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jsf
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KAS
AJour
nalofDevel
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 ;Nnfxsf/x?
k|f= 8f= k'ik/fh sF8]n ;DkfbsLo
8f= s[i0f k|;fb cf]nL ljut 5 bzseGbf nfdf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] cjlwdf gf} j6f k~rjifL{o
8f= lbn axfb'/ u'?ª / kfFr j6f lqjifL{o of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfP . oBlk, o; cjlwdf
8f= piff emf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf cfw'lgs oftfoft tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf]
If]qdf ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljutsf] t'ngfdf
dLg axfb'/ zfxL g]kfnL hgtfdf ;r]tgfdf clej[l4 ePsf] 5 / ;dfh cfw'lgstfdf
8f= /fds'df/ km'ofn k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . hftLo, n}lËs / juL{o lje]b, jlxis/0f / c;dfgtf
;'wf/f]Gd'v /x]sf 5g\ . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb
If]qdf o; cjlwdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . k"jf{wf/
;Dkfbs d08n If]q cGtu{t ;8s oftfoft, ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw / zx/L
k"jf{wf/df pNn]Vo ljsf; eP tfklg clwsf+z k"jf{wf/sf] u'0f:t/
cWoIf ;'lglZrt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hnljB't, xjfO{ oftfoft nufotsf cGo
>L s]jn k|;fb e08f/L k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf yk k|of; ug{‘kg]{5 . o;sf] nflu kGw|fF} of]hgfn]
@@ j6f /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf, !* j6f ?kfGt/0fsf/L cfof]hgf
/ !%( j6f k|d'v sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog u/L lj=;+= @)@@ ;Dddf
;b:ox? cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 :t/f]Gglt x'g], lj=;+= @)*& ;Dd lbuf]
ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ / lj=;+= @!)) ;Dddf k|lt JolSt cfo !@!))
8f= jf;'b]j zdf{ cd]l/sL 8n/ k'¥ofP/ ljsl;t /fi6«sf] bfFhf]df k'Ug] cfwf/ lgdf{0f
lah' s'df/ >]i7 ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .
a}s'07 lglw zdf{
ul/aLb]lv ;d[l4;Ddsf] of] ofqf ;/n / ;xh 5}g . o; dxfcleofgdf
ljsf;sf ;a} stf{, ;a} tx, ;a} lgsfo / ;Dk"0f{ gful/ssf] ;fy,
;b:o–;lrj ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ cfjZos k5{ . ljsf;sf ultljlwx? ;~rfngdf
nf]s axfb'/ vqL cab]lv lj/f]w, cj/f]w jf cfnf]rgf ug'{sf] ;f6f] ;'wf/sf ;'emfj, ;dy{g
Pj+ of]ubfg ug]{ lbdfu / xftx?sf] vfFrf] 5 .
sDKo"6/ ;+of]hg @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDk kZrft of] klqsf k|sfzg x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . o;
e'jg Gof}kfg] cfly{s jif{b]lv lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|of; ub}{ ljsf; klqsfsf] k|:t't cª\s
oxfFx? ;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; cª\sdf !$ j6f n]v /rgfx?
k|sfzs 5g\ . oxfF k|sflzt n]vx?n] kf7sx?sf] 1fg clej[l4df s]xL g s]xL
of]ubfg k'Ug] ck]Iff ub}{ cfkm\gf /rgfx? k7fOlbg' x'g] ;a} ljåfg\x?k|lt
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ / o; klqsfsf cfufdL cª\sx?nfO{ cem
l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f} . :t/Lo agfpg] ;DaGwdf cd"No /fo Pj+ ;'emfjx? k|bfg ul/lbg' x'g
xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
Email - vikas@npc.gov.np
Web - www.npc.gov.np wGojfb .

o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfdf JoQm ljrf/ tyf wf/0ff ;DalGwt n]vssf lghL x'g\ . o;
;DaGwdf n]vs :jo+ lhDd]jf/ x'g'x'g]5 . pQm ljrf/ tyf wf/0ffn] o; cfof]usf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ff
k|ltlglwTj gug]{ / o; ;DaGwdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u tyf ;Dkfbs d08n hjfkmb]xL gx'g] Joxf]/f
;DalGwt ;a}df hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
— ;Dkfbs d08n
 ljifo;"rL
k]h g+=
!= vfB ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] 8f= lbn axfb'/ u'?ª / !
ljsf;, pknlAw, r'gf}tL / dfu{lrq
rG› axfb'/ yfkf
@= g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] k'g?Tyfg k|:tfj s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6f !^
#= cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ / g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] 8f= jf;'b]j zdf{ @@
l:ylt ljZn]if0f
$= g]kfndf phf{ If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / efjL gf/fo0f vltj8f #@
sfo{lbzf
%= gjk|jt{gsf] kl/ro nf]s axfb'/ vqL #*
^= k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf] v8\u /fh /fO{ %^
;dLIffTds rrf{
&= of]hgf Joj:yfkgdf hgk|ltlglw / sd{rf/Lsf] uf]laGbk|;fb kf08] ^@
e"ldsf
*= ljsfzf]Gd'v b]zdf u|fdL0f ljsf;M ;Gbe{, eabQ ;fksf]6f ^(
cjwf/0ff, cf}lrTo / ;dfwfg
(= ljsf; cfof]hgf rqmdf ;'k/Lj]If0f, cg'udg / O{= k/z'/fd ;fx &&
d"NofÍg
!)= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s ljsf;df j}b]lzs lblnk s'df/ >Ljf:tj *%
nufgL
!!= g]kfndf ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ?b| k|;fb e§ (#
k|fyldsLs/0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf
!@= of]hgf tyf ljsf; k|lqmofsf] ljsNkdf :jo+;]jf lzj s'df/ clwsf/L !)@
13. How to Win Public Confidence as Government Laxmi Ghimire 111
Officials, Addressing by Fifteenth Plan and
SDG in Nepal
14. Plant Variety Protection in Nepal with refer- Durga Dhutta Dhakal & Sagar 127
ence to Farmers Right Baral
 vfB ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;M
pknlAw, r'gf}tL / dfu{lrq
-8f= lbn axfb'/ u'?ª
;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,
-rG› axfb'/ yfkf
/fli6«o vfB ;'/Iff gLlt tyf sfo{qmd clws[t,
/fli6«o kf]if0f tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;lrjfno,
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

;f/f+zM
s[lif g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] d'Vo cfwf/ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ^) k|ltzteGbf a9L s[lifdf cfl>t
hg;ª\Vofsf] hghLljsf;Fu ufFl;Psf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|ft] sf] ?kdf /x]sf] / cfly{s ljsf;df pNn]Vo?kdf
of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] cyfx ;Defjgf af]s]sf] If]q klg xf] . 5f]6f] ;dodf u/]/ b]vfpg ;Sg] If]q ePsfn] klg
b]zsf] eljio klg s[lif g} xf] egL cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . ljutdf s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sfnflu ul/Psf
k|of;x?sf] ;dLIff Pj+ vfB ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;du|df xfn;Dd ul/Psf nufgL, >d /
k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 df5f, df;' / b"w nufotsf kz'hGo pTkfbgdf pT;fxhgs k|ult xfl;n eO{ cfTdlge{/
pGd'v 5 . ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfn] nlIft u/]sf ck]lIft pknlAwx? nIo cg'?k xfl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf
w]/} sf/0fx? dWo] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;sf] ckof{Kttf, oy]i6 u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ;fdu|L
Jojl:yt ?kdf cfk"lt{ gx'g', k|efjsf/L ;]jfk|jfx tyf k|ljlw lj:tf/df s[ifssf] ;Lldt kx'Fr, s[lif pkhsf]
ahf/ ;'lglZrttf, ahf/sf] sdL / s[lif cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df ckof{Kt nufgL h:tf s]xL k|d'v sf/0fx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . vfB ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf s]xL ;'wf/ b]lvPsf] eP klg vfB c;'/Iff tyf s'kf]if0fsf] cj:yfsf]
lgjf/0f x'g cem} s7Lg b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n ug{
afnLj:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L s[lifnfO{ lbuf] / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg cfjZos 5 . ;fy ;fy}
cfjZos ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, ;/f]sf/jfnf;Dd pko'Qm / pRr pTkfbg lbg] k|ljlw ljsf; / k|of]u, s[lif k|;f/
;]jfsf] kx'Frdf lj:tf/ / pTkfbg ;fdu|L ;xh / Jojl:yt?kdf pknAw u/fpg], ;/f]sf/jfnfx? aLrsf]
;dGjo / ;xsfo{ / s[lifdf kof{Kt nufgL / ;f]xL cg'?k ;Ifd / ;an hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg tyf
hgtfsf] cfo cfh{gdf j[l4 ug{ ;s] dfq bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt, kGw|f}F of]hgf / lbuf] ljsf;
nIon] /fv]sf ;du| s[lif ljsf; / vfB ;'/Iffsf ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= k[i7e"ld
s[lif g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] d'Vo cfwf/ / hghLljsfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
hg;ª\Vofsf] ^)=$ k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ /f]huf/L k|bfg ul//x]sf] o; If]qn] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf eg]
hDdf @& k|ltzt of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 -c=d+= ,@)&&_ . s[lif If]qsf] cf}krfl/s /f]huf/Ldf @) k|ltzt
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 eg] cgf}krfl/s ?kdf cw{ a]/f]huf/sf] 7"nf] lx:;f olx If]qdf /x]sf] 5
-c=>=;+ = , @)!*_ .
s[lif cfly{s ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ dfq geO{ g]kfnLsf] hLjgz}nL, k/Dk/fut ;DklQ / ;fF:s[lts
;Dkbf ePsfn] cfufdL s]xL bzs;Dd ;dli6ut cfly{s ljsf;, /f]huf/ k|j4{g Pj+ ul/jL Go"gLs/0f

1
ug{ s[lif g} d"n If]q /xg]df b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g . kGw|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf xfnsf] !*=& k|ltzt lg/k]If
ul/jLnfO{ (=% k|ltztdf 36fpg] nIo /x]sf] 5 -/f=of]=cf= @)&^_ .
cy{tGq d"ntM s[lifdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] / s[lif k|0ffnL qmlds ?kdf k/Dk/futaf6 Joj;foLs/0f tkm{
?kfGt/0f x'Fb} uPsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t jif]{gL vfBfGg / cGo s[lif hGo j:t'x?sf] cfoft ul//xg' kg]{
xfd|f] jt{dfg oyfy{ xf] . s[lif Joj;fo / pBf]ux? ck]lIft ?kn] cfw'lgsLs/0f x'g g;Sbf pTkfbgdf
pNn]Vo j[l4 u/L vfB cfk"lt{sf] cj:yfdf tflTjs ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fli6«o cy{tGqsf ljleGg
cfofdx? h:t} pkef]usf] l:ylt, hLljsf]kfh{g, ul/jL Go"gLs/0f, /f]huf/L, vfB ;'/Iff / cfoft
lgof{tsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;du| s[lif If]qsf] cfly{s j[l4;Fu ufFl;Psf] 5 . tyflk vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf]
;'lglZrttf, ul/jL Go"gLs/0f, s[lifhGo afnL j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4, ;dfg'kflts
ljt/0f, cfoft k|lt:yfkg / pRr d"Nosf afnL j:t'x?sf] lgof{t k|j4{g cem} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
o;aLr s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;x]t' cfufdL @) jif{sf nflu dfu{lgb]{z k|bfg ub}{ o;
cjlwdf s[lif If]qsf] ;+/rgfdf Jofks kl/jt{g cfpg] / o; If]qsf] ljsf;;+Fu;Fu} s[lif Joj;fosf] klg
clej[l4 x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5 . o; /0fgLltn] s[lif If]q leqsf hl6ntfx? lgofNg' kg]{ / pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTjsf If]qx? h:t} cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw ljsf; / k|;f/df dfq s]lG›t geO{ k|zf]wg, Jofkf/ tyf
cGo ;]jfx? -e08f/0f, 9'jfgL tyf ;~rfng, ljQLo ;]jf, ahf/Ls/0f_ nfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{
cfjZostf cf}FNofpFb} ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] cfa4tf;Fu} cfPsf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf / k|fKt x'g] nfe
/ cj;/x?nfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{ cfjZos ;'wf/sf /0fgLltx¿sf] klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .
To;} u/L kGw|f}F of]hgfn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd s[lif cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ / Ifdtf
clej[l4 ub}{ s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{, s[lifdf
cfwfl/t pBf]u ljsf; u/L /f]huf/L / cfDbfgL j[l4 ug]{ / Jofj;flos tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf
ljsf; u/L s[lif If]qsf] Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng ug]{ p2]Zo ;lxt sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
@= s[lif ljsf; / vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] nflu ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, P]g lgod tyf gLlt
k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfBj:t'sf] cefjdf hLjg hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft x'g]5 egL ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f #^ / pkwf/f ! n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s ls;fgnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd s[lif sfo{sf nflu
e"lddf kx'Fr, k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u / cjnDag ul/Psf] :yfgLo aLp lahg / s[lif k|hfltsf] 5gf}6
/ ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 egL g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $@ sf] pkwf/f $ df pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L s[lif
/ e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL gLltdf ls;fgsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub}{ s[lifsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj
a9fpg, e"pkof]u gLltsf] cjnDag u/L e"ldsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg / s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f,
cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ljljwLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{, e"ldsf] pTkfbgzLntf, k|s[lt tyf jftfj/0fLo
;Gt'ng ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgodg / Joj:yfkg ub}{ To;sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug]{ / s[ifssf nflu s[lif
pTkfbg ;fdu|L, s[lif pkhsf] plrt d"No / ahf/df kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug]{ pNn]v 5 -g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg %! ª_ .
s[lif If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 ub}{ vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] dfGotf cg'¿k hnjfo' / df6f] cg's'nsf] vfBfGg
pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L vfBfGgsf] lbuf] pTkfbg, cfk"lt{, ;~ro, ;'/Iff / ;'ne tyf k|efjsf/L
ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg %! -h_ -!@__ egL ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L s[lif

2
ljsf; /0fgLltn], lbuf] ljsf; nIo n] ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{ / vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff cj:yfdf ;'wf/
ub}{ lbuf] s[lif k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] kGw|f}F cfjlws of]hgf, lbuf] ljsf; nIox? xfl;n ug{ s[lif
If]qnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . pQm k|fylds If]qx?df pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 / cfoft
k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{g ug{' o; If]qsf k|d'v p2]Zox? x'g . o; cjlwdf s[lifnfO{ j}1flgs,
Jofj;flos, ahf/ tyf pkef]Qmfd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; dfkm{t\ s[lif If]q k|lt:kwL{, lbuf],
cfTdlge{/ / lgof{td'vL aGg]5 . ;ª\VofTds lx;fan] cfpg] @% jif{df s[lifdf cfl>t hg;ª\Vof @)
k|ltztdf k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 eg] s[lifsf] u|fx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg ( k|ltzt k'Ug]5 . k|d'v afnLx?sf]
aLp k|lt:yfkg b/ %% k|ltzt eGbf a9fO{ hldgsf] pTkfbsTj cd]l/sL 8n/ (,%)) / >dsf]
pTkfbsTj !#,))) cd]l/sL 8n/ k|lt >lds k'Ug]5 -/f=of]= cf=,@)&^_ . /fli6«o s[lif cGj]if0f k|0ffnL
Pj+ cfjZos ;+/rgfut ljsf; dfkm{t\ s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f / cf}Bf]lusLs/0f
ul/g] nIo ;d]t o; ;f]rn] /fv]sf]5 .
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] cfufdL @) jif{ -;g\ @)!% b]lv @)#%_ sf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf]
;+/rgfdf Jofks / ax'cfoflds kl/jt{g cfpg] / s[lifIf]q;Fu} s[lif Joj;fosf] klg clej[l4 x'g] ck]Iff
u/]sf] 5 . vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/tf xfl;n ug]{ ;afndf ;g\ @)!% df vfBfGgdf !^ k|ltzt Jofkf/
3f6f /x]sf] cj:yfaf6 @) jif]{ cjlw;Dddf )-% k|ltzt cltl/Qm lgof{t Jofkf/ ug]{ nIo /flvPsf]
5 . To:t}u/L vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff xfl;n ug]{ ;afndf % j6f nIox? /flvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)#%
;Dddf % jif{ d'lgsf] afnaflnsfsf] k'8\sf]kg, sd tf}n / Vofp6]kgf qmdzM *, % / ! k|ltztdf
emfg]{ /xsf] 5 . To;}u/L aLPdcfO{ sd ePsf] dlxnf % k|ltzt / vfBhlgt ul/aLsf] hg;ª\Vof ^
k|ltztdf Nofpg] /x]sf] 5 (MoALD, 2020) .
#= s[lif, vfB k|0ffnL / vfB ;'/IffM
;du|df s[lif ljsf; / o;sf] ;'wf/sf nflu eP u/]sf k|of;x? d"ntM pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4
afnL j:t'x¿sf] ljljwtf, s[lifIf]qsf] pbf/Ls/0f, u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / ul/aL
lgjf/0fdf s]lG›t lyP / 5g\ . k~rfotsfndf pGgt aLp lahg / /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]uaf6
pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{df s]lG›t /xof] . k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfkl5 of] If]qsf] pbf/Ls/0f tyf lgodg Ifdtfx?
ljsf; ug]{df a9L hf]8 /xof] .
s[lif If]qsf] ;du| xfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj l5d]sL b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf Go'gtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ @)!$ sf] wfgsf] pTkfbsTj g]kfn, >Ln+sf, rLg, e'6fg, afª\nfb]z,
ckmuflg:tfg¸ ef/t / kfls:tfgsf] qmdzM #=#(, #=*$, ^=&%, #=&^, $=$@, @=$$, #=^@ / @=$@ d]=
6g k|ltx]S6/ /x]sf] lyof] -hf]zL, @)!*_ . o;sf cnfjf pTkflbt j:t'sf] Jojl:yt ahf/sf]
;'lglZrttf gx'g' / cGo w]/} sf/0fx?n] ubf{ s[liftkm{ o'jfx? cem} cfslif{t x'g g;s]sf sf/0f
/f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzg] qmd lg/Gt/ 5 . kl/0ffdtM o; If]qdf >d hgzlQmsf] cefjsf] sf/0f
s[lif Joj;fo clwsf+z dlxnfx?n] wfGg' kg]{ afWotf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
vfBj:t'sf] pTkfbg b]lv lnP/ pkef]u;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] vfB k|0ffnL k|fs[lts,
;fdflhs¸ cfly{s, /fhg}lts / cGo tTjx?af6 k|efljt x'G5 . vfBj:t'sf] rog, ?lr, ;fF:s[lts Pj+
;fdflhs d"NodfGotf, vfgkfg, pkef]Qmfsf] cfo, z}lIfs:t/ tyf cGo ;fdflhs cfly{s kIfn] vfB
3
kbfy{sf] k|sf/, pTkfbg tyf dfu lgwf{/0f ug{'sf ;fy} pTkfbs / pkef]QmfaLr cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{
d2t k'¥ofpF5 -Glopan, 2016_ .
ef]sd/L tyf s'kf]if0fsf] ;kmntfk"j{s cGTo ug{ jt{dfg vfB k|0ffnLsf] ¿kfGt/0f u/L lbuf] vfB
k|0ffnL dfkm{t\ jftfj/0fLo, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs / hg:jf:Yo ;'wf/ ug{ vfB pTkfbg, k|zf]wg,
ljt/0f tyf pkef]u tyf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg ;d]tnfO{ PsLs[t ul/g h¿/L 5 . hf]lvd Joj:yfkg,
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ pko'Qm ljlwsf] ldl>t Joj:yfdf g} lbuf]
vfB k|0ffnL lge{/ /xG5 .
vfB ;'/IffM ljZj tyf /fli6«o kl/j]z
ljZje/ s/La *@ s/f]8 hg;ª\Vof ef]sd/Lsf cj:yfdf /x]sf sf/0f lbuf] ljsf; nIo @ cg'¿k
;g\ @)#) ;Dd z"Go ef]sd/L k|fKt ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 . ef]sd/L clk|msfsf w]/} h;f] pkIf]qdf
a9L /x]sf] ePklg Nofl6g cd]/Lsf / Plzofdf eg] t'ngfTds ¿kdf Go"g /x]sf] 5 . blIf0f Plzof
If]qdf ;'wf/sf] cj:yf pT;fxk|b ePklg s/La @ ca{ hg;ª\Vof dWod / uDeL/ vfB c;'/Iffsf]
cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 (FAO, 2019) . ljutsf lg/Gt/ k|of;sf sf/0f ;g\ @))^ sf]
t'ngfdf ;g\ @)!^ df vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0fsf If]qdf g]kfnn] pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf
sd tf}n ePsf % jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsf #( k|ltztaf6 @& k|ltztdf, % jif{ eGbf d'lgsf
afnaflnsfdf x'g] k'8\sf]kg $( k|ltztaf6 #^ k|ltztdf / Vofp6]kg !# k|ltztaf6 !) k|ltztdf
em/]sf] 5 (NDHS, 2016) eg] Go"gkf]lift /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof @& af6 * k|ltztdf 36]sf] 5
(NPC, 2018) . /fli6«o vfB cfk"lt{, afn s'kf]if0f / afnd[To"b/sf] cfwf/df ef]sd/L dfkg ug]{ Ps
ax'cfoflds ljlw ljZjJofkL ef]sd/L ;"rsfÍ cg';f/ !!& b]z dWo] g]kfn &#cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] 5
(GHI 2019) .

cfjlws of]hgfx?df s[lif tyf vfB ;'/IffM

klxnf] cfjlws of]hgf b]lv g} s[lif s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|fyldstfdf kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . klxnf] of]hgfdf
s'n ah]6sf] @& k|ltzt s[lif, jg, l;FrfO{ tyf e"ld ;'wf/sfnflu ljlgof]lht ePsf] lyof] .
hg;ª\Vofsf] (% k|ltzt cfl>t s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; geOsg b]zsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g eGg] cxd
;f]rnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ljleGg k|fyldstfsf sfo{qmd /flvP cg'?k !) j6f s[lif kmfd{, $ j6f kz'
ljsf; s]G› / % j6f b"w k|zf]wg s]G›x? :yfkgf ;lxt ;DkGg eof] eg] bf];|f] of]hgfdf s[lif If]qnfO{
s'n ah]6sf] !#=^ k|ltzt ah]6;lxt afujfgL If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL !^ 7fpFdf
afujfgL ljsf; s]G› / kmnkm"n aHu}Frfx? :yfkgf eP . To;}u/L o;} of]hgf cjlwdf hDdf !,)#%
x]S6/ hldgdf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw, # j6f kz' ;]jfs]G› / @@ j6f kz' :jf:Yo s]G› :yfkgf x'g'sf
;fy} ^*) hgf dWod txsf s[lif k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . t];|f] of]hgfdf eg]
pGgt aLp¸ dnsf] k|of]u u/L ;3g v]tL dfkm{t\ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg @%=( k|ltzt ah]6 ;lxt s[lif
pBf]usf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{sf] pTkfbg u/L To;sf] cfk"lt{df hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . rf}yf]
of]hgfdf ## k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]lht ;lxt s[lif If]qaf6 cTolws pTkfbg j[l4 u/L pkef]usf] :t/df
;'wf/ tyf j[l4 ug]{, lgof{t a9fpg], cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{ kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw u/fpg], ax';+Vos
hgtfsf] qmozlQm j[l4 ug]{ / k'FhL lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ art kl/rfngsf] If]q / s/sf] lj:t[t cfwf/
tof/ kfg]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] eg] kfFrf}F of]hgfdf @(=* k|ltzt s[lifIf]qdf ljlgof]hg ;lxt b]znfO{
4
rf/ ljsf; If]qdf ljefhg u/L pQ/L If]qdf kz'kfng, dWo kxf8L If]qdf kmnkm"n / blIf0fsf] ;dy/
e'efudf cGgafnL / gub]afnL pTkfbg h:tf ljsf;sf ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbPsf]
b]lvG5 .
5}7f}F of]hgfaf6 g} ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf vfB ;'/Iff g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] d"n Ph]08fsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z
ePsf lyP / s[lifIf]qsf nflu #!=! k|ltzt ;fj{hlgs nufgL ljlgof]hg u/L s[lif pTkfbg / pkef]u
j[l4 ug]{, pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg], lgsf;L 36\g glbg] / s[lifhGo pBf]ux¿nfO{ sRrf
kbfy{ cfk"lt{ ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zox? /x]sf lyP . ;ftf}F of]hgfdf pRr j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{ pTkfbgzLn
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ a9fpg] tyf hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ ug]{ p2]Zosf nflu #$=#
k|ltzt ;lxt of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/P . k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 klxnf] of]hgfsf] ¿kdf cf7f}F
of]hgfn] s[lif If]q -s[lif, l;FrfO{ / jg_ nfO{ @%=& k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/L ef}uf]lns ljz]iftfsf]
cfwf/df s[lif pTkfbg a9fO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg]¸ vfBj:t'sf] a9\bf] cfGtl/s dfu k"/f ug{
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg], s[lifhGo pBf]usf] lj:tf/sf] nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{sf] pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTj a9fpg], ax';+Vos ;fgf tyf ;LdfGt ls;fgx?sf nflu pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?
a9fpg] / s[lif ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg] h:tf p2]Zox? /x]sf] lyof] -hf]zL,
@)!*_ . gjf}F of]hgfn] s[lif, l;FrfO{ tyf jgsf nflu @&=)% k|ltzt ah]6 ljlgof]lht ;lxt
/f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u #! s]hL k|ltx]S6/ k'¥ofPsf] ePklg nIosf] t'ngfdf s[lifsf] pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTjdf vf;} j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;s]g .
bzf}F of]hgf cjlwdf ljsf; vr{sf] @$ k|ltzt s[lifIf]qdf nufgL u/L gLltut lgdf{0f / ;'wf/ tkm{
/fli6«o s[lif gLlt, @)^! / /fli6«o s[lif Joj;fo gLlt, @)^# hf/L eP . P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngkl5
tLgjif]{ cGtl/d of]hgfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] P3f/f}F of]hgfn] bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf / /fli6«o s[lif gLltnfO{
s[lif ljsf;sf nflu d"n gLltsf] ?kdf cËLsf/ u/L s[lif If]qnfO{ cfw'lgs Pj+ Jofj;foLs/0f ul/g]
;f]r ;lxt km/flsnf], n}+lus, ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] s[lif j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{ ;dli6ut nIo lnPsf] lyof] .
af¥xf}F of]hgf sfndf s[lif If]qsf nflu !@=&( k|ltzt nufgLsf ;fy vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff
/ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'?k bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf / /fli6«o s[lif gLltnfO{ s[lif ljsf;sf nflu
d"n gLltsf] ?kdf cËLsf/ u/L o; If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f Pj+ Joj;foLs/0f u/L k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] ;f]r
/x]sf] lyof] . t]¥xf}F of]hgfn] s[lif If]qsf nflu !%=!) k|ltzt nufgL 5'6\ofO{ s[lif If]qsf]
Jofj;foLs/0f x]t' lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfsif{0f ug]{, ;xsf/Ls/0fsf] k|j4{g tyf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj
j[l4 ug{ l;FrfO, s[lif ;8s, s[lif C0f, cg';Gwfg tyf k|ljlw k|;f/, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / ahf/
;+oGqsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
rf}wf}F of]hgf sfndf s[lif If]qsf nflu !$=& k|ltzt nufgL 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] . cfTdlge{/ Pj+ kf]if0f
;'/Iff;lxtsf] vfB ;Dk|e'tf pGd'v d'n's ;f]Fr ;lxt :jR5 Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbgsf
dfWodaf6 d'n'snfO{ vfB tyf kf]if0fdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg] s[lifsf] nIo /x]sf] lyof] .
kGw|f}F kfFr aif]{ cfjlws of]hgf -@)&^/&&- @)*)/*!_, vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff tyf vfB ;Dk|e'tf
;lxtsf] lbuf] k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ ;d[4 s[lif cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf] ;f]r ;lxt k|lt:kwL{, hnjfo' cg's'n,
cfTdlge{/ Pj+ lgof{td'vL pBf]usf] ?kdf s[lifsf] ?kfGt/0f ub}{ ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n
ug]{ nIo ;lxt sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . of] nIo k|flKtsf nflu s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4

5
u/L vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{, s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]u ljsf; u/L /f]huf/L / cfDbfgL j[l4
ug]{ / Jofj;flos tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf ljsf; u/L s[lif If]qsf] Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng ug]{ p2]Zox?
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
o;} u/L k|d'v gLltx?df vfB ljt/0f k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug{ tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf] ;dGjofTds
;~hfnsf] ljsf; ub}{ vfB cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;a} k|b]z tyf :yfgLo :t/df hu]8f e08f/0fsf]
Joj:yf ug]{, :yfgLo ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df pTkfbgzLn s[ifsx?sf] k|fljlws, Jofj;flos tyf
;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fnfO{
gfkmfd"ns agfpg], s[lif k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, ahf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ;fgf tyf demf}nf s[lif
pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;, vfB :jR5tf tyf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ub}{+ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ /x]sf]
5.
tflnsf !M ljleGg of]hgfx?df cfly{s j[l4b/ tyf s[lifIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4b/sf] nIo / k|ult .
cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ s[lifIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4b/ -k|ltzt_
of]hgf
-nIo_ -k|ult_ -nIo_ -k|ult_
kfFrf}F %=) @=# #=% @=$
5}7f}F $=# $=$ #=@ $=&
;ftf}F $=% #=$ #=% %=&
cf7f}F %=! %=! #=& #=)
gjf}F ^=) #=^ $=) #=#
bzf}F ^=@ $=# $=! @=&
P3f/f}F %=% $=% #=^ #=@
af¥xf}F %=% $=) #=( #=$
t]¥xf}F ^=) @=( $=% @=@
rf}wf}F &=@ ^=( $=& $=@

kfFrf}F b]lv rf}wf}F of]hgfsf cfly{s j[l4b/ / s[lifIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4b/sf] nIo / k|ult s]nfpFbf
cfly{s j[l4b/sf] nIo 5}7F} / cf7f}F of]hgfdf / s[lifIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4b/sf] nIo 5}7f}F / ;ftf}F
of]hgfdf xfl;n u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 5}7f}F of]hgfdf s'n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lifIf]qsf] %( k|ltzt of]ubfg
/x]sf]n] s[lifsf] j[l4b/n] k|ToIf?kdf s'n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ x'Fbf o;
cfjlws of]hgfdf cfly{s j[l4b/sf] nIo k|fKt ug{df s[lif pTkfbgsf] j[l4 Ps k|d'v sf/s tTj /x]sf]
lyof] . tYofÍ k|0ffnL e/kbf]{ gePsf] / w]/} jif{cl3b]lv j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] pTkfbg If]qx?nfO{ ;ftf}F
of]hgfsfndf dfq cfP/ b]vfpg yfn]sfn] ;ftf}F of]hgfdf s[lifIf]qsf] d"No clej[l4b/sf] nIo k|flKtdf
s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj eGbf If]qkmn j[l4sf] b]g dxTjk"0f{ x'g uPsf] lyof] -/f=of]=cf=, @)&!_ .

6
lbuf] ljsf; nIodf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/IffM
lbuf] ljsf; nIo cg'?k ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ef]sd/L cGTo ug]{ / ;a} hgtfsf] ;'/lIft, kf]if0fo'Qm /
kof{Kt vfgfdf jif}{el/ kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, -v_ ;a} k|sf/sf Pj+ :j¿ksf s'kf]if0fsf] cGTo ug]{,
-u_ ;fgf:t/sf vfBfGg pTkfbsx¿sf] s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj / cfo bf]Aa/ j[l4 ug]{, -3_ lbuf] vfBfGg
pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ / pTyfgzLn s[lif lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{, / -ª_ ;g\ @)@)
;Dddf /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df /fd|f};Fu Joj:yfkg tyf ljljlws/0f ul/Psf] aLh /
jg:klt a}Íåf/f aLplahgsf] cg'jf+lzs ljljwtf, v]tL ul/Psf jg:klt / kmfd{df /flvPsf tyf
3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ / ltgsf ;DalGwt hËnL k|hfltx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg] h:tf kl/df0ffTds
nIox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . k|d'v ;"rsx?df k|lt JolQm vfBfGg pTkfbg #@) s]hL af6 %#) s]hL k'¥ofpg],
hldgsf] pTkfbsTj (Productivity) cd]l/sL 8n/ #,@&* af6 &,)!* k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf 5g\
(NPC, 2017) .

vfB ;'/Iffsf] jt{dfg cj:yfM

g]kfnn] xfn}sf jif{x¿df vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0fsf If]qdf /fd|f] k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!! df
vfB pmhf{sf] vktsf] pknAwtf k|lt JolQm k|lt lbg @,*%% lsnf] Sofnf]/L /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\ @)!#
df of] a9]/ k|lt JolQm k|lt lbg @,((@ lsnf]Sofnf]/L k'u]sf] lyof] h;df u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L
hg;ª\Vofsf] aLrdf /x]sf] kl/df0ffTds leGgtf klg sd ePsf] kfOPsf] lyof] . cem} klg sl/a *=&
k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofdf Go"gtd Sofnf]/Lsf] kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g -FAO, 2019_ . vfB ;'/lIft
hg;ª\Vof g]kfndf $* k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 -kGw|f} of]hgf, @)&&_ .
b'u{d / lxdfnL If]qsf hgtfsf] vfBdf kx'Fr / t/fO{df a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfsf] t'ngfdf sd /x]sf]
5 . ;g\ @)!^/!& df, 3/w'/Lx¿n] cf};tdf cfˆgf] cfosf] %@ k|ltzt /sd ;Dd vfgfdf vr{ u/]sf]
kfOof] . u|fdL0f 3/w'/Lx¿sf] vfB pkef]udf ?=#,)!,*@$ /x]sf] 5 t/ ;x/L 3/w'/Lsf] vfB pkef]u
u|fdL0f 3/w'/Lsf] t'ngfdf !=% u'0ff a9L vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] (CBS 2018) .
pk/f]Qm cj:yfdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ ug{ / lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo k|flKt ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ kGw|f}F of]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf 5 . sfof{Gjog k|f/Desf] klxnf] jif{df g} b]z ljZjJofkL?kdf km}lnPsf] sf]le8–!( sf]
dxfdf/Lsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] 5 . sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Ln] g]kfndf dfq geO ljZjJofkL?kdf dfgj :j:Yo,
;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf csNkgLo k|efj k/]sf] / cem} a9L k|efj kfg]{ cf+sng 5 (GRFC, 2020) .
sf]le8–!( sf] c;/n] g]kfnsf] vfB ;'/Iff tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf] l:yltdf uDeL/ c;/ kg{'df lgDg
k|d'v sf/0fx? 5g\M
sf]le8-!(n] b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 b/ 36]/ qmdzM @=( / @=^ k|ltzt
k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 / To;sf] k|ToIf c;/ vfB ;'/Iffdf kg{ ;Sb5 .
s'n kl/jf/ ;ª\Vofsf] %^ k|ltztn] ljk|]if0f cfo k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/L u'd]/
:jb]z kms{g] tyf :jb]zdf klg pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf cf}krfl/s Pj+ cgf}krfl/s If]qdf /f]huf/L /
b}lgs Hofnfbf/Lsf] cj;/ u'dfPsfx?sf] kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

7
 pTkflbt t/sf/Ldf sl/a %) k|ltzt, df;' / c08f %) b]lv *) k|ltzt, b"wsf] laqmL #)–$)
k|ltzt, df5fdf pTkfbg !% k|ltzt;Dd 36\g uO{ cfDbfgL / vfB pknAwtfdf sdL cfPsf]
cg'dfg 5 .
g]kfnL kl/jf/x?sf] ;/b/ jflif{s pkef]u ?= #,^@,^!& /x]sf]df %@ k|ltzt vfgfdf vr{ x'g] t/
b}lgs >dug]{ Pj+ ;fgf tyf demf}nf ax';+Vos s[ifsx? a]/f]huf/ tyf cw{j]/f]huf/ x'Fbf vfB
;'/Iffdf c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$= ;f/f+z tyf sdLx¿
ljutsf cfjlws of]hgfx?df ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, s[lif ;fdu|L -dn, aLp_, l;FrfO{, d]l;g/L cf}hf/,
s[lif k|ljlw, cg';Gwfg tyf nufgLsf] sdL h:tf ;d:ofx? bf]xf]l/P/ cfPsfn] kGw|f}F of]hgfn] ltgsf]
Go"gLs/0f tyf lg/fs/0fsf nflu k|fyldstfsf ;fy of]hgfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf]
5 . gLltut ¿kdf pRr k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q dflgPtfklg g]kfnsf] s[liftGq k/Dk/fut ¿kdf Go"g
;fdu|L ÷;fwg-dWod pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f alnof] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lrlgb} cfPsf] 5 . gLlt
lgdf{tf Pj+ /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] o; If]qnfO{ ;d'lrt k|j4{g ug{ g;Sbf ;du|df xfd|f] s[lif If]qsf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf l5d]sL / cGo ;dfg cfly{s x}l;ot ePsf d'n'ssf] eGbf sdhf]/ /xg uof] .
kmntM xfn;fn} b]lvPsf] sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Lsf bf}/fg s[lif If]q klg k|efljt x'g k'Uof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu,
b]zsf ljleGg txdf ul/Psf 5nkmnx¿df :yfgLotx nufot k|b]zx¿ ;d]t cfˆgf] sfo{If]q leqsf]
vfB ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ;DaGwdf cgle1 b]lvP . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df cfˆgf] kflnsf jf k|b]zdf
vfBj:t'sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf, dfusf] l:ylt, :yfgLo pTkfbgn] dfunfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ g;s]sf] l:yltdf
:jb]z leq} cGo kflnsf÷k|b]z;Fusf] ;xsfo{ ÷;dGjodf e/0fkf]if0f ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf / cGTodf
ljb]zaf6 cfoft u/L cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ r':t /fVb} vfB ;'/IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ cfwf/x¿af/] k|z:t
cGof}n b]lvPsf] 5 .
jt{dfg cj:yfdf b]lvPsf] sf]/f]gfsf] dxfdf/L tyf eljiodf b]lvg;Sg] cGo o:t} vfn] cGof}n /
clglZrttf Pj+ o:tf cK7\of/fx¿df b]znfO{ ck|Tofl;t ¿kd} ePklg pknAw x'g ;Sg] ;";'lrt, bIf
tyf phf{jfg o"jf hgzlQmnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ k|ljlw Pj+ oflGqs ;3g s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf]
;Defjgf k|r'/ b]lvG5 . ctM o:tf] k|ljlwsf] oyf]lrt cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg / k|rf/ k|;f/sf nflu
3gLe"t sfo{qmdsf] th{'df x'g ckl/xfo{ eO{;s]sf] 5 .
s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ckl/xfo{ ;|f]t;fwg / ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Go"g pknAwtf tyf k|of]u, cfjZos
ef}lts k"jf{wf/x? h:t}M l;FrfO, ;8s, s[lif ahf/, zLt e08f/, uf]bfd 3/, ;ª\sng s]G› tyf
lah'nLsf] ckof{Kttf d"n ;d:ofsf ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf cfzfltt pknlAw xfl;n
ug{ cTofjZos pGgt gZn tyf aLpsf] k|lt:yfkg b/ klg cToGt} sd 5 . v]tLof]Uo hldgsf]
lg/Gt/ v08Ls/0f x'g' tyf kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdf nfdf] ;do;Dd hldg afFemf] /xg'sf cnfjf
cg';Gwfgaf6 ljsf; ePsf k|ljlw kof{Ktdfqfdf lj:tf/ gx'g', j}1flgs hgzlQm Joj:yfkg sdhf]/
x'g', cg';Gwfgsf] nflu k|of]uzfnf nufot cGo k"jf{wf/sf] sdL x'g'n] s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f
oflGqsLs/0f Joj;foLs/0f tyf cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf yk afwf k'Ug uO{ e"ld tyf >dzlQmsf] pTkfbsTj
lgs} Go"g /x]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k b]zdf vfBfGg cfoft ck]lIft ?kdf 36\g ;s]sf] 5}g . pTkflbt vfB
j:t'x¿ klg ;d'lrt e08f/0f k|zf]wg tyf d"No clej[l4 u/L k|ltkmn oyf]lrt ¿kdf a9fpg

8
;lsPsf] 5}g . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 o; If]qdf kg{ uPsf] k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ cg's'ngsf] dfWodaf6
hnjfo' pTyfgzLn tyf jftfj/0fd}qL s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ klg ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
;du|df l5d]sL / If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf b[li6n] k|lt:kwL{ d'n'sx¿sf] t'ngfdf pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTjsf cfofddf k|lt:kwL{ x'g g;Sg', s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf cGj]if0f h:tf] ckl/xfo{ If]qdf
nufgL gu0o dfqfdf x'g', kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdf afFemf] hldgsf] ;d:of x'g', /f;folgs dn, aLp
tyf l;FrfO{ nufotsf pTkfbg ;fdu|L ;dod} / ;'ne ¿kdf pknAw x'g g;Sg', ;du| s[lif If]qd}
oGqsf] k|of]un] ult lng g;Sg,' lgjf{xd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLsf] Jofj;flos ¿kfGt/0f x'g g;Sg' k|d'v
sf/0fsf] ¿kdf /xg uPsf 5g\ .
oL ;d:ofx?sf jfah'b s[lif ljsf;sf cj;/x? klg kof{Kt 5g\ . ef}uf]lns tyf ljljwtfhGo
;DefJotf x'g', k'FhL, k|]/0ff, cfTdljZjf; / pGgt k|ljlwsf] af/]df 1fg ;lxt ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf o'jf
s[lif Joj;fodf cfslif{t x'Fb} hfg', h}ljs v]tL / s[lif jgk|lt pBdL / ls;fgsf] cfsif{0f a9\g'
cj;/x? x'g\ . pTkflbt j:t'sf] ljZj ahf/df kx'Fr j[l4 x'g' / 7"nf ;+:yf tyf cGo lghL If]qsf]
cfsif{0f a9\b} hfg' s[lif If]qsf cj;/x? x'g\ . ef}uf]lns ?kdf ljs6 kxf8 / b'u{d If]qdf oftfoft
;'ljwf a9\b} hfg'sf cltl/Qm kl5Nnf jif{df s[lif C0f, s[lif aLdf, gofF k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / lzIf0f
;'ljwf lj:tf/n] ;d]t o; If]qdf yk cj;/ l;h{gf x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu h'Wg
ljZjJofkL ?kdf a9\b} uPsf] rf;f] / pknAw 1fg, ;Lk, k|ljlw / ;|f]tn] s[lifnfO{ cg's'ng tyf
pTyfgzLn agfpg' cj;/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
oxfF;Dd ;lsof]
%= efjL lbzf
s[lif If]qsf] ?kfGt/0f u/L pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpFb} vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrttfsf nflu
;+/rgfut, k|fljlws, Joj:yfksLo / gLltut ?kdf ;'wf/ u/L s[lif cg';Gwfg, k|;f/, lzIff / s[lif
ljsf; ;Fu ;Da4 kIf;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ub}{ k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / glthfd'vL cg'udg
/ d'NofÍgdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 h;sf] nflu lgDg If]qdf tTsfn} ;'wf/sf] cfjZos 5 .
s_ e"ld a}Ísf] :yfkgf / k|efjsf/L sfof{GjogM
of] wlt{sf] dxTjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] dxtd / clwstd pkof]u u/L k|lt O{sfO{ pTkfbsTj a9fpg'
clgjfo{ 5 . s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ e"ldsf] lbuf] Pj+ a}1flgs Joj:yfkg dfkm{t\ 7"nf]
If]qkmndf Jofj;flos v]tL ub}{ s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu b]ze/ pkof]udf
gcfPsf v]tLof]Uo lghL, ;/sf/L / cGo hUufnfO{ ;b'kof]u u/L s[lifsf] pTkfbg a9fpg] p2]Zosf
;fy ah]6 jQmJo dfkm{t\ #)) :yfgLo txdf e"ld a}Ísf] :yfkgf u/L sfo{Gjogdf n}hfg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu gLltut?kdf /fli6«o e"ld gLlt @)&% df e"ld a}Ísf] lj:t[t cjwf/0ff tof/
kf/L sfof{Gjogdf nlug]5 eg] e"–pkof]u P]g @)&%sf] bkmf @! df e"ld a}Ísf] Joj:yf ug{ e" pkof]u
jlu{s/0f u/L e"ldsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ e"ld a}Ísf] :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf / kGw|f}F cfjlws of]hgf -
@)&^/&& -@)*)/*!_ df a[xt kl/df0fdf Jofj;flos?kdf s[lif pTkfbg ug{ e"ld a}Ísf] cjwf/0ff
cg'?k ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;d]tnfO{ kl/rfng u/L sfo{Gjogdf n}hfg] 5 . g]kfndf e"ldsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
ljZn]if0f ubf{ # lsl;dsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . klxnf] ju{df w]/} hg;ª\Vof / tbg'¿ksf] >dzlQm t 5
t/ h;sf] :jfldTjdf cToGt Go"g hldg 5 . 5l/P/ /x]sf] :jfldTjsf sf/0f rSnfaGbL klg
9
r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . To:sf] ljkl/t bf];|f] ju{df yf]/} hg;ª\Vof kb{5 t/ hldgsf] :jfldTj clws Pj+
pkof]u gePsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . / t];|f] ju{sf] hldg ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] 5 h'g Jofj;flos s[lif
k|of]hgsf lglDt pkof]udf Nofpg ;fdflhs / sfg"gL hl6ntfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
e"ldsf] PsLs/0f, rSnfaGbL / tt\kZrftsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu e"ld a}Ísf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf
s:tf] vfnsf] df]8fln6L pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ljifodf ;DalGwt lj1x? / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu 5nkmn /
cGt/lqmof ubf{ of] k|fljlws eGbf a9L ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts Ph]08f ePsfn] e"ld a}Í ;~rfngfy{
Ps ;j{;Ddt jf e'uf]n cg';f/sf] km/s km/s df]8n pko'Qm x'g ;Sg] kfO{Psf] 5 . log}
;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6L tLg k|sf/sf df]8nsf] ljsNk k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ df]8]n-!M :yfgLo txaf6 ;~rfng x'g]M of] df]8]ndf clwsf+z ;fgf s[ifsx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ afFemf] /
pkof]udf gePsf hUufnfO{ ;d"x ;fd"lxs v]tL ug{nfO{ :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yfkgdf hUuf
pknAw u/fOG5 . pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu :yfgLo ;xsf/L Pj+ :yfgLo
txn] Joj:yfkg ul/lbg' kg]{ x'G5 .
-v_ df]8]n-@M ;xsf/Lx?nfO{ e"ld a}Í ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lbO{ ;xsf/L cfkm}n] e"ld a}Í ;~rfng
u/L Jofj;flos?kdf ;xsf/L v]tL ug]{ / pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/sf] lhDdf klg ;xsf/L cfkm}n]
lng' kg]{ x'G5 . klxnf] k|fyldstf ;fgf ;fgf s[ifs ;d"x ÷ dlxnf ;d"x / ;xsf/Lx?nfO{ lbO{g]
cEof; ul/g' kb{5 .
-u_ df]8]n-#M sDkgLåf/f ;~rfng ug]{M lghL sDkgLaf6 ;~rfng x'g] e"ld a}Ídf hDdf ePsf hUuf
;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf] cfsf/sf] Jofj;flos v]tL ug]{ ;d"x, ;xsf/L / lglh sDkgLnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg] / ahf/sf] ;xhLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf] bfloTj ;xsf/L dfkm{t\ jf sDkgL cfkm}n] lng' kg]{
x'G5 .
k|:tfljt df]8]nx?nfO{ ;'?jftsf nflu k/LIf0f u/L bL3{sfnLg¿kdf ;kmn 7xl/Psf] df]8]nnfO{
qmlds?kdf lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;/L e"ld a}Ísf] sfof{Gjogaf6 v]/ uPsf] hldgsf]
pkof]u x'g], 7"nf] cfsf/sf] v]tL dfkm{t\ pTkfbg j[l4 x'g], rSnfaGbLsf sf/0f hldg / >dsf]
pTkfbsTj a9\g] dfq geO :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] qmlds ?kdf ahf/ ;'lglZrt x'b} hfg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
x'g]5 .
v_ ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ / k'g;+/rgfM
s[lif cg';Gwfg / k|;f/M s[lif ljsf;sf] hggLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] s[lif cg';Gwfgn] ljutsf tLg bzsdf
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf k|bz{gdf k5fl8 k/]sf] / lg/Gt/ ¿kdf al9/x]sf] s[lif/vfB j:t'sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f
sd ug]{ lsl;dsf] cg';Gwfg /0fgLlt th{'df ug{ klg g;s]sf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{, cg';Gwfgdf
pBf]u Joj;fo ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ jt{dfg s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{g
u/L /fli6«o s[lif cGj]if0f k|0ffnLsf] hu a;fNg ljnDa ug{ gx'g] a'emfO{ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] /x]sf] 5 .
o;f] ug{ ;lsP dfq xfn cg';Gwfgsf dfWodaf6 k|fKt pknlAwx?nfO{ cg';Gwfg s[lt jf k':tssf
kfgfaf6 w]/} k/ s[lifsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbgdf hf]8\g ;lsg]5 . kmn:j¿k pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f, gLlt
cg';Gwfg tyf pBdzLntf ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0fx?df ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|fljlws Pj+ ;+/rgfTds

