 klg lgsflnG5 t/ of] SofG;/
sn]hf], lkQgnL, cfdfzo Pj+ 8\o'8]gddf ;lhn}
km}lng ;Sg] x'gfn] SofG;/sf] pkrf/kl5sf] cj:yf
Tolt /fd|f] x'Fbg} . zNolj|mofsf] s]xL ;dod} d[To' x'g]
;Defjgf klg x'G5 . kfFr jif{ afFRg] ;Defjgf !(
k|ltzt dfq 5 . á

70 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 efiff 1fg
Vocabulary zAbfjnL
v]jf] M kfos kg]{ 7fpF Absence cg'kl:ylt
cfv] M afh] Dishonest a]Odfg, sk6L
v]j/f M s'g} sfdsf] yfngL Fatal 3fts, k|f0fgfzs
v'd/ M lxpFsf] cfFwL Daredevil ;fx;L, axfb'/
yd'g M ;dfTg nufpg' Miser nf]eL, sGh';
76'g' M s;}nfO{ ysf{pg' Stubborn x7L, lh2L
y'/fpg' M 6f]s:g' jf 6f]s;fpg' Arrogant 3d08L, cxª\sf/L
y'Tsfg'{ M lwSsfg'{, b'Tsfg'{ Extrovert alxd{'vL
u'7] M cfnf]kfnf];Fu ldn]/ sfd Sweat kl;gf
ul/g] ;ª\u7g Adjacent 5]pdf, ;dLk
u]/8f] M k'8\sf], xfrf] Manner 9ª\u, z}nL
un]n M 5jfnL, gn
Forgive dfkm ug'{, Ifdf lbg'
v'Fu] M cK7]/f] s'/f, c;lhnf] cj:yf
Novice gf}l;lvof, sRrf
kmFu]/f] M 3'dfp/f], 3'dsf]
]
Nectar cd[t, k/fu/;
oldt M ;+oldt
Appetite ef]s, ?lr
co{df M cfFssf] af]6
cofrg M gdfUg] sfd, nf]esf] Tofu Palm xTs]nf, lht
uphf] M sf];f x'g] hª\unL 3fF;ljz]if Flock em'G8, kz'sf] ;d"x
phNg' M ;kmf x'g', rlDsg' Stampede efubf}8, wSsfd'SsL
pQh{g M cf}nf] 78\ofpg] sfd Awful eoª\s/, lj:dosf/L
km/fª M kml/of Saint ;Gt, dxfTdf

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 71

 o; lrqdf uNtL kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
a|]g u]d

k|Zg
^ nfO{ !! df hf]8]/ s'g cj:yfdf % k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 <

lgDg rf/ ljsNkdWo] o; lrqdf

TWO ZERO TWO FOUR
s'g xf] < sltj6f
s_ 0024 v_ 2044 u_ 2024 ju{ 5g\ <
3_ 0044

pQ/ o;} cª\sdf

72 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 a|]g u]d
o; lrqdf l;+x sxf“ 5 <

o; lrqdf
n'ss] f] 5 cg'xf/
vf]Hg'xf];\ .

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 73

 kl/0ffdx¿
cª\shfn k|ltof]lutf, kmfu'g–@)*) cª\shfn k'; cª\ssf] pQ/

lgodx¿ M
!= cª† s hfn eg{ vfnL sf] 7fx¿df ! b] lv (
cª†s;Dd eg'{kg]{5„
@= k|To]s 7f8f] nxƒ ƒ t];f]{ nxƒdf ! b]lv ( cª†s;Dd
eg'{kg]{5„
#= cª†shfndf #×# sf gf}j6f ju{ ƒx]sf 5g†„ #×#
sf] k|T| o]s ju{df klg ! b]lv ( cª†s;Dd gbf]xf]¥ofO{
eg'{kg]{5„ uf]nfk|yfåf/f ljhoL
$= ;dfwfg @)*) r}t !% ;Dddf …o'jfd~rÚ sf] ] k|;fb e6\6/fO{, wgu9L–& s}nfnL
jL/Gb|

