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cx]a / sfof{no ;xfos kfFr}
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dxtf]n] eg], lhNnf :jf:Yo
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k|;"lt ;]jfsf] nflu

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ritu524646@gmail.com

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cfqmd0f sPn u]n ;Gbe{s pNn]v

Kumar Pradhan (1991/2009: 10)

d] ;]xf] e]n cl5. Oltxf; ;fIo

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P+j clej4{gd] lt/x'ts ;fxfo\ob
hd{gLs ef/tLozf:qj]Qf Horst
Brinkhaus sxg] 5ly h]
The Nepal Valleybecame
the sanctuary for the political
refugees, brahmans, pandits,
men of letters, etc., who, while
coming from various parts of
northern India, streamed by far
in the largest numbers from the
northern Indian regions of Bihar
and Bengal. (1987: 112)
Ptalx glx,
A cultural flowering,
fostered by contemporary Malla
kings of the Nepal Valley, came
about under the influence of the
immigrants and visitors, reaching
its acme in the late Malla period
of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. (1987: 112-113)

la|xfp;x';F k"j{ :j]8gs ljfg

Sigfried Lienhard (1974/1992:
2) - h] g]jf/L efiffs 1fgs ljz]if

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h]
As regards subject matter,
almost the whole of Medieval
Nevr literature is founded
on works in Sanskrit, which
required prestige and importance
when, at the beginning of
the Moslem Era in India,
considerable number of fugitives,
among them scholars of repute,
left Bihar and Bengal and found
CMY K

a new home in or around in

Kathmandu.

xd/fnf]slgs]F Oxf] 1ft cl5 h]

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxf/f !&^*^( d]
g]kfns cwLs/0f;F k"j{ cf ljz]iftM
rf]bxd;F c7f/xd ztfAbLwl/s
g]jf/ dNn /fhf;es zf;gsfnd]
g]kfnd08nd] afnL, d}lynL, g]jf/L,
cf] lxGbL efiffs k|eT' j 5n. ;"Id
cWoog;F cle1.t xf]Ot cl5 h]
l:ylt/fhdNns /fHosfnd] cf sx"
h] huHHof]ltd{Nns -!^!$#&_
zf;gsfn;F k"j{ ;flxTo;[hgs
Psdfq dfWodefiff afnL 5n.
afnL efiffs]F p5l6sP d}lynL
Psuf]6 gj ;flxlTos /fhefiff k]F
huHHof]ltd{Nns zf;g sfnd] k|jz
]
sPns cf dNn /fhfs /fhb/jf/s
k|dv
' efiff eP k|lti7flkt e]n -b]vM"
Brinkhaus 1991_. dNnsfnLg
s'n !%) ;F a];L gf6ss
x:tlnlvt kf08'lnlk Pvgx' g]kfn
/fli6o clen]vfnod] ;'/lIft
cl5 Pjd\ Plxd];F clwsf+z gf6s
d]lynLd] cl5, ls5' afnLd], cf
ax't sd g]jf/Ld]. dNn/fHosfns
g]kfnL efiffd] lnvn u]n Psx'uf]6
;flxlTos s[lts x:tlnlvt
kf08'lnlk cBtg pknAw glx e]n
cl5.
Oltxf;s uk 5f8L. kfZrfTo
ljfgnf]slgs dt]F d}lynLs
k|lti7f Pjd\ /fhefiff k]F Ps/
pTyfgs kf5fF Plx efiffs ls5'
ljnIf0f g};lu{s cf] cfGtl/s
eflifs j}lzi6\o;e sf/s tTj kF]
ljBdfg cl5. William L. Smith
gfds cd]l/sL ljfg h] :j]8g] s
:6f}sxf]d cf pK;nf ljZjljBfnod]
sfo{/tcg';Gwfg/t 5ly cf;fd,
afn, cf g]kfnd] d}lynLs pTyfg
Pjd\ Ps|/ ax'n k|of]us rfl/uf]6
k|dv
' sf/0fs pNn]v s/}t 5ly M
Maithili, however, had an
established literary reputation
and Vaisnava reformers
immediately realized its
advantages: it had great prestige,
it was mellifluous, it was
already associated with krsna
thanks to Vidypati and, finally,

by simplifying its grammar

and equipping it with a more
Sanskritized vocabulary, it could
be made relatively intelligible to
audiences in Assam and Bengal.
This proved a combination
impossible to resist and Maithili
became a favored vehicle for
literature in the great swath of
India stretching from Kathmandu
to Puri. (1995: 339)
hd{gLs ljfg Horst
Brinkhaus (1991, 2003)