10
cGj]if0f lg/Gt/ eO{/x]sf] x'g]5 . oL ;a} k|lqmof tyf r/0fx¿df ahf/sf] ;+nUgtf ;3g /xg]5 .
To;}u/L gLlt cg';Gwfgsf lgsfox¿ o; k|0ffnLsf] cGj]if0f ;+/rgfsf] ;xof]uL If]qsf] ¿kdf cleGg
9Ën] /xg]5 . cGj]if0fdf ;+nUg ljleGg cËx¿sf aLr cGt/lqmof ;anLs[t ePsf] x'g]5 ;fy}
cGj]if0fsf] nflu cfjZos cGt/lqmof tyf lg/Gt/sf] l;sfO{nfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf r':t /fVg tyf
;xof]uL jftfj/0f sfod u/L /fVg ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g tyf ljsf; x'g]5 .
s[lif k|;f/ / l;FrfO{M d'n's ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf uO{ :yfgLo / k|fb]lzs txdf /xg' kg]{ lgsfo /
hgzlQmsf] ;dofg's'n kl/jt{g / k'gM;+/rgf x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{ ;j{ljlbt 5 / kmn:j¿k :yfgLo
tyf k|fb]lzs txdf /x]sf s[lif÷kz' ;]jfsf lgsfox¿ k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;'ljwf tyf
hgzlQmsf b[li6n] ;an b]lvPsf s]lG›o lgsfox¿sf] bIftf / cg'ejnfO{ s[lif tyf kz' 1fg
s]G›x¿;d]tn] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] u/L gLlt kl/dfh{g ug]{ / :yfgLo / k|fb]lzs txdf /x]sf s[lif /
kz' If]qsf cnu cnu k|;f/ lgsfonfO{ PsLs[t u/L Psåf/ k|0ffnL dfkm{t\ ;]jf k|jfxug]{ / lgtfGt
k|\fljlws ;]jf6]jfdf s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
To;}u/L cGo ljsl;t / s[lif If]qsf ljsf;sf dfWodn] cfly{s pGglt u/]sf d'n'sx¿sf] cg'ej /
ljBdfg c;dfGh:otfsf] cGTo u/L ljleGg k|of;sf afah'b s[lif ljsf;sf] 5ftf eGbf aflx/ /xFb}
cfPsf] l;FrfO{sf] ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ ;d]t PsLs/0f u/L s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfnosf] 5ftf
leq ;d]6\g h¿/L 5 . o;f] ug{ g;lsP, oL b"O{ dGqfnox?sf] aLrdf lg/Gt/sf] ;dGjo /
;xsfo{nfO{ gLltut ?kdf clgjfo{ u/fpg' kb{5 .
sDkgL tyf ;+:yfgx?M dnsf] pTkfbg, vl/b / ljt/0f Joj:yfkg lhDd]jf/L ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] xf] .
o;y{ s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgLnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/, hjfkmb]xL kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{ / kl/0ffd'vL / s[ifsd}qL
agfpg ;xsf/L nufot lghL If]qsf] ;d]t z]o/ x'g] Joj:yf u/L sDkgLnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm
x'G5 . o;af6 sDkgLn] cNksfnsf nflu ljleGg d'n'saf6 oy]i6 dfqfdf dn vl/b tyf ljt/0f ug]{
/ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf :jb]zd} dn sf/vfgf ;~rfng u/L Jofj;flos, k|lt:kwL{ / ;]jfd'vL aGg]5 .
o;}u/L b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgnfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] df]8ndf ¿kfGt/0f u/L ahf/df
k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ :jb]zdf pTkfbg x'g] b"wsf] ahf/ ;'lglZrt ug{'sf ;fy} b'Uw kbfy{sf] cfsflzFbf]
cfoftnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;kmn x'g]5 . To;sf cnfjf s[lif cf}hf/ sf/vfgfnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf u/L
;~rfngdf Nofpg' cfjZos 5 . s[ifsx?sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] vfnsf ;fgf / demf}nf cf}hf/x?sf]
lgdf{0f :jb]zd} ug{' kb{5 . l;FrfO{sf] nflu kfgL tfGg] kDk / cGo d]z]g/L cf}hf/ :jb]zdf g} pTkfbg
ul/g' kb{5 .
h}ljs lj1fg / h}ljs cg';GwfgM casf] #) jif{ leq gf} ca{ k'Ug] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] ljZj
hg;ª\VofnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ g;lsg] ;Lldt hldg / cGo ;|f]tx¿sf] kl/rfng u/L vfBfGgsf] k|aGw
ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ k/Dk/fut ljlw / lj1fgaf6 dfq oltsf ;ª\Vofdf
e/0fkf]if0f ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . ctM ›'t ultsf k|hgg\ ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u g} casf] cjnDag ug{' kg]{ lbzf
ePsf]df ;a} j}1flgs hdft ;d]t Psdt 5 . To;}u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg ;xh /
c;xh b'a} kl/l:yltaf6 clwstd nfe lng hnjfo' :df6{ s[lif k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; /
k|of]udf ;d]t ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg' ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 .
hgzlQm Joj:yfkgM :yfgLo txsf] s'n &,(!* b/aGbLdf /x]sf]df xfn !,()) hgfsf] dfq b/aGbL
k"lt{ ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{ lt/ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t s[lifsf ljleGg lgsfox?df !,$)) b/aGbL /x]sf]

11
5 . o;/L ;ª\3Lo lgsfox¿df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfsif{0f a9\bf] ¿kd} /xg] / k|b]z tyf :yfgLotxdf
lg/Gt/ cf]/fnf] nfUbf] dgf]ansf] ;dod} oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg u/L k|b]z / :yfgLotxdf k|fljlws
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kx'Fr / pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ul/g' h¿/L 5 . j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x¿nfO{ ;'lglZrt
ub}{ s]G›df b/aGbL /x]sf k|fljlws / ljz]if1 hgzlQmsf] k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n] kl/rfng /
pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg ldnfpg ;s] dfq xfnnfO{ s[lifdf b]lvPsf] hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf]
c;Gt'ngnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsg] lyof] . To;sf cnfjf s[lif ljZjljBfnox¿;Fu ;dGjo
u/L s[lif :gfts / :gftsf]Q/ txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ O{G6g{zLksf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;s]
ljBfyL{, ljZjljBfno / s[lif k|;f/sf lgsfo ;a}n] oy]i6 nfe lng ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s[lif tYofÍ k|0ffnLM /fHo k'gM;+/rgf;Fu} s[lif ljsf;sf lgsfox¿sf] klg ljs]lG›s/0f ul/of] t/ tL
gofF l;lh{t ;+/rgfx¿ aLr cfk;L ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf] kl/sNkgf ug{ g;Sbf cGt/;/sf/L tYofÍ
cfbfg k|bfg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . kmntM ;ª\3Lo s[lif dGqfnon] /fli6«o s[lif tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf]
k|efjsf/L ;~rfng ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o;sf sf/0f clxn] 68\sf/f] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ vf]lhPsf]
vfB jf;nft tof/ kfg]{ sfddf afwf k/]sf] ;'lgFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;d'lrt ;Daf]wgsf nflu k|b]z
tyf :yfgLotxaf6 s[lif ;DalGwt ;a} vfnsf tYofÍx? :jtM cfpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L
lgoldt?kdf tYofÍ k|jfx x'g] u/L nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .
u_ ahf/ tyf ahf/ cg';GwfgM
s[lif pTkfbgsf] ahf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf of t pkef]Qmfn] vfBj:t' plrt d"Nodf
kfpg g;sL cfly{s dsf{df 5g\ of t pkh pTkfbg ug]{ u|fdL0f s[ifsx¿ cfˆgf] pkhsf] ahf/ 3f6f
kg]{ u/L ljqmL ug{ jf v]/ kmfNg afWo ePsf 5g\ . afnL, j:t' pkhx?sf] ahf/ ;'lglZrttf g}
pTkfbg a9fpg] klxnf] zt{ ePsfn] :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] lhDdf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lng]
Joj:yf nfu" ul/g' kb{5 . ahf/Ls/0f :yfgLo ;xsf/Lx? dfkm{t\ vl/b, k|zf]wg, Kofs]lhËu / ahf/df
k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . g]kfndf ahf/sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg / ahf/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{
Ps lhDd]jf/ ;Ifd lgsfo s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t x'g' cfjZos 5 .
3_ vfB e08f/M
;a} :yfgLo txdf vfB e08f/0fsf] lgdf{0f u/L cfˆgf] :yfgLo txsf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd vfBfGg
:6s e08f/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo txn] cf-cfˆgf] kflnsfx¿sf] vfB
jf;nft (Food Balance Sheet) tof/ kfg]{ / ;+3 tyf k|b]z ;/sf/x¿n] k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
ahf/ ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{, h:t} lzte08f/, vfBfGg e08f/, ahf/:yn, k|zf]wg s]G›x?,
;ª\sng s]G›, lah'nL, s[lif ;8s, oftfoft, cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f ;DalGwt k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ s]G›Lt
/xg' kb{5 .

12
ª_ vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gLltut / k|0ffnLut Joj:yfM
vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrttfsf nflu vfB clwsf/ tyf vfB ;Dk|e'tf ;DaGwL P]g, @)&% nufot ;a}
/fli6«o gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt / ah]6df lbuf] ljsf; nIo @ nfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{ ;ª\3Lo, k|b]z tyf
:yfgLo txx?df /fhgLlts k|lta4tf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ ;d'bfosf] :jfldTj k|j4{g u/L ;a} :yfgLo
txdf g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ :yfgLos/0fsf] k|of; eO{/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 tYodf
cfwfl/t of]hgf th{'df / k|sf]k / ljkb\ k"j{tof/Lsf nflu ;fdlos, e/kbf]{, ;xL / pkof]uL tYofÍ /
hf]lvdnfO{ Wofg lbO{ cg'udg k|efjsf/L tyf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;3fp k'Ug]5 .
r_ vfB ;~ro tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnLM
vfB ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu tLg txsf] ;dGjofTds ;~hfnsf] ljsf; u/L :yfgLo
vfB cfjZostfsf] cg'kftdf vfB ;'/Iff gLlt tyf vfB e08f/0f ug]{ Joj:yf :yfkgf ul/g' kb{5 .
;xh tyf ;j{;'ne vfB pknAwtfsf nflu b"u{d u|fdL0f If]qdf ;:tf] vfB k;n :yfkgfdf ;dGjo
tyf ;xhLs/0f x'g]5 . ljZj dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] sf]le8 !( n] :jf:Yo If]qdf kf/]sf] c;/sf
cnfjf vfB cfk"lt{ >[Înf / vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0fsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .
cfk"lt{ >[ÎnfnfO{ ;se/ 5f]6f] agfO{ o:tf dxfdf/Laf6 sd k|efljt x'g :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ hf]8 lb+b}
vfB k|0ffnLsf] :yfgLos/0f u/L tyf ljkb\ k|lt pTyfgzLn agfpg ;d]t s]lGbt /xg' kb{5 .
^= lgisif{
ljut s]xL bzs otf g]kfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnL qmdzM lgjf{xd"vLaf6 Jofj;flos tkm{ pGd'v ePsf]
ePklg o;sf] kl/kSj ljsf; eO{g;s]sf sf/0f a]nfavt ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu xfn;fn}sf] sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Lsf ;'¿jftL lbgdf u|fdL0f:t/df pTkfbg ePsf
t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;'ne / ;:tf] s[lif pkhx¿n] ahf/ kfpg ;s]gg\ . kmntM Psflt/ s[ifsx¿n] 7"nf]
cfly{s Iflt a]xf]g{' k¥of] eg] ;x/ s]lG›t pkef]Qmfx¿ rsf]{ d"No lt/]/ l5d]sL d'n'saf6 cfoft
ul/Psf To:tf s[lif pkh vl/b ug{ afWo eP . o;af6 xfd|f of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ljutdf s[lif
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ s]lG›t ePklg ;du| s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ;anLs/0f ug{ k"0f{ ¿kn] ;kmn
x'g ;s]gg\ eGg] ;"rs xfn;fn} b]lvPsf] lkmtnf] s[lif ahf/sf] l:yltn] k|ltljlDat u/]sf] kfO{of] .
o;}sf sf/0f ;du| vfB pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnL klg uDeL/ ¿kn] k|efljt ePsf] b]lvof] . o;sf
sf/0f g]kfnn] ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / If]qLo Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf cg'¿k u/]sf vfB ;'/Iff
;DaGwL k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;lhnf] kSs} 5}g . xfnsf] dxfdf/L / eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] cGo
clglZrttfnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ;du| s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ g} ;anLs/0f ug{' kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf xfd|f ;fd' 5 .
h;sf nflu cTofw'lgs s[lif k|ljlwx¿ h:t} h}ljs k|hgg\, tGt' k|ljlw ;l6s s[lif
-Precision Agriculture_, oflGqsLs/0f h:tf gjLgtd / ›'t kl/0ffd lbg ;Sg] k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag
ug{ h¿/L b]lvG5 . o;sf cnfjf xfjfkfgL ef}uf]lns cfwf/df v]tL k|0ffnLsf] ;'emfj lbg], k|of]uzfnf
/ dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ;fdlos :t/f]Gglt ug]{ dn / aLpljhg nufotsf s[lif pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf nflu
cfGtl/s ahf/nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ / e"ld a}Í k|of]hgsf lglDt e"-;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsP
tLa| hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf sf/0f xfd|f] ;fd' b]lvPsf] cf;Gg vfB ;'/Iffsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ bIftfsf ;fy
;fdgf ug{ ;kmn eO{g] s'/fdf b'O{ dt gxf]nf .

13
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
!= cy{ dGqfno,@)&&= cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&^/)&& cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .
@= s]=t=lj= / c=>=;+ = , @)!*= g]kfn >d zlQm ;j]If0f, sf7df8f}F .
#= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt -;g\ @)!%-@)#%_ ;f/f+z
$= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .
%= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&!, g]kfnsf cfjlws of]hgfx?, efu !, -k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf
@)!#-@)!* b]lv bzf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf @)#@-@)#& ;Dd_, sf7df8f}F .
^= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&!, xfn;Ddsf cfjlws of]hgfx?sf] PsLs[t b:tfj]h, v08 v -5}7f}F
k~rjifL{o of]hgf b]lv bzf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf;Dd_, sf7df8f}F .
&= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^$, lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$/^%–@)^^/^&_, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f}F .
*= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^*, lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&/^*–@)^(/&)_, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .
(= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&!, t]¥xf} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)/&!–@)&@/&#_, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f}F .
!)= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&#, rf}wf}F of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&#/&$–@)&%/&^_, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f}F .
!!= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&^, kw|f}F of]hgf, -cfly{s jif{ @)&^/&&–@)*)/*!_, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f}F .
!@= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&&, sf]le8-!( dxfdf/Laf6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s-;fdflhs If]qdf k/]sf]
k|efj ;DaGwL cWoogsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F . -ck|sflzt_
13. CBS, 2018. The Annual Household Survey (AHS), Kathmandu
14. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, 2019. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in
the World 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns. Rome, FAO.
15. Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2020 - Joint Analysis for Better Decisions, Food
Security Information Network.
16. Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition, 2016. Food systems and diets:
Facing the challenges of the 21st century. London, UK.
17. Joshi, G.R., 2018. Agricultural Economy of Nepal: Development Challenges and
Opportunities, Sustainable Research and Development Centre, Kathmandu.
18. K. Von Grebmer, J. Bernstein, R. Mukerji, F. Patterson, M. Wiemers, R. Ní Chéilleachair, C.
Foley, S. Gitter, K. Ekstrom, and H. Fritschel. 2019. 2019 Global Hunger Index: The
Challenge of Hunger and Climate Change. Bonn: Welthungerhilfe; and Dublin: Concern
Worldwide.

14
19. Ministry of Health, Nepal; New ERA; and ICF. 2017. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey
2016. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal.
20. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MOALD), World Food Programme
(WFP), Australian Aid, May 2020; The Impact of COVID 19 on Household in Nepal,
mVAM Household Livelihoods, Food Security and Vulnerability Survey.
21. MOALD, 2020. Agriculture Development Strategy Joint Sector Review, Second Annual
Report. June 2020. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
Development, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
22. NPC, 2017. Nepal's Sustainable Development Goals Status and Roadmap: 2016-2030, Nepal
National Planning Commission, Singha Durbar, Kathmandu Nepal
23. NPC, 2018. Towards Zero Hunger in Nepal: A Strategic Review of Food Security and
Nutrition 2018, Kathmandu
24. NPC, 2019. Food Security Atlas of Nepal, Kathmandu
25. World Food Programme (April 6 & 16 2020) Nepal COVID-19, Food Security and
Vulnerability Update 1 & 2

15
 g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] k'g?Tyfg k|:tfj
– s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6f
k"j{ cy{;lrj

;f/f+z
sf]le8—!( n] ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ g/fd|/L ynf kf/]sf] 5 . PlzofnL ljsf; a}Ín] o:fsf] b'/ufdL c;/ kg]{
hgfPsf] 5 . pQm a}Ín] s]xL dlxgf klxNo} ljZj cy{tGqdf c/af}F 8n/sf] Iflt x'g'sf ;fy} ;g\ !((*
kl5sf] 7"nf] ljQLo ;+s6 cfO{kg]{ hgfPsf] lyof] . xfnsf] l:ylt ;f] eGbf hl6ntftkm{ pGd'v b]lvG5 . o;}
;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o d'b|fsf]ifn] ;g\ @)@) df ljZjd} 7"nf] cfly{s ;+ª\s'rg cfpg] k|If]k0f ;lxt ;g\
!(#) kl5s} 7"nf] ;ª\s6sf] e"d/L cfpg] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, sf]ifn] sf]le8—!( sf] c;/:j?k
ljZjsf !&) d'n'ssf] k|ltJolQm cfo 36g] hgfPsf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm, ljZj a}Ín] g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/
lgs} vl:sg], /]ld6\ofG;, Jofkf/, ko{6g cfjfudg sd x'g], cfoft gx'Fbf /fh:j sd x'g] tyf nufgL 36\g]
/ ;dli6df ul/jL a9g], /f]huf/L u'Dg] / dxFuL a9g] k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . o;y{, ;Dej eP;Ddsf
sf]le8—!( sf b'ikl/0ffdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cy{tGqnfO{ ;fdfGo nodf Nofpg] cfly{s k'g?Tyfgsf of]hgf
cl3 a9fpg' ;dosf] dfu xf] .

!= ljZjJofkL Ifltsf] cfFsng

sf]le8—!( sf] sf/0f ljZjd} % b]lv @) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof yk ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg emg]{ cg'dfg 5 .
o;/L sl/a %) s/f]8 dflg; ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg k/L ;g\ !(() sf] ul/aLsf] ;ª\Vofdf ljZj k'Ug ;Sg]
r]tfjgLx? k|fKt eO{/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj >d ;Ë7gn] ! ca{ %) s/f]8 dhb'/n] /f]huf/L u'dfPsf]
cfFsng u/]sf] klg w}/} eof] . k|To]s lbg k|To]s d'n'sdf dflg;x? /f]huf/Laf6 ljd'v xF'b}5g\ . o;af6
lgDg cfo ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ xft d'v hf]g{ ;d]t wf}wf} kl//x]sf] 5 .
@= tTsfnLg ljZjJofkL /fxt of]hgf
o; ljifd kl/l:ylt;Fu d'sflanf ug{ s]xL d'n'sn] cfˆgf gful/snfO{ /fxt afF9]sf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L, tL
d'n'sn] cfocfh{g ug{ g;Sg] Ho]i7 gful/s / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fdf /x]sf gful/sx?nfO{
s]Gb|df /fvL /fxtsf Kofs]h 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] cfˆgf gful/snfO{
k|ltJolQm !@ ;o cd]l/sL 8n/ pknJw u/fPsf] 5 eg] hfkfg ;/sf/n] k|ltJolQm ! nfv o]g
pknJw u/fPsf] 5 .
o; sl7g cj:yfdf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ gub cg'bfg lbg] /fi6«x¿ y'k|} 5g\ . l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf
ef? ! xhf/ gub cg'bfg lbOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L, ch]{lG6gfdf $& cd]l/sL 8n/, ci6«]lnofdf &%) 8n/,
sf]nlDaofdf @$) 8n/, l;+ufk'/df ^*=% 8n/, 6\o"lgl;ofdf ^* 8n/, 6sL{df @#) 8n/ / o"qm]gdf
#% 8n/ Psd'i7 gub cg'bfg lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf] gub cg'bfg lbg] d'n'sdf xªsª, Ujf6]dfnf, s]Gof,
af]lnleof, O{/fg, tfO{jfg nufot 5g\ . df]g6]+uf]n] %) o"/f] gub cg'bfg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L cfˆgf gful/snfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug]{ qmddf s}of}F d'n'sn] dfl;s ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf / k]G;g
/sd cu|Ld?kdfdf lbg] sfo{ cf/De u/]sf 5g\ . o:fdf sf]i6fl/sf, d]lS;sf], k]?, blIf0f clk|msf

16
nufotsf d'n's kb{5g\ . o;} ;Í6sf] 38Ldf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dfl;s eQf a9fpg] d'n'sdf a|flhn,
pHj]ls:tfg nufot k5{g . ;fy}, eQf lbg] sfo{nfO{ v's'nf] t'Nofpg]df a]nfot, O{6fnL nufot 5g\ .
sf]nlDaof, O{G8f]g]lzof nufotn] eljiodf nfu" x'g]u/L o;} ;dodf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf j[l4sf]
3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . ch]{lG6gf, cd]{lgof, 6sL{ nufotn] cltl/Qm ;'ljwfsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . l5d]sL
d'n's rLgn] a]Un} 9Ën] Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ /fxt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . kf]Nof08 / blIf0f sf]l/ofn]
afnaRrfnfO{ ;'ljwf a9fPsf 5g\ eg] :k]g, Pn ;fNef8f]/ / af]lnleofn] qmdzM 3/laxLgnfO{ ;'ljwf,
wf/faQLsf] z'Ns 5'6 / Ho]i7 gful/sn] lnPsf] C0fdfkmLsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ .
cfo/Nof08, kf]r'{un, Go"lhNof08n] :j/f]huf/df ;+nUg /x]sfnfO{ / :jL6\h/Nof08n] a]/f]huf/nfO{
;3fPsf 5g\ . Go"lhNof08df sfo{;do s6f}tL ul/Psf] 5 eg] :jL8]gdf 3f]lift ;'ljwf kfpg] ;/n
Joj:yf nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . cd]{lgofn] @ dlxgfnfO{ k'Ug] vfB ;fdu|L pknJw u/fPsf] 5 eg]] /l;ofn]
Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ cf}ifwL / vfBfGg /fxtdf pknJw u/fPsf] 5 . l6«lg8of8 P08 6f]afuf]n] (Trinidad
and Tobago) Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ aLdfsf] dfWodaf6 /fxt pknJw u/fPsf] 5 . t/, g]kfndf o;/L
gub g} /fxt lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
#= g]kfndf sf]le8sf] c;/
ut l8;]Da/df b]vf k/]sf] sf]le8—!( sf] lg/Gt/sf] csflzbf] ;ª\qmd0fn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ qmdzM
lynf]lynf] t'Nofpb} uPsf] 5 . ljut r}q !! ut]sf] ns8fpgb]lv pFwf] nfUg yfn]sf] cy{tGqdf rfn"
cf=j=sf] df}lb|s gLltn] s]xL dNxdk§L nufPklg cy{tGqsf] k'g{pTyfgsf ;f]rx? cl3 cfpg ;ls/x]sf
5}gg\ .
sf]/f]gf ;ª\qmd0fsf] eo;Fu} ns8fpg / lgif]wf1fsf sf/0f ;a} cfly{s lqmofsnfk ca?4 ePsf 5g\ .
h:fsf] sf/0f, lghL If]qn] k|To]s lbg ?= @ ca{sf] gf]S;fgL Joxf]l//x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o:fdf a}Ísf]
Jofh g} b}lgs ?= () s/f]8, sd{rf/L / dhb'/sf] tna g} ?=$% s/f]8 /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .
%= g]kfnsf] /fxt, ;x'lnot / k'g?Tyfgsf of]hgf
rfn" cf=j= sf] ah]6df /fxt, ;x'lnot tyf cfly{s k'g?Tyfgsf s]xL sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ePsf 5g\ .
h:fdf sf]le8—!( n] b}lgs hLjgdf kf/]sf] k|lts'n k|efjnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg ;/sf/n] NofPsf] tTsfn
/fxtsf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsf] hf]lvd /xFbf;Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] 5 . o;
cltl/Qm, c;Ël7t If]qdf /xL /f]huf/L u'dfPsf >ldsnfO{ Go"gtd\ Hofnfsf] Psrf}yfO{ a/fa/sf]
vfBfGg /fxt pknJw u/fpg] ;/sf/L k|lta4tf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgs} dsf{df k/]sf 3/]n', ;fgf tyf demf}Fnf pBd tyf ko{6g Joj;fosf >ldsn]
tna;Dd kfpg g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ dgg\ u/L ?= %) ca{sf] 5'§} shf{ sf]if 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
sf]le8—!( af6 k|efljt s[lif, 3/]n', ;fgf tyf demf}+nf pBf]u, pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u, xf]6n, ko{6g
If]qsf pBf]unfO{ k'gs{hf{ k|bfg ug{ ?= ! va{sf] ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . t/, oL ;a} /fxt
xfQLsf] d'vdf hL/f ;flat ePsf 5g\ . o;/L, cy{tGqsf] d]?b08sf?kdf /x]sf] lghL If]qnfO{ ah]6n]
vf;} /fxt lbPsf] dx;'; ul/Pg . o:fsf] Ifltk"lt{:j?k df}lb|s gLltdf eg] s]xL /fxtsf sfoqmd cl3
;fl/Psf] 5 . h:fsf] k|;+zf klg ePsf] 5 . t/, olQdf xft afFw]/ a:g ldNg] cj:yf 5}g .

17
ca, cfly{s k'g?Tyfgsf] cfufdL sbd s] x'G5 < eGg] ljifodf g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] Ps cWoogn] s]xL
;fª\s]lts ljifo phfu/ u/]sf] eGbf afx]s o; If]qdf ;/sf/ / lghL If]q b'a}n] vf;} u[xsfo{ u/]sf]
dx;'; xF'b}g . xfn} ef/t ;/sf/n] cy{tGqsf] k'g?Tyfgsf nflu !=$^ l6«lnog 8n/ a/fa/ k"jf{wf/
of]hgfdf nufgL ug]{ s'/f atfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, sf]le8—!( n] lbPsf] ;Gb]z:j?k ef/tn] pTkfbg /
ljsf;df cfTdlge{/ x'b} lgsf;L j[l4 ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg nueu oxL df]8]ndf cl3
a9g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
%=!= cfjlws of]hgfdf kl/dfh{gsf] vfFrf]
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 kGw|f}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf hf/L ePsf] 5 . o;af6 nfdf] ;dosf] cfjlws
of]hgftkm{sf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] cGTo ePsf] ;Gb]z k|afx ePsf] 5 . o; cfjlws of]hgfn]] ul/jL !)
k|ltztdf emfg]{ / (=^ k|ltztsf] cf};t cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ h:tf nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;/b/
g]kfnLsf] cfo' &@ jif{ k'¥ofpg] / k|ltJolQm cfo !%(^ cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ k'¥ofpg] nIo lnOPsf]
5 . o; cltl/Qm, ;fIf/tf b/ () k|ltzteGbf dfly k'¥ofpg] klg nIo to ul/Psf] 5 . of] of]hgf
d'n'ssf] @% jif]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . o; of]hgf cjlw el/df ?= (@ ca{sf] ah]6
vr{ x'g] / ?= @% ca{sf !* j6f cfof]hgfnfO{ u]dr]Gh/ k|f]h]S6sf]?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Wo]o /flvPsf]
5 . t/, sf]le8—!( sf] c;/nfO{ dWogh/ u/L o; of]hgfdf kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf 5 .
%=@ s[lif pTkfbg j[l4df hf]8
g]kfnsf] cy{tGq s[lifdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] ;j{k|yd xfdL s[lif pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g] cleofgdf
h'6\g' k5{ . ut cf=j=df vfB / s[lif pkhsf] cfoft nueu ?=@ va{ a/fa/ /x]sf] lyof] . o;y{, xfdL
s[lif pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g] eg]sf] uf}/j xfl;n ug]{ t xF'b} xf] . o; cltl/Qm sDtLdf ?=@ va{sf]
Jofkf/ 3f6f ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg] klg xf] . xfdLn] s[lif pTkfbgdf ;+nUg j:t'ut ;xsf/Lx?nfO{
pTkflbt s[lif j:t'sf] u|]l8Ë ug]{, Kofs]lhË ug]{, k|zf]wg ug]{ / lgsf;Lsf nflu j:t' pTkfbg ug]{
pBf]usf] ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
xfn g]kfndf ^#=% k|ltzt /f]huf/L s[lif If]qn] lbPsf] 5 . t/, s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf]
of]ubfg 36g uO{ @^=% k|ltztdf l;dt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jflif{s vfBfGg pTkfbg ! s/f]8 ^
nfv @( xhf/ d]=6g 5 . t/sf/L jif]{gL $! nfv &^ xhf/ d]=6g pTkfbg x'G5 . df5fsf] jflif{s
pTkfbg (# xhf/ d]=6g 5 . b"w jif]{gL @@ nfv !# xhf/ @)@ d]=6g pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
df;'sf] pTkfbg # nfv &@ xhf/ @@^ d]=6g 5 . of] pTkfbg :jo+ g]kfnsf] nflu kof{Kt 5}g . o;y{,
xfd|f cfufdL sbd s[lifdf k"0f{ cfTdlge{/tfsf] k|of;d} s]lGb|t /xg' nfek|b x'g] b]lvG5 .
%=# jg / vlgh If]qdf hf]8
g]kfndf sRrf kbfy{ klg pTkfbg gx'g], ;Lk / k|ljlw klg xfdL;Fu gePsf] If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ sRrf
kbfy{ pknJw ePsf] If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f ug'{k5{ . o;df s[lif;Fu} jg If]q, jg k}bfjf/, hl8a'6L, g]kfnL
sfuhsf] pTkfbg, /]zfhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg;Fu} sk8f pBf]udf nufgL j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;
cltl/Qm, g]kfndf ;~rflnt kmnfd vfgL, k]6«f]lnodsf] cGa]if0f, ax'd"No kTy/ sl6Ë, sf]O{nf / tfdf
vfgL, o"/]lgod / ;'g vfgLsf] pTvgg sfo{nfO{ hLjGttf lbg'k5{ .

18
%=$ g]kfnL j:t'sf] pTkfbg
g]kfndf :jb]zL pkxf/sf ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{, 58, /Ë nufotsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbg a9fpg],
:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t n3', 3/]n', ;fgf tyf demf}+nf pBf]unfO{ arfpg]tkm{ xfd|f] k|fyldstf
s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . o;}u/L, gjLgtd\ 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t pBdnfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ . g]kfnL lrgL,
cf}ifwL, sf7, h"6, un}rf, tof/L kf]zfs, klZdgf, /]zd / skf;df cfwfl/t pBf]u, h'Qf pBf]u /
x:tsnfsf ;fdu|L pTkfbsnfO{ a9fjf lbg] of] pko'Qm df}sf xf] .
g]kfnsf] lgsf;L k|j4{gug{ cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/sf] k|df0fLs/0f, n]alnË, 6«]8dfs{ / a|fl08Ëtkm{ pGd'v,
s[lif, jghGo / vlgh pBf]udf cfwfl/t Joj;fo, gjk|jt{gsf/L pBdzLn If]q, blnt ;d'bfoaf6
;~rflnt, dlxnf4f/f ;~rflnt, ckfËutf ePsfx?af6 ;~rflnt pBf]usf] ;+/If0fsf] /0fgLlt th'{df
ug]{ ;do klg oxL xf] .
%=% lgsf;LhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg
o;} cj:yfdf xfdLn] k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k]zfnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ . o;}u/L, lgsf;L u[x :yfkgf ug]{,
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kmls{P/ :jb]zd} sfd ug]{, cb'jf, cn}rL, dx, hl8a'6L, lrof, skmLsf] ;fd"lxs
v]tL u/L lgsf;L ug]{x?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{k5{ . ;fy}, :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk / g]kfnL snf Pj+
;+:s[lt emlNsg] ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . t'ngfTds nfe / k|lt:k|wfTds
nfesf] If]qdf nufgL s]lGb|t ug{]nfO{ klg hu]gf{ ug}{k5{ .
ljz]ifu/L, kmnk"mn, jg:klt, k'tnLsf k|hflt, b'n{e 7flgPsf pRr dfu ePsf ˆnf]l/sNr/ Joj;fo,
g]kfnL sfuh / sfuhsf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{, ;'ulGwt t]n, bfn, ;'Gtnf / xl/of] t/sf/L lgsf;L ug]{
tyf snfTds x:tsnfsf ;fdu|L lgdf{0f u/L d'n'snfO{ g} lrgfpg] sfo{df ;+nUgx?nfO{ klg lg/Gt/
xf}:ofpg' k5{ . sfnf] afbndf rfFbLsf] 3]/f x'G5 eg]em}+ ckf/ pT;fx, cfTdan, ;/sf/L ;xof]u /
ljZjJofkL c;n cEof;af6 kf7 k9b} g]kfnsf] lghL If]q sf]/f]gf sx/af6 ;s';n aflx/ lg:sb}
cfˆgf] nodf kmls{g] ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ xfd|f k|of; s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .
^= ;sf/fTds cfly{s ;"rs
dfly k|:tfj ul/Psf sfd ug{ xfn g]kfnsf a}Ídf /fd|} ;l~rltsf] cj:yf 5 . tL a}Íx?nfO{ k|lts"n
c;/ gk/f];\ egL cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf lng] ul/Psf] cfGtl/s C0f klg ;dod} p7fpg] u/L g]kfn
;/sf/ / g]kfn /fi6« a}Í cl3 ;/]sf 5g\ . rfn" cf=j=df bftfsf] cg'bfg ;xof]u ;d]t u/L sl/a ?=
!! vj{ /fh:j c;'nL ug]{ ;/sf/sf] nIo cg';f/ ;fpg Ps dlxgfd} nueu kf}g] vj{ /fh:j c;'nL
ePsfn] ;/sf/ klg ;'/lIft l:yltd} b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] klg ut cf=j= @)&^.&& sf] jflif{s cfly{s l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ub}{ jflif{s cf};t
d'b|f:kmLlt ^=!% k|ltzt /x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . o;}u/L, cfoft !%=^ k|ltztn] 36]sf], lgof{t )=^
k|ltztn] a9]sf], ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx g]kfnL ?k}ofFdf )=% k|ltztn] 36]sf], zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ?= @*@ ca{
$! s/f]8n] artdf /x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm, s'n ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt !! ca{ ^% s/f]8
cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] / o:fn] !@=& dlxgfsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft wfGg kof{Kt /x]sf] atfPsf] 5 .
;fy}, a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lgIf]k ;ª\sng !*=& k|ltztn] a9]sf] s'/f atfP/ cy{tGq wf/fzfxL g}

19
eof] ls < eGg] e|dnfO{ c;To ;fljt u/]sf] 5 . o;/L cy{tGqsf s]xL ;sf/fTds ;"rssf cfwf/df
lghL If]qnfO{ pTk|]l/t u/L cy{tGqnfO{ nodf Nofpg ;/sf/L k|of; s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ .
&= lghL If]qsf] bfloTj
o; ljifd cj:yfdf lghL If]qn] ;[hgzLntfsf ;fy cy{tGqsf] k'?Tyfgsf of]hgf k|:tfljt ug'{k5{ .
Jofkfl/s If]qsf] 5ftf ;Ë7g dxf;+3sf] ;lqmotf eg]sf] o:t} cj:yfdf k|bz{g ug]{ xf] . g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3, g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3, g]kfn r]Da/ ckm sd;{, / j:t'ut ;+3x?n] cfk'mnfO{ lrgfpg]
o; cj;/nfO{ lghL If]qn] u'Dg lbg' xF'b}g . ;fy}, ;/sf/n] klg lghL If]qsf] k|:tfjnfO{ sfof{Gjog
;fy lbg] k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{k5{ .
*= s] ug{ ;Dej 5 <
g]kfndf ug{ ;lsg] cfly{s lqmofsnfk eg]sf], xfn xfdL sl/a @ bh{g cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf nueu
cfTdlge{/tfsf] glhs 5f}F, o;nfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg' k5{ . ef/t / aËunfb]zdf ljB't zlQm lgsf;L ug{
;lsg] xF'bf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ . l;d]06 pBf]unfO{ klg arfO{ /fVg'
k5{ . sf/0f ljZjJofkL:t/d} k"jf{wf/ / lgdf{0fsf] sfd eO{/xg]5 . cfd o'jfnfO{ x:tsnf, KnlDa+ª,
lah'nL dd{t, O{n]S6«f]lgS;, sflnu9, l;sdL{, 8sdL{, l;nfO{ s6fO{ nufotsf] ;Lk lbO{ cfo cfh{gdf
nufpg' k5{ . ut jif{ oL ;]jf jfkt ef/tLo sfdbf/n] g]kfnaf6 ?=#^# ca{ /]ld6]G; nu]sf] b]lv+bf
olt /sd a/fa/sf] /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ s'g} s;/ afFsL /fVg' x'Fb}g .
(= kFh
' Lut ah]6 vr{
;/sf/L /fh:j c;'nL ;Gtf]ifk|b /x]sf] tyf a}Ídf y'lk|Psf] lgIf]knfO{ cfGtl/s C0fsf] dfWodåf/f
;/sf/n] p7fpFbf ;/sf/sf] 9's'6L alnof] ePsf] ;'vb ljifo xfd|f] ;fd" 5 . t/, o; cj:yfdf cfd
hgtfsf] xftdf ;/sf/L 9's'6Lsf] /sd k'¥ofpg kF'hLut ah]6sf] vr{df ljz]if /0fgLlt clVtof/
ug'{k5{ . rfn" cf=j= df sf7df8f}F / & j6f k|b]zdf gofF ;?jf /f]u c:ktfn :yfkgf ug]{, cfO{l;o" /
e]lG6n]6/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ tyf :yfgLo txdf ;d]t u/L s"n @*) j6f gofF c:ktfn vf]Ng] ;d]tsf
nflu :jf:Yo tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfnosf nflu ljlgof]lht ?= () ca{ ^( s/f]8 oyfzL3| vr{ ug'{k5{ .
o;}u/L, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnotkm{ ljlgof]lht ?= ! va{ &! ca{ &! s/f]8 vr{ u/L sl/a
() nfv ljBfyL{df nfe k'¥ofpg' k5{ .
rfn" jif{sf] ah]6n] sl/a * nfv JolQmnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/, k|b]z
;/sf/ / :yfgLo txsf] ;xnufgLdf rfn" cf=j= d} tLg ;o :yfgLo txdf e"ld a}Ísf] :yfkgf ul/g]
s'/f ah]6df k/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, rfn" cf=j= sf] ah]6df !#) j6f :yfgLo txdf cf}Bf]lus u|fd :yfkgf
ul/g] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm, o; jif{sf] ah]6df x'Dnfsf] ;b/d'sfd l;ldsf]6nfO{ /fli6«o
;8s ;+hfn;Fu hf]8\g], sf7df8f}Fsf] gfu9'Ëf ;'?Ëdfu{sf] lgdf{0f cf/De ug]{, tLgs'g] sf]6]Zj/
hl8a'6Ldf c08/kf; jf ˆnfO{cf]e/ lgdf{0f ug]{, e"sDkaf6 elTsPsf w/x/f, /fgLkf]v/L / l;+xb/af/
d"n ejgsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg ug]{ nufotsf k|lta4tfdf x]Ny k|f]6f]sn kfngf u/L sfd cf/De ug{
;s] kF'hLut ah]6 vr{ x'g] lyof] .