;xL hjfkm k7fpg] ;xefuL M

a'l4dfg >]i7, lqk'/]Zj/ sf7df8f}F
sfof{nodf cfOk'lu;Sg'kg]{5„
v]d/fh l3ld/] sfdgkf–(, /Tg zfSo k'Nrf]s nlntk'/, /Iff rf}w/L e}F;]kf6L
%= cª† s hfn eƒ] ƒ k7fpF b f o;} klqsfsf] sl6ª nlntk'/, /lZd rf}w/L, vf]sgf nlntk'/, /fdfsfGt rf}w/L, v8s gkf–! ;Kt/L,
k7fpg'kg]5 { „ s]ƒd]6 ƒ c‚ki6 ;dfwfgnfO{ k|ltof]lutfdf wgaxfb'/ kf}8\ofn, lj/f6gu/, gf/fo0f n3', eStk'/, ;Ltf dxh{g, v'l;a'F
sf7df8f}F, /fw]Zofd >]i7, sf7df8f}F, uf}/Lzª\s/ /]UdL, sf7df8f}F, lg/~hg
;xefuL uƒfOg] 5}g„ /]UdL, sf7df8f}F, c;Ld >]i7 lr;fkfgL /fd]5fk, gjLg yfkf, c;g sf7df8f}F,
^= ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg] b'O{ hgfnfO{ ;ft–;ft ;o ;/f]h tfdfª, kfv|Laf; wgs'6f, pd]zs'df/ df:s], lj/f6gu/, lgd{nf >]i7,
lj/f6gu/, pkf;gf yfkf ;]G6 h]leo;{ :s'n nlntk'/, lbj; e6\6/fO{,
?lkofF k'ƒ‚sfƒsf] Joj‚yf ulƒPsf] 5„ b'O{eGbf sf7df8f}F, s[i0frGb| uf}td, ;'vLk'/ l;/fxf, dbgdf]xgnfn >]i7, 36\6]s'nf]
a9Ln] ;xL ;dfwfg k7fPdf uf]nfk|yfåfƒf ljhoLsf] sf7df8f}F, nIfd0f /]UdL, sf7df8f}F, b]j]Gb| anfdL, jh|jf/fxL dsjfgk'/, lgd{nf
e6\6/fO{, rKkn sf/vfgf sf7df8f}F, ;lg;f dxh{g, kf6g, cgw{g l3ld/],
5gf]6 ulƒg]5„ /fd]5fk, 6Lsfk|;fb l3ld/], /fd]5fk, cfnf]ss'df/ ltjf/L jL/uGh–@^ latf{,
&= glthf;DaGwL o'jfd~rsf] lg0f{o g} clGtd lg0f{o a'l4axfb'/ b'/f dWo g]kfn ndh'ª, lbg]z/fh kf}8]n, sf7df8f}F, /fdk|;fb
pk|tL,
] sf7df8f}F, /ldtf zfSo, sf7df8f}F, s?0ff l3ld/] aQL;k'tnL sf7df8f}F,
x'g]5„ cleofg a/fn, wgs'6f, /f]hg rfln;], nfnaGbL ;nf{xL .

* ( # %
& ! % k'; cª\ssf] sf]7]kb
& uf]nf k|yfåf/f ljhoL
# * ^ $ /ljs'df/ ;fksf]6f, sfdgkf–!% ljhoZj/L
$ @ ( ^ * & ;'l:dtf clwsf/L, wgs'6f
% ^ @ ( ;xL pQ/ ldnfpg] cGo ;xefuL
sNkgf /fjn, alb{of, pd]zs'df/ df:s], lj/f6gu/, pkf;gf yfkf ;]G6
! h]leo;{ :s'n nlntk'/, cRo'tdfgl;+x k|wfg, …pT;'sÚ afn'jf6f/ sf7df8f}F,
& $ ^ % lgd{nf >]i7, lj/f6gu/, pHHjnljnf; jh|frfo{, gofFahf/, v]d/fh
l3ld/] sfdgkf–(, j6's[i0f s;kfn, k'tnL;8s sf7df8f}F, /fdfsfGt
$ # & * rf}w/L, v8s gkf–! ;Kt/L, /lZd rf}w/L, vf]sgf nlntk'/, /Iff rf}w/L
e}F;]kf6L nlntk'/, /Tg zfSo, k'Nrf]s nlntk'/, a'l4axfb'/ b'/f dWo g]kfn
ndh'ª, ;xfgf >]i7, Go'/f]8, lznf >]i7 s'n]Zj/ sf7df8f}F, s?0ff l3ld/]
gfd M ============================================ aQL;k'tnL sf7df8f}F .

7]ufgf M =========================================
;fdfGo 1fg k|ltof]lutf k';sf] kl/0ffd
;fdfGo1fg k'; cª\ssf] pQ/ k|fKt
gfd 7]ufgf cª\s
ljh]tf

;d""x s M != nvgp @= tfKn]hª' #= ch]l{ G6gf

a'l4axfb'/ b'/f dWo g]kfn, ndh'ª !))
;d"x v M != ljlnoD; gS; @= l;n df5f #= leotgfd
cfnf]ss'df/ ltjf/L jL/uGh–@^, latf{ !))
;d"x u M != ljG:6g rlr{n @= PkLh] cAb'n snfd /f]hg rfln;] nfnaGbL, ;nf{xL (&
#= 8]gdfs{ $ dbgdf]xgnfn >]i7 36\6s'] nf], sf7df8f}F (&
;d"x 3 M != e}/jaxfb'/ yfkf @= 6ª\ufn % /Iff rf}w/L e}F;kf6L,
] nlntk'/ (&
#= l:j6\h/NofG8 ^ /fdfsfGt rf}w/L ;Kt/L (&
;d"x ª M != ;fk' @= cleif]s r'8fn #= 6'efn' & /lZd rf}w/L vf]sgf, nlntk'/ (&
;d"x r M != sf7df8f}F dxfgu/ @= kn]zf dxh{g * ltnfb]jL vgfn -e6\6/fO{_ sfdkf–$, w'Daf/fxL (%
#= d';f ( a'l4dfg >]i7 lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df8f}F (#
;d"x 5 M != yf¿ @= a]Olhª #= ;tf/ !) gf/fo0f n3' eStk'/ (#