Psuf]6 kfFrd sf/0fs pNn]v ;]x.]

s/}t 5lyM efiff /fhgLlt. la|xfp;
lgisif{ lgsfnn}lGx h] g]jf/ /fhf
l:ylt/fhdNns k"jh
{ nf]slgs 7]sfg
uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL d] ko{Gt c1ft
e]nf;GtfF x'gs ;Gtfgnf]slg, ljz]ifs
/fhf huHHof]ltd{Nn, sa'n sPn}lGx
h] x'gs k"jh
{ lt/x'ts s0ff{6 j+zLo
d}lyn /.h.n.]slg 5nfx. xd/f
hlgt]F tfxL x]tP' F /fHo ;+rfngfy{
c.lwsfl/st. k|fKt s/afsn]n lt/
x'ts s0ff{6j+zLo /fhfnf]slgs]F ckg
k"jh
{ Pjd\ x'gs dft[efiff d}lynLs]F
clt ;Ddfghgs /fhsLo ;flxlTos
dof{bf;F cledl08t sPn u]n.
la|xfp; dxf]bos syg gLrfF p4[t
sPn u]n cl5 M
The ancestry of
the first Malla King
Sthitirjamalla was left out
in a contemporary chronicle
(i.e oplarjavamval) and,
as it seems, was concealed
deliberately. Later generations
of Malla kings, however, felt
embarrassed about this absence
of any knowledge of their own
genealogical origin - the more so
as their claim to the throne was
based on an hereditary title. In
order to delete the blemish they
traced their lineage back to the
older, well-known Karntaka
Dynasty of Mithila (2003: 73)
dNn /fhf;es k"jh
{ b Kumar
Pradhan (1991/2009: 231;
Footnote # 28) ;]x.] PxL k|sf/s

cledt JoQm s/}t 5ly h] gLrfF

p4[t cl5 M
Jagajyoti Malla of
Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon) claims his
descent from Nanyadeva in his
play Muditakuvalayasya written
in 748 Nepal Era (1628).

Plx t/xF] g]kfnd08nd] cf] dNn

zf;ss /fhb/jf/d] efiff/fhgLlt
klxln a]l/ ;qxd ztfAbLd] k|jz
]
sPns. Psa]l/ km]l/ la|xfp;
dxf]bos syg gLrfF k|:t't cl5 M
Thus the pre-eminence of the
Nepalese Malla kings in the field
of literature was perhaps more
a matter of their political power
than of their poetical skill as
royal authors. (2003: 77)

cGttM, eQmk'/s ;j{kt| fkL

/fhf huHHof]ltd{Nn h] /fhgLlts
;"ema'em cf] rft'oo\ { b]vcf]nl} Gx ;]
ckgf 7fdd] cl5. d'bf O{xf] ;To
h] g]jf/ /fhfnf]slg si6;fWosP O{
l;4 s/afs euL/y k|of; sPn}lGx
h] cf] clt ;';:+ s[t cf] zLnjfg
5n.x Pjd\ Plx k|of]hgsx]t' cf]
ljz'4 Pjd\ kl/is[t d}lynL efiffs]F
;flxTo ljz]iftM gf6s n]vgs
;zSt dfWod agcf]nl} Gx.
l6Kk0fL
!= d}lynL efiffs dxtf cjfw
ult;F cfufF a9lt /xn. ;]g
/fhf;ewl/, cyf{t\ k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxf/f !&&) s bzsd] k"jL{
g]kfnk/ sPn u]n ty.slyt uf]/vf
ljhowl/, d}lynL g]kfns ;/sf/L
sfdsfhs efiff 5n. Kumar
Pradhan (1991/2009: 88) sx}t
5ly h]
The language of the [Sena]
court was Maithili. It was used
for official correspondence with
the Kirats.