20
!)= pk;+xf/
rfn" cf=j=sf] ah]6 sf]le8—!( s} ;Gbe{df hf/L ePsf] 5 . o;y{, o:fsf] x'ax' sfof{Gjogaf6 klg
cfly{s k'g?Tyfgsf] of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu" ug{ ;lsg] txdf k'lug]5 . cfkm}åf/f 3f]lift jflif{s ah]6 g}
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPg eg] o:fsf] k"/ssf?kdf cfpg] cfly{s k'g?Tyfg of]hgf s;/L sfof{Gjog xf]nf
egL cfzf+sf k}bf x'g' :jefljs} xf] .
o;y{, cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;DalGwt dGqfnox?;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ah]6sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgsfout sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{ k5{ . o; cg'?k eP u/]sf] sfdsf] dfl;s?kdf
;DalGwt dGqLsf] sfo{sIfdf 3gLe"t 5nkmn u/L lg/Gt/ kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ x'g' k5{ . o:tf]
5nkmndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:o / cy{ ;lrjsf] pkl:ylt x'g'k5{ .
o;}u/L, k|To]s @—@ dlxgfdf cy{dGqL / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf a;L ;a} ;lrj;Fu kfO{
kfO{sf] lx;fa lng'k5{ . tt\ kZrft\ k|To]s $—$ dlxgfdf k|wfgdGqLsf] cufl8 ;a} dGqL / ;lranfO{
v8f u/fO{ ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult ;dLIff ug'{ k5{ . o:tf ;a} ;dLIff a}7sdf tTsfn} ;d:of
;dfwfgsf] lg0f{o u/L sfof{Gjogdf v/f] plqg' k5{ . o;/L rfn" cf=j= @)&&÷&* sf] ah]6 tyf
g]kfn /fi6« a}Íaf6 hf/L ePsf] df}lb|s gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogn] klg sf]le8—!( n] c;/ kf/]sf]
cy{tGqsf] pTyfgdf ;fgf]ltgf] dNfdk§L ePklg nufPsf] cg'e"lt x'g] lyof] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
!= ah]6 jStJo, @)&&÷&*, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .
@= cfly{s ;j{]If0f, @)&^÷&&, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .
#= cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] /fli6«o n]vf tYofÍ, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, sf7df08f} .
$= df}lb|s gLlt, @)&&÷&*, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, sf7df8fF} .
%= kGw|f}F of]hgf -cf=j=@)&^÷&& —cf=j=@)*)÷*!_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .

21
 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ / g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f
— 8f=jf;'b]j zdf{
;x–;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

;f/f+z
Jofkf/ cy{tGqsf] k|d'v ;+jfxs xf] . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ cy{Joj:yfnfO{ ultzLn agfpg] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] .
lgof{t k|j4{g/ cfoft k|lt:yfkgaf6 g} d'n'ssf] jfXo If]q ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg ;lsG5 .
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gs;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;afndf ljleGg l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg ePsf 5G.\ . o:tf
l;4fGtx?df ;+/If0fjfb / v'nf Jofkf/sf] l;4fGt k|d'v dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ pRr 3f6fdf
/x]sf] / o;sf] cfsf/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . pko'Qm /0fgLltx? ckgfO{ ;dod} Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ sd ub{}
cy{tGqnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg' clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . g]kfnn] klg Jofkf/df b]zut Pj+ j:t'ut ljljwLs/0f
sf] dfGotfnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf nflu k|d'v lgof{tof]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
klxrfg ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn Jofkf/ ljsf; PsLs[t /0fgLltn] t'ngfTds tyf k|lt:kwL{ nfe ePsf
ljleGg j:t' ;]jf / af}l4s ;DklQx?sf] k|a4{gdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; n]vdf Jofkf/ ljsf;sf nflu
of]hgfa4 k|of;, Jofkf/ ljsf;df xfn;Dd ePsf pknlAwx?, g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ;d:of tyf
r'gf}tLx?, g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg rfN\g'kg{] sbdx? / Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"g ug{] pkfosf]
;fy} sf]le8 kl5sf] cj:yfdf Jofkf/ If]qsf] k'g?Tyfg ug{ rfNg'kg]{ /0fgLltx? k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .
!= k[i7e"ld
;fdfGotM b]z aflx/ x'g] Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ elgG5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ s'g} d'n'sn]
ljZjel/sf /fi6«x?;Fu ug{] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] ljlgdo xf] . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ /fHox?aLr x'g] j:t',
;]jf tyf af}l4s ;DklQsf] Jofkf/ xf] . j}b]lzs Jofkf/n] /fi6«x?aLrsf] cfly{s, nufgL Pj+ jfl0fHosf]
;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/ ub{5 . /fHosf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf aflx/ x'g] Jofkf/nfO{ g} j}b]lzs Jofkf/ eg]/
a'lemG5 . Jofkf/ If]q ;du| cfly{s If]qsf] ;+jfxssf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
If]q cy{tGqnfO{ rnfodfg agfpg] d'Vo If]q ePsf]n] pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfng ub{} pkef]Uo
j:t' pTkfbg ug{], k|efjsf/L Pj+ Jojl:yt cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn agfpg ;lsG5 .
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] k|j4{g s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;afndf ljleGg l;4fGtx? k|ltkfbg ePsf 5G.\ .
o:tf l;4fGtx?df ;+/If0fjfb (Protectionism) / v'nf Jofkf/sf] l;4fGt (Liberal and Open
Trade) k|d'v dflgG5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf l;4fGtx?nfO{ k/Dk/fut /fHodf cfwfl/t l;4fGt
(Country Based Principle) tyf cfw'lgs ax'/fli6«o sDkgL Pj+ ;+:yfdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt (Firm
Based Principle) sf] ?kdf ;d]t a'‰g] ul/G5 . oL b'O{ l;4fGt cGtu{t lgDglnlvt l;4fGtx?
kb{5g\ M—
b]zut Jofkf/sf l;4fGt sDkgL jf ;+:yfdf cfwfl/t l;4fGt
• Mercantilism (jfl0fHojfb) • Country Similarity (/fHo ;dfgtf)
• Absolute Advantage (k"0f{ kmfObf) • Product Life cycle (j:t' hLjg rqm)

22
• Comparative Advantage (t'nfgfTds • Global Strategic Rivalry (ljZjJofkL
kmfObf) /0fgLlts k|lt:kwf{)
• Heckscher Ohlin Theory (x]Sz/ • Porter’s National Competitiveness
cf]lng l;4fGt) Advantage (/fli6«o k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe)

lgof{tnfO{ lj:tfl/t ug{] / cfoftnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{] gLltsf] ?kdf Mercantilism nfO{ a'lemG5 . s'g}
klg JolQm jf /fHon] hlt a9L ;'g rfFlb h:tf ax'd"No wft'x?sf] lgof{tnfO{ k|j4{g u/L cfoftnfO{
36fO ;+u|x ug{ ;Sb5, pQm JolQm jf /fHo ;d[4 x'G5 eGg] o;sf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . art Jofkf/
(Trade Surplus) nfO{ o;df clws dxTj lbOPsf] x'G5 . To:t}, cGo l;4fGtx?n] k"0f{ kmfObf,
t'nfgfTds kmfObf, ;dfg k|s[ltsf j:t' ;]jfx?sf] pTkfbg, j:t'sf] hLjgrqm tyf ahf/df j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] Jofkf/df x'g] /0fgLlts k|lt:kwf{ Pj+ /fli6«o k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf cfwf/df j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf]
k|j4{gug{' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . x]S;/ cf]lng l;4fGtn] x/]s /fi6«df pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf]
pknAwtfdf x'g] km/ssf sf/0f h'g b]zdf h'g pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] k|r'/tf x'G5, Tof] b]zn] ToxL
;fwgsf] kl/rfng u/L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / ljsf; ub{} cfk"lt{ / lgof{t ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
/fVb5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/df clxn] b]zut l;4fGtx? / sDkgL jf kmd{df cfwfl/t l;4fGtx? g}
k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnn] klg Jofkf/df b]zut Pj+ j:t'ut ljljwLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] 5 . ;fy}, Jofkf/
ljljwLs/0fsf nflu k|d'v lgof{tof]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] klxrfg ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn Jofkf/ ljsf;
PsLs[t /0fgLltn] comparative advantage, competitive and core competency ePsf ljleGg
j:t', ;]jf / af}l4s ;DklQx?sf] k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
@= j}b]lzs Jofkf/ lsg <
j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] lglZrt cfwf/x? x'G5g\ . s'g} klg d'n's k"0f{?kdf cfTdlge{/ /xg
;Dej 5}g . d"ntM lgDg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ cfjZos x'G5 M—
• Psflwsf/ ;dfKt u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/ ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug{,
• d"No j[l4 lgoGq0f ug{,
• cfly{s, k|fs[lts Pj+ b}jL ;ª\s6af6 l;lh{t ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{,
• cfly{s ljsf;, sRrf kbfy{, k"FhLut ;fdfg / t}of/L ;fdfg cfoft Pj+ ljljw j:t'x? lgof{t
ug{,
• pTkfbg k|ljlwdf ;'wf/ ug{, ljb]zL k|ljlw leq\ofpg,
• :jb]zdf pTkfbg x'g g;Sg] j:t'x?sf] cfk"lt{ ug{ . -h:t}M g'g, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, sRrf kbfy{
Pj+ cGo cTofjZosLo / pkef]Uo j:t',_
• j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgdf l;lh{t ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] sf/0faf6 k|fKt x'g] t'ngfTds nfut nfe k|fKt
ug{,
• cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ljsf; ug{, /
• pknAw pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ .

23
#= j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] gjLgtd k|s[lt
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] ;+/rgf, :j?k / k|s[lt ;do / cfjZostf;Fu} kl/jt{g x'g] ub{5 . jt{dfg ljZj
Jofkf/sf] k|s[ltnfO{ lgDg ?kdf a'‰g ;lsG5 M—
• j}b]lzs Jofkf/ v'nf ahf/ / pbf/ gLltdf cfwfl/t /x]sf],
• Ps csf{]{ b]zdf cGtlg{e{/tf a9\b} uPsf],
• t'ngfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf If]qdf dfq nufgL / pTkfbg s]lGb|t ul/Psf],
• j:t' tyf ;]jf, k"FhL / ;"rgfsf] ?kdf ablnPsf],
• If]qLo cfly{s ;d"xx?sf] lgdf{0f / :jtGq Jofkf/sf] sfo{ x'g yfn]sf],
• sdhf]/ / lk5l8Psf] cfly{s If]qsf] l;dfGtLs/0fsf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ ljZj Jofkf/af6 t'ngfTds
?kn] nfe lng g;s]sf],
• 1fgdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq (Knowledge based economy) sf] a9\bf] k|efj b]lvPsf],
• kF'hL / ;DklQsf] s]G›Ls/0f / wgsf] ljt/0fdf 7"nf] vf8n b]vf kb}{ uPsf],
• pkef]Qmfsf] 5gf}6 / ?rL k|ltsf] ;Ddfg / ;f]xL lsl;dsf j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf], /
• Jofkf/ /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o cy{Joj:yfsf] 7"nf] c+zsf] ?kdf /x]sf] .
$= j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 x'g ;Sg] kmfObfx?
j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 cfGtl/s / afXo b'j} k|sf/sf kmfObfx? k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . cfGtl/s ?kdf u'0f:t/
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf, ;Lk tyf pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; h:tf kmfObf k|fKt x'G5 eg] afXo ?kdf ljb]zL
d'›f Pj+ e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf of]ubfg k'Ub5 . ljsf;zLn b]zx?n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf k|j]z u/L
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/af6 kmfObf lng ;Sb5g . o:tf /fi6«x?n] k|fljlws ;xof]usf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df kx'Fr / klxrfgsf] ;'ljwf ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cGo kmfObfx? lgDg 5g\ M—
• Jofkf/df ;+nUg d'n'sx?nfO{ t'ngfTds nfe k|fKt x'g ;Sg],
• pTkfbgdf ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] u'0f xfFl;n ug{ ;Sg],
• j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] cefj x'g glbg], lg/Gt/tf lbg],
• t'ngfTds ?kdf ;:tf] / u'0f:t/Lo j:t' cfk"lt{af6 pkef]Qmf sNof0f j[l4 x'g;Sg],
• ahf/ If]q ljsl;t / lj:tfl/t x'Fb} hfg;Sg],
• cGt/f{li6«o efO{rf/f / ;b\efj j[l4 x'g ;Sg],
• pkef]Uo j:t'x?sf] cfk"lt{df ljljwLs/0f x'g ;Sg],
• k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/sf] ljsf; x'g ;Sg],
• k|To]s b]zsf] snf, ;+:s[lt, ;Lk, k|ljlw cflbsf] ljZjJofkLs/0f x'g ;Sg],
• k"FhLut / sRrf kbfy{x?sf] cfoft lgof{taf6 cfly{s ljsf; x'g;Sg], /
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwstd kl/rfng x'g] .

24
%= ljsf;zLn b]znfO{ j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 x'g;Sg] a]kmfObfx?
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ljljw kmfObfx? x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfly{s ;fdYo{ sdhf]/ ePsf ljsf;zLn d"'n'sx?df
cfGtl/s k|of]hgs} nflu ;d]t kof{Kt pTkfbg gx'g ;S5 . To;}n], sltko b]zsf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg /
cfk"lt{ k|0ffnL ;d]t cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/af6 k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?n]
cToflws lgof{t ug{], pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ g;Sbf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ v'nf ubf{
Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf cGo a]kmfObfx? b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 M—
• cfly{s cfTdlge{/tf IfL0f x'Fb} k/lge{/tf a9\g],
• art ljnfl;tfsf j:t'x?sf] pkef]udf vr{ eO{ nufgL 36\g hfg],
• ljb]zL gSsn / k|bz{g k|efj kg]{,
• ljnf;Lk"0f{ hLjgsf] OR5fn] cfly{s clgoldttf / e|i6«frf/ a9\g],
• j}b]lzs d'›f ;l~rtL sd x'g hfg],
• ;fdflhs xflgsf/s j:t'sf] k|of]u / pkof]u a9\g hfg],
• hgtfsf cfjZostf Pj+ rfxgfx? c;Lldt ?kdf a9\b} hfg],
• cfGtl/s ahf/ ljb]zL j:t'n] 9fSg hfFbf cfGtl/s pBf]ux? w/f;foL x'g],
• pBdzLntf 36\g uO cN5Lkgfdf j[l4 x'g], /
• e'QmfgL c;Gt'ng j[l4 x'g] .

^= g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] :j?k

g]kfnsf] ljb]z Jofkf/sf] xfn;Dd pknAw tYofÍn] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/sf] ;xL k|ltlglwTj ub{}g lsgeg]
;f] tYofÍ eG;f/sf] tYofÍ xf] / g]kfn–ef/taLrsf] v'nf l;dfgf / sdhf]/ eG;f/ k|0ffnLsf] sf/0fn]
g]kfnsf] ljb]z Jofkf/df t:s/Lsf] c+z lgs} 7"nf] 5, h'g eG;f/df /]s8{ g} x'Fb}g . eG;f/sf] dfWodaf6
x'g] cfoftsf] klg eG;f/ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ 7"nf] dfqfdf Go"g lahsLs/0f x'g] ePsfn] To;n] Jofkf/sf]
oyfy{ k|ltlglwTj ub{}g . o;sf] ;fy} rLgsf] ltAat / ef/t g]kfnsf] ahf/ sAhf ug{] p2]Zon]
cfk;df k|lt:kwf{ u/L ;:tf]df ;fdfg g]kfndf k7fpg] ub{5g\ .
g]kfn, ef/t / rLgsf aLrdf /x]sf] ePtfklg ef}uf]lns ;fF:s[lts tyf cGo ljljw sf/0fn] g]kfn /
ef/t aLrsf] cfly{s ;DaGw k|uf9 5 . g]kfnn] cl3b]lv g} ljz]ifu/L cfoft Jofkf/df t'ngfTds
?kdf v'nf gLlt ckgfpb} cfPsf] 5 . To; ljk/Lt ef/tn] lgolGqt tyf ;+/If0fjfbsf] gLlt ckgfpb}
cfPsf] 5 . o;/L leGg vfnsf] Jofkf/ gLlt ckgfpg] b'O{ d'n'saLr ;Dk"0f{ l;dfgf v'nf
5 . / ToxfFaf6 dflg;, ;fdfg / k"FhL v'nf ?kdf jf/kf/ x'g] ub{5g\ . ;fy} ef/tsf] ahf/ ljzfn
5 . o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfndf t];|f] d'n'saf6 ef/tsf] dfunfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ ;fdfg cfoft x'g] /
ef/tLo ko{6s tyf cGo dfWofdaf6 tL ;fdfg ef/t k|j]z ug{] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . ef/tdf x'g]
gLltut kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/df To:tf j:t'x? kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\ . To:tf j:t'x? slxn] cf}Bf]lus sRrf
kbfy{ x'G5g\ eg] slxn] l6sfp pkef]Uo ;fdfg x'G5g\ slxn] ;'grfFbL x'G5 eg] slxn] jg:klt £o" /
vfB t]n x'G5g\ slxn] an ljol/Ë h:tf cf}Bf]lus d]l;g/L kf6{k'hf{ klg x'G5g\ . o:tf ;fdfgx?

25
g]kfndf cfoft x'Fbf cf}krfl/s ?kdf cfpF5g\ / ef/t k|j]z ubf{ cgf}krfl/s ?kdf k|j]z ub{5g\
h;sf] s'g} clen]v x'Fb}g . o; lsl;dsf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:j k|fKt x'g] ub{5 eg]
ef/t tkm{sf] k'glg{sf;Laf6 ef/tLo d'›f k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . clxn] blIf0f Plzofdf g]kfnsf] cfoft gLlt
;a}eGbf pbf/ / v'nf ePtf klg ef/tLo cfly{s gLlt klg qmdzM pbf/ aGb} uPsf]n] g]kfnaf6
k'glg{sf;Lsf] dfqf ;Lldt x'Fb} uPsf] cg'ej ul/b}5. t/ klg of] k|j[lQ ;dfKt ePsf] 5}g / x'g] l:ylt
klg 5}g .
g]kfnsf] ljb]zL Jofkf/sf] csf]{ ljz]iftf s] /lxcfPsf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] s'n cfoftsf] clwsf+z lx:;fsf]
e'QmfgL a}+lsË k|0ffnL dfkm{t\ x'Fb}g . o;sf] klg 7"nf] c+z g]kfnaf6} e'QmfgL uP/ x'Fb}g . ljb]zsf
ljleGg d'n'sx?df sfd ug{] g]kfnLx?n] ToxfF cfh{g u/]sf] cfDbfgLaf6 tL cfkm}Fn] jf c? Jofkf/Lx?n]
cfoft ub{5g\ . s'n cfoftsf] pNn]Vo c+z x'08L dfkm{t\ e'QmfgL eO x'g] ub{5 .

&= g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:ylt

g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ pRr 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 eg] o:tf] 3f6fsf] cfsf/ lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] 5 .
cf=j= @)&!÷&@ b]lv @)&%÷&^ ;Ddsf] cjlwdf lgof{t jflif{s ;/b/ @ k|ltztsf] b/n] a9]sf] 5 .
;f]xL cjlwdf cfoftsf] ;/b/ jflif{s j[l4b/ !%=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ lgof{tsf] cfwf/ ;fgf]
x'g' ;fy} j[l4b/ Go"g x'g' t/ csf{tkm{ cfoftsf] cfsf/ s}og u'0ff 7"nf] x'g' / j[l4b/ klg pRr x'g'n]
Jofkf/ 3f6f klg pRr /xg uPsf] xf] . g]kfnn] lgof{t ug{] k|d'v j:t'x¿df h'6sf ;fdfg, cn}+rL,
kf]lni6/ wfuf], ss{6 kftf, h';, sk8f, pmgL sfk{]6 tyf klZdgf nufotsf ;Lldt j:t'x? /x]sf 5g\
eg] g]kfnn] cfoft ug{] k|d'v j:t'x¿df k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, oftfoftsf ;fwg, cGo d]l;g/L kf6{k"hf{,
b"/;~rf/sf pks/0fx¿, On]lS6«s / On]S6«f]lgs ;fdfg, Pd=P; ljn]6, x6/f]n l;6, sf]N\8/f]n l;6,
kf]lnlyg u|fGo'cn\; h:tf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / sRrf kbfy{x?sf ;fy} vfBfGg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n
nufotsf s[ifL pkh klg /x]sf 5g\ . cf=j= @)&%÷&^ df s'n ?= (& ca{ !! s/f]8sf] j:t' lgof{t
ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ?= !$ va{ !* ca{ %$ s/f]8sf] j:t' cfoft ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cg';f/ Jofkf/
3f6f ?=!# va{ @! ca{ $# s/f]8 k'Ug uPsf] / lgof{tsf] t'ngfdf cfoftsf] cfsf/ sl/a !% u'0ff
7"nf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cf=j= @)&!÷&@ b]lv @)&%÷&^ sf] cjlwdf s'n lgof{tdf ef/t, rLg tyf cGo d'n'sx¿sf] lx:;f
cf};tdf qmdzM ^)=!Ü, @=%Ü / #&=$Ü /x]sf] 5 . cfoft tkm{, ef/t, rLg / cGo d'n'sx¿sf] lx:;f
qmdzM ^#=*Ü, !#=^Ü tyf @@=%Ü /x]sf] 5 . ;f] cjlwdf ef/t, rLg tyf ;du|df cGo d'n'sx¿;Fu
Jofkf/ 3f6f /x]sf] 5 . s'n Jofkf/df cf};tdf ef/t, rLg / cGo d'n'ssf] lx:;f qmdzM ^#=^Ü,
!@=*Ü tyf @#=^Ü /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] k|yd cf7 dlxgfdf lgof{t tkm{ ef/t rLg /
cGo d'n'ssf] lx:;f qmdzM &#=*Ü, !=%Ü tyf @*=*Ü /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, cfofttkm{ ef/t, rLg /
cGo d'n'ssf] lx:;f qmdzM ^!=#Ü, !%=(Ü tyf @@=*Ü /x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ ;du| cfoft Pj+ lgof{t
b'j}df g]kfn d'ntM ef/tdf g}+ lge{/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] cfufdL lbgdf cGo d'n'sx¿df cfˆgf]
pTkfbgsf] ahf/ vf]Hg' h?/L b]lvG5, h;n] ubf{ ef/t tkm{sf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ug{ ;lsof]; .
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df s'g} Pp6f b]zdf lgs} al9 lge{/ /xFbf ;f] b]zdf cfly{s ;d:of pTkGg ePdf
g]kfndf klg To;sf] 7"nf]k|efj kb{5 .

26
*= Jofkf/ ljsf;sf nflu ePsf gLltut k|of;x?M
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ k|j4{gug{, lgof{t j[l4 u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkg ub{} afXo If]q ;Gt'ngnfO{ pko'Qm
agfpg, ;du| ljt/0f Pj+ cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg g]kfndf ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ .
o:tf k|of;x?df lgDg gLltx?nfO{ pNn]vgLo k|of;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
v'nf Pj+ ahf/f]Gd'v jfl0fHo gLltn] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, cfly{s ljsf; / ul/jL lgjf/0fdf
;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 eGg] dfGotf adf]lhd g]kfnn] cfGtl/s Pj+ afXo Jofkf/nfO{ v'nf / pbf/
agfpb} nu]sf] b]lvG5 . jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@ n] lgsf;L k|j4{gu/L ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n
ug{] nIo lnPsf] 5 eg] cfk"lt{hGo Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L ljZj ahf/df d"No clej[l4 x'Fbf k|lt:kw{L{
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgsf;L a9fO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{] p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .
• g]kfn Jofkf/ ljsf; PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)&# M g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ /0fg}lts ?kdf
lj:tf/ ug{] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . d"ntM o; /0fgLlt Cardamom, Ginger, Tea,
Medical and Aromatic Plants, All Fabrics, Textiles, Yarn and Rose, Leathers,
Footwear, Pashmina, Carpets, Skilled and Semi-Skilled Professionals, IT and BPO
and IT Engineering h:tf j:t'x?df hf]8 lbg] ljifodf s]lG›t b]lvG5 .

• Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf, @)&%ː lgof{tsf] cfwf/ lj:tf/ x'g
g;s]sf] / cfoftdf rfk kb{} uPsf]n] Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug{ :jb]z leq
t'ngfTds nfe tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf j:t'x?sf] cfGtl/s pTkfbg j[l4 u/L cfoft
k|lt:yfkg ug{], sd u'0f:t/ / :jf:YonfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] j:t'x?sf] cfoft lgodg ug{], g]kfnL
j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, a|fl08ª tyf Kofs]lhªdf ;'wf/ ug{] Jofkf/df j[l4 ug{] h:tf
/0fgLltx? cjnDag u/L Jofkf/ 3f6fdf Go"gLs/0f ug{] gLlt of] sfo{ of]hgfdf /x]sf] 5 .
• g]kfndf ljB'tLo Jofkf/sf] ljsf; / pkof]u ;DaGwL /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)&^ M ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gn] ljB'tLo Jofkf/nfO{ j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 x'g] pTkfbg, ljt/0f,
ahf/Ls/0f, laqmL, 9'jfgL tyf x:tfGt/0fsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/sf] nfut /
;do 36fO{ Jofkf/nfO{ k|lt:kw{{L{ agfpg pkef]Qmfn] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"Noaf/] k"0f{ ;"lrt eO{
k|lt:kw{L{ d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo dfn j:t' ;'ne ?kdf pkof]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf l;h{gf ug{ o;
/0fgLltn] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5 .
(= Jofkf/ ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfa4 k|of;
of]hgfa49Ën] jfl0fHo If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg If]qsf] ljsf;,
lj:tf/ tyf ljljwLs/0f ug{], lgof{t k|j4{g / cfoft k|lt:yfkg dfkm{t\ a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"gLs/0f
ug{] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . cf7f}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf -lj=;+= @)$(–@)%$_ b]lv g} g]kfnn] jfl0fHo If]qsf]
ljsf;sf ;fy} cy{tGqsf] :yfloTj Pj+ ;d[l4sf nflu v'nf cy{tGqdf cfwfl/t ljleGg gLlt Pj+
/0fgLltx¿ th'{df ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg låkIfLo, If]qLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd
nfe lng] ;f]rsf ;fy g]kfn ;/sf/n] jfl0fHo gLlt, @)&@ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . /fli6«o Jofkf/
PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)&# n] Jofkf/ tyf lgof{tsf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{], k|fyldstf k|fKt j:t'x¿sf]
cfk"lt{ j[l4 ug{], gofF j:t'sf] ljsf; ug{], Jofkf/ ;Da4 k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug{], cflb p2]Zox¿

27
/fv]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf / ;]kmuf8{, PG6L8lDkª tyf
sfpG6/ e]lnª P]g, @)&^, k|fOe]6 kmd{ /lhi6«];g -afx|f}F ;+;f]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)&^ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f
lgodfjnL, @)&^ j:t'sf] laqmL ljt/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&^, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)&^
j:t'sf] laqmL ljt/0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&^ tyf lgof{tdf gub cg'bfg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw klg
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf 5g\ .
kGw|f}F of]hgfn] vfBfGg tyf cfwf/e"t pkef]usf, t'ngfTds nfe / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf ePsf j:t' tyf
;]jfx¿sf] klxrfg, ljsf;, ljljwLs/0f / pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clej[l4 u/L cfoft Joj:yfkg Pj+
lgof{t k|j4{g ug{], Jofkf/hGo k|ljlw / k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; tyf pkof]u, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u Pj+
lj:tf/, ;'zf;g tyf k|efjsf/L lgodg, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f tyf ;+:yfut ;b[9Ls/0f u/L cfGtl/s
tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ nfut sd ug{] nufotsf /0fgLlt Pj+ sfo{gLltx¿ lnPsf] 5 . To;}u/L,
dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* – @)&(÷*)_ n] j:t'sf] lgof{t cf=j= @)&(÷*) df
¿= !(* ca{ k'¥ofpg] -cf=j= @)&^÷&& df cg'dflgt ¿= !!% ca{ /x]sf]_, s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
j:t' tyf ;]jf lgof{tsf] cg'kft !$=!Ü k'¥ofpg] tyf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf Jofkf/ 3f6f
#^=(Ü k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .
!)= Jofkf/ ljsf;df xfn;Dd ePsf pknlAwx?M
• cGt/fli6«{o Jofkf/ ;DaGwL gLlt, sfg"g, dfkb08, of]hgf sfof{Gjog / lgodg,
• l4kIfLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ / kf/jxg tyf ;f] ;DaGwL låkIfLo, If]qLo, pkIf]qLo /
ax'kIfLo jftf{ ;lGw ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog / lgodg,
• /fli6«o, låkIfLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;DaGwL gLlt, sfg"g, dfkb08 sfof{Gjog /
lgodg,
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g nufot ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf;Fusf] ;Dks{, ;dGjo,
jftf{, ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg,
• ;fˆ6f, lad:6]s nufot If]qLo / pkIf]qLo Jofkf/ tyf :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q ;DaGwL ;+:yf;Fusf]
;Dks{, ;dGjo, jftf{, ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg,
• /fli6«o, låkIfLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;DaGwL tYofÍ cWoog, cg';Gwfg / ;e{]If0f,
• ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pTkfbgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k'¥ofpg lgsf;L u[xsf] :yfkgf u/L
;xsf/Laf6 ePsf pTkfbgnfO{ ;d]t k|j4{g, /
• lgof{thGo j:t'x?sf] klxrfg, ljsf; tyf pTkfbg clej[l4 u/L cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ k|j4{g .
!!= g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?M
• k|fylds / s[lifdf cfwfl/t j:t'x?sf] dfq lgof{t x'g',
• j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t x'g g;Sg',
• lgof{td"ns j:t'x?sf] cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ g;lsg',
• gofF lgsf;L of]Uo j:t'x?sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg / klxrfg x'g g;Sg',
• k/Dk/fut pTkfbg k|ljlwn] ubf{ pRr pTkfbg nfut /xg',
• cGof]nu|:t ;/sf/L jfl0fHo gLlt x'g',
• lgof{tsf] cfwf/df eG;f/ dx;'n lkmtf{ lbg] k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg',

28
• lgsf;L Jofkf/ lbuf] agfpg g;Sg',
• ;Lldt / k/Dk/fut j:t' lgof{t x'g',
• pBf]uL / Jofkf/Ldf gjk|jt{g / pBdzLntfsf] cefj x'g', /
• s"6gLlts lgof]un] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf gv]Ng' .

!@= g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg rfN\g'kg{] sbdx?M

• km"naf/L aËnfaGw dfu{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;d'›;Fusf] kx'FrnfO{ ;/n agfpg],
• gofF lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x?sf] klxrfg / ljsf; ug{],
• lgof{td"ns pBf]ux?sf] k|j4{gug{ Duty Draw Back System / EPZ nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],
• lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg'sf ;fy} xn'sf / ax'd"No j:t'sf] lgof{tdf hf]8 lbg],
• cfoft lgof{tnfO{ k"0f{?kdf j}+lsË k|0ffnL;Fu cfa4 ug{],
• j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug{'kg]{,
• lgof{tstf{nfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ sd Jofhdf C0f pknAw ug{'kg]{,
• lgof{tstf{nfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ sd Jofhdf C0f pknAw u/fpg Exim Bank sf] :yfkgf
ug{'kg]{,/
• cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] .
!#= Jofkf/ 3f6f Go"g ug{] pkfo
Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf pkfox? cjnDag u/L Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 M—
• Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] sf/0f vf]hL ug{]M Jofkf/ 3f6f s] s:tf sdhf]/Lx?sf sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf] xf]
vf]hL ug{' h?/L 5 . h:t}M pTkfbg geP/ jf lgof{t ug{] j:t' geP/, lgof{tsf] Ifdtf geP/,
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;s]/ xf] jf OR5fzlQms} cefj eP/ xf], o; af/] olsg
x'g'kb{5,
• pTkfbg j[l4 ug{],
• phf{, s[lif, ko{6g, k"jf{wf/df k|fyldstf adf]lhd nufgL ug{],
• k|f];]l;ª, Koflsª / ahf/Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbg],
• k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL leqofpg hf]8 lbg],
• Jofkf/ tYofÍsf] ax'cfoflds ljZn]if0f ug{],
• d"No >[ªvnfsf] ;DaGw ;/n / ;'lglZrt ug{],
• ;dofg's"n Jofkfl/s /0fgLltx? cjnDag ug{] .

!$= sf]le8–!( n] jfl0fHo If]qdf kf/]sf] c;/

sf]le8–!( dfxfdf/L lgoGq0fsf] nflu cjnDag ul/Psf] ns8fpgn] ;jf/L ;fwg grNbf k]6«f]lnod
kbfy{sf] cfoftdf 7"nf] dfqfdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L cTofjZosLo s[lif pkh / cGo s]xL j:t'x?
afx]s ;a}h;f] j:t'sf] cfoftdf pRr b/n] sdL cfPsf]n] dfxfdf/Lsf] cjlwdf Jofkf/ 3f6fdf eg]
pRr ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . @)&% sf] r}t dlxgfdf s'n ?=* ca{ ^) s/f]8sf] j:t' lgof{t ePsf]df @)&^
29
sf] r}t dlxgfdf s]jn ?=# ca{ (! s/f]8sf] j:t' lgof{t ePsf] 5 . cfoft tkm{ @)&% sf] r}t
dlxgfdf s'n ?=! va{ !@ ca{ %# s/f]8sf] j:t' cfoft ul/Psf]df @)&^ sf] r}t dlxgfdf s]jn
?=%* ca{ @( s/f]8sf] dfq j:t' cfoft ul/Psf] 5 . @)&& j}zfv dlxgfdf lgof{t / cfoft b'a} yk
36\g uPsf]n] Jofkf/ 3f6fdf klg tbg'?k ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 .
sf]le8–!( n] Jofkf/df kf/]sf] c;/
;"rsx? @)&^ kmfu'g @)&^ r}q @)&& j}zfv
lgof{t -?=s/f]8df _ (($ #(! #@$
cfoft -?=s/f]8df _ !@)^$ %*@( $@^!
Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng -?=s/f]8df _ –!!)&) –%$#* –#(#&
;|f]t M— b]zsf] jt{dfg cfly{s tyf ljQLo l:ylt, @)&^÷&&, g]kfn /fi6« j}+s .

!%= k'g?Tyfgsf /0fgLltx?M

g]kfnsf] jfl0fHo Jo:yfnfO{ sf]le8–!( n] kf/]sf] c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu lgDg
of]hgfx? cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= ns8fpg v'n] nuQ} tNsfn} Jofj;flos lqmofsnfk a9fpg pkef]Uo j:t' tyf cf}Bf]lus
sRrf kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{df sl7gfO{ x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ cTofjZosLo j:t'sf] cfoft
Jofkf/df v's'nf] gLlt cjnDjag ul/g'k5{ . ljnf;L / cg'Tkfbs j:t'sf] cfoft 36fpFb}
n}hfg'k5{,
@= ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx sd eO{/x]sf] / cfufdL lbgdf emg} 36\g ;Sg] eP klg cfGtl/s pTkfbg j[l4
/ cfot k|lt:yfkgdf hf]8 lbP/ ljk|]if0fsf] IfltnfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg' k5{ . o;sf nflu cfGtl/s
pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbO{ lgof{t Jofkf/df d"No clej[l4sf cfwf/df gub cg'bfg k|efjsf/L
agfO{g'k5{,
#= ;Ldf gfsfdf cfPsf dfn;fdfgx?df nfu]sf] l8d/]h tyf l86]G;g 5'6sf] nflu kxn ug{'k5{,
$= g]kfnL sfdbf/x? sfo{/t d]n]l;of, hfkfg, vf8L d'n'sx?df sf]/f]gfsf sf/0f tL d'n'sx?sf]
cy{tGqdf k/]sf] k|efjn] ljk|]if0fsf] cfk|jfxdf Go:g x'g uP ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;l~rltdf sdL x'g
hfg] oyfy{tf xfd|f ;fd' ljBdfg 5g= . ljb]zL d'b|fsf] clwsfz lx:;f UofF; tyf k]6«f]lnod
kbfy{sf] cfotdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] cfotdf jif]{gL ePsf] j[l4n] Jofkf/ 3f6f klg
ltj| ?kn] j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL ug{ / ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ;l~rltnfO{ j9fpg
k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ tyf PnlkhL dflysf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ul/g' kg]{ / xfd|f] cfkm\g} ljB'tLo
pTkfbgsf] clwstd pkef]u ePdf w]/} xb;Dd o; r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf
nflu O08S;g r'Nxf], ljB'lto jfxg / o;sf Aof6««L / kf6{k'hf{ tyf 3/fo;L ljB'tLo
pks/0fx?sf] cfoftdf e+;f/ 5'6 lbg], ;/n tyf ;:tf]df vl/bug{ sd Jofh b/df C0f tyf
ls:tfaGbL ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{k5{,
%= ns8fpg v'n]kl5 tTsfn} Jofj;flos lqmofsnfk a9fpg pkef]Uo j:t' tyf cf}Bf]lus sRrf
kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{df sl7gfO{ x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ b[[li6ut ub}{ cTofjZosLo j:t'sf] cfoft Jofkf/df
v's'nf] gLlt cjnDjg ul/g'k5{ . ljnf;L / cg'Tkfbs j:t'sf] cfoft 36fpFb} n}hfg'k5{ .

30
!^= lgisif{M
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ /fHox?aLr pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] ljlgdo ug{] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . /fHox?aLr
pknAw ;fwgx?sf] k|r'/tfnfO{ Wofg lbO{ t'ngfTds nfe, k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe xfgL Pj+ cfkm"df lglxt
ljlzi6 Ifdtfsf] osLg u/L a}b]lzs Jofkf/df hf]8 lbg ;s]df clwstd kmfObf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f x/]s jif{ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL Nofpg ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf]
cfjZostf 5 . j}b]lzs Jofkf/df b]zut / j:t'ut ?kdf ljljwLs/0f ub{} hfg] / gub cg'bfgsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . Jofkf/ 3f6f g]kfnsf] afXo If]q c;Gt'ng Pj+ e'QmfgL
;Gt'ngsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df ;Gt'ng NofO{ zf]wgfGt/ l:yltnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{
plNnlvt pkfo / /0fgLltx? cjnDag ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
1. /fli6«o cfly{s u0fgf, @)!*, s]G›Lo tYofÍ ljefu, yfkfynL, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
2. b]zsf] jt{dfg cfly{s tyf ljQLo l:ylt, @)&^÷&&, g]kfn /fi6« j}+s afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}F,
g]kfn .
3. cfly{s ;j{]If0f, @)&^÷&&, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
4. jfl0fHo gLlt,@)&@, pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
5. kGw|f}F of]hgf -cf=j= @)&^÷&& - @)*)÷*!_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/jf/ .

31
 g]kfndf phf{ If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / efjL sfo{lbzf
— gf/fo0f vltj8f
sfo{qmd lgb]{zs
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
;f/f+z
g]kfndf hnljB't If]qnfO{ cfly{s j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . phf{ If]qsf] lbuf]
ljsf;, ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g / ljlzi6Ls/0f u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] kGw|f}
of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& ─@)*)÷*!_ n] phf{ If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tyf ;+jfxssf] ?kdf :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] phf{df d"ntM k/Dk/fut, Jofkfl/s / gjLs/0fLo ;|f]tx?, tL ;|f]t lkR5]sf ;d:of,
r'gf}tL / cj;/x? /x]sf 5g\ . phf{sf] ;DaGw cGo cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?;Fu k|ToIf / k/f]If ;DaGw /x]sf]
x'Fbf o; If]qdf ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf tyf a[xt hnf;oo'Qm cfof]hgfx?sf] ;DefJotf klxrfg u/L /fli6«o
/ cGt/f{li6«o nufgL cfsif{0f ug'{kg]{5 . ;/sf/L, lghL / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs nufgL / ckgTjaf6 dfq}
of] ;Dej x'g] b]lvG5 . ljB't pTkfbgsf ;fy} ljt/0f / k|;f/0f nfO{gdf ;'wf/, r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, phf{
bIftf, gjLs/0fLo phf{df k|f]T;fxg, k|jw{snfO{ k|f]T;fxg / lgodg, lgofds lgsfosf] bIftf / r':ttf,
k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ljsf; nufotsf kIfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!= kl/ro
phf{ If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g / ljlzi6Ls/0f u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg
;lsG5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df hnljB't phf{sf] e/kbf]{, lbuf] / dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . ;du| phf{ ld>0fdf
o;sf] of]ubfg j[l4 x'g' /fi6«sf nflu cfjZos 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgtyf sfg"gx?n] :jb]zL nufgLnfO{
k|fyldstf / k|>o lbb} j}b]lzs nufgL lj:tf/ u/L phf{ If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ gLltut Joj:yfx? u/]sf]
5 . ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf] o; If]qsf] pkof]udf cfjlws of]hgfx?df pRr
k|fyldstf /xb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos nufgL k|f]T;fxg u/L o; If]qsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f
/ k|j4{gug{ gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfo{ut k|of;x? x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu ljB't phf{sf ;fy}
gjLs/0fLo Pj+ j}slNks phf{sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L cfGtl/s dfu k"/f ub}{ ljB't ;]jfnfO{ lbuf],
;a{;'ne, u'0f:t/Lo agfpg cfjZos 5 .
g]kfnsf] kGw|f}F of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& ─ @)*)÷*!_ n] phf{ If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tyf
;+jfxssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . bL3{sfnLg ;f]rdf pNn]v ePsf ;d[l4sf $ j6f nIo / ;'vsf ^
j6f nIo xfl;n ug{df o; If]qnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfdf lglxt
bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, ?kfGt/0fsf k|d'v ;Dafxs / o;sf ;xof]uL If]qdf phf{ If]qn] k|fyldstf
kfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] phf{ ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg ;f]r cg';f/ ;g\ @!))÷)! ;Dddf g]kfndf $),)))
d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug]{, k|ltJolQm ljB't pkef]u #,%)) lsnf]jf6 306f k'¥ofpg], ljB'tdf kx'Fr
k|fKt kl/jf/ !)) k|ltzt k''¥ofpg] k|d'v kl/df0ffTds nIo /x]sf] 5 . ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f nfO{g
lj:tf/, r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, gjLs/0fLo phf{df k|f]T;flxt gLlt /x]sf] 5 . pQm ;f]r cg';f/sf] nIo
xfl;n ug{ k~rjifL{o glthf;"rs ;lxtsf] of]hgfa4 vfsf th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .

32
g]kfndf hnljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, lat/0f tyf Jofkf/ / j}slNks phf{ If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/
sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f k|0ffnL, lat/0f k|0ffnL tyf
u|fxs ;]jf, cg'dlt kq k|bg, ljB't vl/b;Demf}tf, a}slNks phf{, cg'udg tyf lgodg, ;+:yfut
Ifdtfdf clej[l4 sfo{df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . g]kfndf o; n]vdf g]kfndf phf{ If]qsf]
l;+xfjnf]sg, o; If]qsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?, cj;/x? / efjL sfo{lbzfsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf]
5.
@= g]kfnsf] phf{ If]qsf] l;+xjfnf]sg M
phf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfO{ dGqfnosf] tYofÍ cg';f/ @)&& cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd hnljB't hl8t Ifdtf
!$( d]ufjf6 yk eO{ !,#(( d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L k|ltAolQm ljB't vkt @^) lsnf]jf6 306f
k'u]sf], g]kfnsf % xhf/ !) 3/w'/Ldf ljB't k|0ffnLaf6 ljB't kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g
@*% ;ls{6 lsnf]ld6/ yk eO{ $ xhf/ @ ;o %! k'u]sf] 5 . ;f}o{ jfo' ldlglu|8 ^^ lsnf]jf6,
;a:6]zg Ifdtf $#*) Pd=lk=P, ;+:yfut tyf ;fd'bflos jfof]Uof; h8fg $!( j6f ePsf] 5 .
ljB't r'xfj6df sdL cfO{ !%=@& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 / k"0f{ ljB'tLs/0f ePsf] lhNnf !^ k'u]sf] cj:yf
5 . o; cf=j= df s'n phf{ cfk'lt{ dWo] sl/a @@ k|ltzt cfoft /x]sf] 5 . o; lx;fjn] g]kfnsf]
phf{ If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ /fi6«sf] k|fyldstf ;"rLdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= phf{ If]qsf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? M
g]kfnsf] phf{ ld>0fdf d"ntM k/Dk/fut, Jofkfl/s / gjLs/0fLo ;|f]tx? /x]sf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut afx]s
xfn g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] hnljB'taf6 %*@ df]ufjf6, yd{n KnfG6af6 %#=$ d]ufjf6 / ;f]nf/af6
!=#% d]ufjf6 u/L hDdf ^#% d]ufjf6 hl8t Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 eg] lghL If]qaf6 ^(^ d]ufjf6 u/L s'n
hl8t Ifdtf !#(( d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] kLs l8df08 sl/a !$)) d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 . o;/L
s'n pTkfbg / dfu j/fa/h:tf] b]lvPtf klg g]kfnsf] hnljB't ;'Svf ;dodf dfu cg';f/sf]
pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfoft u/L dfu k"/f ug'{kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L
g]kfnsf] phf{ If]qdf hnljB't / gjLs/0fLo phf{ ;|f]tsf] ljsf; / la:tf/ ug'{kg]{ 5 . cfGtl/s dfu
cg';f/ pTkfbg x'g g;Sbf cfoft ug'{kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . o;/L b]zsf] k|:t't n]vdf vf;u/L
g]kfnsf] hnljB't tyf j}slNks phf{sf] If]qdf /x]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
• k"j{ tof/L lagf cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg',
• cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cGt/lgsfo ;dGjodf sdL /xg',
• ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf Right of way df hUuf k|flKt / Ifltk"lt{sf laifodf
jf/Daf/ laafb sfod /xg',
• hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0fdf nfut / ;dodf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg' tyf klAns sDkgLx?n]
cfof]hgfsf] nfut a9fpb} hfFbf lhDd]jf/ lgsfo / ;j{;fwf/0f df}g /xg',
• ljB't pTkfbg, ljt/0fdf lgofds lgsfosf] ;lqmotfdf sdL /xg',
• hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] pTkfbg cg'dltkq, ;j]{If0f cg'dlt kq, ljB't vl/b;Demf}tf, k|fylds,
cu|flwsf/ z]o/ hf/L cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{ t/ ljZn]if0f, cg'udg / lgodg ug]{ lgsfo g} geP
;/x x'g',
• ljB't nfO;]G; lnP/ csf]{nfO{ dxËf]df laqmL u/]sf] hgu'gf;f] /x'g,
33
• ljB't pTkfbs sDkgLsf] vr{ / cfDbfgLsf] ;"Id ?kdf d"NofÍg gul/g'sf ;fy} k|fKt cfDbfgL
pkof]uaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L gu/fOg',
• hnljB't If]qdf z]o/xf]N8/x?sf] nufgLdf cfsif{0f x/fpb} hfg',
• hnljB't If]qsf klAns tyf k|fOe]6 sDkgLx?df ;+:yfut ;'zf;g sdhf]/ /xg',
• ef}uf]lns hl6ntfsf sf/0f nfutdf j[l4 /x'g',
• slG6Gh]G;L Knfgsf] cefjdf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] Iflt ;dod} lgjf/0f ug{ g;Sg',
• ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{g lgdf{0f / ;DkGgtfdf sdhf]/L /x'g',
• ljB't dx;'ndf j}1flgs lgwf{/0f ljlwsf] cefj /x'g,
• ljB't cfk"lt{ ck]lIft ?kdf e/kbf]{ / u'0f:tl/o x'g g;Sg',
• ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] ;+:yfut / sfo{ut Ifdtf sdhf]/ /xg',
• k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoft 36fpg / Jofkf/ 3f6fdf sdL Nofpg a[xt ax'p2]ZoLo
cfof]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug{' .
• pTkflbt ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s vkt j[l4 u/L afXo ljB't Jofkf/sf] /0fgLlt to ug'{ nufot .
$= phf{ If]qdf /x]sf] cj;/x? M
g]kfnsf] phf{ If]qnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] ;Dafxssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/sf nflu k|z:t dfqfdf gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfo{ut Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
phf{ If]qsf] of]ubfg cf=j= @)*)÷*! df !% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljB't
hl8t Ifdtf %@&) d]ufjf6 k'¥ofpg], k|ltJolQm ljB't vkt &)) d]ufjf6 x'g], ljB't r'xfj6 !@=#@
df 36fpg] nIo lnOPsf] 5 . k|;f/0fnfO{gtkm{ ^^ s]=eL= dflysf] *))) ;ls{6 lsnf]ld6/ / ## s]=eL=
k|;f/0f nfO{gtkm{ &#)) ;ls{6 lsnf]ld6/ lj:tf/ u/L ljB't k|;f/0fdf u'0f:t/Lotf, bIftf sfod ug]{
nIo lnOPsf] 5 . gjLs/0fLo / j}slNks phf{ tkm{ n3' hnljB't, ;f}o{ phf{, jfo' phf{, ;'wfl/Psf]
r'nf], jfof]Uof; h8fg, ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] lj:tf/, vfgf ksfpg ljB'tsf] pkof]u, cfGtl/s
?kdf ljB't vkt a9fO{ jrt ePsf] ljB't Jofkf/ u/L cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] /fli6«o of]hgf
/ /0fgLlt /x]sf] 5 . ;+If]kdf a'Fbfut ?kdf o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• 7"nf hnf;oo'Qm cfof]hgf ljsf;sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf /xg',
• hnljB't If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL v'nf tyf cfsif{0f ul/g',
• ef}uf]lns agf}6 tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|r'/ dfqfdf pknAwtf /xg',
• cf}Bf]lus, Aofkfl/s / cGo cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?sf] j[l4 x'Fbf phf{sf] dfu j[l4 ul/g',
• gjLs/0fLo / :jR5 phf{sf] cfGtl/s dfu j[l4 x'g],
• l5d]sL b]zx?df ljB't Jofkf/sf] ;Defjgf /xg',
• phf{ ld>0fdf gjLs/0fLo phf{sf] c+z j[l4 x'g] k|z:t ;Defjg /xg',
• k/Dk/fut phf{ pkef]usf] dfqf 36\b} hfg' / gjLs/0fLo phf{ pkef]usf] dfu a9\b} hfg',
• hnljB't cfof]hgfx?df :yfgLo hgtfsf] :jfldTj a9\b} hfg',
• hnljB't ;DaGwL 7"nf cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ;|f]t;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf, ljQLo nufgL
9fFrfsf] c:ki6tf, k|fljlws hgzlQm sdL .

34
%= phf{ If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cjnDag ug'{kg]{ sfo{lbzf M
g]kfnsf] phf{ If]q ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs If]qsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] If]q xf] . o;sf] ljsf;sf nflu
ljleGg gLltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{ut pkfox? cjnDag ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljz]ifu/L phf{
If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L pHofnf] g]kfnsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0fsf
If]qdf ;'wf/sf ;Defjgx? /x]sf 5g M
• phf{ ld>0fdf k/Dk/fut phf{sf] ;|f]tnfO{ qmdzM 36fpFb} hnljB't / gjLs/0fLo phf{sf]
dfqfd a9fpFb} n}hfg],
• k"j{ tof/Lsf ;fy cfof]hgf a}Ísf] pkof]u u/L 7"nf hnf;oo'Qm hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf]
lgdf{0f k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . u|f0fL0f If]qdf ;fgf / n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf, ;f}o{ phf{, jfo' phf{
nufotsf j}slNks phf{ pTkfbgdf k|f]T;fxg ug]{,
• /fli6«o / cGt/b]{lzo ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{gsf] lgdf{0f / :t/f]GgtL ug]{ . k|;f/0f nfO{gsf] /fO{6 j]
tf]sL hUuf k|flKt, d'cfAhf ljt/0f / hgr]tgf clej[l4sf nflu 7f]; sbd cjnDag ug]{,
• cfof]hgf tf]lsPsf] ;do, nfut / u'0f:t/df ;DkGg ug{sf nflu k"j{ tof/L u/]/ dfq
sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] . o; ;DaGwdf k|f]T;fxg / lgofds gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .
• hnljB't;Fu ;DalGwt lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg tyf lgodg ug{ ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] Ifdtf
ljsf; ug]{ jf cGo clwsf/ ;DkGg ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{,
• hnljB't cfof]hgfx?df ;j{;fwf/0f nufgLstf{sf] cfsif{0f sd x'Fb} uPsf] ;DaGwdf
nufgLstf{sf] k|ltkmnsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfon] Wofg lbg],
• hnljB't If]qdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;d]t nufgL ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf sDkgLx?n] lgdf{0f ug]{
cfof]hgfsf] nfut j[l4 ub}{ hfg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{, k|sflzt cfDbfgL / vr{sf]
ljj/0fsf] ;"Id lgl/If0f ug]{ tyf ;+:yfut ;'zf;g sfod ug{] u/fpg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s dfu clej[l4 ug{ 3/fo;L, cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s pkef]udf k|f]T;fxg gLlt
cjnDag ug]{,
• bL3{sfndf cGt/f{li6«o ljB't Jofkf/sf] ;Defjgf tyf cj;/, r'gf}tL / ;d:of klxrfg u/L
ljB't Jofkf/sf] /0fgLlts vfsf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{,
• phf{ bIftf clej[l4sf nflu 3/fo;L, Jofkfl/s, cf}Bf]lus tyf ;]jf If]q / pkIf]qsf] 5'6\6f
5'6\6} /0fgLlt tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{,
• hnljB't If]qdf cfGtl/s / afXo nufgL clej[l4sf nflu k|f]T;fxg gLlt cjnDag ug'{sf ;fy}
k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f ug]{,
• gbL a]l;g /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfdf k/]sf hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgfx?af6 hnfzo If]qdf c;/
gkg]{ u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ / cfof]hgfsf] tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf x'g] phf{, l;FrfO{, hn
kl/jxg, ko{6g, dT:o kfng, af9L lgoGq0f nufot nfesf] Goflos afF8kmfF8sf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg],
• ljB't ;]jfnfO{ ;:tf] / u'0f:tl/o agfpg Pj+ r'xfj6 Go"gLs/0f ug{} gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] vf]hL /
pkof]u ug]{,
• cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm / e"ldut ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; ub}{ hfg],
• phf{ ljsf; tyf phf{ vkt clej[l4 ;lxtsf] ljB't ljt/0f u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{,

35
• ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgdf k|f]T;fxg, rflh{ª :6]zg lgdf{0f, ljB'tLo r'nf]sf] k|of]udf k|f]T;fxg
tyf dx;'n b/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{,
• phf{ If]qdf ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f, ljB't Jofkf/ tyf lgodg ;lxtsf] ;+:yfut
k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ .
• OghL{ a}Ísf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog ug]{,
• ljB't k|;f/0f nfO{gsf] /fO{6 j], hUuf clwu|x0f, Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f / nfesf] afF8kmfF8sf
;DaGwdf gLltut tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{,
• n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't, ;f}o{ phf{, h}ljs phf{ tyf jfo' phf{ nufotsf] j}slNks phf{sf]
k|j4{g, ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L phf{ cfk"lt{df o;sf] c+z a9fpb} n}hfg],
• /fli6«o ljB't k|0ffnLsf] kx'Fr gePsf / lgoldt gePsf If]qx?df :yfgLo txx?sf] ;dGjodf
;f}o{ k|0ffnL k|j4{g u/L ;f}o{ ÷jfo' ldl>t ldlglu|8sf] k|j4{g ug]{,
• phf{ bIftf xfl;n ug'{sf ;fy} gjLgtd, lbuf] / phf{ bIf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpg pks/0fx?sf]
u'0f:t/ dfkg k4ltdf ;'wf/, dfkb08 lgwf{/0f tyf dfkg pks/0fsf] ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{ .
^= lgisif{M
g]kfndf hnljB't If]qnfO{ cfly{s j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
phf{ vktsf] jt{dfg cj:yf x]bf{ k/Dk/fut phfsf] cg'kft ^*=*% / Jofkfl/s tyf gjLs/0fLo
phf{sf] cg'kft qmdzM @*=! / #=@ /x]sf] kfOG5 . sl/a !) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofdf gjLs/0fLo phf{sf]
;|f]taf6 ljB't k'u]sf] cj:yf 5 . b]zleq xfn sl/a !$)) d]ufjf6 ljB'tsf] dfu /x]sf] 5 eg] sl/a
!#((÷!$)) d]ufjf6 ljB't hl8t Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . tyflk ljB't pTkfbg k|fozM gbL k|0ffnLdf
cfwfl/t ePsf] x'Fbf ;'Svf ofddf dfueGbf sd pTkfbg x'g uO{ cfoft dfkm{t\ dfu k"/f ul/Psf]
cj:yf 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg #(=)@ k|ltzt / lghL If]qaf6 of]ubfg
#*=^$ k|ltzt / ef/taf6 cfoft sl/a @@=## k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . of] jflif{s cfoftsf] ^ k|ltzt
x'ghfG5 . ;fy} g]kfnn] ut cf=j= df sl/a (% s/f]8 &) nfveGbf a9L /sd a/fa/sf] ljB't
ef/ttkm{ lgof{t u/]sf] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] cf=j= @)*)÷*! ;Dd %))) d]ufjf6 ljB't
pTkfbg ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu hnljB't If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ljB't pTkfbg
cg'dltkq k|bfg ul/Ptf klg sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf lgodg kIf sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . hnljB't
cfof]hgfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nufgLsf] cfsif{0f sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . d"ntM cfof]hgfsf] nfut j[l4 x'Fb}
hfg', ;dodf cfof]hgf ;DkGg x'g g;Sg', cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa lstfasf] ;"Id cWoog u/L
lgodg tyf Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg' / ;a{;fwf/0f nufgLstf{nfO{ nfdf] ;do k|ltkmn k|bfg ug{ g;Sg'
k|d'v sf/0f b]lvG5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf, nufgLsf] jftfj/0f, k"jf{wf/sf] sdL, ljQLo Go"gtf klg ;xfos
sf/0f b]lvG5g .
phf{sf] ;DaGw cGo cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?;Fu k|ToIf / k/f]If ;DaGw /x]sf] x'Fbf o; If]qdf ;fgf,
demf}nf / 7"nf tyf a[xt hnf;oo'Qm cfof]hgfx?sf] ;DefJotf klxrfg u/L /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
nufgL cfsif{0f ug'{kg]{5 . ;/sf/L, lghL / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;fd"lxs nufgL / ckgTjaf6 dfq} of] ;Dej
x'g] b]lvG5 . ljB't pTkfbgsf ;fy} ljt/0f / k|;f/0f nfO{gdf ;'wf/, r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, phf{ bIftf,
gjLs/0fLo phf{df k|f]T;fxg, k|j4{snfO{ k|f]T;fxg / lgodg, lgofds lgsfosf] bIftf / r':ttf,
k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ljsf; nufotsf kIfdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;y{ g]kfndf phf{ If]qsf] ljsf;

36
/ vf;u/L ljB't ;]jfnfO{ ;:tf], ;'ne, lgoldt, e/kbf]{, u'0f:tl/o ;]jfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ljB't
pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0fnfO{g / ljB't Jofkf/nfO{ lgoldt, e/kbf]{, ;'/lIft / kf/blz{ agfO{
pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f u/L ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s dfu / cfk"lt{df ;Gt'ng sfod /fVb} eljiodf ljB't
lgof{tsf] sfo{lbzfdf cu|;/ /xg' cfhsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g ;s]df dfq} ……g]kfnsf] kfgL
hgtfsf] nufgL, x/]s g]kfnL hnljB'tsf] z]o/wgLÚÚ eGg] gf/f ;kmn x'g] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M
1. kGw|f}F of]hgf -cf=j= @)&^÷&& – @)*)÷*!_ , /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/ .
2. jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd cf=j= @)&&÷&* /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/ .
3. dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -cf=j= @)&^÷&& – @)&(÷*)_ , /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/ .
4. ljleGg j]a;fO6x? M phf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfO{ dGqfno, hn tyf phf{ cfof]usf] ;lrjfno,
ljB't lgodg cfof]u, ljB't ljsf; laefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb| /
lghL If]qsf phf{ pTkfbg ;+:yfx?df k|fKt ePsf b:tfj]hx? .

37
 gjk|jt{gsf] kl/ro
- nf]s axfb'/ vqL
pk;lrj -tYofÍ_
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

;f/f+z
gofF ljrf/, ljlw, cf}hf/, ;+/rgf, jf s'g} gf}nf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, vf]h, ljsf; jf k|of]unfO{
gjk|jt{g eGg ;lsG5 . gjk|jt{gnfO{ s'g} snf jf ;flxTosf] l;h{gf / s'g} j:t' jf oGqsf] cfljisf/sf]
gjLg :j?k dfGg ;lsG5 . gjk|jt{g s'g} PsfÍL lqmofsnfk xf]Og, o;nfO{ ;di6Ldf x]l/g'k5{ .
Joj:yfkgsf cu'jfx?, h;n] ;Ë7g, of]hgf, g]t[Tj, ;dGjo / pTk|]l/t ug{] gofF gofF tl/sfx?sf] vf]h u/],
ltgLx? klg Joj:yfkgsf gjk|jt{s lyP . wgL jf ul/a ;a} b]zdf gjk|jt{gsf] If]qdf nfUg]n] kfOn}lkR5]
k'/fgf gLlt lgod, cg'ko'Qm ;+/rgf, e|i6 Joj:yfkg tyf s'zf;g, Go"g ah]6, cbIf hgzlQm, cj}1flgs
k|ljlw, lg?T;flxt sfo{jftfj/0f nufotsf ljljw ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? em]Ng'k5{ . k|:t't n]vdf
gjk|jt{gsf k|sf/x?, ljZjJofkL t/Ëx?, cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|rlnt 9fFrf tyf l;4fGtx? / gjk|jt{gsf
;|f]tx?sf] af/]df ;+lIfKtdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, g]kfndf gjk|jt{gsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ;dLIff /
ljBdfg ;d:ofx?sf] rrf{ ub}{ gjk|jt{gsf] If]qdf Ps tx dfly pSngsf] nflu tTsfn rfNg ;lsg]
sbdx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljb]zL j:t' / k|ljlwsf] Psf]xf]/f] k|of]ustf{ alg/xg'sf] ;f6f] gofF 1fg /
;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;—;fgf :6f6{ ck Joj;fox?sf] k|j4{g u/]df g]kfnd} a;L a;L ljZj ahf/df
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jf lgof{t u/L e"kl/j]li7ttfsf] sf/0f l;lh{t cljsf; dfly g]kfnn] ljho xfl;n ug{
;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . gjk|jt{gnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ljrf/, k|ljlw / dfusf] k|efjsf/L ;+of]hg h?/L x'G5 .
of]hgf, ;Ë7g, g]t[Tj, ;dGjo, lgoGq0fh:tf Joj:yfksLo sfo{x?sf] ;fy} egf{, 5gf}6, lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf,
tflnd, ljsf;, pTk|]/0ff, k|of]u, cjsfz h:tf hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf x/]s kIfx?nfO{ gjk|jt{gd}qL agfpg
;s]df g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf klg o;n] kmqmg], km'Ng] / kmNg] df}sf kfpg]5 .

!= k[i7e"ld
s[lqd af}l4stf, h]g]l6s O{l~hlgol/ª tyf gfgf] 6]Sgf]nf]hLn] l;h{gf u/]sf rdTsf/x? pkef]u ug]{
tyf u'unh:tf OG6/g]6 ;r{ O{l!hgnfO{ u'? dfGg] kl5Nnf] dfgj k':tfn] :jf:Yo, vfB, phf{, Jofkf/,
ljQLo, jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g, cflb b'O{ bzs k'/fg} ;Í6x?sf] ;fdgf ug'{sf] ;fy} ljZjf;,
Joj:yfkg, g]t[Tj, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotf?kL gofF gofF /ª ?ksf ;Í6x?;Fu klg h'Wg'k/]sf] 5 . x/]s !@–
!% jif{sf] cGt/fndf Ps ca{ hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'g' / k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] cToflws bf]xg x'g' o:tf
;Í6x? pTkGg x'g'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . To;}n], clxn]sf] dfgj hfltn] /f]u, ef]s / k|sf]k;Fu
n8gsf] nflu yk vfB tyf k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg ug'{kg]{, gofF af;:yfgsf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{, vlgh OGwgsf]
;6\6f xfO8«f]hg, ldyfg]n jf csf]{ j}slNks OGwgsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ / k|fs[lts tyf dfgj l;lh{t
k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 . o:tf r'gf}tLx? ;Daf]wg ub}{ cufl8
a9\g dflg;n] sl/a %)–%) jif{sf] cGt/fndf Ps–Ps j6f ?kfGt/0fsf/L j}1flgs cfljisf/ /
To;sf] aLr aLrdf yk gjk|jt{gLo k|ljlwx?sf] ljsf; ug]{ u/]sf] Oltxf; 5 .
g]kfnn] jt{dfgdf cg'ej u/]sf ljsf; ;Da4 clwsf+z ;d:ofx?sf] ;Daf]wgsf] nflu x/]s tx /
If]qdf /0fgLlts gjk|jt{gsf] 9fFrf cjnDag u/L lgsf;sf] 5f]6f] Pj+ lskmfotL af6f] klxrfg ug{
;S5 . /0fgLlts gjk|jt{gn] gofF ;f]r, gofF cf}hf/ / cnu /0fgLltsf] dfu ub{5 . o;af6 gofF j:t'
38
tyf ;]jfsf] ;fy} gofF ahf/, gofF Jofj;flos df]8n / yk d"No clej[l4 k|fKt x'G5 . o;n] yk
cfly{s j[l4 b/ xfl;n ug]{ 7f]; cfwf/ k|bfg u5{ . t/ /0fgLlts gjk|jt{gsf] nflu gofF sfo{;"rL, gofF
k|lqmof / gofF kl/j]zsf] cfjZostf k5{ . t;y{, Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjn] casf] gofF sfo{;"rLdf ;du|
k]zf jf Joj;fosf] k'gk{l/eflift ug{] ljifonfO{ k|yd :yfgdf /fVg g;s]df k|lt:kwf{sf] bf}8df
k5fl8sf] kª\tLdf pleg'k5{ . To;sf] nflu, k'/fgf k|lqmof, k|ljlw / pTkfbgx?sf] nfe—xfgL tyf
sf/0f—k|efjsf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/, u|fxs, k|lt:kw{L{, ;kmntfsf tTj, k|lqmof / pTkfbgx? nufotsf
;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] ;do;fk]If k'gk{l/efiff ug{'k5{ . o; k[i7e"lddf o; n]vdf gjk|jt{gsf] cy{, dxTj,
k|sf/, 9fFrf, ;|f]t / l;4fGtsf] ;fy} ;d:of / ;'wf/sf /0fgLltx? af/] ;+lIfKt k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= gjk|jt{gsf] cy{
gjk|jt{g Pp6f Jofks, ultzLn, gjLg / ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ff xf] . o;sf] cy{ / kl/efiffdf
ljljwtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; ljifodf snd rnfpg] ljåfgx?sf] ljrf/ c;fdfGo, cJojxfl/s tyf
csNkgLo k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . gjk|jt{gn] s'g} klg ;d:ofu|:t :yfg jf cj:yfdf cj;/ jf df}sf
b]V5 . gjjk|jt{gstf{sf] b[li6sf]0f g} a]Un} x'G5 . gjk|jt{gsf] cjwf/0ffn] s'g} klg If]qdf s'g} klg
s'/f ;Dej 5 eGg]df ljZjf; u5{ . To;}n], o;sf] ;j{dfGo kl/efiff e]l6+b}g . g o;sf] ;Ldf jf If]q
tf]lsPsf] 5 . oBkL, gofF ljrf/, ljlw, cf}hf/, ;+/rgf jf gf}nf] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] vf]h, ljsf; jf k|of]u
ug'{nfO{ gjk|jt{g eGg ;lsG5 . ljBdfg ;d:of jf k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgfy{ s'g} gofF gLlt, l;4fGt, 9fFrf,
ljlw, z}nL, oGq, pks/0f jf k|lqmofsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] Tof] gjk|jt{g xf] . To;}n], gjk|jt{gsf] nflu
;j{k|yd k'/fgf] k|lqmof, k4lt, ;f]r / ;+:sf/ 5f]8g'k5{ . gofF cjwf/0ffnfO{ l;4fGttM :jLsf/
u/]tfklg k'/fgf] eO{;s]sf] j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ k/Dkf/ jf klxrfgsf] gfddf oyfl:yltdf lg/Gt/tf
lbO{/xg' gjk|jt{gsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwhGo cfljisf/n] k|bfg u/]sf
cfw'lgs ;fwgx?sf] clwstd k|of]u gu/L, kl/jt{g jf ;'wf/sf] nflu hf]lvd gp7fO{ gjk|jt{g ug{
;ls+b}g . t;y{, gjk|jt{gn] gofF ljrf/sf] cfTd;ft ug'{, gofF j:t'sf] cfljisf/ ug'{ / gofF ahf/sf]
ljsf; ug{] sfdnfO{ PsLs[t?kdf ;DkGg ug{'nfO{ hgfpF5 .
s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] s]G›ljGb'df ;b}j ;]jfu|fxL gful/s g} /xg] x'gfn] ;fj{ef}d gful/snfO{
s]G›ljGb'df /fv]/} gofF l;4fGt, ljlw, k|ljlw / z}nLsf] ljsf; u/L /fi6« / cfdgful/ssf] lxt lj:tf/,
;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf] ;dli6ut nIo k|flKtdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg' g} gjk|jt{gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .
gjk|jt{gn] yk d"No clej[l4 u5{ . o;af6 lbuf]?kdf df}l›s nfe xfl;n x'Gf' k5{ . o;n] t'ngfTds
nfe k|bfg ug{ ;S5 .

39
 lrq g+= ! – gjk|jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] <

gjk|jt{gsf] dfWodaf6 Pp6f ljrf/ jf cfljisf/ cg'?k s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ?k, u'0f, cfsf/, cflb
dWo] s'g} Ps jf ;a}df ?kfGt/0f u/L To; j:t' jf ;]jfsf] d"No clej[l4 u/fpF5 . gjk|jt{g /
cfljisf/aLrdf w]/} 7"nf] leGgtf 5 . cfljisf/n] s'g} gofF 1fg, ljrf/, ljlw jf l;4fGtsf] l;h{gfnfO{
hgfpF5 . l;h{gzLntf / gjk|jt{gaLr cjwf/0ffut?kdf w]/} ;dfgtf kfOG5 t/ l;h{gf zAbsf] k|of]u
snf jf ;flxTodf clws x'G5 . cfljisf/ / l;h{gzLntf b'j} ;dfwfg s]lGb|t (Solution Centered)
x'G5g\ eg] gjk|jt{g ;d:of s]lGb|t (Problem Centered) x'G5 . oBlk, snf jf ;flxTodf klg
gjk|jt{gLo k|of]u u/]/ u'0f:t/ jf d"No clej[l4 u/L t'ngfTds nfe xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . gjk|jt{g /
;'wf/aLr klg cjwf/0ffut?kdf cGt/ /x]sf] 5 . ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf sfd / gfd k'/fg} x'G5 t/ 9Ë jf
k|lqmof gofF x'G5 . ;'wf/df clGtd j:t' jf ;]jfsf] gfd jf u'0fdf gofFkg cfpFb}g . s'g} gofF u'0f jf
ljz]iftf yk36 ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . tyflk, ;'wf/s} nflu gjk|jt{g ul/G5 . gjk|jt{gn] ljBdfg Jofj;flos
pTkfbg jf ;]jf k|jfxk|lqmof / k|ljlw ;'wf/sf] af/]df Ps k6s km]l/ ;f]Rg] jf sNkgf ug{] cj;/ k|bfg
u5{ .
dflysf] lrq g+= ! gjk|jt{gsf] cy{, k|lqmof / If]qsf] af/]df yk :ki6 x'g ;xof]u ub{5 . gjk|jt{gsf]
kl/lwleq gofF ;f]r, k|lqmof jf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, s]xL km/s pkfo jf z}nL, gofF ljz]iftf yKg] s'/f,
cem ;/n, ;xh jf ;:tf] agfpg] tl/sf, csf]{ ahf/, :yfg, ;do jf ;fem]bf/;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{
h:tf ljleGg ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 .
#= gjk|jt{gsf] dxTj
gjk|jt{g Pp6f Jofj;flos sfo{ xf] . gjk|jt{gdf s'g} klg j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k"j{pTkfbgb]lv
pkef]Stf;Dd k'Ug] r/0fx?df u|fxssf] b[li6sf]0faf6 d"NofÍg u/]/ ;'wf/ jf kl/dfh{g ul/G5 . o;af6
l;w} gfkmf / sfo{bIftfsf] ;fy} u|fxssf] ;Gt'li6 / ;du| Joj;fosf] k|efjsf/Ltf j[l4 x'G5 . cfˆgf]

40
j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kw{L{x?aLrdf k|fylds?kn] km/s b]vfpg] ljlw g} gjk|jt{g ePsf]n] cfw'lgs
ahf/Ls/0fsf] o'udf o; cjwf/0fsf] ljlzi6 dxTj /x]sf] 5 . j[xt /fli6«o b[li6sf]0faf6 gjk|jt{gnfO{
cfly{s j[l4sf] cfwf/zLnf dflgG5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df ljZjJofkL k|lt:kwf{ :t/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . ;'Id
b[li6sf]0fdf, Pp6f ;Ë7g jf sDkgLsf] pTkfbg, laqmL jf gfkmf, Voflt / lbuf]kgf gjk|jt{gdf ul/Psf]
nufgLdf lge{/ x'G5 .
gjk|jt{g cfw'lgs hLjgsf] cË alg;s]sf] 5 . cr]n ;a}nfO{ :df6{ aGg' k5{ . k'/fgf] lrh TofUg] /
gofF s'/f cËfNg] km];g ;aq km}lnPsf] 5 . ;a} JolQm jf ;Ë7g gjk|jt{gsf] dfldnfdf cufl8 /xg
rfxG5Gf\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf xf]:f\ jf lghL Joj;fo, cfw'lgs Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf b}lgs kl/jt{gx?
cfO/xg] x'gfn] cfˆgf] ljifoIf]qsf] dxTj / ;fGble{stf :yflkt u/L k|lt:kw{L{ /lx/xgsf] nflu x/]s
kl/jt{gx?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{'sf] ljsNk 5}g . gofF k|ljlw, gofF k|j[lQ / goFf cjwf/0ffx?;Fu x/]s
;Ë7g cBfjlws eO{/xg'k5{ . ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf], Ps lbg jf Ps k6s ;'wf/sf] sfo{
ub}{df ;w}+sf] nflu k'Ub}g . u|fxsnfO{ clwstd ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug{ / Tof] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/nfO{ ;b}j
sfod /flv/fVgsf] nflu s'g} klg If]qsf] ;Ë7gn] cfˆgf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgb]lv ljt/0f;Ddsf
r/0fx?df gofF gofF ljz]iftfx? yk, 36 Pj+ :t/f]Gglt ug{sf] nflu /0fgLlts gjk|jt{gsf] sfo{of]hgf
agfP/} sfof{Gjog ug'{'kb{5 . log} ;'wf/, :t/f]Gglt / gofF ljrf/ jf ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L gjk|jt{gn]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfw'lgs tyf ;do;fk]If agfpg d2t u5{ .
;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f cleofgsf] ljleGg tx, r/0f / If]qdf cg]s k|sf/sf r'gf}tL 5g\ . ltgsf] ;Daf]wg
/ ;dfwfg ug{ ;fwg, ;|f]t, bIftf / Ifdtf ;a} yf]ssf] sdL 5 . gjk|jt{gsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;|f]tsf]
bIftf clej[l4 ug{ / 1fgsf] ;Í6 Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu Pp6f pkof]uL cf}hf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
g]kfnnfO{ lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ jflif{s sl/a ?= @) va{ /sdsf] cfjZos kg{] cg'dfg 5 .
jif{]gL Toqf] 7"nf] wg/fzL h'6fpg ;xh 5}g . Tof] ljQLo vf8n k"/f ug{] Ps dfq pkfo eg]sf] km/s /
km/flsnf] 9Ën] pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] bIftfk0f{, rnfvLk"0f{ PjDf\ k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{] / k'/fgf ;f]r,
l;4fGt, ;+/rgf, ljlw tyf k|ljlwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] xf] . To;}n], lbuf] ljsf; nIon] k|ljlw k|of]u, o'jf
cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf] k|j4{g / gjk|jt{gdf
ljz]if hf8 lbPsf] xf] . csf]{ zAbdf, gjk|jt{g k|j4{g / l;h{gzLntfsf] ;+/If0f tyf lj:tf/ g} lbuf]
ljsf; nIo Pj+ cGo /fli6«o ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug{] e/kbf]{ /0fgLlt xf] .
;a} txsf ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL tyf
hg;xeflutfd"ns agfpg, ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg' kg{] j:t' jf ;]jf l56f], 5l/tf] tyf sd vlr{nf]
9+Ëaf6 kfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;]jfsf] k|s[lt / kl/l:ylt ;'xfFpbf] k|ljlw k|of]u tyf :yfgLo ;+:s[lt
cg's'nsf] gjk|jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg] Pp6f k|d'v dfWod
gjk|jt{g x'g ;S5 . Pp6} 9fFrf, ljlw / k|ljlwsf] ;§fdf :yfg ljz]ifsf ljljwtfo'Qm cEof; tyf
dfWodx?sf] ;b'kof]u a9L l6sfp Pj+ k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ . ;a} kIf / If]qaf6 ;'zf;g kfpg] gful/ssf]
clwsf/ xf] . o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{] kl5Nnf] j}slNks ;f]r, vf]h / k|of]usf] ?kdf gjk|jt{gnfO{
lng ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf ;Defjgfsf] vfgL 5 . hnljB't, h}ljs ljljwtf, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf / ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfdf
g]kfn el/k"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf] t'ngfTds nfesf ljifox? log} If]qdf n's]sf 5g\ . tL nfex?sf] ;d'lrt
;b'kof]u ug{sf] nflu b]zdf ljBdfg cGo ;|f]t, k|ljlw / IfdtfnfO{ Psfk;df hf]8g' cfjZos 5 .

41
o;sf] nflu cfw'lgs k|ljlw / cfljisf/nfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;|f]t,
;fwg / k|ljlwnfO{ b]zsf] e"uf]n, xfjfkfgL / ;+:s[lt ;'xfpFbf] ;dfof]hg Pj+ :t/f]Gglt u/L pkof]udf
Nofpg /fli6«o hLjgsf x/]s If]qdf gjk|jt{g / l;h{gzLntfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{'k5{ .
$= gjk|jt{gsf k|sf/x?
tTj / of}lusx? ldn]/ ag]sf] of] ;+;f/df logLx?sf] yk36 jf x]/km]/af6 a]Un} u'0f, :jfb, /Ë jf
cfsf/sf] j:t' lgdf{0f x'G5 . gjk|jt{g eg]sf] u|fxsnfO{ x]g{] x]/fO{df gofF kg Nofpg] sfo{ klg xf] .
o;df cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0fsf] :yfgdf pTkflbt j:t' jf ;]jfnfO{ u|fxssf] gh/n] x]l/G5 . of] Pp6f
Jofj;flos sfo{ xf] . o;df pTkfbsTj jf gfkmf j[l4 ug{sf] nflu cj/f]w l;h{gf ug]{ Joj:yfksLo
k|lqmof jf ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;'wf/sf] r'gf}tL lbOG5 . gofF s'/f l;h{gf ubf{ ljBdfg b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L
ljrf/, j:t', k|lqmof jf k|ljlwnfO{ ld>0f u/L csf]{ gofF j:t' tof/ ul/G5 . l;h{gf cfkm}df nIo x'g
;Sb}g . of] Ps k|sf/sf] vf]h sfo{ xf] . gjk|jt{g eGg] lalQs} gofF j:t'sf] pTkfbg eGg] a'lemG5 . t/
gjk|jt{g w]/} k|sf/sf x'g ;S5G.\ .
gjk|jt{gnfO{ ;Dkfbg ul//x]sf] sfo{nfO{ k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfn] clnslt yk /fd|/L ug{] a9f]Q/L gjk|jt{g
(Incremental Innovation), k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfn] lgtfGt gofF j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg ug{] cfd"n
kl/jt{gsf/L gjk|jt{g (Radical Innovation), v]nsf] d"n lgod kl/jt{g gu/L ;do;fk]If ;'wf/
ug]{ lbuf] gjk|jt{g (Sustaining Innovation) / ahf/ Pj+ If]qdf ?kfGt/0fsf/L k|efj sfod ug{]
lj36gsf/L gjk|jt{g (Disruptive Innovation) sf] ?kdf klg cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
gjk|jt{g s;/L ug{], s] ug{], ahf/ ldl>t /0fgLltdf gjk|jt{g sxfF ug{] / gjk|jt{gaf6 s;/L k};f
sdfpg] eGg] cfwf/df k|lqmof (Process), pTkfbg (Product or Service), :yfg (Position) / 9fFrf
jf df]8n (Paradigm) nfO{ gjk|jt{gsf rf/ kL (P) elgPsf] 5 . logn] gjk|jt{gsf ;|f]t, r/0f /
9fFrfsf] af/]df ;f]Rg] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5Gf\ . log} rf/ kL (P) cGtu{t /x]/ gjk|jt{gnfO{ lgDg bz
k|sf/n] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 :
!. k|lqmofdf gjk|jt{g (Process Innovation)
@= d'Vo k|lqmofsf] gjk|jt{g (Core Process Innovation)
#= k|fylds ljz]iftfsf] gjk|jt{g (Basic Features Innovation)
$= u|fxs ;]jf ;'wf/df gjk|jt{g (Customer Service Innovation)
%. dd{t tyf ;xof]u ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] gjk|jt{g (Support Service System Innovation)
^= ;]jf k|jfx dfWodsf] gjk|jt{g (Delivery Channel Innovation)
&= a|fG8 k|:t'tLsf] gjk|jt{g (Brand Delivery Innovation)
*. u|fxssf] cg'ej jf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwf/df gjk|jt{g (Innovation with Customer
Experience)
(. Jofkfl/s 9fFrfsf] gjk|jt{g (Business Model Innovation)
!). d"No >[ª\vnfdf gjk|jt{g (Value Chain Innovation)
-;|f]tM 10 types of Innovation, Lary Keeley, Ryan Pikkel, Brian Quinn, Helen Walters,
http:/www.doblin.com/tentypes_

42
%= gjk|jt{gsf t/Ëx?
cy{zf:qL Jospeph A. Schumpeter n] ;j{k|yd cy{zf:qsf] ljwfdf gjk|jt{gsf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP .
To;}n], lognfO{ gjk|jt{gsf lktf klg elgG5 . Nikolai Kondratieff and Joseph Schumpeter sf
cg';f/ c7f/f}F ztfAbLkl5 ;a} If]qdf ePsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/ gjk|jt{g xf] . ;g\ !($@
df Schumpeter’s n] gjk|jt{gsf] qmddf Jojl:yt Pj+ l;h{gfTds ljWj+z (Creative Destruction)
sf] ljlzi6 :yfg /xg] tYo k|dfl0ft u/]sf lyP . pgn] ;g\ !(#( df n]v]sf] "Business Cycles"
gfds k':tsdf Nikolai Kondratieff n] k|:t't u/]sf] gjk|jt{gsf] bL3{sfnLg t/Ë (Long Wave
Curve) sf] af/]df rrf{ u/]sf lyP . s'g} klg gjk|jt{gn] ;d[l4 (Prosperity), ;':tL (Recession),
dGbL (Depression), / ;'wf/ (Improvement) u/L rf/ r/0fx? kf/ ug{] pgsf] lgisif{ lyof] . pgn]
gjk|jt{gsf] k|To]s t/Ësf] cfsf/ tyf agf}6df Ps?ktf g/x]sf], cf};tdf krf; jif{sf] aLrdf gofF
vf]hn] ljZjsf] k|ljlw ahf/df sAhf hdfPsf], kl5Nnf] ;dodf To:tf] gofF cfljisf/ l;h{gf x'g]
cjlw 5f]6f] x'Fb} cfPsf] / gjk|jt{gsf] hl6ntf qmlds?kn] j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5Gf\ .
;g\ @))$ df k|sflzt The Natural Edge Project sf] k|ltj]bgn] ;Gf\ !&*% kl5 kmnfd, hnzlQm,
oflGqsLs/0f, sk8fsf] cfljisf/n] pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo If]qdf gjk|jt{gsf] k|yd t/Ë cfPsf], ;g\
!*$% b]lv ;Gf\ !()) ;Ddsf] cjlwdf jfik Ol~hg, /]n, /8, l:6n tyf ;'tL wfuf]sf] cfljisf/n]
gjk|jt{gsf] bf];|f] t/Ë l;h{gf u/]sf], ;g\ !()) lt/ lah'nLalQ, /;fogzf:q tyf hl6n k|s[ltsf
d]lzg jf O{l~hgx?sf] vf]hn] t];|f] t/Ë NofPsf], ;g\ !(%) kZrft\ k]6«f]s]ldsn, c6f]df]afOn, xjfO{
gofg nufotsf] pboaf6 gjk|jt{gsf] rf}yf] t/Ë cfPsf], ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ;"rgf k|ljlw,
afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL, ;ˆ6j]o/ tyf l8lh6n g]6js{sf] ljsf;;Fu} kfFrf} t/Ë / ;g\ @))) kl5 s[lqd
af}l4stf, xl/t /;fogzf:q, gjLs/0fLo phf{, gfgf]6]Sgf]nf]hL tyf lbuf], PsLs[t, ;dli6ut k|0ffnL
l8hfOg h:tf qmflGtsf/L k|ljlw k|of]unfO{ gjk|jt{gsf] 5}7f}F d'Vo t/Ë (Wave) sf] ?kdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] lj1fg tyf j}1flgs cfljisf/nfO{ gjk|jt{gsf] d'Vo afxs zlQm dfg]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= gjk|jt{gsf 9fFrfx?
ljZjdf jif]{gL krf; k|ltzteGbf w]/} gjk|jt{gsf k|oTgx? c;kmn x'g], clwsf+zn] sfof{Gjog r/0fdf
k|efjsf/L k|bz{g ug{ g;Sg], / gjk|jt{gsf] gfddf caf}{ /sd v]/ hfg] u/]sf] tYo gjk|jt{g ;DaGwL
k|ltj]bgx?df kfOG5 . :t/Lo j:t' ljsf; lgb]{lzsf / gjk|jt{g ;DaGwL kof{Kt k"jf{wf/ tyf
;+:s[lthGo alnof] k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf gjk|jt{gsf ljleGg r/0fdf w]]/} k|sf/sf cj/f]wx?sf] ;fdgf
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n], gjk|jt{gsf] s'g} klg k|of;nfO{ c;kmn u/fpg] sf/0fx? dfly ljho k|fKt
ug{sf] nflu of]hgfa4 Pj+ Jojl:yt gjk|jt{g k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{k5{ .
cg';Gwfgljbx?n] gjk|jt{gsf ljleGg 9fFrfx? k/LIf0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !(*@ df Booz, Allen and
Hamilton, / ;g\ !(*^ df Walker n] gjk|jt{g ;DaGwL k|f/lDes 9fFrfx? k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
To;kl5, ;g\ !(** df Cooper n]] gjk|jt{gsf] Stage Gate Model k/LIf0f u/]/ b]vfP . o;
df]8ndf gjk|jt{g k|lqmofsf x/]s r/0f kf/ ug'{ cl3 r]s hfFr ug]{ ljGb'x?sf] ?kdf 9f]sf (Gate) sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}n], o; df]8nnfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] lgoGq0fd'vL 9fFrf klg dflgG5 . o;leq
x/]s r/0fdf cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvd d"NofÍg u/]/ dfq} csf]{ r/0fdf k|j]z ug{ ;lsGYof] .
43
;g\ !(($ df Hart and Baker n] gjk|jt{g k|lqmofnfO{ Departmental-Stage Models, Activity-
Stage Models, Decision Stage Models, Cross-functional Models and Network Models u/L
kfFr k|sf/sf 9fFrfx?df juL{s/0f u/] . oL dWo] ;'?sf tLgj6f 9fFrfx? Stage Gate Model ;Fu ldNg]
vfnsf lyP eg] kl5Nnf b'O{ j6f 9fFrfx? tTsfnLg ahf/ cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf] nflu afXo
jftfj/0f;Fu cGtlq{mof ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] a9L ;fGble{s dflgPsf] lyof] .
;a} j}1flgs cfljisf/x?n] Jofj;flos?kdf Jofkf/Ls ;kmntf kfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f ahf/sf] dfu /
dfgjLo ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{sf] ljifon] gjk|jt{gsf] ;kmntfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf]
lyof] . o;}qmddf, Rothwell n] gjk|jt{gsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ kfFrj6f k':tfx?sf] ?kdf k|:t't u/] .
pgn] Coupling Model nfO{ t];|f] k':tf, Integrated Model nfO{ rf}yf] k':tf / Network Model
nfO{ kfFrf} k':tfsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
gjk|jt{gsf 9fFrfnfO{ Rothwell n] b]xfo adf]lhd kfFrj6f k':tf (Generation) sf] ?kdf pNn]v
u/]sf 5Gf\ M
tflnsf M gjk|jt{gsf 9fFrf / ljz]iftfx?
k':tf ldlt 9fFrf ljz]iftfx?
klxnf] k':tf ;g\ !(%)÷^) sf] k|ljlw k|wfg 9fFrf ;/n /]vLo >[ª\vnfa4 k|lqmof,
bzs (Technology Push) cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df hf]8,
ahf/ cg';Gwfg k|of]ustf{sf]
k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
bf];|f] k':tf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzs ahf/ lgb]{lzt 9fFrf ;/n /]vLo >[ª\vnfa4 k|lqmof,
(Market Push) ahf/ lgb]{zs zlStsf] ?kdf
/x]sf], / cg';Gwfg
k|ltlqmofTds /x]sf]
t];|f] k':tf ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs PsLs[t 9fFrf pTkfbg, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;
(Coupling Model) / ahf/Ls/0fsf] PsLs/0fdf
hf]8
rf}yf] k':tf ;g\ !(*)÷() sf] cGt{lqmofTds 9fFrf tfGg] / ws]Ng] /0fgLltut
bzs (Interactive Model) 9fFrfsf] ld>0f
kfFrf} k':tf ;g\ @))) kl5 ;+hfnLs[t jf 1fg l;h{gf, k|0ffnL ljsf; /
Jofj;flos 9fFrf afx\o ;Dks{df hf]8
(Network or Business
Model)
(Source - Based on R.Rothwell, Successful Industrial inovation, critical factors for the
1990s, R & D Management, Vol 22, No 3, 221-39)

44
&= gjk|jt{gsf ;|f]tx?
cndn, c;dfGoh:otf, c:ki6tf, vf]6, u'gf;f], cj/f]w jf cGo s'g} ;d:of g} gofF vf]h jf
l;h{gfsf] k|of]u ug{] cj;/ xf] . olb ;a} yf]s /fd|/L l;wf /]vfdf ;/n 9Ën] rln/x]sf] 5 / s'g}
k|lt:kw{{L{n] 6Ss/ lbPsf] 5}g eg] ToxfF gofF s'/fsf] vf]hL jf k|of]u g} x'Fb}g . sltkon] k|ltefnfO{
l;h{gfsf] ;|f]t dfg]sf 5g\ . k|ltef hGdhft x'G5 eGg] Psyl/sf] a'emfO 5 . pgLx¿sf] a'emfOdf
k|ltef aflx/af6 yf]kg{ jf lzIffnodf l;Sg l;sfpg ;lsGg . t/ /fli6«o k|ltefx?sf] of]hgfa4
Joj:yfkgaf6 gofF vf]h jf cfljisf/ ug{] j}1flgsx? pTkfbg x'G5Gf\ . o;sf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf]
;'ljwf;DkGg cg';Gwfg jf cfljisf/ s]G›x?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 . gofF vf]h jf cfljisf/
/ftf/ft x'g] s'/f xf]Og . o;n] lg/Gt/sf] nfdf] ;do / >d dfu u5{ . k|ltefx?sf] klxrfg, plrt
;+/If0f, ;Ddfg, sb/, ljsf; ug{] k|ltef Joj:yfkg rqmsf k|To]s r/0f gjk|jt{g / l;h{gzLntfsf]
ljsf;sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5Gf\ .