74 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g

 sf]7]kb à lgd{n

o'jfd~r sf]7]kb k|ltof]lutf, kmfu'g–@)*)

! @ # $ %
;xeflutfsf lgod
^ & != ;dfwfg;lxtsf] s'kg @)*) r}t !%
leq cfOk'Ug'kg{5] .
* ( !) @= ;dfwfg dflysf] s'kgd} k"ƒf gfd ƒ
7]ufgf eƒ]ƒ k7fOPsf] x'g'kg{5] .
!! !@ #= s]ƒd]6 ulƒPsf ;dfwfgnfO{
k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z ulƒg] 5}g .
!# !$ !% $= ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg] b'O{ hgfnfO{
;ft–;ft ;o ?lkofF k'ƒ‚sfƒsf]
!^ !& !* Joj‚yf ulƒPsf] 5„ b'O{eGbf a9L
JolStn] ;xL ;dfwfg k7fPdf
!( @) @! uf]nfk|yfåfƒf ljhoLsf] 5gf]6 ulƒg]5„
%= glthf;DaGwL o'jfd~rsf] lg0f{o g}
@@ @# clGtd lg0f{o x'g5„]
gfd M ==================================
@$ @% 7]ufgf M ====================================
===================================
7f8f] M !^= s'g} sfdsf] lgwf], lgZro, kSsf
!= dxfb]jsf] Ps gfd !&= ljrf/, /fo
@= n'Sg], gb]lvg] !(= uxg ;f]rfO, lrGtg
#= ljBfsL b]jL @)= j}lbssfnLg Ps /fHo, dxfhgkb, h;sf] /fhwfgL kf6nLk'q
$= dfofn] el/PsL, :g]xn] el/PsL -====dftf_, cfTdLotfn] kl/k"0f{ -xfnsf] k6gf_ lyof]÷tTsfnLg Ps /fhf jf ;fd|fHo
%= s;}l;t dfkmL dfUg] sfd÷Ifdfsf nflu ofrgf @@= …=====sL hf]O{ x'g'eGbf db{sL gf]sgL{ x'g' hftLÚ pvfgsf] vfnL
(= n6\7Ln] lk6\bf a:g] 8fd÷;'lGgP/ p7]sf] df;'sf] n'bF f]
7fpFdf x'g'kg]{ zAb
!!= l7ª\u, plePsf]÷k|:t't
!#= Ps b]z @#= b'sfg÷bf]sfg
!$= dfgeª\u, ckdfg, s;}sf] dfgdf cf3ft kfg]{ sfd @$= a]gDa/Lsf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb
!%= af]6la?jfsf kQf, kq @%= g]kfnL tyf lxGbL l;g]hut\sL Ps k|l;4 g]kfnL cleg]qL
!&= h] dg nfU5, ToxL÷dgnfuL
!*= ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;k{÷Ps hflt
@)= 3fpdf nufOg] n]l;nf] j:t' sf]7]kb k|ltof]lutf, k'; cª\ssf] pQ/
@!= Ps lhNnf

t];f]{
!= dgdf b'ljwf ePsf] -JolSt_, zª\sf ug]{
#= nfh, ;ª\sf]r, ;d{
^= Psy/L 3/kfn'jf hgfj/
&= dxìj, ul/df
*= rLgl;t l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] Ps lhNnf
!)= ;kmfkg, lgd{ntf
!!= gf]S;fgL, Iflt
!@= lk/f] / af:gfbf/ Psy/L d;nf -u]8fljz]if_
!$= cfFksf] u'bLaf6 agfOPsf] vfg]s'/f]
!%= lkpg] cy{ hgfpg zAbsf] k5fl8 cfpg] zAbf+z
-:tg=====÷b'Uw====_