j:t'tM,
g]kfns zf;snf]slgf/f ls/ft
k|dv
' ;es]F cf ls/ftk|dv
' 4f/f
:jo+ cfg ls/ftk|dv
' s]F d}lynL
efiffd] lnvn u]n kq;es -hs/f
:ofxfdf]x/ sxn hfOt 5n_
;+sng z+s/dfg /fhj+zL -;+=, lj=;+
@)!*O{= !(^@_ k|sflzt s r'sn
5ly.
CMY K

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;r]t
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lj/]z k|lti7gdf vltj8f

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cd]l/sfsf] ofqf ;DkGg
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tLj| kf/]sf] hgfO{Psf] 5.

a;sf] 7Ss/af6 j[4sf] d[To'

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\\ pHofnf] kq
O6x/L

cg]/f:jljo" ;'g;/Ln]
3f]lift ldltd} ;+ljwfg hf/L
ug{ bafa lbg] p2]Zon]
;\sng u/]sf] x:tfIf/
laxLaf/ ;'g;/Lsf k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/L /ljnfn

kGy dfkm{t ;efd'v ;'jf;

g]DjfnfO{ k7fPsf 5g\.
;+u7gsf lhNnf cWoIf
Ps/fh bfxfn tyf s]Gb|Lo
;b:o gj/fh g]kfn;lxtsf]
ljBfyL{ 6f]nLn] k|lhc kGy
;dIf ;\slnt x:tfIf/
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\\ pHofnf] kq
O6x/L

/f]huf/ sf]ifsf] ;lrjfno

/ kflye/f kf]ln6]lSgs
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kf]ln6]lSgssf lgb]z
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/x]sf] pgn] atfP. s'g ;+:yfn]

s:tf] / s;n] hLjgkof]uL
tflnd pknAw u/fpFbf] /x]5
eg]/ :ynut ?kdf lj1xn]
k/fdz{ lbg] d]nfsf] csf]{
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] .
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o; k|sf/sf] d]nfn] /f]huf/
k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug] atfP.

@)&! k'; $, z'qmaf/ -Friday, 19 December 2014)

ckf\unfO{ nf]s;]jf k9\g} sl7gfO

\\ OlGb/f e/fO{
lj/f6gu/

df]/ gf]rf& sL @# jifL{of ;Ltfs'df/L

d08nsf b'a} v'f rNb}gg\. kl/jf/df h]7f]
;Gtfgsf] ?kdf hlGdPsL pgL hGdb}
ckf\u x'g\.
b'a} v'f sfd gnfUg] ePsL pgsf]
nf]s;]jf lbP/ ;/sf/L hflu/ vfg]
wf]sf] 5
. t/, s;/L nf]s ;]jfsf]
k/LIff lbg'k5{ eGg] pgnfO{ yfxf 5}g\.
nf]s;]jfsf] tof/Lsf nflu lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt df]/nufot cGo ;+3;+:yfxn]
dlxnf, blnt ckf\utf ePsfxsf]
nflu lgMz'Ns ?kdf sIff lbg] Joj:yf
ug]{ ePklg lJxnlro/df lx8\g] ;Ltfsf
nflu lj/f6gu/df vfg]a:g] Joj:yf gx'Fbf
kmf/d eg]{ geg]{ bf];fwdf l5g\. gf]rfaf6
lJxnlro/df lj/f6gu/;Dd wfpg klg
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kf; u/]sL pgnfO{ pgsf a'af km]b'n] Kn;
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la/fdL ePsf pgsf a'af clxn] cf]5\ofgdf
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nflu cfly{s ;d:of Aoxf]l//x]sL pgL st}
s]xL sfd u/]/ yf]/} k};f hf]xf] u/]/ ePklg
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k9fpF5' eg]F, k|f}9 sIff k9fpg' eg]F, afn

sIff k9fpF5' eg]F t/ s;}n] kTofpFb}gg,
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km]n gePsL pgnfO{ n'uf l;nfpg klg
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;ft gDa/ j8fsf] j8f gful/s d~rdf
klg /flvPsf] 5.