;fdfGotof, hxfF ;d:of jf u'gf;f] 5, cj;/ ToFxL n's]sf] x'G5 . o:tf cj;/x? vf]Hg 6f9f ef}+tfl/g'
kb{}g . lk6/ 8«s/ (Peter Drucker) sf] egfOdf clwsf+z gjk|jt{gLo Jofj;flos ljrf/x? k|lqmofut
ljZn]if0fsf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt x'G5g\ . pgn] k|:t't u/]sf gjk|jt{gsf ;ftj6f ;|f]tx? lgDg adf]lhd
5Gf\ M

s. cgk]lIft 36gf (Unexpected Occurrences) M j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cgk]lIft?kdf pRr dfu
ug{] k|of]ustf{sf] klxrfg, cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f u/L To;sf] cfwf/df gofF :yfg, gofF ljlw /
gofF k|of]ustf{sf] vf]h ug{ ;lsG5 .

v= c;Ëltx? (Incongruities) M ;fj{hlgs?kdf jfrf jf 3f]if0ff u/]sf]eGbf km/s cfsf/, k|sf/,

d"No jf u'0f:t/sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f ePsf] 5, 5}g kQf nufO{ To:tf c;Ëltx?
x6fpg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu j:t' tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg u/]/ df}h'bf c;+ultx?
klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;'wf/ ug{', k|of]ustf{af6 k|fKt u'gf;f]x? ulDe/tfk"j{s ;Daf]wg ug{',
k|fljlws q'l6 jf r'xfj6df sdL Nofpg' jf hfgfhfg c;Ëtk"0f{ sfo{ ug{] sd{rf/Lx? klxrfg
u/L sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL ug{' klg Joj:yfksLo lx;fan] gjk|jt{gsf sfd x'g ;S5Gf\ .
o:tf ;fdfGovfnsf sfo{x? ;d]t 5l/tf] 9Ën] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

u= k|lqmofut cfjZostf (Process Needs) : j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbgb]lv ljt/0f;Ddsf x/]s
k|lqmofx?nfO{ ldxLg 9Ën] s]nfP/ kl/dfh{gsf] ;Defjgf ePsf r/0fx?df ;'wf/ jf :t/j[l4
ug{ ;lsG5 .

3= pBf]u / ahf/ kl/jt{g (Industry and Market Changes) M x/]s :yfgdf gofF dfu{ jf gofF
tl/sfsf] ;Defjgf /xG5 . u|fxssf] dfu s]df / sxfF 5 < cfˆgf ;dsIfLx?n] s] s:tf gofF
;'?jftx? cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ < gjk|jt{g ug{sf] nflu o:tf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm vf]hL ug]{ /
cfˆgf] ljifoIf]qdf ljsl;t gofF l;4fGt / cjwf/0ffx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ .

ª. hg;ª\Vof ;+/rgfsf] kl/jt{g (Demographic Changes) M kl/jlt{t hg;ª\Vof ;+/rgfn] s'g}

klg ljifoIf]qsf] eljio k|If]k0f ug{sf] nflu ljZj;gLo cfwf/ k|bfg u5{ . To;}u/L, a9\bf]

45
 df]6f]kg, nfdf] cfo', 3gf a:tLx?n] y'k|} gjk|jt{gLo cj;/x? l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ lsgeg]
dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof jf hd36 / hg;ª\Vofsf] dfu jf cfjZostf g} ahf/ xf] .

r= pRr r]tgf:t/ jf ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g (Changes in Perception) M ;dfhsf] r]tgf:t/ /

;f]rfOdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ a'em]/ ;do;fk]If 9fFrf, z}nL / k|ljlw cfTd;ft u/]/ yk
ljz]iftf;lxt jf gofF j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

5= gjLg 1fg (New Knowledge) M k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;j{q gofF gofF j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] nflu
;Defjgfsf] 9f]sf vf]lnlbPsf] 5 . oBlk, gofF 1fgsf] l;h{gf ePkl5 To;nfO{ pkof]uof]Uo
k|ljlwdf ljsf; ug{ / k|of]ustf{;Dd k'¥ofpg nfdf] ;do nfUg ;S5 .

*= gjk|jt{gsf l;4fGtx?
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 cGtu{tsf sf]if tyf sfo{qmdx?n] gjk|jt{g ;DaGwL ljutsf k|of;n] ck]lIft kl/0ffd
lbg g;s]kl5 cfufdL lbgdf gjk|jt{gnfO{ lgb{]lzt ug{sf] nflu Design with the Users,
Understand the Existing Ecosystem, Design for Scale, Build for Sustainability, Be Data
Driven, Use Open Standards, Open Data, Open Source, and Open Innovation, Reuse and
Improve, Do no Harm and Be Collaborative nufotsf bz l;4fGtx? cjnDag u/]sf 5Gf\ .

gjk|jt{gsf] k|d'v hf]lvd g} To;sf] k|of]u xf] . Psflt/ gofF cf}hf/, pks/0f jf cEof;x? t'?Gt}
k|of]udf cfpFb}gg . ;'?df gofF k|ljlwsf lh1f;'x?sf] Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"x k|yd k|of]ustf{x? (Early
Adopters) sf] ?kdf cufl8 cfpF5 . To;kl5 b"/b[li6 ePsfx? (Visionaries) s]xLn] bf];|f] r/0fdf
k|of]u u5{Gf\ . t];|f] r/0fdf Jojfxf/jfbLx? (Pragmatists) sf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d"xn] To; gofF k|of]unfO{
:jLsf/ u5{ . rf}yf] r/0fdf k'/ftgjfbLx? (Conservatives) klg c? eGbf k5fl8 kl/G5 ls eGg]
8/n] k|of]u ug{ yfN5Gf\ . cGtdf, x/]s gofF s'/fsf] s8f k|ltjfb / ;Gb]x ul//xg] ;z+lst (Skeptics)
ju{ klg k|of]ustf{ aGg k'U5Gf\ . gofF k|ljlw / s'g} ;d:ofsf] gofF ;dfwfgaLrdf 7"nf] km/s x'G5 .
Pp6f gofF k|ljlwn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{df d2t ub{}g eg] Tof] pkof]lutfljxLg 7xl/G5 . To;}n]
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg gjk|jt{gLo sfo{sf] s]G›ljGb'df /xG5 . gofF s'/f klxn]sf] eGbf ;:tf], 5f]6f], l56f],
/fd|f] jf alnof] x'G5 / gjk|jt{gsf] k/LIf0f tyf k|of]usf] hf]lvdsf] nfut eGbf kl5 k|fKt x'g] nfe jf
k'/:sf/sf] /fzL a9L x'G5 eGg] sYonfO{ tYo / k|df0f;lxt b]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 .

gjk|jt{g ;lhnf] 5}g . kfOn}lkR5]sf lj/f]w, cj/f]w, cfnf]rgf, c;xof]u, åGå nufotsf ;ª\3if{x?;Fu
lg/Gt/ n8]/ lht xfl;n gu/L gjk|jt{gsf s'g} sfd cl3 a9fpg ;lsFb}g . gjk|jt{gsf] x/]s
r/0fdf k'/fgf :yflkt lgodx? tf]8\g' kg{] ePsf]n] Joj:yfkg;Fu lbgx'F cg'dlt dfUb} lxF8]/ ;fWo x'Fb}g,
Ps} k6s cfddfkmL jf 5'6 dfUg'k5{ . pBdzLn JolQmTjsf] Pp6f d'Vo u'0f g} s] xf] eg] p;n]
s;};Fu cg'dlt dfUb}g, p;sf sbdx?nfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ u5{Gf\ . gjk|jt{gsf] k|of]u kZrft\ k|fKt x'g]
j:t'nfO{ klxnf] k6s x]bf{ jf 5'Fbf g} k|of]ustf{sf] dg 5'g] / pkof]u ug{ ?rL hufpg] :t/sf] cfsif{s
Pj+\ pRr u'0f:t/ x'g'kb{5 . cfsif{0fxLg tyf sdhf]/ u'0f:t/sf] pTkfbgn] k|of]ustf{sf] dg lhTg
;Sb}g . To;}n], pTkfbg jf k|lqmofsf] gjk|jt{g (Product or Process Innovation), gjk|jt{gsf]
dfqf (Scale of Innovation), k|ljlw cËLs/0f rqm (Technology Adoption Curve), gjk|jt{ssf]
b'ljwf (Innovators Dilemma), a]Un} gjk|jt{g PsfO{ jf o'4 sIf (Separate Innovative Unit or
War Room), gofF 9fFrfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ (Prototype and Iterate), ;dfwfg ls k|ljlw

46
(Solutions or Technology), cfly{s d"No (Economic Value), pBdzLn JolQmsf] cfjZostf
(Entrepreneur Required) / u'0f:t/ (Quality) nfO{ gjk|jt{gsf ;fdfGo l;4fGt tyf /0fgLltx?
dflgPsf] 5 .

(= g]kfndf gjk|jt{gsf] cj:yf

gjk|jt{gdf g]kfnn] cem} nfdf] km8\sf] dfg{'kg]{ 5 . jN8{ OG6n]SRo'n k|f]k6L{ cu{gfOh];g -jfOkf]_ n]
lgsfn]sf] gjk|jt{g ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg cg';f/ g]kfn ;g\ @)!* sf] !)& cf}F :yfgaf6 ;g\ @)!( df
(% cf}F :yfgdf plSnPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] (% cf}F :yfgdf g]kfn /x] klg sd cfo ePsf d'n'sx? leq
eg] g]kfn t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] dWo tyf blIf0f Pl;ofdf 5}7f}F :yfgdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of]
k|ltj]bgn] ljz'4 gjk|jt{gnfO{ dfq} cfwf/ gagfP/ j}1flgs n]v tyf cGt/f{li6«o hg{nx?df 5flkPsf
k|sfzgnfO{ klg cfwf/df dfGg] x'gfn] ;g\ @)!( df g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnodf ePu/]sf sfdaf6 5flkg]
cg';GwfgfTds n]vx?df j[l4 ePsf] x'g ;S5 . o;sf cltl/St, kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfndf klg ;"rgf
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t gofF gofF :6f6{ ck Joj;fox?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf tLj|tf cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/
xfd|f] lzIf0f k4ltn] ljBfy{L{df /rgfTdstf a9fpb} n}hfg'sf] ;f6f] vfnL s]xL ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{]
/f]af]6 agfpFb} 5 . :s'n sn]hsf] jf:tljs sfd g} ljBfy{L{sf] l;h{gzLntfnfO{ lgvfg{' ePtfklg
clxn]sf] 3f]sGt] k9fO hLjgf]kof]uL aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . afnaflnsf tyf o'jfju{df lh1f;'kg x/fpFb}
uPsf] kfOG5 . lzIffn] gjLgtfnfO{ :yfg glbPsf], ljBfy{L{sf] l;h{gzLntfdf x|f; cfPsf] / cln km/s
;f]Rg] ljBfy{L{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg gu/]sf] cj:yf 5 .

;h{sx?sf] af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ k|ltlnlk clwsf/, 6«]8dfs{, k]6]G6, cflbåf/f ;+/lIft ul/g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgdf ;DklQ cfh{g ug{] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lj=;+ =
!((# df k|wfdgdGqL h'4 zDz]/n] g]kfn k6]G6 l8hfoGf / 6«]8dfs{ sfg"g agfO{ nfu" u/]/
gjk|jt{gsf] k|j4{gsf] nflu sfg"gL cfwf/ v8f u/]sf lyP . kl5, k]6]G6, l8hfOg / 6«]8dfs{ P]g, @)@@
th{'df eof] . k|ltlnlk clwsf/nfO{ lgodg ug{ ;a} If]qaf6 a]Un} sfg'gsf] dfu ePkl5 lj=;+ = @)%(
;fndf k|ltlnkL clwsf/ P]g klg hf/L ul/of] . o; cl3 af}l4s ;DklQsf rf/j6f If]qx? k|ltlnlk,
6«]8dfs{, l8hfOg / k6]G6 dfq ;+/If0f ePsf]df /fli6«o af}l4s ;DklQ gLlt, @)&# hf/L eO{;s]kl5
af}l4s ;DklQdf ef}uf]lns ;+s]t, jg:klt k|hflt ;+/If0f, Jofkfl/s uf]kgLotf, PsLs[t ;ls{6sf]
n]cfp6 l8hfOg, k/Dk/fut tyf df}lns 1fg, k/Dk/fut ;fF:s[lts cleJolQm tyf cd"t{ ;fF:s[lts
;Dkbf, h}ljs ljljwtf / cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t u/L & j6f If]q yk ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;Gf\ !((& km]a|'c/L
$ df ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL dfldnf
;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og dGqfno cGtu{t g]kfn k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non]
x]5{ eg] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] k6]G6, l8hfOg tyf 6«]8dfs{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo
dGqfno cGtu{t a]Un} ljefu:t/Lo sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . oBkL, k|ltlnlk clwsf/, af}l4s
;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/ / k6]G6, l8hfOg tyf 6«]8dfs{ ;DaGwL] clwsf/sf] k|rng tyf sfof{Gjog
kIf k|f/lDes r/0fd} /x]sf]n] /fd|/L :yflkt eO{;s]sf] 5}g . sltko gofF pBf]uL, Jofj;foLx?n]
k|rf/sf] nflu dfq} cfOP;cf] k|df0fkq lng k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lnlR5jLsfn / dNnsfndf ljsl;t ePsf] d'lt{snf, jf:t'snf, sfi7snf,

lrqsnf, uLt, ;ËLt, ;flxTo, /Lltlylt, e]ife'iff, vfgkfg, /xg;xg, afhfufhf, ljlzi6 k/Dk/f,
df}lns pTkfbg tyf k|ljlwx?n] To;a]nf g]kfnn] gjk|jt{gsf ljleGg If]qdf pTs[i6tf xfl;n ug{
;kmn ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ clxn], tL df}lns ;DklQx? qmlds IfoLs/0fsf] bzfaf6
47
u'lh|/x]sf 5Gf\ . ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx? nf]k x'g] vt/fsf] ;"rLdf k/]sf 5g\ . k'/fgf] k|ljlw / ;Lksf]
Jojl:yt clen]vLs/0f x'g g;Sbf / gofF k':tfdf ;Lk x:tfGt/0f x'g g;s]sf]n] nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf
k'u]sf] xf] . ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf] ;/sf/L lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] k'/ftTj ljefun] cfˆg} ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] sfd ug{
;s]sf] 5}g . k'/fgf ;fdflhs u'7Lx? c;Ël7t Pj+ cJojl:yt 5Gf\ . gjk|jt{gsf] uf}/jdo Oltxf;
nf]k x'g] hf]lvddf 5 .

gjk|jt{gsf] lj:tf/sf] nflu ;j{k|yd cg';GwfghGo k"jf{wf/df nufgL j[l4 ug'{k5{ . g]kfndf d"ntM
oxL kIf ;a} eGbf a9L sdhf]/ 5 . s[lifhGo gofF gofF j:t' ljsf; ug]{ sfo{qmdtkm{ g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifbn] :yfkgfkl5sf ;'?jftL lbgx?df vfBfGg, kmnkm"n, / t/sf/Lsf df}lns g]kfnL
j:t'x?sf] ljsf;df u/]sf] pknlAw pbfx/0fLo dflgPsf] lyof] . gLltut?kdf j}1flgs, k|fljlws jf
s'g} ;h{snfO{ gofF vf]h / cfljisf/ ug{ pT;flxt agfO{ lj1fg k|ljlw tyf gjk|jt{gsf] ljsf; ug{'sf]
;fy} 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh, 1fgdf cfwfl/t pBf]u / 1fgdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug{] p2]Zo
lnP/ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw gLlt @)^! hf/L ePsf] lyof] . ;f] gLltdf ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g ub{} xfn
lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf gjk|jt{g gLlt, @)&^ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . pQm gjk|jt{g gLltn] /fli6«o
gjk|jt{g sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug{] ;f]r klg lnPsf] 5 . s[lif, :jf:Yo, jg nufot lj1fg If]qsf cg';Gwfg
;+:yfx? / ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]un] pRr lzIffdf ul/g] cg';Gwfgdf cfly{s ;xfotf, 5fqj[lQ,
Pj+ cg'bfg lbg] u/]sf 5g\, h'g jf:tljs dfu tyf cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf ck'u 5 . ;+If]kdf,
g]kfndf cg';Gwfg / gjk|jt{gsf sfd tyf lhDd]jf/L ljleGg lgsfodf 5l/P/ /x]sf] 5 . ;a} If]qdf
s]xL g s]xL eO{/x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] k|j4{gdf sfo{qmdx? klg ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . t/ pNn]v ug{
nfos glthf jf pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g a]Un} /fli6«o gjkj{t{g sfo{of]hgf ag]sf] 5, g
;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug{] cnUu} gjk|jt{g ;Ë7g :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

lj1fg / lj1fg Ot/sf If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] sfd ug{ nfdf] ;dob]lv ljleGg k|lti7fg tyf
cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx? lqmofzLn 5Gf\ . ;'?jftL r/0fdf ltgsf] ;lqmotf k|efjsf/L lyof] . t/ kl5Nnf]
;do clwsf+z cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx? /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, ljrf}lnof / gfkmfvf]/x?sf] rË'ndf kmF;]/
;Í6f;Gg cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5Gf\ . j}1flgs cfljisf/ / vf]hsf] nflu ljlzi6 :jfoQ ;+:yfsf]?kdf g]kfn
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg / gLltut ;dGjosf] nflu lzIf, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno sfo{/t
/x]sf 5Gf\ . ;fljssf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnonfO{ lzIff dGqfno;Fu ufe]/ clxn] lzIff lj1fg tyf
k|ljlw dGqfno agfOPsf] 5 .

ljlwsf] zf;g / u'0f:t/df sdhf]/ /x]sf], cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'?k grn]sf] nufotsf cfnf]rgf
x'g] u/]sf] ePtfklg ljZjljBfnosf clwsf+z s]G›Lo ljefux?df Pd=lkmnb]lv lk=Pr=8L=;Ddsf]
cWoog ug{] u/fpg] cg';Gwfg s]G›x? ;~rflnt 5g\ . :jb]zd} lj1fg / k|fljlws ljifo lnP/
pRrlzIff xfl;n ug]{ ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo?kdf a9]sf] 5 . lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf gjk|jt{g gLlt, @)&^ df
j}1flgsx?sf] ;ª\Vof () xhf/ eGbf a9L /x]sf] pNn]v 5 . g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnox?n] lj1fg
;+sfodfeGbf cGo ;+sfoaf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf cg';Gwfgdf lj1tf xfl;n ug{] hgzlQm pTkfbg u/]sf]
kfOG5 . To;}u/L, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, b}ljk|sf]k Joj:yfkg nufotsf s]xL ljwfsf]
cg';Gwfg / vf]hdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws
;xof]usf] of]ubfg ;/fxgLo 5 .

g]kfndf gjk|jt{gdf jflif{s?kdf slt nufgL x'G5, cg';Gwfg jf cfljisf/sf sfo{df k"0f{sfnLg?kdf
vl6Psf j}1flgsx?sf] ;ª\Vof slt 5 / s'g ;+:yfn] cfhsf] ldltdf s'g ljifosf] vf]h ul//x]sf] 5

48
eGg] af/]df cflwsfl/s tYofÍ /fVg] kl/kf6L al;;s]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus u0fgfdf g]kfnsf pBf]ux?n]
cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df slt nufgL u/]sf 5g\ eGg] cf+s8f ;ª\sng u/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5}g .
k]6]G6 btf{sf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ePtfklg cGt/f{li6«o:t/df To;sf] ;+/If0f / /f]oN6Lsf] dfu bfaL ug]{
ljifon] Jofj;flos?df 7f]; cfsf/ u|x0f u/L ;s]sf] 5}g . oBkL, cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug]{ tyf s]xL cGo
pBf]ux?n] jif]{gL caf}{ /sd /f]oN6L jfkt ljb]zL sDkgLx?nfO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf k|ltef Joj:yfkg, 1fg Joj:yfkg, ;Dk"0f{ u'0f Joj:yfkg, ;xpTkfbg
nufotsf cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ gLltut?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] eP klg Jojxf/df ltgsf] kfngf k|efjsf/L
5}g . oBlk, Joj:yfksLo gjk|jt{gsf] ?kdf dh{/ / k|flKtsf] /0fgLltnfO{ vf;u/L a}lͪ If]qsf]
Joj:yfkgdf ;kmn?kdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] Jofj;flostf tyf bIftf
clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] lghLs/0f ljlwsf] ?kdf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg] ljifon] gLltut?kdf
k|fyldstf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs lghL If]q ;fem]bf/LnfO{ klg gLltut?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 t/ o; ;DaGwL cfjZos ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/x? k"0f{?kdf tof/ eO{;s]sf] 5}g .
sltko lgodgsf/L gLlt tyf ;+oGqx?n] gjk|jt{gnfO{ k'/:s[t ug{'sf] ;§f gofF k|of]u, k/LIf0f / vf]h
ug{] k|oTgx?df cj/f]w v8f ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

!)= gjk|jt{gsf k|d'v ;d:ofx?

k9]n]v]sf ljåfgnfO{ ;Ddfg t/ ;dfhsf pTs[i6 af}l4s JolQmTjnfO{ lt/:sf/ ug{] ;fdflhs
k|j[lQ ljsl;t x'g', cË|]hL dfWodk|ltsf] a9\bf] cfsif{0fn] ljBfy{Lx?nfO{ 3f]sGt] lzIfftkm{ pGd'v
u/fPsf]n] ;fIf/ hg;ª\Vofdf km/s ;f]r tyf cfnf]rgfTds r]tsf] cefj x'g', pRr g]t[Tjaf6
;'? x'g] gjk|jt{gLo b"/b[i6Lsf] nflu g]tfx?df hf]lvd kG5fpg] ;:s[lt ljBdfg x'g', hf]sf]xLn]
h'g;'s} sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg] ;fdfGolj1x? ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf xfjL x'gfn] k]zfut
ljlzi6Ls/0f tyf ljifout lj1tfn] plrt :yfg kfpg g;s]sf], s[lif, :jf:Yo, jg, phf{,
nufotsf lj1fg If]qsf cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx? ;DalGwt If]qsf dGqfnosf] a]jf:tfsf sf/0f
ah]6, hgzlQm, k|ljlw, k"jf{wf/ tyf cGo Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofx?n] h]lnPsf]n] ;'b[9 Pj+ ;an
x'g g;s]sf], ljifout?kdf If]qljz]if ax'ljZjljBfnox? :yfkgf ug{] gLlt cjnDag gx'g'sf]
;fy} ljZjljBfnodf df}h'b cg';Gwfg s]G› tyf k|of]uzfnfx? cfljisf/ s]G› Pj+ pTs[i6tf
s]G›sf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g g;Sg' gjk|jt{gsf k|d'v ;d:ofx? x'Gf\ .

To;}u/L, gjk|jt{gn] k'/fgf gLlt lgod, cg'ko'Qm ;+/rgf, e|i6 Joj:yfkg tyf s'zf;g, Go"g
ah]6, cbIf hgzlQm, k'/fgf] k|ljlw, lg?T;flxt sfo{jftfj/0f nufotsf ljljw gLltut,
Joj:yfksLo, ;+/rgfut tyf ;+:sf/hGo ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? em]Ng' k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf
;fj{hlgs ;Ë7gx?n] aflx/L ahf/df cfwfl/teGbf cfGtl/snfO{, gofF eGbf k'/fgf]nfO{,
kl/jlt{teGbf l:y/nfO{ / :jtGqtfeGbf lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a9L dxTj k|bfg ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;TonfO{
;To / untnfO{ unt egL k|Zg p7fpg] jf lj/f]w ug]{nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfn] bl08t ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . kb;f]kfgo'St ;+/rgfsf] sf/0f dflysf] cfb]z jf lgoGq0fsf] 3]/f aflx/ uO{ sfd ug{
hf]lvd df]Ng]n] dxFuf] d"No r'sfpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . dftxtsf] sd{rf/Ln] km/s dt /fVf]df
To;nfO{ pkNnf] clwsf/Ln] gsf/fTds?kn] u|x0f ub{5 .

49
7"nf], ax'p2]ZoLo, kb;f]kfgo'St / lgoGq0fd'vL ;+/rgf eGbf ;fgf], r]K6f], / :jfoQ ;+/rgf
gjk|jt{gsf] nflu pko'St x'G5 . Pp6} ljifosf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf / cg'ej ePsf ;fdfGo1sf]
lgoGq0fd'vL x}sd rNg] ;Ë7g eGbf km/s km/s 1fg, ;Lk / ?rL ePsf j}1flgs, ljz]if1 /
k|fljlwsx?sf] afx'Notf ePsf] v'nf tyf :jtGq sfo{jftfj/0f ePdf gjk|jt{g km:6fpF5 .
g]kfnsf ;Ë7g ;+/rgf / sfo{jftfj/0f gjk|jt{gsf] nflu k|lts"n 5g\ .

k6]G6, l8hfOg, 6«]8dfs{, slk/fO6 nufot cGo af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/x? /fd|/L
;+:yfut x'g g;s]sf], lghL If]qn] cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df vf;} nufgL gu/]sf], cg';Gwfg tyf
gjkj{t{g;DaGwL /fli6«o ;"rgfsf] cfwf/ sdhf]/ /x]sf], cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf j1flgsx?sf]
olsg ljj/0f tof/ x'g g;s]sf], g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut snf, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / k|ljlwnfO{ plrt
;+/If0f, k|j4{g ug{ g;Sg' cGo d'Vo ;d:ofx? x'Gf\ .
!!= gjk|jt{gsf] nflu tTsfn ;'wf/ ug{' kg{] s'/fx?

gjk|jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn k|f/lDes r/0fd} 5 . ljb]zLn] agfPsf j:t', oGq jf k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u /fd|f];Fu ug{ ;Sg]n] g]kfndf Jofj;flos?kdf ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;S5 . ;a} If]qdf
;d:o} ;d:ofsf kf]sf 5g\ . To;}n], gjk|jt{gsf] nflu ;j{q df}s} df}sf 5 . gjk|jt{gsf] nflu
ug{' kg{] s'/fx? w]/} 5Gf\ . gjk|jt{gsf] nflu gLlt, sfg"g, ;Ë7g, hgzlQm, k|ljlw, k"jf{wf/
h:tf cfwf/e"t kIfdf 7f]; jf pNn]Vo pknlAw xf;n eO{;s]sf] 5}g . sltko sfdx?
z"Goaf6 ;'? ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n], gjk|jt{gsf r/0f, k|sf/, dfGotf, t/Ë, 9fFrf,
l;4fGt tyf /0fgLltx?sf] ;fGble{stf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] j:t'ut d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df 6]s]/
/fli6«o sfo{of]hgf th{'df u/L r/0fa4?kdf ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug{'k5{ . o;sf]] nflu ;'?jftL
r/0fdf ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] ljifox?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

s. /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/L (Strategic Partnerships) M gjk|jt{g, vf]h / cg';Gwfgd"ns

sfo{x?df lghL If]q / ;/sf/nfO{ b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ ;fem]bf/x?sf] ?kdf l;4fGttM ;j{q
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghL If]q cg';Gwfg / pTkfbg eGbf ljb]zL j:t' tyf
k|ljlwsf] Jofkf/df /dfPsf] 5 . To;}n], gjk|jt{gsf] cu'jfO{ ;fj{hlgs If]qn] g} ug'{k5{
. ;j{k|yd, lghL If]qnfO{ cg';Gwfgdf nufgL ug{ cfslif{t ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5
eg] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;+:yfnfO{ gjkj{tgLo ;Ë7g (Innovative Organization) df
?kfGt/0f ug]{ xf] eg] To;sf] nflu ;DalGwt ljifoIf]qdf Jofj;flos lj1tf xfl;n
u/]sf] s'g} j}b]lzs /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ 5gf}6 u/L ;Demf}tf ug{'kb{5 .

v= hf]lvd lng] ;+:s[ltsf] :yfkgf ug{] (Establish Risk-Taking Culture) M gjk|jt{gsf sfo{df
ljQLo ;|f]t v]/ hfg], VoftLdf cfFr cfpg], ;sf/fTds k|efj gkg{ ;Sg] / cGo ef}lts
xflg gf]S;fgL x'g ;Sg] h:tf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd cfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . hf]lvd glng],
kb;f]kfgdf cfwfl/t, lgoGq0fd'vL k/Dk/f ;+:yfut ePsf] ;Ë7gn] s'g} kl/jt{g jf gofF
sfo{z}nL :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . a]nf]rbf/ ;Ë7gdf hf]lvd df]Ng] ;fx; x'Fb}g . gjk|jt{gn]

50
 cNksfnLg hf]lvd lng ;Sg], l56f] lg0f{o ug{] nrsbf/ ;Ë7gsf] dfu ub{5 . g]kfnn]
df}h'bf ;/sf/L cg';Gwfg ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf / sfo{k4ltdf cfd"n ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ .

u= cg';Gwfg / k/LIf0fdf nufgL (Financing for Research and experiment) M ljQLo

hf]lvdnfO{ gjk|jt{gsf] gh/af6 x]g{'k5{ . l9n} lsg gxf]:f\, gjk|jt{gn] nfutk|efjL
glthf k|bfg u5{ . gjk|jt{gsf] ;'?jftL k/LIf0f nfut vf;} 7"nf] x'Fb}g . gjLg vf]h
gu/L k'/fg} cjwf/0ffdf sfd ugf{n] ;|f]tsf] 7"nf] c+z v]/ hfG5 . To;}n] x/]s If]qsf]
cg';Gwfg / k/LIf0fdf lg/Gt/ nufgL a9fpg' k5{ . cGoyf, cfly{s j[l4df l:y/tfsf]
lg/Gt/tf sfod x'G5 . jflif{s?kdf lg/Gt/ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] sDtLdf @ k|ltzt
cg';Gwfgdf nufgL u/]df s'g} vf]h, cfljisf/ jf gjk|jt{gsf] nflu g]kfnLn] klg nfdf]
;do kv{g' kb}{g .
3= lg/Gt/ k|efj dfkg (Measuring Impact Regularly) M gofF ljefu jf zfvf v8f u/L
cfjZos ah]6 / s]xL sd{rf/L v6fpFb}df To:tf] ljefun] km6fkm6 gjk|jt{gsf] sfd u/]/ lbg
;Sb}g . gjk|jt{gsf] k|f/lDes ljrf/ nfu" ubf{ To;nfO{ /fd|/L k/LIf0f ug{], pko'Qm 9fFrf
lgdf{0f ug{], lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf dfkg ug{] nufotsf sfo{x? ug{'k5{ . of] nfdf] / k|fljlws
hgzlQmn] w]/} k6s bf]xf]/ofP/ k/LIf0f ug{' kg{] ljlw xf] . jt{dfg ;+/rgf / k|0ffnLn] ck]Iff u/]
h:tf] 7ofSs} k"j{lgwf{l/t glthf gcfpg klg ;S5 . gjk|jt{g eg]sf] gofF cfljisf/ ;d]t xf] .
To;}n] o;nfO{ sfo{;~rfng 9fFrfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ug{ ldNb}g . o;nfO{ gjk|jt{gs}
gh/n] x]g{' k5{ . Ps b'O{ k6ssf] c;kmntfnfO{ Joj:yfksLo jf ;Ë7gfTds sdhf]/Lsf] ?kdf
lng' x'Fb}g . gjk|jt{g ub{} hfg] / l;Sb} hfg] k|lqmof xf] . t;y{ j}1flgs / k|fljlwsx?nfO{
sfo{ut :jfoQtf, glthfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj / sfo{;Dkfbg ;d'lrt d"NofÍgsf] nflu ;/n Pj+
k|i6 gLltut Joj:yf nfu" ug{'kb{5 .

ª. cfGtl/s tyf afXo l;sfO (Internal and External Learning) M cfGtl/s?kn] cg';Gwfg,
k/LIf0f, lgdf{0f, jf k|of]u u/]/, k6s k6s c;kmn k|of]u u/]/ / cGt/ lgsfo jf cfof]hgf
;xsfo{ (Cross-Project Work) af6 gofF 1fg jf ;Lk l;Sg ;lsG5 eg] afXo?kn]
cfk"lt{stf{, k|d'v k|of]ustf{, ;fem]bf/, k|fljlws k"jf{wf/, ;flxTo, k|lt:kw{L{sf sfo{x?, pN6f]
lgdf{0f (Reverse Engineering), gofF k/fdz{bftf, u|fxsljz]if 9fFrf, dd{t ;]jf, uNtL vf]hL
jf u'gf;f] ;dfwfg cflb dfWodaf6 gjk|jt{gsf] kf7 l;Sg ;lsg] x'gfn] o;sf] nflu pko'Qm
sfo{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 . k|fljlws sfo{6f]nL u7g / sd{rf/L, lzIfs jf k|lzIfs
cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmdnfO{ o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

r= ljrf/, k|ljlw / dfusf] k|efjsf/L ;+of]hg (Effective Diffusion of Idea, Technology

and Demand) M ljrf/, k|ljlw / dfu dWo] s'g} Pp6fsf] dfq pkl:yltdf gjk|jt{gsf] k|oTg
ckl/kSj x'G5 eg] tL dWo] s'g} b'O{ j6fsf] pkl:yltdf gjk|jt{gdf ck"0f{tf jf l9nfO{
cfp5 . To;}n], gjk|jt{gnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ljrf/ (Idea), k|ljlw (Technology) / dfu
(Demand) sf] k|efjsf/L ;+of]hg clt h?/L x'G5 .

5= k|ltef Joj:yfkg (Talent Management) M /fli6«o k|ltefx?sf] of]hgfa4 Joj:yfkgaf6 gofF

vf]h jf cfljisf/ ug{] j}1flgsx? pTkfbg x'G5Gf\ . o;sf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf ;'ljwf;DkGg

51
 cg';Gwfg jf cfljisf/ s]G›x?sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 . gofF vf]h jf cfljisf/
/ftf/ft x'g] s'/f xf]Og . o;n] lg/Gt/sf] nfdf] ;do / >d dfu u5{ . k|ltefx?sf] klxrfg,
plrt ;+/If0f, ;Ddfg, sb/, ljsf; ug{] k|ltef Joj:yfkg rqmsf k|To]s r/0f gjk|jt{g /
l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu dxTjk0f{ x'G5Gf\ .

h= cWoog cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx?sf] pkof]u (Utilization of Research or Study Reports) M

ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] ;xfotfdf ePsf s[lif, :jf:Yo, jg, phf{, nufotsf lj1fg If]qsf
cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] s'/f t k/ hfcf]; g]kfndf
:jb]zL ;|f]tdf g]kfnL lj1x?n] u/]sf u}/lj1fg If]qsf cWoog k|ltj]bgx?sf] klg k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog gx'g] ePsf]n] ;fdfGo k|lqmofut gjk|jt{gsf sfdx?n] klg ult lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
To;}n], cfufdL lbgdf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] b/fhdf yGsfpg] k|j[lQ
x6fP/ To;sf] ;f6f] pkof]udf Nofpg] k/Dk/f a;fNg'kb{5 .

em= kl/jt{g, tgfj, c;Gt'li6 / u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] (Making
Change, Stress, Dissatisfaction and Grievances Management System Effective)M
kl/jt{g, tgfj, c;Gt'li6 / u'gf;f]x? gjk|jt{gsf ;|f]t x'g\ . logsf] clen]v j}1flgs?kdf
/fVg'kb{5 . lglZrt:t/sf] åGå jf cGt/lj/f]wn] pTkfbgd'vL j}slNks dfusf] vf]hLdf ;3fp
k'of¥pF5 . k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgaf6 s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] u|fxsd'vL b[li6sf]0faf6 gjLg,
l;h{gzLn / ;d;fdlos ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;lsG5 .

`= gjk|jt{gd'vL dfgj ;|f]t Joj:yfkg (Innovation Oriented Human Resource

Management)M of]hgf, ;Ë7g, g]t[Tj, ;dGjo, lgoGq0fh:tf Joj:yfksLo sfo{x?sf] ;fy}
egf{, 5gf}6, lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf, tflnd, ljsf;, pTk|]/0ff, k|of]u, cjsfz h:tf hgzlQm
Joj:yfkgsf x/]s kIfx?nfO{ gjk|jt{gd}qL agfpg ;s]df dfq} g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf
o;n] km'Ng], kmqmg] / kmNg] df}sf kfpg] lyof] . lgsfout?kd} gjk|jt{g zfvf v8f ug{],
gjk|jt{g clws[t egf{ ug{], gjk|j{t{g ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{],
gjk|jt{gsf] cfwf/d} sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg, kbf]Gglt tyf k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug{], gjk|jt{gsf] nflu
tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug{], a]Un} ;f]r;lxtsf k|Zg ug{], km/s dt /fVg], hf]lvd lng
rfxg]nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{], cfnf]rgfTds r]tnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{],
gjk|jt{gsf] nflu cfjZos cf}hf/, pks/0fsf] Joj:yf tyf k|of]uzfnfx? lgdf{0f ug{], cWoog,
cg';Gwfg tyf l;Sg] l;sfpg] ljifonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] xf] eg] gjk|jt{gnfO{ s'g]} klg If]qsf]
;Ë7gdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 .

6= gjk|jt{g gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog (Effective Implementation of Innovation

Policy)M g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf gjk|jt{g gLlt, @)&^ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . ;f] gLltsf]
dd{ cg'?k cfjZos P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf, sfof{Gjog of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? agfO{ k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . cf=j=@)&&÷&* sf] ah]6 jStJodf k|To]s k|b]zdf o'jf gjk|jt{g s]Gb|
:yfkgf ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;f] nIo klg k"/f ug'{kb{5 .

7= gofF lzIff gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog (Effective Implementation of New Education

Policy) M g]kfn ;/sf/n] gofF lzIf gLlt, @)&^ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . ;f] gLltsf] dd{ cg'?k pRr
lzIffnfO{ cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t agfpg] / xfn ljBdfg z}lIfs ;+/rgfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/L

52
 s'n ljBfyL{ dWo] *) k|ltztn] k|fljlws ;Lko'St lzIff cfh{g ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
ug'{kb{5 . o;af6 cbIf a]/f]huf/ hgzStLsf] ;f6f] bIf / sfo{d'vL dfgj;|f]t ljsf; x'G5 .

gjk|jt{g d'Vou/L Pp6f 6f]nLut sfo{sf] kl/0ffd xf] . o;df d'Vo e"ldsf j}1flgs / k|fljlwssf]
x'G5 . t/ pgLx? PSn}n] dfq gjk|jt{gsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ 6'Ëf]df k'of¥pg ;Sb}gg\ . ax'lgsfo tyf
ax'If]qaLrsf] ;+rf/, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{n] gjk|jt{gdf ;kmntf xft nfU5 . To;}n] gjk|jt{gnfO{
;xpTkfbgsf] cjwf/0ff elgG5 . o;sf] k"j{zt{sf] ?kdf ;Ë7gx?aLr /0fgLltut cfa4tf, ljifout
sfo{ 6f]nLx?sf] u7g, sfo{ e"ldsf jf ;Ldfsf] :ki6tf, ;"rgfsf] ;fdlos ;fj{hlgsLs/0f, cflb
kIfx?sf] 7"nf] dxTj /xG5 . gjk|jt{gsf] lj:t[t / k"0f{ of]hgf th{'df u/L, s] ug{], s;/L ug{], sxfF /
slxn] ug{] eGg] s'/fdf :ki6tf sfod ug{ /f]8Dofk agfP/} cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 . Ifdtf, ;|f]t /
cfjZostf Psflt/, gjk|jt{g csf{]lt/ x'g ;Sb}g . gjk|jt{gsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu ;Ë7gsf] ;a}eGbf
d'Vo / dxTjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ g} ;a;] a9L dxTj lbP/ ah]6, sfo{qmd, hgzlQm / k"0f{ :jfoQtf ;lxtsf]
o'4 sIf k|bfg ug{'k5{ . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, gofF ljrf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k'/:s[t ug{'sf] ;fy}
To;nfO{ nfu" ug{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug{] g]t[Tj z}nL, ;Ë7gsf] ;+:s[lt, Joj:yfkgsf] /0fgLlt / hgzlQm
Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgf x'g'kb{5 .