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 75

 tkfO{+sf] k|Zg
Hof]= xl/k|;fb kf}8]nsf] pQ/
gfd M Clif/fd a/fn
hGd :yfg M afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}F
hGd ldlt M @)&&.!@.@*
hGd ;do M &M@% ah] laxfg
d]/f] 5f]/fsf] gfd gIfq, hGd/flzsf ;fy} efUo,
sd{ / cfo' s] s:tf] b]lvG5 < s[kof atfOlbg' eP
cfef/L x'g] lyPF .
tkfO{s
+ f] 5f]/fsf] hGd k"jf{kmfNu'gL gIfqsf] k|yd
r/0fdf hGd ePsfn] l;+x/flz clg df] cfBIf/af6
df]xg o:tf] gfd lg:sG5 . zf/Ll/s cf/f]Uotfsf ;fy}
bL3f{os' f] of]u /x]sf] 5 . eljiodf /fd|f] ;kmntf k|fKt
ug]{ u|xof]u kg{ uPsf] 5 . cfly{s pGglt k|ult /fd|f] ug]{
b]lvG5 . r/nUgdf hGd ePsfn] ljb]zdf efUof]bosf]
;Defjgf b]lvG5 . klZrd b]zaf6 efUof]bo x'g] of]u
/x]sf] 5 . ;fx; k/fj|md /fd|f] xf]nf . sd{ / st{Joaf6
kl5 gx6\g] b]lvG5 . ljBfdf pRr ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{
5g\ . dftflktfsf eSt cf1fsf/L;d]t aGg] 5g\ . jt{dfg
;dosf u|xbzf l7s} 5g\ . efUo alnof] b]lvPsfn]
pHHjn eljiosf] ;Defjgf 5, s'g} lrGtf ug'{ kb}g{ .
gfd M l/tf s6'jfn
hGd :yfg M g'jfsf]6
hGd ldlt M @)$% c;f]h @@ ut]
hGd ;do M lbjf !!M%% ah]
u'?hL gd:sf/ Û d]/f] hGd ;do cg';f/
hGd/flz, gfd gIfq, jt{dfg ;dosf u|xbzf, ;Gtfg
Pj+ bfDkTo ;'v ;DaGw / efUo s] s:tf] b]lvG5 <
s[kof atfOlbg'xf]nf .
l/tfhL tkfO{s + f] hGd d3f gIfqsf] klxnf] r/0f
cGtu{t kg{ uPsfn] gfdsf] klxnf] cIf/ dfaf6 -dfwjL
o:tf] gfd_ lg:sG5 eg] /flz l;+x x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf
pNsf bzf rn]sfn] s]xL cK7\of/f] ;do rn]sf] 5 .
;fdfGo :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:of b]vf kg]{ 5 . sfddf
cgfjZos afwfc8\rgsf ;fy} ljjfbsf] l:ylt;d]t
pTkGg x'g] b]lvPsfn] w}o{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;do /x]sf]
5 . 7"nf] nufgL / n]gb]g;DaGwL cfly{s sf/f]af/
gubf{ g} /fd|f] xf]nf . cfufdL j}zfv dlxgfaf6 pNsf
bzfsf] k|efj sd eP/ hfg] 5 . tkfO+s { f] hGds'08nLdf
uhs]z/Lof]u;d]t kg{ uPsfn] ljBf a'l4 /fd|f] 5, ;'v
76 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
;DklQ P]Zjo{ a9]/ hfg] 5, cfly{s ;d'Gglt klg /fd|f]
b]lvG5 . ;'vdo eljiosf] of]u /x]sf] 5 .
gfd M dfwj nfld5fg]
hGd ldlt M @)$(.)^.% sf7df8f}F
hGd ;do M a]n'sf !)M$* ah]
u'?hL gd:sf/ Û d]/f] jt{dfg ;dosf u|xbzf,
gf]s/L, efUo / eljiosf af/]df atfOlbg'eP cfef/L
x'g] lyPF .
dfwjhL tkfO{s + f] #% jif{;Ddsf nflu
;ª\s6fsf] bzf rn]sfn] jt{dfg ;dodf cfF6sf ] sfddf
cgfjZos afwfc8\rg cfpg'sf ;fy} ;f]r]sf of]hgfdf
l9nf;':tL;d]t u/fpg] b]lvG5 . cfufdL jif{sf] k|f/Deaf6
j|mdzM ;kmntf ldNb} hfg] 5 . cfufdL tLg jif{leqdf
/fd|f] hflu/ kfpg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} s'08nLdf r/ nUg
ePsfn] j}b]lzs of]u;d]t kg{ uPsfn] ljb]zofqfsf]
;d]t k|an ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . efUo /fd|f] ePsfn]
eljio ;'vdo b]lvG5 . cfly{s ;d'Gglt;d]t /fd|f] 5 .
s'08nLdf zf/Ll/s cf/f]Uotfsf ;fy} bL3f{os' f] of]u;d]t
kg{ uPsf] 5 .
gfd M lzjk|;fb kf}8]n
hGd :yfg M kf]v/f, x]Dhf
hGd ldlt M @)%( h]7 @@ ut]
hGd ;do M laxfg $M% ah]
gd:sf/, d]/f] s'08nL cg';f/ jt{dfg ;dosf
u|xbzf, :jf:Yo, k9fO, ljjfx / efUo s] s:tf]
b]lvG5 < s[kof atfOlbg' xf]nf .
lzjhL tkfO{+sf] jt{dfg ;dodf a[x:klt /
l;4fsf] u|xbzf rn]sfn] ;do 7Ls 5 . a[x:klt
Psfbz:yfgdf ePsfn] ljBfdf /fd|f] ;kmntf ldNg]
5 . ca pk|fGt ;f]r]sf of]hgfdf j|mdzM ;kmntf
ldNb} hfg] b]lvG5 . gofF jif{df :yfg kl/jt{gsf] of]u
cfPsfn] tkfO{+sf] a;fO ablnG5 . ljjfxsf nflu g
cflQg';\ #! jif{ pk|fGt /fd|f] b]lvG5 . r/nUgdf hGd