dlxnf ;+3sf] clwj]zg

\\ pHofnf] kq
O6x/L

g]kfnL sfFu|]; lgs6 dlxnf

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;DkGg clwj]zgn] If]qLo
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ljs / pld{nf /fO{ ;j{;Ddtn]
lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\.
clwj]zgn] @ gDa/
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k|ltlglwTj ug{sf nflu ljdnf
lzjfsf]6L, pdf 9sfn, ;ljtf
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z'qmdfof u'? tfdf / /]vf
sf}/ k|;fOF 5gf}6 ePsf 5g\.

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;Ltfn] s]xL cj;/ kfP /fd|f] sfd ug{ /
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eO/xg] x'gfn] s;}n] ;xof]u u/] pgsf]
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dlxnf / ckf\utf ePsf JolQmxsf
nflu w]/} ;+:yfxn] sfd u5{g, pgnfO{
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u'gf;f] u/].
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tof/L sIff dfu ug{ ;lsg] atfOg\.
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If]qdf sfd ug]{ w]/} ;+3;+:yfx 5g\
To;}n] ;Ltfsf] ;kgf k"/f ug{ ;xof]uL
xftxsf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5.

aLs]eLPd / lbNnL kmfOgndf

\\ pHofnf] kq
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ldlynf If]qsf] efiff ;+:s[lt / ;flxTo cfkm}df wgL 5. o; If]qsf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;flxTo / o; If]qsf]
klxrfgsf nflu nfdf] ;dob]lv cfjfh p7\b} cfPsf] 5. o;s} kmn:j?k lj/f6gu/df ljBfklt kj{ ;df/f]x klg
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5. o; jif{ ef]ln zlgaf/ lj/f6gu/df eAo ;df/f]x x'Fb}5. To;}nfO{ nlIft u/]/ cfhsf] ljz]if
;fdu|L k|sflzt ul/Psf] xf].

syfdf ;a}eGbf dL7f] k'/f0f xf] eg] ;a}eGbf dL7f] / nf]slk|o efiff d}lynL xf]. Jofj;flos
?kdf /fHosf] pk]Iffsf] lzsf/ ePsfn] o;dfly c? efiffxfjL xF'b} uPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5.
d}lynL efiffdf Joj;foL tyf /f]huf/sf]] ;'lgZrotf gePsf sf/0f d}lynL efifL ;d]t
a]jf:tf ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5. d}lynL ;d'bfon] cfkgf dft[efiffsf] dfWodn] ul/vfg]
cj:yf g/x]sfn] cfkm\gf 3/df;d]t k|of]u gu/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5. d}lynLnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf
bf];|f] efiffsf] ?kdf :yflkt eP o;n] cem} nf]slk|otf a9\g] / ;a}n] km]/L lj:tf/}
cfTd;ft ub{} hfg]sf] cj:yf cfpF5. o;sf] nflu ;fd"lxs ?kdf /fHo ;dIf bjfjsf]
l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5. ;+u7gfTdjs ?kdf alnof] eO{ o;sf] nflu hg:t/jf6
Jofks ?kdf k|rf/k|rf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5. ;df/f]xn] :yfgLo :t/df 5l/P/
/x]sf] d}lynLefifLnfO{ hf]8\g] sfd u/]sf] dx;'; ;a}nfO{ ePsf] d 7fG5'. d}lynL If]qdf
8f= P;Pg emf
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;+:s[ltk|lt cle?lr a9fpg'sf ;fy} ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] dx;'; ePsf] 5. d}lynL ;]jf ;ldlt, lj/f6gu/