!@= lgisif{
cfw'lgs ;+;f/df gjk|jt{g cfly{s ljsf; / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf ;+/If0fsf] k"j{zt{ xf] . gjk|jt{g eg]sf]
s'g} Psf+sL lqmofsnfk xf]Og, of] Pp6f ;du| k|lqmof jf k|lqmofx?sf] >[ª\vnf / of]hgfa4 sfo{ xf] .
Pp6f ;fFrf] gjk|jt{gdf To;sf ;a} cf+lzs efu jf k|lqmofx? klg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ePsf]
x'g'k5{ . of] cfkm}df bL3{sfnLg k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . o;n] tTsfn} nfe jf nf]slk|otf k|bfg gug{ ;S5 .
Joj:yfkgsf cu'jfx?n] ;Ë7g, of]hgf, g]t[Tj, ;dGjo / pTk|]/0ffsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
;dfwfg ug{] gofF gofF tl/sfx?sf] vf]h u/] . tL vf]hstf{x? Joj:yfkgsf gjk|jt{s lyP . cfh klg
pgLx? k7gLo / cg's/0fLo 5g\ . ;Ël7t gjk|jt{gsf] s]G›ljGb'df k/:k/ lj/f]wL cfjZostfx?aLr
;Gt'ng sfod ug{] ljifo /x]sf] x'G5 . :yflkt k'/fgf ;Ë7gx?n] aflx/L ahf/df cfwfl/teGbf
cfGtl/snfO{, gofFeGbf k'/fgf]nfO{, kl/jlt{teGbf l:y/nfO{ / :jtGqtfeGbf lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a9L dxTj
k|bfg ub{5Gf\ . o:tf cGtlj{/f]w / tgfjx? ;Ë7gsf] x/]s tx, If]q, k|lqmof / lg0f{ox?df ljBdfg
/xG5g\ . tgfjx?aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug{' Pp6f cfwf/e"t Joj:yfksLo ;Lk xf] . To;n] ;Ë7gsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ j[l4 ug{ ;3fpF5 . cg';Gwfg, cfljisf/ tyf gjk|jt{gsf] If]qdf ;of}F ;d:of tyf
r'gf}tLx? ljBdfg 5g\ . t/ cfhsf] k|lt:kw{L{ o'udf l6ls/fVg / Unf]an OGgf]e];g OG8]S;df g]kfnsf]
:yfg pRr agfpgsf] nflu ljb]zL j:t' / k|ljlwsf] Psf]xf]/f] k|of]ustf{ alg/xg'sf] ;f6f] gofF 1fg /
;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;;fgf :6f6{ ck Joj;fox?sf] k|j4{g tyf gjk|jt{gLo ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;d'lrt
k|f]T;fxg u/]df g]kfnd} a;L a;L ljZj ahf/df k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jf lgof{t u/L e"kl/j]li7ttfsf]
sf/0f l;lh{t cljsf; dfly ljho xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/,
ljZjljBfnox?, lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? ;a}sf] ax'kIfLo
;fem]bf/L / ;dembf/L sfod x'g'k5{ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf g]kfndf gAa] xhf/ eGbf a9Lsf]
bIf hgzlQm ljBdfg 5 . gofF gjk|jt{g gLlt hf/L ePsf] 5 . dxflj/ k'gsf] g]t[Tjdf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnodf /fli6«o cfljisf/ s]G› ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd,
cGo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] gjLg vf]h / k|of]udf nfdf] ;dob]lv
lghL If]q / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?;Fu xft]dfnf] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o k|ltefx?,
o'jf j}1flgs, dlxnf j}1flgsx?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{} jflif{s?kdf k'/:s[t ug{] u/]sf] 5 eg]

53
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 :6f6{ ck Joj;fox?nfO{ ;/n shf{ pknAw u/fO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] sfo{qmd klg
;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . gf:6n] j}1flgsx?sf] ;"rLs/0f tyf ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL j}1flgsx?nfO{ :jb]z
kmsf{pg] jf b]z lxtsf] sfddf nufpg] p2]Zon] k//fi6« dGqfno cGtu{tsf] a|]g u]g ;G6/ dfkm{t\
ljljw sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . ;a} If]q Pj+ kIfx?af6 ljleGg tx / dfqfdf gjk|jt{gsf
sfdx? eO{/x]sf 5Gf\ . t/ ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] nIo e]6gsf] nflu x/]s If]qdf cem} w]/} sfd ug{
afFsL 5 .

of]hgf, ;Ë7g, g]t[Tj, ;dGjo, lgoGq0fh:tf Joj:yfksLo sfo{x?sf] ;fy} egf{, 5gf}6, lgo'lQm,
kb:yfkgf, tflnd, ljsf;, pTk|]/0ff, k|of]u, cjsfz h:tf hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf x/]s kIfx?nfO{
gjk|jt{gd}qL agfpg ;s]df dfq} g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf o;n] km'Ng], kmqmg] / kmNg] df}sf kfpg]
lyof] . lgsfout?kd} gjk|jt{g zfvf v8f ug{], gjk|jt{g clws[t egf{ ug{], gjk|j{t{g ah]6 tyf
sfo{qmd th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{], gjk|jt{gsf] cfwf/d} sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg, kbf]Gglt tyf k'/:sf/
k|bfg ug{], gjk|jt{gsf] nflu tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug{], a]Un} ;f]r;lxtsf k|Zg ug{], km/s dt
/fVg], hf]lvd lng rfxg]nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{], cfnf]rgfTds r]tnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg
ug{], gjk|jt{gsf] nflu cfjZos cf}hf/, pks/0fsf] Joj:yf tyf k|of]uzfnfx? lgdf{0f ug{], cWoog,
cg';Gwfg tyf l;Sg] l;sfpg] ljifonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] xf] eg] gjk|jt{gnfO{ s'g} klg If]qsf] ;Ë7gdf
:yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

1. Alf steinar saetre and eric brun, strategic management of innovation : managing
exploration exploitation by balancing creativity and constraint, international journal
of innovation and technology management, vol 9, No 4, 2012,
https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/235653756_Strategic
_management_of_innovation_Managing_exploration-
exploitation_by_balancing_creativity_and_constraint
2. Essential Pre-Conditions for Innovation, https://prezi.com/pcdosesicpb9/essential-
pre-conditions-for-
innovation/<frame=9a49616ebd34112362b969ed53da17b0f3d62ab3
3. Gary Hamel,The Why, What, and How of Management Innovation,
https://hbr.org/2006/02/the-why-what-and-how-of-management-innovation
4. Grahame Cox, the seven sources of innovations,
https://www.innovationink.co.uk/the-seven-sources-of-innovation/
5. https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/af}l4s ;DklQ
6. Innovation in the UN, https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-
pdf/Innovation-in-the-UN.09.2015-1.pdf
7. Marc Sniukas, Looking for inspiration 28,
https://www.slideshare.net/sniukas/strategic-innovation-1624620/28
8. R.Rothwell, Successful Industrial inovation, critical factors for the 1990s, R & D
Management, Vol 22, No 3, 221-39

54
9. Roy Rothwell, Towards the Fifth-generation Innovation Process, Science Policy
Research Unit, University of Sussex, UK, International Marketing Review, Vol. 11
No. 1, 1994, pp. 7-31, MCB University Press, 0265-1335
10. Suziyana Mat Dahan, Chia Kuang Lee, Nurhaizan Mohd Zainudin, Mohd Yusof
Taib, Innovation Process: A Review of Existing Models and Development of an
Alternative Model, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288369282
11. Veland Ramadani and Shqipe Gerguri, Innovations: Principles and Strategies,South
East European University at Tetovo, Macedonia, downloaded at,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication /4644696
_Innovation_Principles_and_Strategies
12. Waves of Innovation, The Natural Edge Project, 2004.
13. Wright, P, 2011. Sources of Innovation: Where to Look. http://www.ceoforum.
com.au/article-detail.cfm<cid=6153
14. cgGts'df/ nfn bf;, cfnf]rgfTds r]tsf nflu l;h{gzLntf,
http://www.prateekdaily.com/2019/10/blog-post_932.html
15. tof/L ljgfsf] cË|]hL dfWodn] ljBfy{L{sf] l;h{gzLntf d¥of],
https://bihanionline.com/2020/01/24364/
16. bfdf]b/ /]UdL, k|zf;gdf l;h{gzLntf, #) kmfu'g @)&^, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6,
http://annapurnapost.com/news/150202
17. lbgfgfy kf}8]n, v:sbf] g]kfnL l;h{gzLntf, https://www.dautarifm.com.np/news-
details/1819/2019-08-16

55
 k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf] ;dLIffTds rrf{
v8\u /fh /fO{
of]hgf clws[t
krai@npc.gov.np

;f/f+z
k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?jft cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ b]lv ePsf] xf] . g]kfnL ;f]r,
;|f]tdf cfwfl/t o; kl/of]hgfsf] cjlw !) jif{ /x]sf] 5 . s[lifnfO{ cfjZostf ;fk]If cfw'lgsLs/0f,
oflGqsLs/0f / cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug]{ d"n x]t'sf ;fy o; kl/of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
kGw|f}F of]hgfn] klg o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0fsf/L cfof]hgfsf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s jif{sf]
ah]6n] kl/of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ck]lIft dfqfdf o;
kl/of]hgfn] nIo xfl;n ug{ g;Sbf ljleGg k|Zg / l6Kk0fLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL s[lif
cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf ;kmn x'g ;s]df, ljb]zL ;xof]u lagf klg 7"nf kl/of]hgf ;kmn agfpg ;lsG5
eGg] cfTdljZJff; a9]/ hfG5 . o; kl/of]hgfdf ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm :jb]zL ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf
o;sf c;n l;sfOnfO{ cGo kl/of]hgfdf klg k|of]u ubf{ :yfgLo cfjZostf cg'?ksf] x'g] b]lvG5 . o:t},
k|wfgdGqLsf] kbgfddf ;~rflnt o; kl/of]hgfn] k|wfgdGqL h:tf] ;+:yfsf] ul/dfnfO{ cem pFrf] agfpg
d2t ug]{5 . ljZjJoflk¿kdf k/]sf] sf]le8–!( sf] c;/sf sf/0f :jb]z kms]{sf o'jfhgnfO{ klg s[lif
sd{df nufO{ /f]huf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy}, cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfdf s[lifsf] of]ubfgnfO{ u'0ffTds
agfpg klg o;n] dbt k'¥ofp5 . cGttM kl/of]hgfsf] ;kmntf dfkm{t\ ljZjJofkL qf; / lg/fzfsfaLr
g]kfnL hg / dgdf cfzfsf] ;~rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= k[i7e"ldM
k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?jft cf=j= @)&#÷&$ b]lv ePsf] xf] . g]kfnL ;f]r,
;|f]tdf cfwfl/t o; kl/of]hgfsf] cjlw !) jif{ /x]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] s'n cg'dflgt nfut ?=
! va{ #) ca{ &$ s/f]8 @) nfv /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n v]tLof]Uo hldg #) nfv (! xhf/ x]S6/
/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf @)^* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s[lif hldgsf] cf};t cfsf/ )=^* x]S6/ / k|lt
lsQfsf] cf};t cfsf/ )=@! x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 . v08Ls[t hldgdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf lgjf{xd'vL v]tL
k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .
s[lifnfO{ cfjZostf ;fk]If cfw'lgsLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f / cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug]{ d"n x]t'sf ;fy o;
kl/of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . kGw|f}F of]hgfn] o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0fsf/L
cfof]hgfsf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s jif{sf] ah]6df kl/of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ ck]lIft dfqfdf o; kl/of]hgfn] nIo xfl;n ug{ g;Sbf
ljleGg k|Zg / l6Kk0fLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf plNnlvt kl/k|]IonfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL, o;
kl/of]hgfsf]] d'Vo cjojx¿sf] ;dLIff k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

56
@= k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf p2]Zox¿M
o; kl/of]hgfsf p2]Zox¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M
• k|dv' s[lif pkhx¿sf] ljlzi6Ls[t If]qx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{,
• lgof{tof]Uo s[lif j:t'x¿sf] d"No clej[l4 ub}{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{,
• s[lifnfO{ ;Ddfghgs gfkmfd'vL Joj;fosf ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{,
• ax';/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ aLrsf] sfo{d"ns ;dGjo dfkm{t\ k|efjsf/L ;]jfk|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttf
ug]{ .
#= /0fgLltM
pko'{Qm p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lglb{i6 ul/Psf /0fgLlt o; k|sf/ 5g\ . ;fy}, xfn;Ddsf] kl/of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] cfwf/df /0fgLltsf] ;dLIff b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
• e"ldsf] j}1flgs pkof]uM
e"ldsf] j}1flgs pkof]usf nflu df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm / afnLsf] pko'Qmtf cg';f/ d'Vot ;xsf/L
v]tL, s/f/ v]tL, lnh v]tLdf rSnfaGbL ul/g] Joj:yf pNn]v 5 . t/ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,
lgodnfO{ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sbf hUufsf] rSnfaGbL / Jofj;flos ;fd"lxs v]tLn]
d"t{ ¿k lnPsf] kfOb}+g .
• cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlwsf] cjnDagM
s[lif ;fdu|L, /f;folgs / k|fËfl/s dn Joj:yfkg, pTkfbg k|ljlw pNn]v ePsf]df esf/f]
;'wf/ h:tf lqmofsnfkdf kl/of]hgf cNdlnPsf] 5 .
• s[lifdf oflGqsLs/0fM
s[lifdf oflGqsLs/0fsf nflu s:6d xfol/ª ;]G6/sf] :yfkgf ug]{ /0fgLlt pNn]v ePsf]df
s:6d xfol/ªsf] 9fFrf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df p:t} x'Fbf k|efjsf/L aGg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
• s[lif pkhx¿sf] k|zf]wg tyf ahf/Ls/0f k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;M
l;FrfO{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, kf]i6 xfe]{i6 ;]G6/, s[lif ahf/ k"jf{wf/ / ;8s k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{
elgP klg ;fgf l;FrfO{ / kf]i6 xfe]{i6 ;]G6/df a9L s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . kf]i6 xfe]{i6 ;]G6/sf]
cEof; o;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvb}+g .
• s[lif cg';Gwfg,lzIff,k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9 ;dGjo Pj+ cfw'lgsLs/0fM
s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, hf]g tyf ;'k/hf]g cg';Gwfg, lzIff / k|;f/ PsfO, s[lif
:gfts OG6{gsf] Joj:yf /x] klg g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb nufotsf bIf hgzlQm pkof]u
ug{ g;Sbf cg';Gwfgn] k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . :gfts OG6{gsf] cEof; eg] pNn]Vo
ePsf] kfOG5 .
• k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] cjnDagM
s[ifs, s[lif pBdL, ;d"x / s[lif ;xsf/LnfO{ k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf
/x]sf]df cg'bfgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxgdf geO{ s[lif oGq nufotsf nflu j:t'df cg'bfg lbOg]
u/]sf] 5 . cg'bfgsf b/ klg ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr km/s, km/s /xbf Pp6}
kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf Ps?ktf kfOb}+g .

57
• u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f tyf vfB :jR5tf clej[l4M
3'lDt k|of]uzfnfx?sf] k|of]u, cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf k|fKt Nofax¿sf], ljiffbL b|'t k/LIf0f
k|of]uzfnfsf] k|fjwfg /x]sf]df o;sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yf lgs} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . ;'k/hf]gdf
/x]sf] vfB clws[tsf] b/aGbL plNnlvt k|fjwfgnfO{ d"t{ agfpg /flvPsf] lyof] eGg
;lsG5 .
• jftfj/0f kl/jt{g cg's"lnt s[lif k|0ffnL cjnDagM
jftfj/0f kl/jt{g cg's"lnt s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cg';Gwfg, lzIff / k|;f/ pNn]v
ePklg o; /0fgLlt k|flKtsf] ljifo k|fyldstfdf gk/]sf] b]lvG5 .
$= kl/of]hgfsf ;Defux¿ M
kl/of]hgfsf ;Defux¿ b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\M
• kl/of]hgfsf ;Defux¿df ;fgf Jofj;flos pTkfbg s]Gb| -ks]6_ ljsf; sfo{qmd,
• Jofj;flos s[lif pTkfbg s]Gb| -Ans_ ljsf; sfo{qmd,
• Jofj;flos s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| -hf]g_ ljsf; sfo{qmd,
• j[xt Jofj;flos s[lif pTkfbg tyf cf}Bf]lus s]Gb| -;'k/hf]g_ ljsf; sfo{qmd
pQm ;Defux¿sf] ;DaGwdf ks]6, Ans k|b]z ;/sf/ cGtu{t sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] lyof] . hf]g /
;'k/hf]g eg] ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/ cGtu{t eO/x]sf] 5 . ks]6, Ansaf6 s;/L hf]g / ;'k/hf]gdf a9f]Q/L
x'g] < sfof{ljlw cg'?k hf]g, ;'k/hf]gsf] If]qkmn gk'Ug] xf] eg] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/g'kb{5 .
k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/aLrdf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ ;3g gePsf] xf] eg] 3gLe"t
agfpg'kb{5 . oL ;a}nfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g' h?/L 5 .
o; kl/of]hgf ;'? ePsf] jif{ /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 :ki6 eO;s]sf] lyPg . ;+3n] kl/of]hgf k|b]z
tyf :yfgLo txnfO{ kl/of]hgf x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] ;'? jif{ ks]6 tyf Ans :yfgLo txn] ;~rfng
u/]sf lyP . t/ kl5Nnf] jif{ ks]6 tyf Ans k|b]z txnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
cfufdL jif{b]lv eg] ks]6 ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo txdf lglxt ul/g'kb{5 . Ans ;~rfng eg]
k|b]z txaf6 ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . hf]g / ;'k/hf]gsf] ;~rfng ;+3af6 g} ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
%= s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt (ADS) / kl/of]hgf M
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ˆNofu;Lk sfo{qmdnfO{ k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfn] xfl;n ug{
k|ToIf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 9fFrfdf tof/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] d"No >[ª\vnf ljsf;
sfo{qmdnfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] ks]6, Ans, hf]g / ;'k/hf]gsf] :yfkgf dfkm{t\ xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
bf];|f] ˆofu;Lk s[lif lzIff tyf k|;f/ sfo{qmdnfO{ s[lif :gftsx¿nfO{ OG6g{sf] ¿kdf kl/rfng ug]{
Joj:yfn] ;Daf]wgsf] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
t];|f] ˆNofu;Lk sfo{qmd gj k|jt{g tyf Joj;fo ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ks]6, Ans,
hf]g / ;'k/hf]gx¿df s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fox¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;xsf/L lghL
If]q tyf nlIft ;d"xx¿, o'jf, dlxnf tyf ljkGg ju{x¿sf] nflu cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

58
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] rf}yf] dxTjk"0f{ ˆNofu;Lk sfo{qmd vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug{ ks]6, Ans, hf]g / ;'k/hf]gsf] pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{ 3'DtL k|of]uzfnf ;]jf
;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] vfB :jR5tf u'0f:t/ sfod u/L vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug{ 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 .
o; kl/of]hgfsf] ;Defusf ¿kdf /x]sf ks]6, Ans, hf]g / ;'k/hf]g :yfkgf cfjZostf / dfkb08df
cfwfl/t geO{ ;:Tff] nf]slk|otfsf] nflu eP;Dd s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt xfl;ndf of] ;xfosl;4 aGg
;Sb}+g .
^= kGw|f}F of]hgf / kl/of]hgfM
kGw|f}F of]hgfn] o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0fsf/L cfof]hgfsf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . s'n
ufx:Yo{ pTkfbgdf @& k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] / ^)=$ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof cfa4 ePsf] s[lif
If]q cfly{s ;d[l4sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . pRr / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4sf] nflu s[lif If]qsf] j}1flgs
tl/sfn] ;'wf/ ug]{ ljutsf k|of;nfO{ ;3g agfO pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ;xof]uL kl/of]hgfsf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] o; kl/of]hgfn] s[lif,
kz'kG5L tyf dT:ohGo pTkfbgsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f / ljljwLs/0f u/L o;
If]qnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L b]znfO{
ljleGg afnL, j:t'x¿df cfTdlge{/tf tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg o; kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u ug]{ ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 .
kGw|f}F of]hgfdf s[lif If]qsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg 36fpb} nfg] elgP klg sf]le8sf
sf/0f ;]jf tyf pTkfbg If]qdf x|f; cfpg] ePsf]n] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf s[lifsf] lx:;f nIo
cg'¿k 36g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvGg .
&= kl/of]hgf / jflif{s ah]6M

cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] ah]6sf] a'Fbf g+= (# df k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfnfO{
k'gM;+/rgf u/L lj:tf/ ug{ ?= * ca{ !) s/f]8 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] . ;fy} ks]6, Ans, hf]g /
;'k/hf]gsf lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ #! afnL ljz]if / * kz'kfng u/L yk #( hf]g dfkm{t\ ^(
xhf/ x]S6/ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . ;DefJotfsf} cfwf/df kmfk/ / e6df;sf]] hf]g lgwf{/0f ul/g]
pNn]v 5 .
o;} ah]6sf] a'Fbf g+ = !)( df s[lif of]Uo hldgdf lbuf] Pj+ e/kbf]{ l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg
l;FrfO{ cfof]hgfx¿sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbO{ s[lifsf ;'k/ hf]g, hf]g, ks]6 /
Ansx¿df afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofOg] pNn]v 5 . pko'{Qm cf=j= df kmfk/ hf]g :yfkgf
ug]{ pNn]v ePklg kof{Kt If]qkmn gk'Ubf :yfkgf x'g ;s]g .
cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] ah]6sf] a'Fbf g+ = *# df k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfnfO{
k'g;+/rgf ub}{ :yfgLo ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df Ps :yfgLo txdf Ps pTkfbg ks]6 If]q sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . cfufdL s[lif jif{ yk @%) ks]6 If]q ljsf; u/L k|To]s :yfgLo txdf
sDtLdf Ps s[lif ks]6 If]q /xg] ;'lglZrt ul/g] pNn]v 5 .

59
rfn' jif{sf nflu ah]6df /x]sf] Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s b]lvb}+gg\ . dxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf ks]6n]
slt g} y]Ug ;S5 / < ;fy} sf7df8f}nfO{ pbfx/0f dfGg] xf] eg] s] sf] ks]6 ;Defjgf xf]nf
/ < o;y{ ;a}sf nflu Ps gLlt eGbf klg k|lt:kwL{ / sfof{Gjogof]Uo gLlt cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] .
*= s[lif j:t' lgof{tM

g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/, ljut kfFr jif{sf] lgof{t k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f ubf{ s'n lgof{tdf,
g]kfn Jokf/ PsLs/0f /0fgLlt (NTIS) @)!^ df plNnlvt j:t'sf] lx:;f cf};tdf $@ k|ltzt
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm j:t'x¿df cf+lzs eGbf a9L s[lif pTkfbgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cn}FrL, cb'jf,
lrof, skmL, dx, klZdgf h:tf s[lif pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg o;df /x]sf] kfOG5 .
t/ o:tf j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tsf nflu cgk]lIft Jojwfg ;do ;dodf pTkGg x'Fbf o;;Fu ;Da4
s[ifs tyf Jofj;foLx¿ pT;flxt ePsf] kfOb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cb'jf lgsf;Ldf pTkGg
sl7gfO . o:t} lrof dhb'/ / pBf]uLaLr dhb'/sf] Hofnfdf ;xdlt gx'Fbf p7g] cK7of/fsf
sf/0f pTkfbgdf x'g] afwf . ;fy} s[lif pTkfbgsf] b]zut tyf j:t'ut ljljwLs/0f klg ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . hf]g tyf ;'k/hf]gsf] cjwf/0ff s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]unfO{ sRrf kbfy{ pknAw
u/fO lgof{ttkm{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . t/ tbg?k x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
(= ;~rfns ;ldlt ;DaGwL Joj:yf M

;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;sf] d"n efj h;sf nflu ljsf; p;sf] clgjfo{ ;xeflutf /xg' k5{
eGg] xf] . ljutdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t\ ul/Psf ljsf; sfo{ ug]{ k|rng lyof] . o;}
kl/k|]Iodf ;~rfns ;ldlt o; kl/of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ffdf ;+nUg ul/Psf] x\'g ;S5 .
t/ ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 sfo{sf/L e"ldsfsf] rfxgf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g
r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . sltko hf]g, ;'k/hf]gsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt u7ggsf] nflu $
dlxgf;Dd nfu]sf] kfOG5 . sltkodf eg] ;~rfns ;ldlt u7gsf ;DaGwdf clVtof/
cg';Gwfg cfof]u nufotsf lgsfodf ph'/L k/]sf] 5 .
o;sf] e"ldsf sfo{sf/L geO ;dGjosf] xf] eGg] :ki6 ;Gb]z lbg ;lsPsf] kfOPg . o;sf]
gfd klg sfo{sf/L e"ldsfsf nflu g} h:tf] ;'lgG5 . o;nfO{ ;~rfng ug{ geO cfjZos
;dGjo ug{ ePsf]n] ;dGjo ;ldlt /fVg' pko['Qm x'G5 . gq sfof{Gjog PsfO / ;~rfns
;ldlt b'j}n] rfx]/ klg k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ sl7gfO x'g] b]lvG5 .
;~rfns ;ldltdf ks]6 tyf Ansdf ;fdfGo ls;fgsf] ;+nUgtf x'g] k|s[ltsf] x'g'kb{5 . ;fy}
hf]g / ;'k/hf]gdf eg] ;xsf/L tyf btf{ ePsf Jofj;flos ;+3, ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]
k|fjwfg /flvg'kb{5 . lsgeg] ks]6, Ansdf s[lif pBf]u / ahf/Ls/0fsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ ks]6 tyf Ansdf eg] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

60
!)= lgisif{ M

k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf g]kfnL ;f]r / ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgf xf] . of]
;kmn x'g ;s]df, ljb]zL ;xof]u lagf klg 7"nf kl/of]hgf ;kmn agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljZJff;
a9]/ hfG5 . o; kl/of]hgfdf ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQm :jb]zL ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf o;sf
c;n l;sfOnfO{ cGo kl/of]hgfdf klg k|of]u ubf{ xfd|f] kof{j/0f cg'?ksf] x'g] b]lvG5 . o:;n]
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLoaLrsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjonfO{ klg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . o:t}, k|wfgdGqLsf]
gfddf ;~rflnt o; kl/of]hgfn] k|wfgdGqL h:tf] ;+:yfsf] ul/dfnfO{ cem pFrf] agfpg dbt
ug]{5 . sf]le8–!( sf] c;/ :jb]z kms]{sf o'jfhgnfO{ klg s[lif sd{df ;lDdlnt u/L /f]huf/
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:t} cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfdf s[lifsf] of]ubfg u'0ffTds agfpg klg o;n]
d2t k'¥ofp5 . cGttM o;n] ljZjJofkL qf; / lg/fzfsfaLr g]kfnL hg / dgdf cfzfsf]
;~rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ctM pQm kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf xfn;Dd ef]luPsf sl7gfOaf6 kf7
l;Sb} cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{ lxts/ x'G5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
1. Kf|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf b:tfj]h, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, sf7df8f}F, @)&# .
2. s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno , sf7df8f}F, @)&# .
3. Kf|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf b:tfj]h ;'wf/ ;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno sf7df8f}F, @)&% .
4. s[lif pTkfbg lgof{t k|j4{gdf b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf ;DefJo ;dfwfgx¿ af/] cWoog ljZn]if0f
k|ltj]bg, /fli6«o ls;fg cfof]u, nlntk'/, @)&%
5. cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] ah]6 jQmJo, cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}F, @)&^ .
6. g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|j[lQ, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, sf7df8f}F, @)&^ .
7. cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷&* sf] ah]6 jQmJo, cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}F, @)&& .

61
 of]hgf Joj:yfkgdf hgk|ltlgwL / sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf
uf]laGbk|;fb kf08]
x'nfs clws[t
gpppandey77@yahoo.com

;f/f+z
lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu k"j{ lgwf{l/t sfdsf] ;doa4 vfsf jf b:tfj]h g} ljsf; of]hgf xf] .
of]hgfnfO{ d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, k|fyldstf, If]qut,
ljifout nIo, p2]Zo, k|fyldstf, sfo{qmd / ck]lIft k|ltkmn ;d]l6Psf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t b:tfj]h ;d]tsf
?kdf lrlgG5 . of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;"?jft ?;af6 ;g\ !(@* df ePsf] xf] . ?;sf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] gfd
kfkfltn]sf lyof] . of]hgfa4 ljsf; /fHo lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] ljsf; gd"gfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . lj=;= @)!#
;fnaf6 of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ¿kdf k~rjifL{o of]hgf nfu", @)!# ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]
:yfkgfb]lv xfn g]kfndf kGw|f}F of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo jf sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] ;do / ;fwg–;|f]tdf :t/o'Qm j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ lgof]lht sfo{k4lt g}
cfof]hgf xf] . cfof]hgf ljsf; of]hgfsf] sfof{Tds 9fFrf xf] . of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf nIo tyf p2]Zox?
xfl;n ug{sf] nflu cfof]hgf agfO{G5 . ?;f]n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ cfd
hgtfn] lgjf{rg dfkm{t\ cfˆgf hgk|ltlglwx? 5fg]/ cfˆgf] clwsf/ hgk|ltlglwnfO{ ;'Dk]sf x'G5g\ .
hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt eO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] lhDj]jf/L axg ug]{ JolQmnfO{ hgk|ltlglw eg]/ lrlgG5 .
hgk|ltlglw zAbn] /fi6«kltb]lv j8f ;b:o;DdnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg ;/sf/ p;sf] sd{rf/L
;+oGqeGbf /fd|f] x'Fb}g . s'zn /fHo ;~rfngsf] k|d'v cf}hf/ eg]s} sd{rf/LtGq xf] . h;nfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/
klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;y{ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg /fHosf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r;Fu k|ToIf ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . hgk|ltlglw
/ sd{rf/L Ps /ysf b'O{ kfË|f h:t} ePsf]n] /y cfˆgf] ultdf u'8\gsf] nflu b'a} kfË|f r':t b'?:t eP h:t}
cfof]hgf?kL /y ;dod} uGtJodf k'Ugsf] nflu hgk|ltlglw tyf sd{rf/Lsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
cfjZos kb{5 .
!= of]hgf
d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts, dfgjLo nufot ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]t
;fwgsf] cfbz{td / dxTjd ¿kdf afF8kmfF8 u/L ck]lIft ¿kdf k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt
lgsfoaf6 th{'df / :jLs[t u/fO{ sfof{Gjogdf nlug] k"j{ lgwf{l/t vfsf jf b:tfj]h g} ljsf; of]hgf
xf] . d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nflu bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, k|fyldstf, If]qut,
ljifout nIo, p2]Zo, k|fyldstf, sfo{qmd / ck]lIft k|ltkmn ;d]l6Psf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t b:tfj]h h;n]
pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ sd k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qaf6 a9L k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf / sd pTkfbgzLn
If]qaf6 a9L pTkfbgzLn If]qdf k|jfx u/L clwstd k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 .
of]hgf d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf; k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt s], sxfF, slxn], lsg, s;/L / s;n] h:tf
k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm vf]Hg] ;+oGq xf] . h;n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ljleGg e"ldsf lgjf{x stf{x¿sf]
;'lglZrttf ub}{ ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 clwstd k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] u/L ljsf; ultljlwnfO{ lgof]lht
tj/n] lbzf lgb]{z ub{5 .
of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'?jft ?;af6 ;g\ !(@* df ePsf] xf] . ?;sf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] gfd kfkfltn]sf
lyof] . of]hgfa4 ljsf; /fHo lgb]{lzt cy{tGqsf] ljsf; gd"gf xf] . xfn cfP/ /fHo lgb]{lzt, pbf/

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tyf ldl>t u/]/ tLg} k|sf/sf cy{tGq cËfn]sf d'n'sn] ;d]t of]hgfa4 ljsf;nfO{ cjnDag ug]{
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf ljsf; of]hgfsf] ljsf;qmdsf] s'/f ubf{ h'4zd;]/sf] @) jif]{ of]hgf, lj=;= @))% ;fnsf]
!% jif]{ of]hgf ;ldltsf] u7g, @))* ;fndf of]hgf / ljsf; dGqfnosf] :yfkgf / ;f]xL ;fnaf6}
ah]6 k|0ffnL nfu", lj=;= @)!# ;fnaf6 of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ¿kdf k~rjif]{ of]hgf nfu", @)!#
;fndf sfo{sf/L lg0f{o u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf, @)!$ ;fndf of]hgfd08n P]g, @)!%
;fndf of]hgf kl/ifb\ u7g, @)!* ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\ u7g, @)!( ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf
kl/ifb\ lj36g / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g, @)@( h]7 @& ut] /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] u7g h'g
kl/ifb\ xfn;Dd klg /fli6«o of]hgfsf] Ps dxTjjk"0f{ dfu{ lgb]{zs ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .
xfn;Dd @)$& b]lv @)$( / @)!* b]lv @)!( of]hgf ljxLg jif{sf ¿kdf /x]sf lyP .
rf}wf}F lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] ;dflKt / kGw|f}F of]hgfsf] ;'?jft;Fu} kf+rj6f lqjifL{o of]hgf / afsL ;a}
k~rjifL{o of]hgf /x]sf 5g\ . oL of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 w]/} If]qx¿df pT;fxhgs pknlAw
xfl;n ePtfklg hgck]lIft k|ltkmn eg] k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn g]kfndf kGw|f}F of]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljsf; sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;dod} ;~rfng / ;DkGg ug{, of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ul/Psf] sfo{ ldtJooL /
sd >d zlQmaf6 ;DkGg x'g] ePsf]n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf /fHosf] pkl:ylt l;4 ug{, pknAw ;Lldt
;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] u/L pTkfbg k|lqmofdf nufpg / k|fKt pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt
ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg, Jofkf/ rqmaf6 cfpg] ptf/r9fj / ;f] af6 kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds c;/af6
d'n'snfO{ arfpg, ahf/ cy{Jofj:yfsf ljs[ltnfO{ lgolGqt ug{, ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;sf]
dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag ug{, ;fdflhs Gofo, ljsf;, ;'/Iff / sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft\ ug{, k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qdf nufgL s]lG›t ug{, j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] pko'Qm e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ ljsf; k|lqmofdf cfw'lgs k|ljlw, :yfgLo k|ljlw, >d / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug]{,
;Gt'lnt / ;'lgof]lht ljsf; ug{ of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ul/G5g\ .
of]hgf th{'df ubf{ /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltx¿, ;/sf/n] cGt/fli6o :t/df u/]sf k|lta4tf
tyf ;Demf}tfx¿, ;/sf/n] gful/s ;dIf u/]sf 3f]if0ff / k|lta4tfx¿, ;Qfdf ePsf /fhgLlts
bnsf 3f]if0ffkq, 3f]lift /fli6«o nIo tyf k|fyldstfx¿, ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿, d'n'ssf]
;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf, cfd gful/ssf ck]Iff, dfu / bafax¿, ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf / sfof{Gjog
Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf, ljutsf] of]hgfsf] ;dLIffaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f, ljBdfg cj:yfsf] SWOT
Analysis tyf pknAw ;"rgf tyf tYofÍx¿ h:tf cfwf/x? lnOPsf] x'G5 .
@= cfof]hgf
s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo jf sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu tf]lsPsf] ;do / ;fwg–;|f]tdf :t/o'Qm j:t'
jf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ lgof]lht sfo{k4lt g} cfof]hgf xf] . cfof]hgf ljsf; of]hgfsf] sfof{Tds 9fFrf
xf] . of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf nIo tyf p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{sf] nflu cfof]hgf agfO{G5 . cfof]hgfdf
ug'{ kg]{ sfd ;f]sf] nflu nfUg] ;fwg ;|f]t tyf ;dofjwL k"j{ lgwf{l/t x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq of]hgfn] kl/nlIft u/]sf] nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb5 . ljlzi6Ls[t ;Ë7gfTds 9fFrf /
k|lqmof Pj+ Joj:yfksLo bIftfsf] dfWodaf6 ;|f]t–;fwgsf] pRrtd pkof]udf cfof]hgfsf] cf}lrTo
lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf @# j6f uf}/jsf cfof]hgf nufot cGo 7"nf demf}nf tyf ;fgf

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cfof]hgfx? /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;+3 tyf k|b]z ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox? tyf :yfgLo txaf6 ;~rfng
x'g cfof]hgfsf] w]/} 7"nf] ;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 .
#= hgk|ltlgwL
?;f]n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ cfd hgtfn] lgjf{rg dfkm{t\ cfˆgf
hgk|ltlglwx? 5fg]/ cfˆgf] clwsf/ hgk|ltlglwnfO{ ;'Dk]sf x'G5g\ . hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt eO{ /fHo
;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ JolQmnfO{ hgk|ltlglw eg]/ lrlgG5 . hg k|ltlglwdf /fi6«kltb]lv j8f
;b:o;Dd kb{5g\ . cfkm"n] lgjf{rg dfkm{t\ 5fg]sf hgk|ltlglwx?n] s] s:tf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
lgjf{rgdf 3f]if0ffkqdf plNnlvt jfrf cg';f/ sfd eof] ePg, hgk|ltlglwx? hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL
eP ePgg\ ;f]sf] x/lx;fa hgtfn] ul/ /fv]sf x'G5g\ . aLr aLrdf kqklqsf, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ tyf
;f];n ldl8of dfkm{t\ hgtfn] cfkm'n] lgjf{lrt u/]sf hgk|ltlglwsf /fd|f tyf g/fd|f sfdsf] af/]df
l6sf l6Kk0fL ;d]t ul/ /fv]sf x'G5g\ . hgtfsf] efjgf ljkl/t sfd ug]{ hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ hgtfn]
cfjlws lgjf{rg dfkm{t\ bl08t ug]{ ;d]t ub{5g\ . sltko b]zdf cfkm'n] lgjf{lrt u/]/ k7fPsf
hgk|ltlglwn] /fd|f] sfd gu/]df hgtfn] k|TofJxfg dfkm{t\ lkmtf{ af]nfpg kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t
u/]sf] kfO{G5 . hg k|ltlglwx? cfjlws ?kdf lgjf{lrt x'g] ub{5g\ . xfn g]kfndf ;ª\3Lo ;+;b ##$,
k|b]z;ef ;b:o %%), lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf k|d'v, pkk|d'v tyf ;b:ox? u/]/ *$&, :yfgLo
txsf k|d'v pkk|d'v u/]/ !%!(, j8f cWoIf ^&$# tyf j8f ;b:o @^(&@ u/]/ hDdf #^(^% hgf
hgk|ltlglwx? k|ToIf tyf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf] k|lqmofaf6 hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt eO{ /fHo
;~rfngsf ljleGg kbdf lqmofzLn /xg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
$= sd{rf/L
sd{rf/L /fHosf nlIft p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{ lqmofzLn /xg] :yfoL ;+oGq xf] . sd{rf/Lx? lglZrt
k|lqmof k'/f u/]/ ;+j}wflgs lgsfoaf6 cfˆgf] of]Uotfsf cfwf/df 5flgP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . ;/sf/ hg
lgjf{lrt lgsfox?af6 ljlgof]lht ah]6nfO{ P]g sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /xL sfof{Gjog u/]/ nlIft
pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ sfddf sd{rf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . elgG5 hgtfn] ;/sf/sf] cg'xf/
p;sf] sfof{Gjog ;+oGq tyf nfUg] wf/ dflgg] sd{rf/L?kL P}gfsf] dfWodaf6 x]b{5g\ . s'g} klg
;/sf/ p;sf] sd{rf/L ;+oGq eGbf /fd|f] xF'b}g . s'zn /fHo ;~rfngsf] k|d'v cf}hf/ eg]s}
sd{rf/LtGq xf] . h;nfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;y{ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg /fHosf]
bL3{sfnLg ;f]r;Fu k|ToIf ufFl;Psf] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cGo ;]jfsf] dfu{bz{s sf] ?kdf lnOG5 . xfn ;ª3Lo lghfdtL
;]jfdf sl/a $% xhf/, k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jfdf sl/a @@ xhf/ / :yfgLo ;]jfdf sl/a && xhf/
sd{rf/L b/aGbL :jLs[t ePsf] 5 eg] g]kfndf lghfdtL, ;]gf, k|x/L, lzIfs nufot u/]/ sl/j rf/
nfv sd{rf/Lx? /x]sf 5g\ . b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iff, ;]jfk|jfx tyf ljsf; lgdf{0sf sfddf sd{rf/L
;+oGqsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf tyf e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . of]hgf, cfof]hgf, lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf
;Gbe{df ;+3 tyf x/]s k|b]zdf of]hgf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 ;+3 tyf k|b]zsf dGqfnox?df
of]hgf dxfzfvf, of]hgf zfvf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg zfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] ljefu tyf
sfof{Gjog:t/sf sfof{nox?df ;d]t of]hgf zfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . :yfgLo txdf of]hgf
zfvf tyf k|fljlws zfvfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . :yfgLo txsf j8f sfof{nox? of]hgf lgdf{0f
tyf sof{Gjog ug]{ hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf]sf ;/sf/ x'g\ . of]hgf tyf cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjodf
dGqfnosf ;lrj, dxf+lgb]{zs, of]hgfdf sfdug]{ zfvf dxf+zfvfsf k|d'v, cfof]hgf Joj:yfks,

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sfof{no k|d'v, :yfgLo txsf k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t, k|fljlws tyf n]vf ;d"xsf sd{rf/L x'b} j8f
;lrj ;Ddsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .
;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGqsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|d'v bfloTj ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug{ lg/Gt/ st{Jo lgi6 /xg' xf] . ;/sf/n] /fv]sf] ;f]r tyf lnPsf] nIosf] ;kmntfsf
nflu lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf Pj+ of]ubfg dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . d'n'sdf k|To]s
j:tL, 6f]n, j8f, ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf, ;]jf s]G›, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf, k|b]z / ;+3:t/ u/L ;a}
ef}uf]lns If]qdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] st{Jo lgjf{x u/L cfPsf 5g\ . 6fpsf] b'v]sf]
hgtfnfO{ l;6fdf]n lbg], h'sf k/]sf kz'j:t'nfO{ cnlaG8fhf]n lbg]b]lv k|fs[lts ljklQdf k/]sfnfO{
p4f/ ug]{ / /fxt lbg] sfddf lghfdtL sd{rf/L cxf]/fq vl6Psf 5g\ . ljb]zl:yt lgof]ub]lv lzIff,
s[lif, jg, k"jf{wf/ / zflGt ;'/Iff nufotsf ;a} If]qdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] lhDd]jf/L axg ul//x]sf
5g\ tfklg lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt cfd hgtf ;Gt'i6 5}gg\ . hg rfxgf cg';f/ cfkm'nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{
g;s]sf] sf/0f o;f] x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .

%= cfof]hgfsf nflu cTofjZos tTjx?

s_ bfo/f lgwf{/0f
cfof]hgfsf] cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ cGtu{t o;sf] bfo/f Ps dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . bfo/fdf
kl/of]hgfsf] ;fOh, nIo, / cfjZostfx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . s'g} klg sfd lglZrt bfo/df
/x]/ u/]df dfq ck]lIft nIo tyf p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . bfo/f lgwf{/0fsf] g]t[Tj
hgk|ltlglwn] ug'{k5{ eg] k|fljlws e"ldsf sd{rf/Lx?n] k'/f ug'{ kb{5 .
v_ ;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkg
kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfaZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg klg cfof]hgfsf dxTjk"0f{ cjoj
x'g . cfof]hgfsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg cGtu{t dfgjLo / u}/ dfgjLo ;|f]t ;fwgx?
kb{5g\ . dfgjLo ;|f]tdf kl/of]hg Joj:yfks, k|fljlws / k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf
ljz]if1x? kb{5g\ . u}/dfgjLo ;|f]tx?df ah]6, OSjLkd]G6, k|fs[lts ;|f]t kb{5g\ . kl/of]hgfsf]
ah]6 cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|f]taf6 s] slt Joxf]g]{ xf] . pQm kl/of]hgdf nfut ;xeflutf tyf
hg;xeflutfsf] cj:yf s] s:tf] x'g] xf] eGg] s'/f kl/of]hgf lgdf{0fsf r/0fdfg} :ki6 Joj:yf
ul/g' kb{5 . o;df d"No j[l4 ;d]tsf] :ki6 ?kdf cfFsng ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . OSjLkd]G6 cGtu{t
8f]h/, /f]n/, l6Kk/, 6«ofS6/ kb{5g\ eg] k|ljlwdf afXo tyf :yfgLo k|ljlw kb{5g\ .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t cGtu{t hUuf, afn'jf, lu6\6L, 9'Ëf, kfgL, df6f], sf7 tyf u|fe]n ;d]t kb{5g\ .
cfof]hgf ;kmntfsf] nflu dfly plNnlvt dfgjLo tyf u}/dfgjLo ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] Joj:yfkg
sf] ;'lglZrttf clt cfjZos x'G5 . g]kfndf cfof]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg x'g g;Sg'df ;|f]t
;fwgsf] ck|ofKttf Ps d'Vo sf/ssf] ?kdf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu uf}td a'¢
cGt/fli6o ladfg :yn lgdf{0f cfof]hgfdf afn'jf, lu6\6L, 9'Ëf, u|fe]n h:tf k|fs[lts ;fwgsf]
ck|ofKttf sf] sf/0f lgs} ;do sfd /f]lsPsf] lyof] .
;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg ug]{ ;jf]{Rr lgsfo ;ª\3Lo ;+;b, k|b]z;ef tyf ufpF gu/ ;ef
ePsf]n] cfof]hgfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljQLo ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf hgk|ltlglwx?sf] k|ToIf e"ldsf

65
 /xG5 . hgk|ltlglwx?n] lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkq dfkm{t\ hgtf ;fd' JoQm u/]sf k|ltaåtf tyf
jfrfx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L b]z, k|b]z tyf ufFp gu/sf] pGglt k|ult u/]/ cfˆgf] j}wtf k'li6
ug]{ tyf k'g hgtfaf6 :jLs[t eP/ cfpg] dfWod eg]s} ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L ljlgof]hg
xf] .
u_ ;do Joj:yfkg
cfof]hgfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ tTj ;f] cfof]hgfsf] nflu lgwf{l/t ;do xf] . s'g} klg cfof]hgfsf]
;kmntf ;f]sf] nflu lgwf{l/t ;dodf lge{/ /xG5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf cfof]hgf k"/f eof] eg]
;f] cfof]gfsf] nfut sd kb{5 eg] cfof]hgfsf] ;dofjlw a9\g uPdf nfut klg j[l4 x'G5 .
pbf/x0fsf] nflu ajO{ l;FrfO{ cfof]hgf @)$@ ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ;'?df of]
cfof]hgfsf] nfut ?=@ ca{ /x]sf]df ;dod} sfd ;DkGg gePsf] sf/0f nfut a9]/ xfn ?=&
ca{ k'u]sf] 5 . uf}td a'¢ cGt/f{li6o ljdfg :yn lgdf{0f cfof]hgfdf afn'jf, lu6\6L, 9'Ëf,
u|fe]n h:tf k|fs[lts ;fwgx?sf] cefjn] ubf{ cfof]hgf ;dodfg} ;DkGg geO{ nfut ;d]t
a9]sf] 5 . ;kmn ;do Joj:yfkgsf tLg tTjx¿ sfo{;"rL, ;dotflnsf, / sfo{of]hgf x'g\ .
sfo{;"rL cg';f/ kl/of]hgf tflnsf agfpg'kb{5 . k|To]s sfo{sf] nflu cjlw lgwf{/0f
ug{'kb{5 .
cfof]hgfsf] ;'?jftb]lv ;DkGg ug]{ cjlw;Ddsf] :ki6 ;dotflnsf agfP/ lqmofsnfk cg';f/
lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj lgwf{/0f u/]/ sfof{Gjog ul/Pdf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf cfof]hgf ;kmtnf
k"j{s ;DkGg x'g] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu :ki6 sfo{of]hgf agfpg]
sfddf sd{rf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 eg] pQm cfof]hgf sfof{Gjosf] g]t[Tj axg u/]/
sfof{Gjogdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an a9fpg] tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{
sfddf hg k|ltlglwsf] cxd e"ldsf /xG5 .
^= cfof]hgf rqmdf hgk|ltlglw / sd{rf/L
s_ cfjZostf klxrfg
;/sf/L b:tfj]h cWoog k|ltj]bg, hgtfsf] dfu / cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0faf6 ;d:of jf
cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{ ul/G5 . /fhgLlts ;f]r / sfo{qmd, bftfsf] k|fyldstf, bafa
;d"xsf] ?lr nufotsf tTjx? cfof]hgf klxrfgdf a9L xfjL x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . klxrfg
ePsf] ;d:of jf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df cfof]hgf k|:tfj tof/ ul/G5 . cfof]hgfsf] o;
r/0fdf hgk|ltlglwsf] g]t[TjbfoL tyf lg0f{ofs e"ldsf /xG5 eg] sd{rf/Lsf] k|fljlws tyf
;Nnfxsf/L e"ldsf /xG5 . laxfgn] lbgsf] emns lbG5 eg]em}F cfof]hgfsf] o; r/0fdf
hgk|ltlglw tyf sd{rf/L ;+oldt eP/ j:t'ut cfjZostf / sfof{Gjog ;DefJotfnfO{
;+of]hg ub}{ cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] v08df cfof]hgf ;kmntfsf] af6f]df cuffl8 a9\g] b]lvG5 .