ePsfn] ljb]zaf6 cfly{s ;kmntf ldNg]] b]lvG5 .
efUonfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpg sd{sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5
ctM cfn:onfO{ kl/Tofu u/L kl/>dsf] af6f]nfO{
ckgfpg'eof] eg] eljio pHHjn x'g] 5 .
@)*) ;fn kmfu'g dlxgfsf] /flzkmn à Hof]= xlƒk|;fb kf}8]n
d]if /fd|f] dlxgf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]r]sf
of]hgfdf j|mdzM ;kmntf ldNb} hfg] 5 .
pRr dgf]ansf ;fy sfo{Ifdtfdf ;d]t
pNn]Vo j[l4 eP/ hfg] 5 . k|lt:kwf{df
dxìjk"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt xf]nf . zf/Ll/s
cf/f]Uotfsf ;fy} dfgl;s k|;Ggtf cg's"n
/xg] 5 . k7gkf7gdf dGb k|ultsf] of]u
/x]sf] 5 . /dfOnf] 7fpFsf] ofqfsf] cj;/
ldNg'sf ;fy} gofF cfDbfgLsf cj;/;d]t
k|fKt x'g] 5g\ .
j[if ;kmntfsf] dlxgf /x]sf] 5 .
pRr dgf]ansf ;fy sfo{Ifdtfdf pNn]Vo
j[l4 eP/ hfg] 5 . zf/Ll/s cf/f]Uotfsf
;fy} dfgl;s k|;Ggtf;d]t cg's"n /xg] 5 .
3/kl/jf/df dfª\ulns sfo{sf] cfof]hgf x'g]
5 . k7gkf7gdf cgfjZos afwfc8\rg
cfOkg]{5g\ . /dfOnf] kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fsf]
dfxf]n aGg] 5 . ljljw j:q Pj+ pkxf/sf]
nfe xf]nf . cfly{s kIfsf sfddf oy]i6
;kmntf ldNg] 5 .
ldy'g sfo{Jo:ttf a9]/ hfg] 5 .
zf/Ll/s cf/f]Uotf cg's"n /xg] 5 . /dfOnf]
7fpFsf] ofqf Pj+ dgf]~hgsf cj;/ ldNg] 5g\ .
k7gkf7gdf ulx/f] cle?lr nfUg] 5 .
;fdflhs sfo{sf ;fy} wfld{s sfo{df
;xefuL aGg'kg]{5 . bfDkTo ;DaGwdf
;fdfGo v6k6 kg{ hfg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
dlxgfsf] pQ/fw{df cfsl:ds ofqfsf]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . 3/fo;L vr{sf] dfqf
a9]/ hfgfn] cfly{s cefjsf] l:ylt
b]vf kg]{ 5 .
ss{6 ;fdfGo c:j:ytfsf] ;Defjgf
/x]sfn] vfgkfgdf ljz]if ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'
knf{ . ;fdfGo rf]6k6ssf] ;Defjgf
/x]sfn] ofqf Pj+ ;jf/L rnfpFbf ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;f]r]sf of]hgfdf
cgfjZos afwfc8\rg cfOkg'{sf ;fy}
l9nf;':tL;d]t u/fpnf . 7"nf nufgL Pj+ gofF
sfdsf] yfngL ug{ dlxgf Tolt /fd|f] b]lvGg .
dlxgfsf] pQ/fw{df /f]lsPsf sfd j|mdzM
aGb}hfg] 5g\ .
l;+x zf/Ll/s cf/f]Uotfsf ;fy} dfgl;s
k|;Ggtf cg's"n /xnf . cfsl:ds ofqf Pj+
:yfg kl/jt{gsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s
kIfsf sfddf ;kmntf ldNg] 5 . cgfjZos
sfddf Joy{sf] bf}8w'k kg{ hfg] 5 . k7gkf7gdf
;f]r] cg';f/sf] ;kmntf ldNg] 5 . wfld{s
sfo{sf ;fy} ;fdflhs sfo{df ;d]t cle?lr
nfUg] 5 . pRr dgf]ansf ;fy sfo{Ifdtfdf j[l4
eP/ hfg] 5 .
sGof ;kmntfsf] dlxgf /x]sf] 5 .
/f]lsPsf sfd j|mdzM aGb} hfg] 5g\ .
zf/Ll/s cf/f]Uotf, dfgl;s k|;Ggtf;d]t
cg's"n /xnf . k|lt:kwf{df dxìjk"0f{ ;kmntf
ldNg] 5 . cWoog cWofkgdf ;'wf/sf]
l:ylt b]vf kg]{ 5 . bfDkTo ;'v;DaGw
cg's"n /xnf . sfo{Ifdtfdf a9f]Q/L eP/
hfg] 5 . ljjfbdf ljho>L k|fKt xf]nf .
dlxgfsf] pQ/fw{df dgf]/~hgsf cj;/
ldNg] 5g\ .
t'nf dWod kmnbfoL dlxgf /x]sf] 5 .
3/fo;L vr{sf] dfqf a9]/ hfgfn] cfly{s
cefjsf] l:ylt b]vf kg]{ 5 . cfsl:ds
ofqfsf ;fy} :yfg kl/jt{gsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
5 . ;Gtfg Pj+ kl/jf/sf] lrGtfn] s]xL lk/f]Ng]
b]lvG5 . bfDkTo ;DaGwdf ljZjf;sf] cefj
b]vf kg{ ;S5 . k7gkf7gdf nfu]sf] cle?lr
oyfjt\ /xg] 5 . wfld{s Pj+ ;fdflhs sfo{df
cle?lr nfUg] 5 .
j[lZrs sfo{Jo:ttf a9]/ hfgfn]
zf/Ll/s tfk s]xL a9L g} kg{ hfnf .
@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 77
k7gkf7gdf cgfjZos afwfc8\rg b]vf
kg]{5g\ . ;fdfGo c:j:ytfsf] ;Defjgf