ldlynf ;+:s[ltsf cd//Tg ljBfklt

ldlynf ;+:s[ltdf ljBfklt cfkm\g} JolQmTj / JolQmut
nufgLn] g} cd/ ePsf x'g\. cd/Tjsf] ;xh kl/efiff dflg;sf]
ljBtf / nf]slxtsf/L sfdsf nflu g} x'G5. ldlynf ;+:s[lt;Fu
;f/f ;+;f/ Psfsf/ x'Fb} To;sf] ;/fxfgf ug'{df ljBfklt klg
Pp6f sf/0f x'g\. d"n ?kdf ;flxTo;]jL /x]sf pgsf /rgfdf
cfd dflg;ssf] dgsf] Jou|tf / ;dfhdf ljBdfg s'/LltnfO{
k|xf/ ul/Psf] x'G5. h;sf sf/0f tL /rgfaf6 dflg;n] cfkm\gf
kL8f ;Daf]wg ePsf] dxz'; u5{g\. rfx] Tof] elQmuLtdWpo]
grf/L jf ;dbfpg-pbf;Lsf uLt_ jf uf];fplg-s"nb]jLsf] k"hf
ubf{ ufOg]_ uLt xf]; cyjf >[+uf//;n] el/Psf] joM;lGw of
/fwf / s[i0fsf] gf]semf]+s-k|]dnfk_ of /fwfsf] lj/x ljBfkltsf
/rgfx?df ;d:t hgdfg;sf] cfTdfsf] k'sf/ ;d]l6Psf] x'G5.
ldlynfdf x'g] z'e jf cz'e s'g} klg ljz]if cj;/df ljBfklt
cfkm\gf] /rgfsf] dfWodaf6 pkl:ylt /fVg'x'G5. xf] oxL tYoaf6
kQf nfU5 ls pgL Ps k|efjzfnL hgslj x'g\.
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ePsf lyP. cflv/ eujfg eQmsxfF ;Ddfg bzf{pg cfpg}
kof]. o;df s'g} cltzof]lQm b]lvGg cflv/ eujfg eQms}
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ljBfkltsf] clGtd Zjf;sf a]nf u+ufn] wf/ df]8]/
ljBfklt glhs cfpg' kof] u+uf b'O{ lsnf]ld6/
wf/ abn]/ ljBfkltsf] lj>fd:yn;Dd cfOg\. pgsf
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;+;f/sf dflg;n] cg'z/0f ug]{ ;Gb]z lbG5. oxL ljz]iftfn]
ubf{ pgsf ;d:t /rgfx? ch/cd/ ag]sf 5g\.
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u5{g\. t/, d}lynL ;flxTosf ;|i6f ljBfkltsf] z}nLdf d}lynLsf]
k|fs[lts ?k hxfF ;+:s[ltsf] d"n / z]if tTsflng d}lynL
hgaf]nL ldl>t ePsf] kfOG5.
tL af]nLx? clxn] klg s0f{lk|o 5g\. b]l;n jogf ;e hg
ld6\7f, t}+ t};cf]+ h+kcf]+ cjxf oxL plQm;Fu} ljBfklt ;lxlTos
hutdf Ps o'uk'?if ag]. kl5 t'n;Lbf;n] klg ljBfkltsf]
;+:s[tnfO{ 5f8L :yfgLo hgdfg;sf] efiffdf a9L nf]slk|o /
k7gLo /rgf n]Vg ;lsg] k/Dk/fnfO{ cl3 a9fpFb} afnldsL
/lrt ;+:s[t efiffsf] /fdfo0fnfO{ /fdrl/tdfg;sf] ?kdf /rgf
u/]/ sfnhoL ag]. efiff s'g} xf]; cd/ch/ ljBfkltsf]
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syfdf dL7f] k'/f0f / nf]slk|o efiff d}lynL