66
v_ k"j{ ;DefJotf cWoog
o; r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf] dfu cfly{s, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs cflb lx;fan] ;DefJo 5, 5}g eGg]
s'/fsf] ljz]if1x¿åf/f cWoog ul/G5 / ;f]xL glthfsf] cfwf/df cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf
cWoog ug]{ jf gug]{ lgSof]{n ul/G5 . o; r/0fdf sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf k|d'v / hgk|ltlglwx?sf]
e"ldsf ;xof]uL tyf ;dGjosf/L x'G5 .
u_ ;DefJotf cWoog
o; r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotfsf] uxg cWoog ul/G5 . ljz]if1sf] 6f]nLaf6 cfof]hgfsf]
dfu jf cfjZostf, k|fljlws, ljQLo, cfly{s–;fdflhs / cGo kof{j/0fLo kIfsf] cWoog
ljZn]if0f u/L d"NofÍgsf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/G5 . ;DefJotf cWoogdf hgtfsf] dfu, pknAw
;fwg–;|f]t, ;/sf/L gLlt tyf of]hgf / nfut cfof]hgf 5gf]6sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ aGg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o; r/0fnfO{ l8kLcf/ ;d]t eGg] ul/G5 . o; r/0fdf sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf k|d'v /
hgk|ltlglwx?sf] e"ldsf ;xof]uL tyf ;dGjosf/L x'G5 .
3_ nfe nfut d"NofÍg
cfof]hgf 5gf]6 ug{'k"j{ ;DefJotf cWoogsf cfwf/df cfof]hgfsf] nfe nfut nufotsf] ;du|
kIfsf] n]vfhf]vf x'G5 . pQm d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df cfof]hgfsf] 5gf]6 ul/G5 / /fli6«o k|fyldstf
/ /0fgLlts dxTjsf] b[li6n] klg cfof]hgfsf] d"NofÍg u/L 5gf]6sf] lg0f{o x'G5 . g]kfndf
cfof]hgfnfO{ kL jfg, / kL 6' u/L b'O{ k|sf/n] k|yfldsLs/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . j:t'ut ?kdf
nfut—nfe ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfddf hg k|ltlglwx?n] /fhg}lts x:tIfk gug]{ tyf sd{rf/Lx?n]
ljwL / k|lqmof cg';f/ dg arg / sd{n] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s nfe nfut d"NofÍg u/]/ cfof]hgf
cuf8L a9fpbf nIo k|fKtLdf ;xhtf x'g] b]lvG5 .
ª_ vl/b Joj:yfkg
o; r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf] vl/b Joj:yfkg tyf cfof]hgfdf x'g] nufgLsf] 9fFrf cg';f/
cfjZostf cg';f/ nufgL / sfof{Gjogsf] plrt ;Demf}tf o; r/0fdf ul/G5 . cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;fË7lgs / k|fljlws kIfsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg u/L cfof]hgfnfO{
sfof{Gjog of]Uo agfO{G5 . o; r/0fdf ;d]t hgk|ltlglwx?n] /fhg}lts x:tIf]k gug]{ tyf
sd{rf/Lx?n] k|rlnt vl/b ljlw / k|lqmof cg';f/ cfof]hgf cuf8L a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;f]
gul/Psf] v08df ljlw / k|lqmof ldlrg] tyf lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] 5fgljgdf kg]{ hf]lvd klg
/xG5 .
r_ sfof{Gjog
cfof]hgf rqmsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ o; r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf] nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt
x'g] sfof{Gjog df]8nsf] cjnDag ul/G5 . o; r/0fdf ;Defljt hf]lvdsf] klxrfg Pj+
lg/fs/0fsf pkfox¿;lxtsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf dfkm{t\ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . o;
r/0fdf sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsf ;s[o tyf nIo pGd'v x'G5 eg] hgk|ltlglwx?sf] e"ldsf ;xof]uL
tyf ;dGjosf/L x'G5 . cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf cfpg] hUuf, dhb'/, jg nufotsf
ljljw vfnsf ;d:of ;dfwg ug]{ sfddf hgk|ltlglwsf] ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo cfjZos kb{5 .
67
 sd{rf/Ln] klg sfof{Gjog cfˆgf] dfq sfd xf] eg]/ ;f]Rg] eGbf klg cfof]hgfnfO{ ;a}sf]
;xof]u / ;dGjodf ;DkGg ug'{k5{ eGg] ;sf/fTds ;f]+r /fv]/ cufl8 a9g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
5_ cg'udg, d"NofÍg tyf k[i7kf]if0f
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjosf] qmddf cfof]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt ;'kl/j]If0f:t/sf lgsfo tyf kbflwsf/L,
;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xn] ug]{ lg/Gt/ ;'kl/j]If0f tyf lg/LIf0fnfO{ cg'udg elgG5 . cg'udgaf6
k|fKt ;'emfjaf6 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf uNtL sdhf]/L Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . s'g}
klg ljsf; of]hgfx¿ s'g xb;Dd ;kmn eof] jf ePg <, of]hgfaf6 nlIft ;d"x pk/ s]
s:tf] k|efj kg{ uof] <, of]hgf;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;fGble{stf 5 5}g < h:tf
k|Zgx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt cfwf/df ;"rsx¿ ;d]tsf] k|of]u u/L cjnf]sg Pjd ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{
k|lqmofnfO{ d"NofÍg elgG5 . of] of]hgfsf] clGtd r/0f xf] . dfkgof]Uo / p2]Zo km/s
;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, kof{Kttf x]/]/ ;d:of / sdhf]/Lsf]
;dfwfg ug{ cg'udg / d"NofÍg j}1flgs / oyfy{ x'g h?/L x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg /
d"NofÍgaf6 rfn" cfof]hgf / efjL cfof]hgfnfO{ ;d]t k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt
x'G5 . cfof]hgf rqmsf r/0fx¿ cfof]hgfsf] ljz]iftf, If]q / lsl;dsf cfwf/df km/s–km/s
x'g] eP klg d"ne"t ¿kdf cfof]hgf rqmdf ;d:of klxrfg, ljsNk lgdf{0f / 5gf]6 tyf
sfof{Gjog / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5 . clGtd d"NofÍgaf6
k[i7kf]if0f lnP/ cfufdL lbgdf yk ;'wf/ ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . cg'udg, d"NofÍg tyf k[i7kf]if0f
r/0fdf hgk|ltlglwsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf /xG5 eg] sd{rf/Lsf] k|fljlws tyf ;Nnfxsf/L
e"ldsf /xG5 .
&= lgisif{
g]kfndf of]hgfsf] cf}krfl/s ;'?jft ePsf] ^ bzs lalt;Sbf klg ljutsf sdL sdhf]/L /
uNtLaf6 gofF kf7 l;Sg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sbf xfn;Dd klg of]hgfn] to u/]sf nIo p2]Zo /
/0fgLltx¿n] ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0fdf b]lvPsf ;Dk"0f{
k|lqmofx¿df tYout ljZn]if0f / ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf / ;+Ungtf u/fO{
ljutsf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{ w]/} dxTjsf+IfL eGbf j:t'k/s / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t
of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]sf] v08df kSs} klg ;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vL
g]kfnLsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . ;du|df, hgk|ltlgwL / sd{rf/L Ps /ysf b'O{ kfË|f h:t}
ePsf]n] /y cfˆgf] ultdf u'8\gsf] nflu h;/L b'j} kfË|f r':t b'?:t x'g'kb{5, To;}u/L cfof]hgf?kL
/y ;dod} uGtJodf k'Ugsf] nflu hgk|ltlglw tyf sd{rf/Lsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
cfjZos kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
1. lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg cÍx?, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, sf7df8f}F .
2. k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg cÍx?, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, sf7df08f}F .
3. !% cf}F k~r jifL{o of]hgf, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}F .
4. uf]/vfkq, sflGtk'/, cGgk'0f{ kf]i6 b}lgs klqsfx? .

68
 ljsfzf]Gd'v b]zdf u|fdL0f ljsf;M ;Gbe{, cjwf/0ff,
cf}lrTo / ;dfwfg
eabQ ;fksf]6f
pk–k|fWofks kf6g ;+o'Qm SofDk;
bdsapkota78@gmail.com

;f/f+z
bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kZrft pklgj]zsf] cGTo;Fu} gj–:jtGq b]zx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qsf] b'/ufdL
kl/jt{g ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljsl;t ePsf ljsf;sf] df]8]nx? dWo]sf] Ps ljlzi6 df]8]n u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] .
b'u{d / lk5l8Psf If]qx¿sf] lbuf] ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ p2]Zo clª\usf/ ub}{ u|fdL0f ljsf; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf]
ljsf; ePsf] xf] . u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] rfxgfcg';f/ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|fljlws / k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf
kl/jt{g Nofpg' u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] . u|fdL0f ljsf;n] u|fdL0f hgtfsf] ;jf{]kl/ ljsf;nfO{ hgfpF5 . of]
Jofks tyf ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ff xf], o;n] s[lif tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿, ;fdflhs, cfly{s k"jf{wf/x¿, dfgj
;+;fwgsf] ljsf; cflbnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s tyf ;+/rgfut ;d:ofx? u|fdL0f
ljsf;sf afws tTjx? x'g\ . ljsf; / ljsf;;Fu hf]l8Psf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;du| b[li6sf]0faf6 cWoog /
ljZn]if0fkZrft\ plrt ljsNksf] vf]h u|fdL0f ljsf;zf:qn] ub{5 . ul/a / ljkGg ju{sf dflg;;Dd
ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn k'¥ofO{ ul/jLdfly l;wf cfqmd0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gogn] lbuf] u|fdL0f ljsf;
eljio ;'lglZrt ub{5 . u|fdL0f hgtfsf] 1fg, k|j[lQ / cEof;df b'/ufdL kl/jt{g ;lxt pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTjdf j[l4, ;d–Goflos ljt/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] lbuf] k|of]u tyf dfgj ;Gt'li6df a9f]Q/L u|fdL0f
ljsf;sf] cfwf/:tDex? x'g\ .

!= k[i7e"ld
;g\ !(%) sf] bzsb]lv dfq cfw'lgs ljsf; ;DaGwL ax; rrf{df cfPsf] xf] . bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5
Pl;of, clk|msf / Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf !)$ j6f b]zx? pklgj];af6 :jtGq eP . tTkZrft\ tL
/fi6«x¿df Ps k|sf/sf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs c:ki6tf b]vfkg{ yfNof] . bf];|f]
ljZjo'4 kl5sf] ljgf;n] k'glg{df0f{sf] dfu u¥of] . :jefj}n] ljgf;kl5sf] k'glg{df0f{ d"Nojfg\ x'G5 .
cfly{s k5f}6]kg, clzIff, j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] cefj, k/Dk/fut s[lifk|0ffnLdf lge{/tf
cflbn] ubf{ :jtGqtf k|flKt kl5 gj–:jtGq b]zsf hgtfsf] OR5f–cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvPg (Singh & Sapkota, 2073) . Psftkm{ hg;ª\Vof j[l4 tyf csf]{tkm{ hgcfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{
/fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs c;Ifdtfsf] sf/0f tL gjf]lbt /fi6«x¿df Ps k|sf/sf] cGof}n, c:ki6tfn]
ubf{ lbzfxLg cj:yfsf] jftfj/0f pTkGg eof] . o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ /a{6 Dofsgdf/fn]
(Robert McNmara) eg]sf lyP, ……gj–:jtGq b]zx¿df s'kf]if0f, clzIff, /f]u, k|b'lift jftfj/0f,
cToflws afnd[To'b/ tyf sd cf};t cfo' h:tf s'/fx¿n] dflg;sf] d"No / dfGotfdfly g} k|Zg lrGx
nfu]sf] cj:yf l;h{gf eof]Æ (Rist, 2008) . o:tf] bb{gfs cj:yfdf ul/jL / cljsl;t cj:yfaf6
tTsfn} kf/ kfpg ;Sg] s'g} rfgr'g] s'/f] klg lyPg . oBlk ;Defjgf / ljsNksf] vf]h eg] cjZo
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] x]t'n] cNkljsl;t tyf cljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf ljsf;sf nflu gofF–gofF df]8]n
(Models) x¿sf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] . o:t} df]8]nx¿dWo] b'u{d / lk5l8Psf If]qx¿sf] lbuf] ¿kfGt/0f
ug]{ p2]Zo clª\usf/ ub}{ u|fdL0f ljsf; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .

69
@= cjwf/0ff
ljsf;nfO{ cfly{s j[l4sf] gh/n] dfq x]bf{ ck'/f] x'G5 eGg] cg'ej ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsd} k|df0fLt
eof] . cfly{s j[l4, klZrdf pkef]u ;+:s[lt / cfw'lgsLs/0f l;4fGtn] ljsf;sf] ahf/df ;Qf
hdfP . oL ;a} cEof; dflyaf6 tn /;fpFb} hfg] (Top Down/Trickle Down Apporach) k|f¿kdf
cfwfl/t lyP . ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotfdf cl9Psf lyP . ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn lj:tf/}–
lj:tf/} s]Gb|af6 ufpF:t/;Dd kfgLsf] yf]kf em/]e}m emb{5 eGg] dfGotf af]s]sf cfw'lgsLs/0f /
cf}Bf]lus j[l4 ;DaGwL k|f¿kn] s[lif gLltdf vf;} dxTj lbOPsf] lyPg . pgLx¿ /;fpFb} emg]{ (Trickle
down) k|f?kn] u|fdL0f hghLljsfdf ;f]r]h:tf] ;'wf/ Nofpg ;s]g . u|fdL0f hgtf ljsf;sf]
k|ltkmnaf6 nfeflGjt x'g ;s]gg\ . ;g\ !(&) sf] ;'?df s[lifnfO{ u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ;dfgfyL{sf ¿kdf
lnP/ s[lif pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{ x]t'n] ;Ifdtf / ;dtf (Efficiency and equity) h:tf p2]Zo
af]s]/ ;fgf ls;fg ;xof]u (Supporting smallholder agriculture) sfo{qmd cfof] . s[lif / u|fdL0f
ljsf;nfO{ dxTjsf ;fy x]l/of] t/ klg ufpFsf] t'ngfdf yf]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] ;x/df nufgLsf] k|jfx
(Flow of investment) al9 eof] . ufpF cf]em]ndf k¥of] . ;dtf / ;Ifdtfsf] (Efficiency and
equity) ;§f c;dfgtf b]lvof] . tTkZrft\ s[lif cy{zf:qLx¿sf] Wofg u|fdL0f / s[lifsf] ljsf;df
¿kfGtl/t eof] . cy{zf:qL lnK6gn] (Lipton) ;x/d'vL ljsf; gLlt (Urban bias in Development
policy) eg]/ v'n]/} cfnf]rgf u/] . ;dtf, ;dfgtf, sfo{s'ztf ;lxtsf] u|fdL0f ljsf; cfjZos 5
eGg] cfjfh cy{zf:qL lnK6gn] (Lipton) p7fP . pgsf] k'gM ;Ifdtf / ;dtf sfod u/fpgsf nflu
u|fdL0f If]qdf ;|f]tx¿sf] k'glj{t/0f ;DaGwL ax; nf]slk|o aGof] (Eills & Bigg, 2001) .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] !(&) sf] bzsnfO{ u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] bf];|f] bzssf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u¥of] . 3f]if0ff;Fu}
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf gofF ;f]rsf] hGd eof] . gofF ;f]r cg'';f/ u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs
tyf cfly{s ;+/rgf, ;+:yf, ;DaGw / k|lqmofdf x'g] ;fy{s ¿kfGt/0f u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] d'ne"t kIf
aGof] . tTsfnLg ;dodf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] nIo s[lif / cfly{s j[l4eGbfdfly p7]/ ;fdflhs / cfly{s
;Gt'ng;Dd lj:tf/ eof] . ;dofGt/;Fu} ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsaf6 u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] …s[lif–pTkfbg…
s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g cfof] (Ellis & Biggs, 2001) . tTkZrft\ u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ Pp6f
lglZrt dfgj ;d"x, d"ntM u|fdL0f ul/ax¿sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg l8hfOg
ul/Psf] Ps /0fgLltsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/of] . u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf o;/L kl/jt{g cfpg'sf]
k5fl8 lgDg rf/ tTjx¿ lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\ M–
• l:y/ Pj+ ulxl/Fbf] u|fdL0f ul/jLk|ltsf] a9\bf] ;/f]sf/,
• ljsf;;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] cy{ :jo+df kl/jt{g,
• a9L ljljwLs[t cy{tGqsf] k|fb'ef{j /
• ul/ax¿sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s lxtdf lbuf] ;'wf/ k|fKt ug{ ul/asf] u}/cfDbfgL kIfsf] pRr
dxTjsf] a9\bf] :jLsfo{tf (Singh & Sapkota, 2073) .
;g\ !(() kl5 u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g / ;zQmLs/0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cfof] . of]
cjwf/0ff cg';f/ cfd ufpFn] hgtfnfO{ ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfWodåf/f dfgjf]lrt hLjgofkgsf nflu
plrt cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|Tofe"lt u/fO{ hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfsf] ;'qkft
eof] . ;g\ !(() s} bzsdf gofF cfly{s ;'wf/sf cfofdx¿ lghLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f /
ljZjJofkLs/0fn] ahf/ zlQm xftdf lnof] . xfnsf lbgx¿df ;dfj]zL u|fdL0f ljsf; ;d;fdlos /
gofF cleofgsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf] d"nwf/af6 aflx/ k/]sf hft, hflt, ju{, lnª\u, If]q,
;d'bfo, cNk;ª\Vos, l;dfGts[t, ;ª\s6fpGd'v cflb ;a}nfO{ cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs
70
cj;/x¿dfly kx'Frsf] lj:tf/ u/L pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/df u'0ffTds a9f]Q/L Nofpg' ;dfj]zL u|fdL0f
ljsf; xf] . of] cjwf/0ffn] hgtfnfO{ cfTd;Ddfgsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg ub{5 . :jtGqtf, Gofo / ;d[l4sf]
Jojxfl/s cg'ej lbnfpF5 (Ellis & Biggs, 2001) . klZrdf b]zx?df cfly{s / cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n]
uug r'ld;Sbf ;d]t tL b]zx?df cfTdxTof / ;DaGw ljR5]bsf ;fdflhs 36gfx? lbgb}Go a9\b}
uPsf] ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . t;y{ ljsf;nfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf cfly{s j[l4 eGbf dfly p7]/
Gofo, ;dtf, ;dfj]lztf, ;DkGgtf clg v'lzofnL h:tf ;'rsx? k|fKt ug{' jt{dfg ljsf; cleofgsf]
clei6 x'g'kb{5 .
#= u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] a'emfO{
;du| ljsf; / u|fdL0f ljsf; a}Ísf] ;fdfGo a'emfO{ ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf yk u'0ffTds kl/jt{g
Nofpg' xf] . u|fdL0f ljsf; ;du| ljsf;sf] Ps d"Nojfg\ kf6f] dfq} xf] . oBlk ltgLx¿lar Jofjxfl/s
/ j:t'lgi6 ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf dflg;sf] hLjg:t/df ax'cfoflds tl/sfn] u'0ffTds
;'wf/ Nofpg] k|lqmof u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] . u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] l;wf ;DaGw u|fdL0f If]qsf] pGglt, k|ult,
kl/jt{g / ¿kfGt/0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . æu|fdL0fÆ / æljsf;Æ b'O{ j6f zAbx?sf] ;+of]hgaf6 u|fdL0f
ljsf; ag]sf] 5 .
u|fdL0f (Rural): æu|fdL0fÆ zAbn]] u}/;x/L If]q, k];fut ;+/rgf -h:t} M s[lif, kz'kfng, df5fkfng_,
;fdflhs ;ª\u7g, hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f / a:tLsf] emns lbG5 . u|fdL0f zAb ;x/L zAbsf] 7Ls ljk/Lt
zAb xf] . 5l/Psf a:tL, Go"g hg3gTj, cfw'lgs ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿sf] cefj, lgjfx{d'vL v]tL k|0ffnL
cflb u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ klxrfg ug]{ cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . George H. Axin sf] egfO{ cg';f/ æu|fdL0f eGgfn]
;~rf/ / oftfoftsf] sdL, sd hg3gTj / ;fgf–;fgf a:tL ePsf] If]qnfO{ hgfpFb5 .Æ Social
Science Encyclopedia sf cg';f/ æe"dLd'vL lqmofsnfk g} u|fdL0f If]qsf] klxrfg xf] .Æ

ljsf; (Development): ljsf; zAbn] ;d'bfosf ;b:osf] cfly{s–;fdflhs kIfsf] kl/df0ffTds

/ u'0ffTds kl/jt{gsf] af]w u/fpF5 . ljsf; eg]sf] s'g} klg If]qdf ePsf] ;sf/fTds pGglt, k|ult,
kl/jt{g / ¿kfGt/0f xf] . ljBdfg ef}lts, dfgjLo / ;fF:s[lts x}l;otdf ePsf] /rgfTds kl/jt{g
ljsf; xf] (Harriss,1982) .
u|fdL0f ljsf; u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf j;f]af; ug]{ ul/a, ljkGg /
lgd'vf hgtfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts cj:yf ;'wf/ ug]{ /0fgLlt u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] . (It is
a strategy design to improve the secio-economic and political status of rural people,
especially the rural poor.) o;sf] l;wf ;DaGw u|fdL0f If]qsf] pGglt, k|ult, kl/jt{g /
¿kfGt/0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . u|fdL0f ljsf; eg]sf] :yfgLo txdf pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk, 1fg /
bIftfsf] lbuf] ;b'kof]u ug'{ xf] . u|fdL0f ljsf; u|fdL0f dflg;x¿sf] ;sf/fTds ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ug]{
k|lqmof xf] . vf; u/L u|fdL0f ul/a / ljkGg ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg:t/df lbuf] ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmof
u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] (Sing, 1999) . :yfgLo txdf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f{ ug'{ u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] .
ljZj a}Í (WB, 1975) sf] egfO{ cg';f/ æu|fdL0f ljsf; eGgfn] ufpF3/df a;f]af; ul//x]sf u|fdL0f
hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs hLjgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] /0fgLlt xf] . o;df hLljsf]kfh{gsf] vf]hL ug]{
cToGt ljkGg ju{sf] nfe ;+nUg /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] ;d"xdf ;fgf ls;fg, >lds ls;fg tyf e"ldxLg
ls;fg /x]sf x'G5g\ .Æ u|fdL0f ljsf; u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] lgDg cfo ePsf 7"nf] hg;ª\Vofsf]
hLjg:t/df x'g] ;'wf/ / pgLx¿sf] cfTdlge{/tfsf] k|lqmof xf] . j:t'tM u|fdL0f ljsf; Psn cl:tTj /

71
Psfª\sL af]s]sf] cEof; xf]Og . :jefj}n] of] ax'cfoflds, cGtlj{ifout, ultlzn / ljzfn ;DaGw
ePsf] gjLgtd cGt{ljifout ljwf xf] . o;n] ljsf; / ljsf;;Fu hf]l8Psf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;du|
b[li6sf]0faf6 cWoog / ljZn]if0fkZrft\ plrt ljsNksf] vf]h ub{5 .
u|fdL0f hgtfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf dgf]j}1flgs cj:yfdf lbuf] ;'wf/ Nofpg' u|fdL0f ljsf;sf]
clGtd uGtJo xf] . hgtf h:tf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] hLjgz}nL ljsf; ug{ rfxG5g\ To:t} ¿kdf pgLx¿nfO{
qmdzM :t/Lo agfpg] k|oTg u|fdL0f ljsf;n] ub{5 lsgeg] hgtfsf] OR5f ljk/Ltsf] kl/jt{g ;kmn
x'g ;Sb}g . u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] d'Vo Wo]o s;/L u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ dfgj a:tLsf] nflu pko'St agfpg]
eGg] k|Zg ;Fu cfa4 5 . u|fdL0f ljsf; Pp6f of]hgf, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmd, cjwf/0ff / bz{g ePsf]n]
o;n] u|fdL0f hLjg / hutnfO{ clt;"Id tl/sfn] ax'kIfLo b[li6af6 ljZn]if0f ub}{ u|fdL0f
afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ Gofo, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / cfTd;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjgsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg] k|oTg ub{5 .
u|fdL0f ;dfhdf cflbsfnb]lv cl:tTjdf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/x¿nfO{ cIf'0f /fVb} ef}lts
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lj:tf/åf/f u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg:t/df lbuf] kl/jt{g u/fpg' u|fdL0f
ljsf; xf] . dfxfTdf ufGwLsf] egfO{ cg';f/ ……u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] d"ne"t kIf eg]sf] hgtfnfO{ lbg' xf]Og
t/ pgLx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug'{ xf]] (The essence of rural development is not in 'providing' but in
'promoting' the rural sector) . o;f] ug{ ;s]df dfq u|fdL0f hgtfn] cfTdlge{/tfsf] cfef;
kfpF5g\ . ufGwLn] eg]sf 5g\, ……>dzlQmsf] xft vfnL /fVg' kfk xf]Æ . (Keeping human resources
idle is a sin) t;y{ u|fdL0f If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u/L a]/f]huf/L xftx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L
lbg' g} u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] (Sundaram, 2009) . u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] hu eg]sf] pTkfbg a9fpg' xf] .
pTkfbg ;DaGwdf ufGwLn] eg]sf 5g\ æpTkfbg k|0ffnL cfd dflg;x¿åf/f ug'{kb{5 g ls w]/}
pTkfbg . cfd dflg;x¿åf/f ul/Psf] pTkfbgn] :yfgLo cfjZostf k"/f ub{5 . u|fdL0f ljsf;sf
nflu ufpFtkm{ k'FhLsf] k|jfx a9fpg'kb{5 g ls ufpFsf >d ;x/tkm{Æ (Sundaram, 2009) . ctM
u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] bL3{sfnLg / lbuf] ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ljsf; k|lqmofn] d"ntM rf/j6f cGt/j:t'nfO{
cËLsf/ ug{ la;{g' x'Fb}g . pQm cGt/j:t' cGt{ut -s_ pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4, -v_ ;dGoflos
ljt/0f, -u_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] lbuf] k|of]u / -3_ dfgj ;Gt'li6df a9f]Q/L kb{5g\ .
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t k|ltdfgnfO{ (Paradigms) u|fdL0f ;dfhdf x'g] cfly{s ;Ifdtf, ;fdflhs
Pstf / jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf] PsLs[t ¿kdf x]l/g'kb{5 (WB, 2003) . o;y{ ljZj a}Ísf cg';f/
u|fdL0f ;dfhdf x'g] cfly{s, ;fdflhs–;F+:s[lts / jftfj/0fLo ;DkGgtf aLrsf] PsLs[t :j¿k
u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] .

72
 cfly{s ;DkGgtf
(Economic Well-being)

u|fdL0f ljsf;
(Rural
;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts
Development
;DkGgtf
(Socio-Cultural Well-being)

jftfj/0fLo ;DkGgtf
(Environmental Well-being)

;|f]tM ljZj a}Í, @))#

u|fdL0f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/, s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f, u|fdL0f Pj+ 3/]n' pBf]ux¿sf] j[l4, snf /
;flxTosf] ljsf;, ;fdflhs cfly{s ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;'wf/, ;fd'bflos ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] a9f]Q/L / :yfgLo
hgzlQmsf] pRrtd k|of]u h:tf d"Nojfg\ kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qdf cfly{s
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljljwLs/0fdf a9f]Q/L Nofpg' clg s[lif, pBf]u, jg / ko{6g h:tf u|fdL0f
cy{tGqsf k|d'v vDafx¿nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg' / xl/t cy{tGqsf nflu jftfj/0fLo ;'wf/ ug'{ Nofpg'
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] clei6 xf] (WB, 2013) . u|fdL0f ljsf; k|lqmofn] u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ ;an / ;'/lIft
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf b'u{d / 5l/Psf a:tLdf a;f]af; ug]{
dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s ;DkGgtf / hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|lqmof u|fdL0f ljsf; xf] . o;y{ u|fdL0f
;dfhsf ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg, ljZn]if0f / ;dfwfgsf] plrt vfsf tof/ ug'{ u|fdL0f ljsf; xf]
(Harriss, 1982) . u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ s[lifsf] ljsf;;Fu ;dfgfGt/ dflgG5 . s[lif u|fdL0f ljsf;sf]
cfly{s Ol~hg xf] . pBf]ux¿sf] klg pBf]u xf] . t/ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;af6 dfq} u|fdL0f ljsf;n]
k"0f{tf kfpFb}g . u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] Ps If]qut kIf (Sectoral Aspect) s[lif xf] . u|fdL0f ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ff s[lifsf] ljsf;eGbf Jofks / km/flsnf] 5 . kSs} klg s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] d'Vo
kf6f] xf] . s[lif u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] d'6' xf] . cfTdf xf] . /Qm ;~rf/ xf] . oBlk s[lifsf cltl/Qm ;fgf
tyf 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf;, k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;h:tf kIfx¿n] dfq u|fdL0f If]q /
ToxfFsf afl;Gbfsf] hLjg:t/df u'0ffTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5 . ;du| ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df
ljsfzf]Gd'v b]zx?sf] ;Gbe{df u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] d'Vo cfzonfO{ (Main Theme) lgDgfg';f/ a'‰g]
ul/G5 .
• u|fdL0f If]qdf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg' .
• ;fdflhs cfly{s ;dfgtf Nofpg' .
• cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;Gt'ng Nofpg' .
• ljsf;k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf] Jofks ;xeflutf l;h{gf ug'{ /
• kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng ;lxt v'l;ofnL a9fpg' (Satya, 1999) .
u|fdL0f ljsf;n] u|fdL0f afl;Gbfx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ax'cfoflds tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|lqmofnfO{
hgfpF5 . ;'/Iff / :jtGqtf ;lxt u|fdL0f If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug]{
k|lqmof xf]–u|fdL0f ljsf; . of] k|lqmofsf] k|d'v p2]Zo ul/a / ljkGg ju{sf dflg;;Dd ljsf;sf]
k|ltkmn k'¥ofO{ ul/jLdfly l;wf cfqmd0f ug{' xf] . ctM u|fdL0f ljsf; eg]sf] s'g} 7fpFsf] ljsf; dfq

73
geO{ ToxfFsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g xf] . cGtdf, u|fdL0f ljsf; eg]sf] hgtfsf] 1fg
(Knowledge), k|j[lQ (Attitude) / cEof; (Practice) df cfpg] b"/ufdL kl/jt{g xf] .

$= ;d:ofx?
k/Dk/fut lgjf{xd'vL v]tL k|0ffnL hLljsf]kfh{gsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . l;FrfO, dnvfb, pGgt aLp tyf
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] cefjn] b'O{ ltxfO hgtf cfl>t s[lif k];fnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
k|utLzLn s[lif ;F:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' clg s[lifnfO{ x]lkPsf] jf sdzn k]zf 7fGg' ;d:ofsf]
h8 xf] . s[lifdf cfw'lglss/0f x'g g;Sbf cf}Bf]lus If]q klg cf]em]ndf 5 . h;sf sf/0f cy{tGqdf
pknAw >d zlQmsf] ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k/Dk/fut pBf]ux? ;Í6df 5g\ . ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf]
sfo{s'zntf / bIftf sdhf]/ 5 . j}1flgs / ;Lkd"ns lzIff 5}g . 3f]sGt] cEof; 5 . cfwf/e"t
lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] k'xFr 5}g . ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ / ;]jfsf] Go"g cj;/, ljs6 ef}uf]lns
cjl:yltsf sf/0f sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ ;]jf, 5l/P/ /x]sf a:tL, Go"g cfly{s lqmofsnfk h:tf tTjn]
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ljQLo ;]jfx? ;x/s]lGb|t 5g\ . a}Í tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf cefjdf sdhf]/ cfly{s lqmofsnfk, a9\bf] hg;ª\Vof / v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] cefjh:tf
sf/0fn] u|fdL0f ljsf; kIfx¿ r'gf}tLu|:t aGb} cfPsf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lh:tf ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf] Go"g cj;/, k"jf{wf/ ;]jfsf] Go"g pknAwtfh:tf sf/0fn] cfly{s lqmofsnfk lzlyn b]lvG5 .
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ul/jL d'Vo ;d:of xf] . Go"g cfDbfgLsf sf/0f hgtfsf] qmozlQm klg
sdhf]/ 5 . Go"g qmozlQmsf sf/0f hgtfn] Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;Sbf hLjg:t/
si6s/ b]lvG5 (Chambers, 1983) . ul/jLsf cltl/Qm ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf ;+/rgfut, k|zf;lgs
tyf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿n] k':tf}Fb]lv h/f] ufl8/x]sf 5g\ . ef}uf]lns ljs6tf nufot cGo ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, /fhgLlts tyf ;fF:s[lts hl6ntfx¿ klg u|fdL0f ljsf;sf yk r'gf}tLx¿ aGb} cfPsf 5g\ .
u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf df}lb|sLs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . 5l/Psf] a:tL clg klZrdf
pkef]u ;F:s[ltn] ;dfh hl~h/ alg/x]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k ufpFsf] cy{tGq rf}k6 aGb} uPsf] 5 . ufpFdf
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? gx'Fbf ej{/fpFbf o'jfzlQm ufFpaf6 ws]lnP/ ;x/ kl;/x]sf 5g\ . ljb]z knfog
ePsf 5g\ . ;x/sf] cfsif{0fn] geO{ ufpFsf] ljsif{0fn] ubf{ dflg;x? ;x/tkm{ a;fO{ ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b}
uPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;xl/s/0f gLltn] ufpFnfO{ ;x/tkm{ af]s]/ NofPsf] 5 . ufpF phf8 alg/x]sf] 5,
elTs/x]sf] 5, u|fdL0f cy{tGq v'lDrb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ljsf; df]8]nsf] d"n dd{ ufpFsf] ;xl/s/0f
ug'{kg]{ xf] t/ cEof; ljk/Lt lbzfdf x'Fls/x]sf] 5 . ;x/sf] u|fdL0fLs/0f ePsf]
5 . o'jfzlQm ljb]z knfog eO{/x]sf 5g\ . ufpF l/lQFb} uPsf] 5 . >dzlQmsf] cefj 5 . wfg kmNg]
u}/Lv]t afFemf] aGb} 5 . af/L, hdLg v/af/L / emf8Ldf ?kfGtl/t aGb} uPsf] 5 . v/af/L sfF8f3f/Ldf
kl/0ft x'Fb} 5 . v]taf/L afFemf] aGb} hfg'n] u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] eljio r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 . lrGtf vf]/df
Pp6f afv|f] d¥of] eGg] xf]Og, lrGtf af3 kNSof] eGg] xf], lsgls oxL cg'kftdf o'jfzlQm ljb]lzg] qmd
bL3{sfn;Dd rln/xg] xf] eg] ufpF l/Qf] clg v08x/ aGg]5 . ;x/sf] df}lns ;+/rgf s'?kdf ?kfGt/0f
x'Fb} 5 . xfd|f] ljsf;sf] df]8]n bftfd"vL eof] . j:t'ut ;d:ofx? bftfsf nflu xfd|f pkxf/ / sf]z]nL
eP . bftfd"vL ljsf;sf] df]8]nn] xfd|f] df}lns pmhf{, l;h{gzLntf clg ;sf/fTds ;f]rnfO{ cf]em]ndf
kfl/lbof] . g]kfnsf] lzIff hflu/sf nflu geO{ Joj;fo / pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf]
agfpg'kb{5 . lzIff :j/f]huf/L pGd'v x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf lzIff k|0ffnL pN6f] lbzfdf rn]sf] 5 . ljZj
ahf/df x'g] >dsf] dfu / xfd|f] lzIff k|0ffnL gbLsf b'O{ lsgf/ h:tf 5g\ . lzlIft JolQmn] sfd} ug]{
xf]Og eGg] ;f]rfOn] ljs[ltsf ¿kdf 8]/f hdfO;s]sf]
5 . /fhgLlts k|0ffnL ;]jfd'vL geO{ gfkmfd'vL aGb} uPsf] 5 . /fhgLlt / ljsf; cfk;df hf]l8g

74
;s]sf] 5}g\ . lsgls e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf 6«fGkf/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] k|ltj]bg
cg';f/ /fhgLltnfO{ ;a}eGbf e|i6frf/ x'g] If]qsf] ?kdf k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 .
%= g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf cf}lrTo
ul/jL lgjf/0f u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] klxnf] / clgjfo{ p2]Zo xf] . ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf cfd ufpFn]x¿sf]
;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts x}l;otdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] Jofjxfl/s p2]Zo xf] .
u|fdL0f ljsf;zf:qn] u|fdL0f afl;Gbf hf] clzlIft / c1ft 5g\ ltgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s,
/fhgLlts / dgf]j}1flgs Jojxf/sf] ;'wf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] dfu ub{5 . lgDglnlvt sf/0fx?n] ubf{
g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ;fGb{lestf pRr b]lvG5 M–
• å}w cy{ Joj:yf ePsf] sf/0f ufpF / ;x/aLrsf] b'/L pRr 5 .
• u|fdL0f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ gu/];Dd ufpF k5fl8 kl//xG5 .
• jf:tljs g]kfn eg]sf] u|fdL0f g]kfn xf] . olb ufpF ;8\of] eg] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfn g} ;8\b5 .
• u|fdL0f ul/jL Jofks ePsf]n] ul/jL Go"gLs/0f ug{' 5 .
• /fli6«o cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f -sl/a @& k|ltzt_ s[lifaf6 k|fKt x'G5 t/ s[lif k|0ffnL k/Dk/fut
5 . t;y{ s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ u|fdL0f ljsf; cfjZos 5 .
• /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nIo k"/f ug{ .
• sl/a ^% k|ltzt /f]huf/L s[lifaf6 k|fKt x'G5 .

;du| u|fdL0f >d zlQmnfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf d"nwf/df Nofpg', u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ l;h{gzLn
zlQmsf] dx;'; u/fpg', jftfj/0f;Fu ;dfof]hg u/L PsLs[t ljsf;åf/f ufpFn]sf] hLjg:t/df
u'0ffTds a9f]Q/L Nofpg', u|fdL0f If]qdf pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjsf] j[l4, u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf
nflu hgtfsf] 1fg, k|j[lQ / cEof;df kl/jt{g u/fpg', u|fdL0f ul/jL lgjf/0fåf/f /fli6«o ljsf;df
6]jf k'¥ofpg', ;du| u|fdL0f >dzlQmnfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] d"nwf/df Nofpg', u|fdL0f dflg;x¿nfO{
l;h{gzLn pmhf{ zlQmsf] dx;'; u/fpg', ufpFaf6 ;x/lt/ x'g] a;fFO;/fOF lgoGq0f ug'{, Gofof]lrt
ljt/0f k|0ffnL / ;dfgtf sfod ug'{, u|fdL0f If]qdf yk /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug'{, ljsf;sf
lqmofsnfkx¿df ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fpg', cfd u|fdL0f hgtfdf ;zQmLs/0f / r]tgfsf] j[l4
ug'{, u|fdL0f ;dfhnfO{ cfTdlge{/tfsf] af6f]lt/ pGd'v u/fpg' ;lxt jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg'
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] cf}lrTosf cfwf/x? x'g\ .
^= lgisif{
l;4fGttM s[lifdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqsf] ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;j{k|yd s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu hf]8\b}
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr ufpFsf s'gf–s'gf;Dd k'¥ofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . ;fd'bflos s/f/ v]tL k|0ffnL
ckgfpg' kb{5 . k'/fgf] e"–:jfldTj abNg'kb{5 . j}1flgs e"ld ;'wf/ Jojxf/df ptf{g'kb{5 . hldg
/fHosf] :jfldTjdf x'g'kb{5 . s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] Jofkfl/s/0f /f]Sg'kb{5 . e"–pkof]u gLltsf] cIf/;
kfngf ug'{ kb{5 . s[lif pkhsf] d"No tf]s]/} /fHosf lgsfox?n] vl/b ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . lzIff / :jf:Yo
/fli6«os/0f x'g'kb{5 . bz{gdf cfwfl/t lzIffdf b"/ufdL kl/jt{gsf] vfFrf] 5 . ul/vfg] Jofj;flos
;Lkd"ns lzIff cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . lzIffnfO{ ;Lk;Fu, ;LknfO{ /f]huf/L;Fu / /f]huf/LnfO{
ahf/;Fu hf]8\g ;Sg'kb{5 . of] g} :jfjnDaL / cfTdlge{/tfsf] efUo/]vf aGg] 5 . ctM ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t
u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqdf ?kfGt/0f u/fpFb} /rgfTds / dof{lbt ul/vfg]
;+:s[ltsf] ljhf/f]kf0f u/fpg' ljsf; gLltsf] clei6 xf] . a:tL :t/df Jofj;flos ;Lkd"ns tflnd /

75
l;sfO x'g'k5{ . ;Lkd"ns l;sfO{n] cj;/ / sfdsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . sfd pBddf kl/0ft x'G5 /
sdfO{ x'G5 . sdfO{af6 art x'G5, artn] nufgLsf] cfsf/ a9fpFb} n}hfG5 . hlt nufgL a9\of]
plQ–plQ pTkfbg / ahf/sf] cfsf/ a9\b} hfG5 . cGttM ;d[l4 3/3/df, ufpFufpFdf, 6f]n6f]ndf
clg a:tL–a:tLdf km}lnG5 . ;ª\3Lotfsf] cEof; rln/xFbf ljsf;sf rf/ k|Zgx? r'gf}tLsf ;fy b]vf
k/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo >dzlQnfO{ ufpFd} sdfpg] / /dfpg] agfpg] s;/L < s[lifnfO{ pBf]u /
ls;fgnfO{ pBdL agfpg] s;/L < sfdsf] nflu ljb]lzg] / ;x/tkm{ :yfgfGt/0f x'g]x¿nfO{ ufpFd}
a;"Fa;"F t'Nofpg] s;/L < o'jf k':tfnfO{ ;dfh;]jL, h'emf? clg ;fdflhs pBdL agfpg] s;/L < log}
k|Zgx?sf] lbuf] pQ/ vf]Hg] sfd l9nf] eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . log} k|Zgx? jt{dfg ;/sf/sf ;fd' k|d'v
r'g}tL alg;s]sf] 5 . t;y{ jt{dfg ;ª\3Lotfsf] gofF ljsf; df]8]nn] >dzlQm / k'FhLnfO{ ufpFtkm{
cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 cGoyf of] gofF ;+/rgf / cEof;sf] dfGotfdf klg k|ZglrGx gcfpnf eGg
;ls+b}g . cGtdfM d'nwf/sf ljsf; (Mainstream development) ;DaGwL k|ltdfgx?sf] c;kmntf
;lxt j}slNks ljsf;sf] (Alternative development) cjwf/0ff x'Fb} pQ/–ljsf;sf] (Post-
development) ax; / cEof;n] u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] clei6 aflx/af6 geO{ leqaf6} ug{' kb{5 . of]
eljiosf] ;'Gb/ dfu{ xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ M

1. Chambers, R. (1983). Rural development: Putting the last first. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
2. Ellis, F., & Biggs, S. (2001). Evolving themes in rural development 1950s–
2000s. Development Policy Review 19(4) 437–448.
3. Harriss, J., (1982). Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and
agrarian change. Hutchinson University Library for Africa.
4. Rist, G. (2008). The history of development: From western origins to global
faith. Zed Books.
5. Satya, S. I. (1999). Rural development. Himalayan Publishing House.
6. Sing, K., (1999). Rural development: Principles, policies and management.
Vistar Publication.
7. Singh, M. and Sapkota, B. D. (2073). Development theories & planning in
rural perspectives. Quest Publication.
8. Sundaram, I. S. (2009). Rural development: A textbook for university and
college students. Himalaya publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
9. WB. (2003). World development report 2003. Oxford University Press.
10. WB. (2013). Managing Nepal’s urban transition. Retrieved from http://www.
worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/04/01/managing-nepals-urban-
transition.