/x]sfn] vfgkfgdf ljz]if ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{
b]lvG5 . n]gb]g;DaGwL cfly{s sf/f]af/
gubf{ g} /fd|f] xf]nf . cfsl:ds ofqfsf ;fy}
:yfg kl/jt{gsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . /dfOnf]
7fpFsf] ofqfsf ;fy} dgf]/~hgsf cj;/;d]t
k|fKt x'g] 5g\ . dlxgfsf] pQ/fw{df wgfudsf]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
wg' pRr dgf]ansf ;fy sfo{Ifdtfdf
j[l4 eP/ hfnf . ;f]r]sf of]hgfdf ;kmntf
ldNg] 5 . /f]lsPsf sfd aGb}hfg] 5g\ .
k|lt:kwf{df ;kmntfsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
5 . k7gkf7gdf ulx/f] cle?lr nfUg] 5 .
cfly{s nufgLsf ;fy} gofF sfdsf] yfngL ug{
cg's"n ;do /x]sf] 5 . ;Gtfg Pj+ kl/jf/sf]
tkm{af6 ;'vb ;dfrf/ cfpnf . dlxgfsf]
pQ/fw{df dgf]/~hg Pj+ wgfudsf] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 .
ds/ cfly{s n]gb]g;DaGwL sf/f]af/df
;fjwfgL ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 . 3/fo;L vr{sf]
dfqf a9]/ hfgfn] cfly{s cefjsf] l:ylt
b]vf knf{ . k|f/De u/]sf of]hgfdf cgfjZos
afwfc8\rgsf ;fy} l9nf;':tL;d]t u/fpg]
b]lvG5 . cWoog cWofkgdf dGb k|ult xf]nf .
cfly{s kIfsf sfddf dWod ;kmntf ldNg]
5 . dlxgfsf] pQ/fw{df cfsl:ds ofqfsf]
;Defjgf 5 .
tkfO{+sf] k|Zg, xfd|f Hof]ltifL
gfd M
hGd ‚yfg M
hGd afƒ M
hGd ;do M
k|Zg M
cfˆgf] eljioafƒ] lh1f;f ƒfVg'x'g] kf7sn] s'kg eƒL xƒ]s dlxgfsf] !% ut]leq o'jfd~rdf cfOk'Ug] uƒL k7fpg'xf]nf jf Od]n
ug'{xf]nf„ tkfO{+sf] lh1f;fsf] hjfkm Hof]ltiffrfo{ xlƒk|;fb kf}8]nn] lbg'x'g] 5„
78 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g
s'De sfo{Jo:ttf a9]/ hfgfn]
zf/Ll/s kl/>d s]xL a9L g} kg]{5 . ug{
cfF6]sf sfddf cgfof;} g;f]r]sf ;d:of
b]vf kg]{ 5g\ . cfsl:ds ofqf Pj+ :yfg
kl/jt{gsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo
zf/Ll/s c:j:ytf;d]t b]vf kg]{ 5 .
k7gkf7gdf dWod k|ultsf] of]u /x]sf] 5 .
ofqf Pj+ ;jf/L rnfpFbf ljz]if ;fjwfgL
ckgfpg'kg]{ 5 .
dLg zf/Ll/s cf/f]Uotfsf ;fy}
dfgl;s k|;Ggtf cg's"n /xg] 5 .
pRr dgf]ansf ;fy sfo{Ifdtfdf ;d]t
k|ult eP/ hfg] 5 . 3/fo;L kfl/jfl/s
e]63f6sf] cj;/ ldNg] 5 . /dfOnf] ofqf
Pj+ dgf]/~hgsf cj;/;d]t ldNg] 5g\ .
k7gkf7gdf hfu]sf] cle?lr oyfjt\ /xg]
5 . cfly{s kIfsf sfddf ;kmntf k|fKt
xf]nf . wfld{s Pj+ ;fdflhs sfo{df ;d]t
;xefuL x'g'kg]{ 5 .
pQ/
!= o;sf] pQ/ 38Ldf vf]hf}F . 38Ldf laxfgsf] !!
ah]sf a]nf To;df ^ 306f hf]8]df 306fsf] ;'O{n]
a]n'sfsf] % ah]sf] b]vfpF5 .
@= 2024
#= $)
hGd ;do clgjfo{ 5 .
hGd ldlt M
7]ufgf M
;fdfGo1fg k|ltof]lutf kmfu'g @)*)
Ps ;d"xdf tLg k|Zg /xg] u/L ;ft ;d"xdf k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ s'n @! k|Zg o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
5 . k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z k|To]s ;d"xsf] cª\s ef/ km/s 5 . ;DalGwt cª\s ef/ ;d"xsf] cufl8 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 t/
s'g} klg ;d"xdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf k|Zgsf] ;xL pQ/df lbOg] cª\s eg] km/s–km/s 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] ;d"xsf] cª\s
ef/ ^ xf] / To;df tLg k|Zg ;dfj]z 5g . tL ltg} k|Zgsf] pQ/df kfOg] cª\s km/s x'g5 ] t/ ;d"xsf] s'n cª\s ef/eGbf
a9L rflxF x'g5}
] g . h:tf] ;d"x s df ;dfj]z tLg k|Zgdf klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] k|Zgsf] pQ/df kfOg] cª\s #, ! jf @ x'g;S5 .
Pj+ k|sf/n] ;a} ;d"xsf] pQ/ lbg'kg]{5 . ;xL pQ/df cª\s k|fKt x'g5 ] . o; k|sf/n] cª\ssf cfwf/df k|yd, låtLo
/ t[tLo x'gnfO{
] j|mdzM ?= !%))÷–, !)))÷– / %))÷– k'/:sf/ lbOg]5 . cª\s a/fa/ ePdf uf]nfk|yfåf/f lg0f{o lnOg]5 .