;+;f/sf] s'g} s'gfdf lsg gxf];,

;flxTosf/sf] rrf{ x'Fbf ljBfklt
cu|0fL :yfgdf /xG5g\.
d}lynL Pp6f ulx/f] ;d'Gb|
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;d'Gb|nfO{ ;b}j hn eg]{ ;gftgL
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/fhwd{sf 1ftf, vfgbfgL ljfg, rt'/ /rgf
k|:tf]tf x/ ?kdf cfkm\gf] lghwd{;Fu /fHosf]
/Iffsf nflu ljBfklt tTsflng /fhfsf
;ldk lyP. cfkm\gf] st{Aolgi7n] /fhfsf]
/Ifko{Gt sxnfP. cfkm\gf] Hofg bfpdf
nufP/ a'l4sf] ;'Gb/ k|of]uaf6 b'ZdgnfO{
lht]/ ldlynfsf] /Iffsf nflu nf]slk|otf
xfl;Fn u/].

d}lynL efifL :jodn] g} cfkgf] dft[efiff 5f]8\b} uPsf] cj:yf 5. /fHosf] Ps efiffsf] lzIff
gLltn] d}lynL efifLx?n] cfkm\gf] dft[efiff k|of]u gug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf]5. :s'ndf k9\g]
pd]/b]lv g]kfnL efiffdf lzIff cfh{g ug'{kg]{ ;/sf/L lgod /x]sfn] 3/df ;d]t g]kfnL efiff
g} xfjL x'Fb} uPsf] 5. /fHon] tTsfn k|fylds :t/af6 dft[efiffdf lzIff cfh{g ug]{ Joj:yf
ug'{kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5. casf] lbgdf dft[efiff d}lynL ePsfx?aLr hfu?stf km}nfpg'sf ;fy}
r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5. d}lynLnfO{ hLljt agfpg 3/3/df
o;sf] k|of]u x'g' / dft[efiffsf ?kdf k|f]T;fxg ug'{sf] ;fy} o;sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g ug]{tkm{
cu|;/ x'g' lgtfGt cfjZstf /x]sf] 5.

O{= s'df/ /fh]Gb| emf

pkfWoIf, d}lynL ;]jf ;ldlt, lj/f6gu/

d}lynL efiffsf] nf]slk|otfdf s'g} k|efj gk/] klg /fHosf] tkm{af6 d}lynL efiff
pbf;Lgtfsf] lzsf/ ePsf] 5. &) k|ltzt d}lynLefifL /x]klg /fHon] d}lynLk|lt b]vfPsf]
pbf;Lgtfn] d}lynL efiffn] x'g] hlt k|f]T;flxt ePsf] 5}g. olb /fHo ;/sf/L sfof{nosf]
sfd sfhsf] efiffsf] ?kdf tyf lzIff k|flKt ug{;d]t d}lynLsf] a9fjf lbg'kg]{ lgtft
cfjZstf /x]sf] 5. ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] a]nf d}lynL efiffnfO{ d'n'ssf] bf];|f] efiffsf] ?kdf
:yflkt ug{ dft[efiff d}lynLefifLx?sf] rf;f] a9\b}uPsf] xf]. ca hg:t/af6 o;nfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug'{kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5. ljut jif{b]lv lj/f6gu/df cfof]hgf xF'b} cfPsf] ljBfklt
:d[lt kj{ ;df/f]xn] d}lynL ;+:sf/sf] k|rf/k|rf/df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'ofPsf] 5. o;n]
cfw'lgstfn] lzsf/ aGb} uPsf] ldlynfsf] ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt, klx/g, vfglkgsf] d}lynL
;d'bfo tyf cGo ;d'bfodf hfgsf/L u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] 5.

hlt 5 ljBfkltnfO{ dfGotf pltg} 5. d}lynL

dfq xf]Og a+ufnL, ;GyfnL, yf?, /fhj+zL, g]kfnL
of ldlynfsf] cflbdfgj ;d:t hfltk|hfltsf
af/] ljBfkltn] cfkm\g} z}nLdf phfu/ u/]sfn]
oL efiffefifLn] klg ljBfkltnfO{ cfkm\g} hgslj
dfG5g\.
/fhwd{sf 1ftf, vfgbfgL ljfg, rt'/ /rgf
k|:tf]tf x/ ?kdf cfkm\gf] lghwd{;Fu /fHosf]
/Iffsf nflu ljBfklt tTsflng /fhfsf ;ldk
lyP. cfkm\gf] st{Aolgi7n] /fhfsf] /Ifko{Gt sxnfP.
cfkm\gf] Hofg bfpdf nufP/ a'l4sf] ;'Gb/ k|of]uaf6 b'ZdgnfO{
lht]/ ldlynfsf] /Iffsf nflu nf]slk|otf xfl;Fn u/]. pgn]
/fhfsfh kl5 u'Ktaf; u/]/ ldlynfsf] cl:dtfsf] /Iffsf nflu
dxfgfossf] sfd klg u/]. clxn]sf] l;/xf, wg'iff, af/f;Dd
cg]sf}+ :yfgdf pgL a;]sf lyP elgG5. pgsf] k|efj xhf/ jif{
kl5 klg /xg] 5.
t/, la8Djgf st} ljBfkltnfO{ /fhgLlts, hfltkfltsf]
?kdf tf}ng] sfd klg x'g yfn]sf] 5. st}st} pgL a|fDx0f lyP
eGb} :d[lt lbj;df a|fDx0fk"hgsf] cf/f]k klg nufOg] ul/G5.
ljBfkltsf] ljifodf dgu9Gt sf]/f sNkgf klg NofpF5g\. t/,
ljBfklt jf s'g} Pp6f ljfg ;j{q k"hgLo x'G5g\. ljBfsf]
andf g} pgLx? ;dfhdf sxlnG5g\ / ;dfhsf] wg aGg
k'U5g\. cfh /fHo Joj:yfkgdf lzIffsf] slQsf] dxTj 5
To;sf] nflu s'g} k|df0f rflxGg\. To;}n] ljBfkltsf] :d[ltsf]
cf}lrTo k|bz{g jf dgf]/+hgsf nflu geO{ clkt' ;+:d/0f of
lrGtgdgg\ k'gM dfgj sNof0ffy{ x'g'k5{. pgsf cflz{jrg
cd[tjiff{ em} 5g\. ;df/f]xsf] d"n dxTj dxfsljsf] nflu
>4f~hln Pjd\ jt{dfg lk9Ldf oxL ;Gb]z kfpg' k5{.

8f= P;Pg ld>

;+:yfks cWoIf
d}lynL ;]jf ;ldlt, lj/f6gu/

hfu]Zj/ 7fs'/

dft[efiffsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4glagf s;}sf] klxrfg :yflkt x'Fb}g. d}lynL efiff ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o
efiff ePsfn] o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g u/fpg ;a}sf] ;xof]u cfjZos 5. d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] a]nf ePsfn] ;+ljwfgdf /fli6o efiffsf] ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5.
d}lynL cfkm}+df ;Eo / k"0f{ ?kdf ljl;st efiff /x]sfn] ldlynf~rnaf;Lsf] klxrfg ljZj hut
;dIf sfod u/fpg bf];|f] efiffsf] ?kdf pNn]v u'g{kg]{ 5. d}lynLn] ;a}sf] cfb/ ug]{ efiffsf]
?kdf Voflt k|fKt u/]sf] 5 To;}n] o;k|lt ;a}sf] bflotj a/fa/ /x]sf] 5.
ljBfklt :d[lt kj{ dgfpg' eg]sf] cfkm\gf] cfbz{ tyf w/f]x/nfO{ :d/0f u/]/ cfkmgf] ;:sl[tnfO{
;/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug'{ xf]. o; kj{n] o'jf k':tfnfO{ ldlynf ;+:s[ltk|lt cle?lr a9fpg'sf] ;fy}
d}lyn ;+:sf/k|lt cu|;/ u/fpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5. o;nfO{ ;kmn agfpg' ;a}
d}lynLefifLsf] sTf{Jo xf].

efiff / ;+:s[lt ;dfhdf Ps csf{nfO{ hf]8\g] dfWod xf]. ;a} efiffn] ;dfh , JolQmnfO{ Ps
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