clwstd cª\s Nofpg] !) hgfsf] gfdfjnL k|sflzt ul/g]5 .
k|Zg pQ/ @)*) r}t !% ut];Dd @)*) ;fn
;d"x -s_, s'n cª\s ef/– ^ k|fKt eO;Sg' kg]{5 . kmfu'gsf]
!= rvf{ k|rf/ gfds cleofgdf /f]s nufpg] /f0ff k|wfgdGqL ;fdfGo1fg
sf] lyP < !
@_ /fjnlk08L l/hf]n';g gfds sfo{j|md s];Fu ;DalGwt 5 < # ;d"x -s_, s'n cª\s ef/– ^
#_ kfZrfTo /fhgLltsf sf}l6No egL s;nfO{ lrlgG5 < @ !_ ============================================== !
;d"x -v_, s'n cª\s ef/– * @_ ============================================== #
!_ ck/];g Dofg xG6 eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < # #_ ============================================= @
@_ dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] ljb]zL ;h{s sf] x'g\ < # ;d"x -v_, s'n cª\s ef/– *
#_ uf]Zjf/f x'nfssf] k'/fgf] gfd s] xf] < @ !_============================================== #
;d"x -u_, s'n cª\s ef/– !@ @_ ============================================ #
!_ lrof aufgsf >ldsnfO{ a:gsf nflu ;fx'n] agfOlbg] 3/nfO{ #_ ============================================ @
s] elgG5 < %
;d"x -u_, s'n cª\s ef/– !@
@_ …l8k l:6s 6]:6Ú s'g cª\udf nfUg] /f]u;Fu ;DalGwt 5 < #
!_ ============================================== %
#_ g]kfnsf] s'g 7fpFdf c6f]len]h lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 < $
@_ ============================================== #
;d"x -3_, s'n cª\s ef/–t !$
#_ ============================================== $
!_ g]kfnsf] klxnf] sf/fuf/ s'g xf] < &
;d"x -3_, s'n cª\s ef/– !$
@_ ;fd'bflos aLp a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf sxfF ul/Psf] 5 < #
#_ k|mfG;sf ;a}eGbf sfG5f] k|wfgdGqLsf ¿kdf r'lgPsf !_ ============================================== &
/fhgLltsdL{ sf] x'g\ < $ @_ ============================================== #
;d"x -ª_, s'n cª\s ef/– !* #_ ============================================== $
!_ sf]t kj{, e08f/vfn kj{ / cnf} kj{ s'g /fhfsf] kfnfdf ePsf ;d"x -ª_, s'n cª\s ef/– !*
36gf x'g\ < ^ !_ ============================================== ^
@_ leS6f]l/of kmN; s'g s'g b]zsf] ;Ldfdf kb{5 < ^ @_ ============================================== ^
#_ g]kfndf So'cf/ sf]8 k|of]udf Nofpg] klxnf] a}ª\s s'g xf] < ^ #_ ============================================== ^
;d"x -r_, s'n cª\s ef/– @) ;d"x -r_, s'n cª\s ef/– @)
!_ dflNbE;sf] ;+;b\nfO{ s] elgG5 < ^ !_ ============================================== ^
@_ k|m]Gh j]s]gjfp/n] v]Ng] v]n s'g xf] < ^ @_ ============================================== ^
#_ ld; Osf] OG6/g];gn g]kfn @)@$ 3f]lift x'g] o'jtL sf] x'g\ < * #_ ============================================== *
;d"x -5_, s'n cª\s ef/ @@ ;d"x -5_, s'n cª\s ef/ @@
!_ ;/sf/n] ;]gfsf] Joj:yfkgdf :yfkgf ug{ nfu]sf] /fli6«o
!_ ============================================== *
k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfnosf] k"jf{wf/ sxfF lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 < *
@_ ============================================== ^
@_ ;/sf/n] s'g kmnkm"nnfO{ /fli6«o kmnkm"n 3f]if0ff ug]{ tof/L
#_ ============================================== *
u/]sf] 5 < ^
#_ cd]l/sfsf] nf; e]uf;df ;g\ @)@$ hgj/Ldf ;DkGg ld;];
jN8{–@)@# df Xo'dlg6]l/og cjf8{ lhTg] ;'Gb/L sf] x'g\ < * gfd M =========================================================
k'; cª\ssf] kl/0ffd k[i7 &$ df
" 7]ufgf M ======================================================

@)*) kmfu'g o'jfd~r 79

 @)*) k'; ! b]lv @( ut];Ddsf
/fli6«o 36gf
k'; ! ut] M lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f /fli6«o ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgdf efu lng] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ lgjf{rg
lrXg k|bfg .
k'; @ ut] M $( cf}F bLIffGt ;df/f]xdf Ps} k6s &# xhf/ 5 ;o ljBfyL{ bLlIft u/fO{ clkml;on ljZj
/]s8{ sfod ug{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;kmn .
k'; $ ut] M /fi6«klt /fdrGb| kf}8]nåf/f ;f/ª\uf ;'jbL,
] cAb'n clhh d';ndfg, dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n, 6]sk|;fb
9'ª\ufgf, ;'gLns'df/ kf]v/]n / afns[i0f 9sfnnfO{ ;jf]{Rrsf] GofofwLzdf lgo'St .
k'; % ut] M k//fi6«dGqL gf/fo0fk|sfz ;fpb / >Lnª\sfsf ljb]zdGqL df]xDdb pj}; df]xDdb cnL
;fa|LaLr e]6 .
k'; !) ut] M ?;df g]kfnL ;}Go etL{sf nflu hfg gf] cAh]S;g n]6/ -Pgcf];L_ sf] Joj:yf .
k'; !! ut] M k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltåf/f 6]/fdf]S; vl/bdf clgoldttf ePsf] lgisif{;lxt
yk cg';Gwfg k|lj|mof cufl8 a9fpg clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ lgb]{zg .
– ;xsf/L 7uL k|s/0fdf ;/sf/L /lh:6f/ sfof{nosf /lh:6f/ tyf s':df gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v
k|zf;sLo clws[t pboaxfb'/ k/fh'nL kj|mfp .
k'; !# ut] M /fli6«o lj|ms]6 l6dsf k"j{sKtfg ;GbLk nfld5fg] anfTsf/ d'2fdf bf]ifL 7x/ .
k'; !$ ut] M ;/sf/åf/f nlntk'\/sf] afns'df/Ldf ePsf] k|bz{gdf Hofg u'dfPsf b'O{ o'jssf] kl/jf/nfO{
!)÷!) nfv ?lkofF Ifltk"lt{ .
k'; !^ ut] M k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ú åf/f dGqLkl/ifb\ a}7sdf vr{ x'Fb} cfPsf] k|lta}7s sl/a
^)xhf/ ?lkofF s6f}tL u/]sf] hfgsf/L .
– cj}w ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f u/]sf] cleof]udf ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}Fåf/f k|df]bs'df/ h};jfn /
kKk' 7fs'/nfO{ s}b / hl/jfgf .
– pkk|wfgdGqL Pj+ u[xdGqL gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7åf/f ;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqL clgtfb]jL ;fx;lxt
hgdt kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ l/xf .
k'; !( ut] M /fi6«klt /fdrGb| kf}8]n / ef/tsf ljb]zdGqL 8f= ;'a|Xd0od hozª\s/aLr /fi6«klt sfof{nodf
lzi6frf/ e]6 .
– k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ú åf/f d'Vo ;Nnfxsf/ xl/af]n uh'/]nsf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t .
k'; @) ut] M ;jf]{Rr cbfntåf/f k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ú nfO{ cbfntsf] ckx]ngf
d'2fdf ;kmfO .
– ;nf{xLsf] a/xyjf ahf/df k|x/Ln] rnfPsf] uf]nL nflu Ps o'jssf] d[To' .
k'; @# ut] M /fli6«o ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgdf !( kbsf nflu %@ hgfsf] pDd]bjf/L .
– clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f l8lehg jg sfof{no dsjfgk'/sf jg clws[t
bL3{gf/fo0f sf]O/fnflj?4 ;jf s/f]8 ?lkofF lauf] bfaL ub}{ e|i6frf/ d'2f bfo/ .
k'; @$ ut] M tTsfnLg s/ km:of]{6 cfof]usf kbflwsf/Llj?4 cfkm"n] bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf ljz]if cbfntn]
u/]sf] km};nfk|lt lrQ ga'em]kl5 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfgn] ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg .
k'; @% ut] M ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfnosf] ;lrjdf /fds[i0f ;'jbL ] .
– lhNnf cbfnt sf7df8f}Fåf/f /fli6«o lj|ms]6 l6dsf k"j{sKtfg ;GbLk nfld5fg]nfO{ ha/h:tL
s/0fL d'2fdf cf7 jif{ s}b ;hfo .
k'; @^ ut] M anfTsf/ cf/f]kdf /fdnfn aDhgnfO{ ;nf{xL lhNnf cbfntåf/f k'k{Ifsf nflu
sf/fuf/ rnfg . á
– ;/:jtL vqL, If]qL

80 o'jfd~r, @)*) kmfu'g