76
 ljsf; cfof]hgf rqmdf ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg
— O{= k/z'/fd ;fx

;f/f+z
cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf b}lgs ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lgoldt :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L gfk,
hfFra'em Pj+ cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ ul/G5 . ;DalGwt cfof]hgf lgdf{0f:yndf lbgfg'lbg o:tf] gfkhfFr
ug]{ sfdsf] nflu lg/LIf0fstf{ lgo'Qm u/L b}lgs l/kf]l6{Ë ug{ v6fOPsf] x'G5 . 7"nf / hl6n cfof]hgfdf
eg] o:tf] sfd k/fdz{bftfaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . lgdf{0f sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ sfd lkR5]
5'§f5'§} ;fO{6 O{~rfh{ / ;fO{6 O{l~hlgo/x? klg lgo'lQm ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o;/L Pp6} cfof]hgfdf l;len,
lalN8Ë, xfO{j], d]sflgsn, O{n]lS6«sn, sDKo'6/, :oflg6/L, xfO{8«f]nf]hL, ;]ˆ6L, k|f]8S;g, O{Toflb ljleGg
sfdsf nflu cnu y'k|} O{l~hlgo/x? vl6Psf x'G5g\ . ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0f dWo] lg/Gt/
ul/g] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍgdf eg] ;du|df Ps O{l~hlgo/ g} lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . t/ ;fgf
cfof]hgfx?df eg] sf]xL Ps hgf O{l~hlgo/n] g} bzf}F sfdsf] ;fO{6 O{l~hlgo/ eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ afWotf
5 . kl/0ffd:j?k, ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df Jofks clgoldttf ePsf] hgwf/0ff a9]sf] 5 . elgG5 dx
sf9\g]n] xft rf6\b5, To:t} cfof]hgfsf] lg/LIf0f Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ sfo{df nfk/jfxL jf l9nf;':tL jf
x]nr]qmofO{ ePdf o;sf] lgdf{0fstf{ jf lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] ;–;fgf uNtL ub}{ a9L eGbf a9L kmfO{bf lng
sd;n jf u'0f:t/xLg sfd ug]{ ;Defjgf Hofb} k|an x'G5 . cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfg /
d"NofÍg ug]{ k4lt lans'n} k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] of] s;/L ul/G5 eGg] tkm{ ck|fljlws ;xsf/L tyf
;]jfu|fxLnfO{ hfGg] pTs6 clenfiff x'G5 . nfeflGjt ;d"xnfO{ cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf ljleGg r/0fdf
;xefuL u/fP o;n] ;xh} d"t{?k lng ;Sg] ljZjf; ul/P em} lgdf{0f sfo{ cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx? af/]
klg pQm k"jf{wf/af6 nfeflGjt x'g] ;d'bfo jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf ;fsf/fTds ;"rgf k|jfx x'g' h?/L 5
. s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;'?sf] nfut cg'dfg eGbf lans'n} km/s jf x'ax' p:t} kl/df0fx?nfO{ qmdzM ;f]xL
kl/df0fsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd lglZrt eO{ :jLs[t ePsf] PsfO{ b/n] u'0fg u/L cfPsf] s'n /sd g}
To;sf] d"NofÍg x'g] ub{5 . kl5 clGtd nfut olx g} sfod x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, lgdf{0f sfo{ afx]s hf/L
jf ;DkGg eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf cfof]hgfsf] pQm cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo eGbf dflyNnf] jf
afXo :jtGq JolQm tyf ;+:yfaf6 d"NofÍg u/fpg] ul/G5 . To;kl5 dfq pQm cfof]hgfsf] cf}lrTotf
:yflkt x'g] ub{5 . ;a} cfof]hgf Pj+ sfo{qmd pk/ hgtfsf k|ltlglwx?n] ljlwjt g} o; lsl;dsf]
lgu/fgL u/L /fv"g egL dxTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfut Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] tf]lsPsf] nIo xfl;n eP jf
ePg egL ;dLIffTds /fli6«o ax; / lg0f{o ug]{ ub{5 . oL ;+/rgfx?n] 5l/tf]?kdf sfd ug]{ xf] eg]
ljsf; cfof]hgf rqmdf ;xL cy{df ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg x'g]5 .
!= ljifo k|j]zM
cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgf eGgfn] s'g} of]hgf cGtu{t tf]lsPsf] ah]6 / ;doleq tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
lglb{i6 p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ul/g] sfo{qmd Pj+ lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ hgfpFb5 . of]hgf cGtu{t
sfo{qmd / cfof]hgf kb{5g\ . o;/L sfo{qmdx?sf] ;d"xaf6 of]hgf aG5 . t;y{, of]hgf, sfo{qmd /
cfof]hgf Ps csf{;Fu cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . s'g} klg nufgLsf] clGtd k|ltkmn jf kl/0ffd of k|o'Qm
x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfk|jfx xf] . cfof]hgfx?nfO{ pTkfbgd'vL / ;]jfd'vL (Production Oriented &
Service Oriented) u/L b'O{ ju{df 5'§ofO{Psf] 5 . h:t} M gfKg ;lsg] %)) ls=ld= ;8s lgdf{0f ug'{,
vfg]kfgLsf lghL wf/f ljt/0f ug'{, cflb pTkfbgd'vL cfof]hgf x'g\ eg] ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd, dft[lzz'
sNof0f of]hgf, k|f}9 lzIff sfo{qmd, cflb ;]jfd'vL cfof]hgf x'g\ . ;a} cfof]hgfsf ljleGg r/0fx?

77
x'G5g\ . o;sf] ;'?jft / ;DkGg eO{ k"/f x'g] rqm cyf{t cfof]hgf rqm (Project Cycle) df
;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg lg/Gt/ Pj+ clgjfo{ r/0fsf ?kdf /xG5g\ . x/]s cfof]hgfdf
;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg h:tf sfd ug'{kg]{ x'bfF, o;sf nflu kbflwsf/L Pj+ sd{rf/L klg
clgjfo{ g} tf]lsPsf x'G5g\ . /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx? / 7'nf cfof]hgfx?sf xsdf k"0f{tof o;
k|sf/sf] k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] x'G5 . lgdf{0f sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ sfd lkR5] 5'§f5'§} ;fO{6 O{~rfh{ /
;fO{6 O{l~hlgo/x? klg lgo'lQm ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o;/L Pp6} cfof]hgfdf klg l;len, lalN8Ë, xfO{j],
d]sflgsn, O{n]lS6«sn, sDKo'6/, :oflg6/L, xfO{8«f]nf]hL, ;]ˆ6L, k|f]8S;g, O{Toflb h:tf ljleGg sfdsf
nflu cnu y'k|} O{l~hlgo/x? vl6Psf x'G5g\ . t/ ;fgf cfof]hgfx?df eg] sf]xL Ps hgf O{l~hlgo/n]
g} bzf}F j6f eGbf a9L sfdsf] ;fO{6 O{l~hlgo/ eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ afWotf 5 . kmn:j?k Ps} JolQmn]
s'g} klg cfof]hgfsf] k"0f{?kdf ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 .
@= ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf] cy{
g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]zdf lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg zAbx?sf] cy{ o;/L lbOPsf]
5 M—
s_ lg/LIf0f – != b]v/]v, x]/rfx, @= hfFr, k/LIf0f, #= s'g} sfd 7Ls;Fu eP, gePsf] hfFra'em ug]{
sfd
v_ ;''kl/j]If0f – 7Ls tl/sfn] lgwf{l/t sfd eP–gePsf] l:yltsf af/]df ;DalGwt txaf6 ul/g]
lg/LIf0f jf /]vb]v .
u_ cg'udg – != s;}sf kl5 nfUg] sfd, @= s'g} dtsf dfu{df lxF8g] sfd, #= s'g} k¢ltsf]
cg';/0f ug]{ sfd, $= s;}sf glhsdf hfg] jf s;}sf] ;xof]uL x'g] sfd
3_ d"NofÍg – != s'g} /rgf, j:t' jf dfn;fdfgsf] df]n cfFSg] sfd, @= d"No lgwf{l/t ug]{ sfd, #=
efp /fVg] jf df]n tf]Sg] sfd, $= s'g} j:t'sf u'0f, pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df ul/g] dxTj,
ljz]iftf cflbsf] lgwf{/0f .
o;}u/L, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&% df cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍgnfO{ o;/L JofVof u/L kl/ro lbOPsf] 5 M—
s_ cg'udg eGgfn] gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?df nufgL tyf ;fwgsf] k|jfx plrt
9Ën] eP, gePsf] jf ck]lIft glthf xfl;n eP, gePsf] ;DaGwdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo jf
sfg'gadf]lhd clVtof/k|fKt lgsfon] tf]s]sf] JolQm jf ;+:yfaf6 lg/Gt/ jf cfjlws ?kdf
ul/g] lgu/fgL, ;"rgf ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf ;'wf/fTds sfo{nfO{ a'lemG5 .
v_ d"NofÍg eGgfn] sfof{Gjog r/0fdf /x]sf jf ;DkGg ePsf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf
cfof]hgfx?sf] ;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf, lbuf]kgf tyf k|efjx?sf ;DaGwdf
n}lËstf tyf ;dtfsf b[li6n] ;d]t cfGtl/s jf afXo d"NofÍgstf{af6 p2]Zok"0f{ / Jojl:yt
tl/sfn] ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ hgfpF5 .
o;/L s'g} cfof]hgfsf] kl5 nfUg' cyf{t To;sf] x/]s lqmofsnfksf] ;"Id cWoog tyf 7Ls a]7Ls
ljZn]if0f ug'{ g} cg'udg xf] eGg] g]kfnL zAbsf]if cg';f/sf] cy{ x'G5 eg] Jofks cy{df o;nfO{

78
cfof]hgfdf nufgL / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] plrt pkof]u eO{ ck]lIft glthf xfl;n eP, gePsf] ;DaGwdf
lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul/g] lgu/fgL, ;"rgf ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf ;'wf/fTds sfo{ egL a'lemG5 . o:t}, oxfF
g]kfnL zAbsf]if cg';f/ d"NofÍgsf] cy{ df]n jf ljz]iftf tf]Sg];Fu ;Lldt 5 eg] vf;df o;nfO{
cfof]hgfx?sf] ;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf, lbuf]kgf tyf k|efjx?sf ;DaGwdf cfGtl/s jf
afXo d"NofÍgstf{af6 n}lËstf tyf ;dtfsf b[li6n] ;d]t ul/g] n]vfhf]vf xf] eGg ;lsG5 .
#= cfof]hgf rqmdf ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg
cfd hgtfsf] ;fd"lxs cfjZostf h;sf] k|flKt jf k|ltkmnaf6 b}lgs hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ eO{
hdfgf cg';f/sf] k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLdf pNn]Vo j[l¢ x'g] ub{5, Tof] g} cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] hggL
xf] . dflg;n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo /xg–;xg, ;'/lIft cfjf;, hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, ;Lk
ljsf; nufotsf ;/sf/L sfo{qmdx?af6 nfe lnb} ;fljssf] h]gt]g afFRg] k4ltdf cfd"n
kl/jt{g rfx]sf x'G5g\, /dfO{nf] / v'zL eO{ afFRg rfxG5g\ . g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z /x]sf]n]
cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;FrfO{ k|0ffnL -lgdf{0f Pj+ ;~rfng_ g} oxfFsf] klxnf] cfjZostf
xf] . o;sf ;fy ;fy} s[lif pTkfbg, ;]jf ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg Pj+ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf x]t' ;8s
;~hfn, cTofjZos vfg]kfgL, ljB't, a;f]af; / hghLljsf cg's'ng pBf]u–wGbf tyf
jftfj/0f cflb klg geO{ gx'g] ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ . o;sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePkl5
cfof]hgf 5gf}6sf dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;DefJotf cWoogaf6 ;a} k|an–;Dej cfof]hgfx?sf]
lgdf{0f x'g ;e]{, l8hfO{g tyf O{li6d]6 u/L lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg -l8=lk=cf/= cyf{t ;fdfGo
cy{df O{li6d]6_ tof/ ul/G5 . ;f]xL cg';f/sf] :jLs[lt kZrft\ cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ k|f/De ug]{
k|rng 5 . o; cGtu{t cfof]hgf k"/f x'g nfUg] nfut /sd, ;do / k|ljlw tyf To; kZrft\
nfeflGjt ;d"xn] o;nfO{ ;~rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{] df]8fln6L, nfut ;xeflutf ;d]t
pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw eGbf s]xL l9nf] u/L k|foM cfof]hgfx? ;DkGg
x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfof]hgf ;DkGg x'g] jf ePsf] eg]sf] o;sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ :j?kn]
;fsf/ k|f?k kfpg' xf] . o; cjlwdf k|rlnt sfg"g Pj+ O{li6d]6, u'0f:t/, :k]lzlkms];g /
dfkb08 cg';f/sf] tyf :jLs[t l8=lk=cf/= -csf]{ cy{df Ps k|sf/sf] u'?of]hgf_ adf]lhd
k"jf{wf/ aGb} u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] cg'udg ul/G5 . cfof]hgfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljleGg
lgdf{0f r/0fdf hf/L b}lgs sfo{sf] lgoldt :ynut lg/LIf0f Pj+ gfk / hfFra'em ug]{ ul/G5 .
;DalGwt cfof]hgf lgdf{0f:yndf lbgfg'lbg o:tf] gfkhfFr ug]{ sfdsf] nflu lg/LIf0fstf{ -
Supervisor_ lgo'Qm u/L v6fOPsf] x'G5 . pm sfd /x'~h]n;Dd lgdf{0f ;fO{6df a;L ;DkGg
sfd af/] b}lgs l/kf]l6{Ë ug]{ ub{5 . 7"nf / hl6n cfof]hgfdf eg] o:tf] sfd klg
k/fdz{bftfaf6 g} x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . tyflk, ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df Jofks
clgoldttf ePsf] dfq} hgwf/0ff ag]sf] 5 .

$= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, lgodsf Joj:yfx?

elgG5, dx sf9\g]n] xft rf6\5 . cfof]hgfsf] lg/LIf0f Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ sfo{df nfk/jfxL, l9nf;':tL
jf x]nr]qmofO{ ePdf o;sf] lgdf{0fstf{ jf lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] ;–;fgf uNtL ub}{ a9L eGbf a9L kmfO{bf
lng sd;n jf u'0f:t/xLg sfd ug]{ ;Defjgf Hofb} k|an x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# -;+zf]wg
;lxt_ sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -3_ df ælgdf{0f sfo{ eGgfn] s'g} ;+/rgf jf s'g} s'/fsf] lgdf{0f ug]{,
k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{, eTsfpg], dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ jf hL0ff]{åf/ ug]{ sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt lgdf{0f :yn tof/ ug]{,
79
vGg], 78\ofpg], agfpg], pks/0f jf dfn;fdfg h8fg ug]{, ;hfpg] cflb h:tf sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]
zAbn] gSzf agfpg], k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f ug]{, e"pku|xLo kmf]6f] lvRg], e"sDkLo k/LIf0f ug]{ h:tf
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] cfg'iflËs ;]jf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5Æ egL lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL
P]gsf] bkmf % / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] lgod !) sf] pklgod -!_ df
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t gd{;, b//]6sf] cfwf/df tof/ ug'{kg]{ elgPsf] 5 . o:tf] gd{;
bIf k|fljlwsx?sf] ;d"xaf6 tof/ eO{ ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldltn]
k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf nflu b//]6 :jLs[t ub{5 . ;fy}, ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] lgod !)
sf] pklgod -^_ cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] pQm nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug]{ k|fljlws eGbf Ps tx
dflysf] k|fljlws jf k|fljlwsx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ l8hfO{g, 8«O{Ë ;d]t hfFRg nufO{ s'g} q'6L b]lvPdf To:tf]
q'6L ;Rofpg nufpg' kg]{5 eGg] klg Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L, hfFRg] clwsf/L eGbf Ps tx dflysf]
clwsf/Laf6 ;f]sf] :jLs[lt x'g] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf lgod !$ sf] pklgod -#_ df ul/Psf] 5 . o;
lsl;dsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;fdfGotof cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] tof/Lb]lv g} ckgfO{Psf] Jofks
;'kl/j]If0f Pj+ cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] cË dfGg ;lsG5 .
Nfut cg'dfg :jLs[lt kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, lgod cg';f/ pko'Qm vl/b ljlw 5gf}6 u/L s'g}
klg cfof]hgfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/nfO{ 7f]; cfsf/ lbg ljleGg lgdf{0f sfo{ ul/G5 . o;} qmddf vl/b
;Demf}tf klg ul/G5 . of] ;Demf}tfdf pQm l;Ëf] lgdf{0f sfo{ / lgdf{0f sfo{:ynsf] ;a}vfn] lhDd]jf/L
axg ug{ O{l~hlgo/ jf ;j–O{l~hlgo/ k|fljlwsnfO{ ;fO{6 O{~rfh{ tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f
;DalGwt k|foM ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ;fO{6 O{~rfh{sf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf k|fljlws O{l~hlgo/ jf ;j–
O{l~hlgo/ eGbf Ps tx dflysf] O{l~hlgo/nfO{ cfly{s sf/f]af/ afx]ssf ;a} clwsf/ lbO{ ;fO{6
O{l~hlgo/ egL tf]lsPsf] klg x'G5 . s'g} klg ;Ë7gsf] ;femf p2]Zo / nIo k|flKt ug{df ;f] ;Ë7gdf
cfa4 ;a}sf] ;d"xut sfo{n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . o;} cg'?k ;fO{6 O{~rfh{ / ;fO{6
O{l~hlgo/åosf] l6djs{n] cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tf]lsP cg';f/ ;DkGg x'gdf /rgfTds
lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf cnfjf cfof]hgf k|d'vn] klg a]nf a]nf ;'kl/j]If0f Pj+ cg'udg
u/]sf] x'G5 . hf/L jf ;DkGg t/ :jLsf/ geO{;s]sf sfddf s'g} k|sf/sf] q'6L b]lvP sfo{ :yn /
sfof{nodf To;nfO{ ;RofP/ lgdf{0f ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf x'G5g\ . vl/b ;Demf}tf cg';f/ ;DkGg lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] lan e'QmfgLsf] tl/sf af/] lgod !@@ / !@# df k|fjwfgx? /flvPsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu
;DalGwt lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu ;Da4 lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf lghsf k|ltlglwn] tf]lsPsf] ;fO{6 O{~rfh{ -
O{l~hlgo/ jf ;j–O{l~hlgo/_ k|fljlws ;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm pkl:yltdf ;DkGg sfdsf] :ynut gfkhfFr
u/L gfkL lstfa (Measurement Book) d=n] =k=kmf=g+ = !&! df k|lji6L u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{
sfof{nodf e'QmfgLsf nflu k]z ub{5 . o;/L gfkL lstfadf pNn]v ePsf] jf:tljs sfo{;Dkfbgsf]
cfwf/df lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lan e'QmfgL lbO{g] Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -;+zf]wg
;lxt_ sf] lgod !@# sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ df ul/Psf] 5 eg] P]=P]= lgodsf] pklgod -#_ df
o:tf] lan k]z u/]sf] #) lbg leq e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{5 egL :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/ e'QmfgLsf]
nflu lan k]z ubf{ ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod !@# sf] pklgod -@_ cg';f/ vl/b ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf]
cfjZos sfuhft k]z ug'{ kg]{5 elgP klg Jojxf/tM lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L /xFbf ;DalGwt lgdf{0f :yn
;fO{6sf] ;fO{6 O{~rfh{ -O{l~hlgo/ jf ;j–O{l~hlgo/_ k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;df lgh k|lt k"0f{ hjfkmb]xL
/xg] :ynut lg/LIf0fstf{sf] e"ldsf gfkL lstfadf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g\ . ;fy}, o:tf] lg/LIf0fstf{sf]
lg/LIf0f lgdf{0f sfo{ hf/L /x'~h]n;Dd ePsf] gePsf] kl5 ;Dd olsg ug{ ;lsg] s'g} k|sf/sf]
sfuhft cfjZos 7flgPsf] 5}g\ . o;af6 cg'udgsf] k4lt s]xL v's'nf] /x]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 .

80
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfg / d"NofÍg ug]{ k4lt lans'n k|fljlws ePsf]n] of] s;/L
ul/G5 eGg] tkm{ ck|fljlws ;xsf/L tyf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ hfGg] pTs6 clenfiff x'G5 . nfeflGjt
;d"xnfO{ cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf ljleGg r/0fdf ;xefuL u/fP o;n] ;xh} d"t{?k lng ;Sg] ljZjf;
ul/P em}F lgdf{0f sfo{ cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx? af/] klg pQm k"jf{wf/af6 nfeflGjt x'g] ;d'bfo jf
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf ;sf/fTds ;"rgf k|jfx x'g' h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf @@ / P]=P]=lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !!! sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -h-!__ cg';f/ lgdf{0f
ug]{ pkemf]Qmf ;ldlt jf s'g} Joj;foLn] lgdf{0f :yndf cg';"rL – * adf]lhdsf ljj/0fx? ælgdf{0f
sfo{:yn ;"rgf kf6LÆ agfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug'{kb{5 egL /flvPsf] k|fjwfgn] lgdf{0f ;fO{6 glhs} t'n,
Jofg/, xf]l8{Ë af]8{, l8lh6n l8:k]No af]8{, ˆn]S; af]8{, cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 eGg] :ki6 u/]sf]
5 . h;af6 kf/blz{tf emlNsP/ hgdfg;df Ps k|sf/sf] ;sf/fTds Pj+ v'zLsf] ;~rf/ x'g] lglZrt
5 eg] ;/sf/sf] sfd k|lt hgtfdf ;fsf/fTds efjgfsf] j[l4 x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/} sfd n'sfO{
l5kfO{ ul/G5 eGg] ljsl;t cfd wf/0ffnfO{ unt ;fljt ug{ hgtfaf6 klg ;fdflhs k/LIf0f Pj+
cg'udg x'g plQs} h?/L 5 .
t/ clwsf+z lgdf{0f :yndf plNnlvt lsl;dsf] jf ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbg] ;d]t s'g} k|sf/sf] ;"rgf
kf6L b]Vg kfO{b}g . o;n] ;du|df ljsf; Joj:yfkgnfO{ r'gf}tL yk]sf] 5 . o; tkm{ s]xL ;xh
jftfj/0f agfpg dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg (Public Expenditure
Tracking System), dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 ul/g] clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f / /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|af6 x'g]
lgdf{0f sfo{x?sf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f (Technical Audit) klg Ps lsl;dn] cg'udg g} xf] .
o;}u/L, ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @@ ;Fu ;DalGwt cg';"rL–$ df ePsf lgDg
bz k|sf/sf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] vl/b ;Demf}tfx? klg ;Dem}tf adf]lhd lgdf{0f sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5, 5}g egL
cg'udg jf t'ngf ug{sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf]?kdf lng ;lsG5 M–
!_ PsfO{ b/ vl/b ;Demf}tf, @_ Psd'i7 /sd vl/b ;Demf}tf, #_ nfut zf]wegf{ vl/b ;Demf}tf, $_
;do / ;fdu|L b/ vl/b ;Demf}tf, %_ l8hfO{g / lgdf{0f vl/b ;Demf}tf, ^_ Joj:yfkg vl/b ;Demf}tf,
&_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t dd{t ;Def/ jf Joj:yfkg vl/b ;Demf}tf, *_ lk;js{ vl/b ;Demf}tf,
(_ lgdf{0f / dd{t ;Def/ vl/b ;Demf}tf, / !)_ 6g{sL vl/b ;Demf}tf
oLdWo] ! g+= sf] PsfO{ b/ vl/b ;Demf}tf w]/} eGbf w]/} sfdx?df k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] ;Demf}tf
cg';f/ ePsf] sfd jfkt e'QmfgL ubf{ lgdf{0f :ynsf] gfk hfFraf6 olsg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf]
kl/df0fnfO{ k|lt PsfO{ b/n] u'0fg u/L cfpg] /sd e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{5 elgPsf] 5 . o;df k|lt PsfO{
b/ lglZrt /xG5 eg] s]jn lgdf{0f sfo{sf] kl/df0f olsg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5, hf] l8=lk=cf/=df tf]lsP eGbf
36\g] jf a9g] klg x'g ;S5 . h;nfO{ ldnfg ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod !!*
df k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsPsf] kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f dfgL e]l/Pzg ug'{kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf
5 . o; k|sf/ s'g} cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf] s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;'?sf] nfut cg'dfg eGbf lans'n} km/s
jf x'ax' p:t} kl/df0fx?nfO{ qmdzM ;f]xL kl/df0fsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhd lglZrt eO{ :jLs[t ePsf]
PsfO{ b/n] u'0fg u/L cfPsf s'n /sd g} To;sf] d"NofÍg x'g] ub{5 . kl5 clGtd nfut g} oxL
sfod x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, hf/L jf ;DkGg eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf cfof]hgfsf] pQm cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo eGbf dflyNnf] jf afXo :jtGq JolQm tyf ;+:yfaf6 d"NofÍg u/fpg]
ul/G5 . o;kl5 dfq pQm cfof]hgfsf] cf}lrTo :yflkt x'G5 .

81
%= ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltx?sf] Joj:yf
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgf Pj+ sfo{qmd pk/ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwx?n] ljlwjt lgu/fgL u/L /fv"g egL
ljleGg ;+/rgfut Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -u7g tyf sfo{
;~rfng_ cfb]z @)&$ sf] bkmf & adf]lhd /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\ b]zsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; ug{
cfjZos bL3{sfnLg jf cfjlws ljsf; gLlt jf of]hgfdf 5nkmn ljZn]if0f u/L dfu{bz{g lbgsf]
nflu ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f ;jf]{Rr lgsfo u7g u/]sf] 5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
cfof]hgfdf s'g} ljlzi6Ls[t ;d:of eP ;f] sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg] sfo{ o;} kl/ifb\n] ub{5 .
ljsf; sfo{df ;xof]u ug{, ;xhtf Nofpg cfof]hgfx?sf] k|ult ;dLIff ug{, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] ldlt @)$(.)$.)* sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg
;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] tf]lsPsf] nIo xfl;n eP jf ePg egL ;dLIffTds /fli6«o ax; /
lg0f{o ub{5 . o:t} cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ ;dGjo u/L Jojl:yt ug{, ;xof]u ug{,
;xh agfpg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg
pk;ldlt klg u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&% sf] bkmf @=$ adf]lhd ljifout
?kdf ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ ;a} dGqfnodf ;DalGwt dGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{,
;xhtf Nofpg / ;d:of ;dfwfg k"j{sf kxnx? ug{, j:t'k/s pkfox? ;'emfpg ;DalGwt
dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf cg';Gwfg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvfsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg x]g]{
;x;lrj, ljefuLo k|d'vx?, cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmd k|d'vx?, / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg zfvf k|d'v /xg]
dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg pk;ldlt klg u7g u/]sf] 5 .
^= s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt
;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] pkl:ylt, ;'zf;g k|j4{g Pj+ u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut
ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgfn] ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf #* / P]=P] =
lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgodx? @^, @&, @* / @( cg';f/ d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+o]hsTjdf lgDgfg';f/sf]
s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] klg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
o; ;ldltn] ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;'ljwfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/k|fKt
clwsf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfd sf/afxL k|efjsf/L tyf u'0f:t/Lo 9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg eP jf gePsf]
s'/fsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ ub{5 .
k|b]z tyf lhNnf:t/df klg hjfkmb]lxtfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{, lx;fa dfUg] -sdflG8Ë r]g h:t}_ o;
lsl;dsf] ;ldlt ;lqmo /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo:t/sf k|To]s dGqfno jf cfof]udf ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg PsfO{ /xg] Joj:yf 5, . of] cg'udg PsfO{ / dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of
;dfwfg pk;ldltsf] ;+/rgf tyf sfo{If]q Pscfk;df h'w]sf] b]lvG5 .

82
 s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt
-;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^% sf] lgod @^ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-s_ d'Vo ;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no – ;+of]hs
-v_ ;lrj, u[x dGqfno – ;b:o
-u_ ;lrj, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u – ;b:o
-3_ ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o
-ª_ ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno – ;b:o
-r_ ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u – ;b:o
-5_ k|d'v, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| – ;b:o
-h_ ;lrj, k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
-ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;dGjo_ – ;b:o–;lrj
dGqfno:t/Lo d"NofÍg tyf cg'udg PsfO{
-s]Gb|Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] ;xof]uL_
-;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL @)^% sf] lgod @( ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-s_ ;lrj, ;DalGwt dGqfno, lgsfo jf cfof]u – ;+of]hs
-v_ dGqfno, lgsfo jf cfof]usf dxfzfvf k|d'vx? dWo]af6
;lrjn] tf]s]sf] a9Ldf @ hgf – ;b:o
-u_ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ljefuLo k|d'vx? dWo]af6 ;lrjn] tf]s]sf] a9Ldf @ hgf – ;b:o
-3_ ;DalGwt If]q x]g]{, zfvf k|d'v, k|wfgdGqL tyf
dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no – ;b:o
-ª_ ;DalGwt If]q x]g]{, sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]
;lrjfno – ;b:o
&= pk;+xf/M
x/]s cfly{s jif{df b]zsf] clwsf+z ah]6 k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu 5'6\ofO{G5 . ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf]
ljleGg r/0f dWo] lg/Gt/ ul/g] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍgdf eg] ;du|df Ps O{l~hlgo/ g}
lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . rfx] Tof] ;fO{6 O{~rfh{ xf]pmg\ jf ;fO{6 O{l~hlgo/ xf]pg\ . cr]n O{l~hlgo/ g}
O{l~hlgo/ n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lx/f;t sIf el/of] eGg] ;dfrf/n] ;g;gL
km}nfPsf] 5 . lgdf{0f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf k|foM lbgel/ / slxn]sfxLF nuftf/ lbg /ft klg x'g]
ub{5 . lgdf{0f dhb'/x? sfo{:yndf kfnf] km]b}{ vl6Psf x'G5g\ . t/ lg/LIf0fstf{nfO{ kfnf] lbg] sf]xL
x'Fb}g\ . oBlk o:tf] ljz]if kl/l:yltsf nflu eg] cfsif{s ;'ljwf pknAw ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L cgj/t
vl6P klg oxL If]qdf clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ ;xh} al9/x]sf] eGg] cfd wf/0ff ag]sf] 5 . o:tf]

83
wf/0ff lsg / s;/L ljsl;t eof] eGg] cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo xf] . lzIffsf] :t/ a9b} hfFbf hgtfn]
ljleGg sf08x? af/] hfGg] x]Ssf /fVb5g\ . ;fdfGotof lgdf{0fsf] sfdafx]s hf/L /x]sf jf ;DkGg eO{
;~rfngdf cfPsf cfof]hgfsf] pQm cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfo jf afXo
:jtGq JolQm tyf ;+:yfaf6 d"NofÍg u/fpg] ul/G5 . o;kl5 pQm cfof]hgfsf] cf}lrTotf :yflkt x'g]
ub{5 . ;a} cfof]hgf Pj+ sfo{qmdpk/ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwx?n] ljlwjt g} o; lsl;dsf] lgu/fgL u/L
/fv"g egL ;+/rgfut dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] tf]lsPsf] nIo xfl;n eP jf ePg elg
;ldIffTds /fli6«o ax; / lg0f{o ug]{ ub{5 . oL ;+/rgfx?n] :df6{ eO{ sfd ug]{ xf] eg] ljsf;
cfof]hgf rqmdf ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;xL cy{df x'g]5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
!= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng_ cfb]z @)&$
@= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$
#= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%,
$= /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g @)&%, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
%= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
^= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
&= g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]z -;+zf]lwt / kl/jlw{t ;+:s/0f @)&%_, g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg, sdnfbL,
sf7df8f}F
*= !% cf}F of]hgf -cf=j= @)&^÷)&&–)*)÷*!_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
(= ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfosf :jtM k|sfzgx?
!)= ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] j]j;fO{6df pknAw ;fdu|Lx?
!!= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf k|sflzt æljsf;Æ hg{nsf k'/fgf cÍx?

84
 g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s ljsf;df j}b]lzs nufgL
lblnk s'df/ >Ljf:tj
k|zf;sLo clws[t
g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg -gf:6_
dilip.shrivastav71@gmail.com

;f/f+z
cfhsf] o'udf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffeGbf /fHosf] ;xhsf/L e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . ;f]
cg';f/ /fHosf] e"ldsf Jofkf/, nufgL tyf ahf/sf] k|j4{g tyf ;f]sf] nflu cfjZos dfkb08 agfpg],
;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{, k|zf;sLo sfo{;Dkfbgsf ;fy} j}b]lzs ;DaGw dfkm{t\ cfly{s ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug]{
nufotsf sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . lghL If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{df a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . nufgLsf] pko'Qm
jftfj/0f Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu :jb]zL nufgL dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . xfd|f] h:tf] sd
ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu of] s'/f c;Dej g} x'G5 . j}b]lzs nufgLn] /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug]{, k|ljlw tyf 1fgsf]
lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf cGt//f{li6«o ahf/ kx'Frdf ;xof]u ug{], k|lt:kwf{ clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . j}b]lzs
k'FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{, cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{ j}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg tyf
o;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{ ;/sf/n] cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L dfkm{t\ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ajb]lzs nufgL
k|j4{gsf] cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .

!= k[i7e"ld
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs nufgLsf] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 . kF'hLsf]
cGt/f{li6«os/0fsf dfWodaf6 clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ul/jL lgjf/0f Pj+ a[xQ/ cfly{s j[l4b/
dfkm{t\ cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'g] x'Fbf ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] vf;u/L k'FhL / k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfnfO{ t];|f]
ljZj ;dIf lj:tf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gx¿ dfkm{t\ pknAw u/fOg] o:tf ;xfotfx¿n]
pQ/bfloTjsf] ljt/0f, k'FhLsf] ;xhkg cGt//fli6«o ¿kdf cfly{s nufgL ug{] ;+:yf pk/ lg/LIf0fs
tyf cg'udg, afXo -;Ldfkf/_ Jofkfl/s÷Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg tyf cGt//fli6«o
ahf/;Fusf] cfa4tfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'G5 . s'g} b]zdf k'FhL, k|ljlw / ;Lk gePsf] cj:yfdf ljb]zL
nufgL cfjZostf kb{5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] ;+/If0fjfbL tyf lgif]wfTds cfly{s gLltdf ePsf]
kl/jt{g kZrft ljb]zL nufgLsf] 9f]sf v'Ng] jftfj/0f ag]sf] kfOG5 .

ljb]zL nufgL eGgfn] s'g} ljb]zLn] csf]{ /fi6«sf] e"–efuleq ug]{ nufgLnfO{ a'lemG5 . ljz]if u/]/ k|ljlw
If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ljZjJofkL ?kdf :yflkt pTkfbg, ahf/ Joj:yf / ljt/0fsf] PsLs[t ;+oGq,
låkIfLo, If]qLo tyf ax'kIfLo:t/df ;DkGg ePsf nufgL ;DaGwL ;lGw–;Demf}tfsf] pkl:ylt,
ax'kIfLo ljsf; a}Í (IBRD, IMF, ADB) cflbx?n] nufgLsf lgldQ tof/ u/]sf cjwf/0ffx?;Fu}
ljb]zL nufgLn] k|fyldstf kfPsf] xf] . ljsl;t /fi6«n] ljsf;zLn /fi6«nfO{ Not aid but trade sf]
gf/f cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ . PsnsfF6] cfly{s gLlt h:tf gLltx?nfO{ x6fO{ ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t
ug]{ lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f tof/ u/L ;f]xL cg'?k cfly{s gLlt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . lbuf] cfly{s
ljsf;sf] nflu cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngaf6 dfq ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] ljb]zL k'FhL, k|ljlw /
Joj:yfkgsf] k|of]uåf/f cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ k|ToIf /
ck|ToIf u/L b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL cGtu{t k'FhL lgof{ts b]zsf]

85
sDkgLsf] zfvf vf]Ng', cfˆgf] lgoGq0f ePsf] Jofj;flos sDkgL vf]Ng', cGo b]zdf sfo{ ug'{, cfˆgf]
b]zdf sDkgL :yfkgf ug'{, cGo b]zdf l:y/ ;DklQ vl/b ug'{, cflb kb{5g / o;df gfkmf / gf]S;fg
b'j} nufgLstf{df hfG5 . ck|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL klg elgG5 . o; cGtu{t
kF'hL cfoft ug]{ b]zsf] ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] ;]o/, C0fkq h:tf k|Tofe"ltx¿ ljb]zL gful/sn] vl/b
ub{5g / lx:;]bf/sf] ?kdf nfef+z k|fKt ub{5g\ . nufgLstf{n] hf]lvd Joxf]g'{kg{] cj:yf Go"g /xG5 .
j}b]lzs nufgLsf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o k|rngdf /x]sf Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development, United Nation Confernce on Trade and Development (OECD)
h:tf Jofkfl/s lgsfox¿n] o; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbg nfuL k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] Jofkfl/s
ljjfbsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu UNCITRAL Law tyf UNCITRAL Rule x¿sf cfwf/df ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg ug{ WTO dfkm{t\ Dispute settlement Board :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . b'O{ cÍsf] cfly{s j[l4tkm{
pGd'v ePsf b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL b]zsf] nufgLn] dfq klg g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng ;S5 .
@= j}b]lzs nufgLsf] dxTj
ul/a tyf cNkljsl;t b]zx¿sf] nflu k'FhL / k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s j[l4b/ dfkm{t\ cfly{s
;d'Gglt xfl;n ug{sf nflu k'FhLsf] cGt/f{li6«os/0f cfjZos x'G5 . k'FhLsf] cGt/f{li6«os/0f eg]sf]
ljsl;t d'n'saf6 kF'hL k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df k|jfx u/L ;xfotf tyf nufgLsf] If]q
lj:tf/ ug'{ xf] . ;fy} ;DalGwt d'n'sx¿ aLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw a9fpg] Pp6f dfWodsf] ?kdf klg
lng ;lsG5 . Sir D. Walker sf zAbdf The process of Internationalization in which national
barriers are transended by technology, competition and unrestricted flow is basically
healthy. This is because it promotes the allocation of capital by competitive merit, through
the international of markets and forms that are the most efficient and provides effective
meanings for managing risk (Walker, 1992:21).

nufgLsf] jftfj/0f Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ ahf/ Joj:yfsf nflu :jb]zL nufgL] dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . cem clt
sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu of] ;Dej g} xF'b}g . pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] ljZj ahf/df kx'Frsf nflu j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf, u'0f:t/Lotf, Jofkfl/s k|rng h:tf tTjx¿ cfjZos x'G5g .
To;sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu k'FhL, k|ljlw tyf ;|f]tsf] ;xh kxF'r cfjZos x'G5 . h;df j}b]lzs nufgLn]
lgDg k|sf/n] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
!= k|ljlwo'Qm Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{,
@= cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg,
#= gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t bIf dfgj ;+zfwg k|flKt ug{,
$= :yfgLo pTkfbgdf x'g] ljb]zL bafanfO{ x6fpg,
%= Jofkfl/s k|ltaGwx¿nfO{ x6fpg,
^= :yfgLo :t/sf pTkfbgnfO{ /fli6«o:t/sf ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg,
&= ;+o'Qm nufgL tyf :yfgLo:t/sf nufgLstf{aLr ;xsfo{, ;+o'Qm ahf/ k|aGw tyf Ohfht
k|lqmofnfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .
*= gofF ahf/ tyf ahf/ ;Da4 ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ ug{,
(= ;:tf] pTkfbsLo ;'ljwf dfkm{t\ pTkfbsTj a9fpg,

86
!)= gofF k|ljlwdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg tyf k|lt:kwL{ ahf/ lgdf{0f ug{,
#= g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] cj:yf
kl5Nnf] ;do b]zdf j}b]lzs nufgL lelqg] qmd a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ ;g\
@)!% df #=$ k|ltztdfq lyof] . b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL b]z ef/t / rLgsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ @)!% df qmdzM
&=# / ^=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, emGeml6nf] k|lqmof, ckf/blz{tf /
e|i6frf/sf sf/0f ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]]lus Joj;fo P]g / ljz]if cfly{s
If]q ;DaGwL P]g cfPtf klg lgsf;L j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|:tfljt ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f P]gdf ePsf emGeml6nf k|fjwfg klg csf]{ cˆ7\of/f] kf6f] xf] . g]kfndf @)$^ ;fnb]lv
@)&@÷&# ;Dd ljZjsf *& b]zsf hDdf tLg xhf/ kfFr ;o &* a9L pBf]un] nufgLsf nflu
:jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5, To; dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L nufgL ef/tLo pBf]usf] /x]sf] kfOG5 . ef/tkl5
bf];|f]df rLg / t];|f]df cd]l/sfsf pBf]un] g]kfndf nufgL / nufgL k|lta4tf u/]sf b]lvG5g .
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)&# kl5 7"nf cyf{t\ ?= @% s/f]8eGbf a9L nufgL ePsf pBf]u btf{ x'g]
qmd a9bf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)&# cfPkl5 ;fgf nufgL ;fgf pBf]u btf{sf] ;ª\Vof sd x'Fb}
uPsf] tYofÍn] b]vfp5 . kl5Nnf jif{df ;/sf/n] pBf]uLsf nflu ;'ljwf a9fPsf sf/0f pBf]u btf{
;ª\Vof a9]/ uPsf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLsf ;fgf tyf 7"nf ;a} vfnsf pBf]u, pBf]u ljefudf btf{ ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 t/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)&# df Joj:yf ul/P cg';f/ btf{ eP/ ;~rfngdf gcfPsf
pBf]u :jtM vf/]h x'g] Joj:yf 5 . slt pBf]u btf{ eP/ dfq jf k|lta4tfdf dfq cfP eGg'sf] ;§f
slt pBf]u ;~rfngdf cfP, s] slt vf/]h eP / sltsf] nufgL ;~rfngdf 5g\ / slt k|lta4tf
sfof{Gjogdf cfP / slt k|lta4tf ;~rfngdf cfPgg\ cflb af/] n]vfhf]vf ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] c;f]h;Dd pBf]u ljefudf ?= ;ft va{ #^ ca{ &% s/f]8 nfut a/fa/sf
pBf]u btf{ ePsf] kfOG5 . oL pBf]ux?df ;ft j6f s[lifhGo, lgdf{0fsf b'O{ j6f, pmhf{d"ns !! j6f
;"rgf k|ljlwsf tLg j6f 5g\ . o;}u/L pTkfbgd"ns @( j6f, ;]jfd"ns #& j6f tyf ko{6gsf %)
j6f u/L !#( j6f pBf]u 5g\ .

ljb]zL pBf]u btf{ k|lqmofdf ;xhtfsf nflu cgnfOg k|of]uaf6 g]kfndf ljb]zL nufgL a9g] cfzf
a9]sf] 5 . b]zdf ;ª\3Lotf nfu" eO{ aGb x8tfn qmlds ?kdf sd x'Fb} hfg', nf]8;]l8ªdf ;'wf/
ePsf]n] klg nufgLstf{ pT;flxt xF'b} cfPsf 5g . h;sf] k|ToIf k|efj j}b]lzs nufgLdf k/]sf] 5 .
ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] ljZj a}Ísf] 8'Oª lalhg]; k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ljleGg b]zsf nufgL ug]{ jf gug]{
lg0f{o lng] u/]sfn] k|ltj]bgnfO{ j}}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs
nufgL tyf cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ;lxtsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu gofF kxn ug]{ xf] eg] nufgLnfO{ ;xh
agfpFb} hfg'kb{5 .
$= j}b]lzs nufgL;DaGwL Joj:yfx?
s= ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] /fHosf bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ cGtu{t b]zsf]
cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4zfnL
agfpg Ps ;femf ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj pNn]v ePsf] 5 . To:t} u/L
/fHosf gLltx¿ cGtu{t lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], j}b]lzs k'FhL /
87
k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{, cfly{s pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;d]tsf]
;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5 .
v= gLltut Joj:yf
To;}u/L pbf/, v'nf / ahf/d'vL cy{tGqsf nflu cfly{s ;d[[l4sf] k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg]
p2]Zon] lgdf{0f, :jfldTj, ;~rfng, x:tfGt/0f (Build, own, operate, Transfer) gLlt
@)%&, j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt @)%(, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf Psåf/ gLlt @)$(, hnljB't
ljsf; gLlt, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%, ko{6g gLlt, @)^%, nufotsf gLlt
dfkm{t\ j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{sf ;fy} k|j4{g ug]{ sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus gLlt,
@)^& n] j}b]lzs nufgL ;+/If0f, ljljwLs/0f / k|j4{gug{ u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ g]kfndf
nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ tyf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL a9L lelqg] d'n'sdf cjl:yt g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf; tyf s"6g}lts lgof]udf cf}Bf]lus nufgL k|j4{gsf nflu cfly{s s"6gLlts
PsfO{nfO{ ;an agfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
u= ;+:yfut ÷sfo{ut Joj:yf
cfhsf] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;dodf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ Pj+ o;af6 l;h{gf x'g]
cj;/x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g, ;fˆ6f tyf ljd:6]ssf]
;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljZj a}Í, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Ísf cfjf;Lo sfof{no tyf
;fs{sf] ;lrjfno ;d]t g]kfndf :yflkt eO{ ;s]sf] kfOG5 .
3= j}b]lzs nufgL ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf
!= ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g @)$(
o; P]g cg';f/ j}b]lzs nufgL eGgfn] ;]o/df u/]sf] nufgL, ;]o/df u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt
ePsf] nufgL, C0f jf C0f ;'ljwfsf] ¿kdf u/]sf] nufgLnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . To:t} k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f eGgfn] pBf]u / ljb]zL nufgLstf{ aLrsf] b]xfosf] s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tf u/L
ul/g] x:tfGt/0f ;Demg'kb{5 .
!= ljb]zL pTkltsf] s'g} k|ljlw ;DaGwL clwsf/, ljlzi6tf, km/d'nf, k|lqmof, k]6]G6 jf
k|fljlws 1fgsf] pkof]u ug]{ .
@= ljb]zL :jfldTjsf] 6]«8dfs{ pkof]u ug]{ .
#= j}b]lzs k|fljlws, ;Nnfxsf/, Joj:yfkg Pj+ ahf/ ;]jf pknJw ug]{ . ljb]zL d'b|fdf
nufgL ug]{ ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] /sd ljb]zL d'b|fdf g]kfn clw/fHo
aflx/ n}hfg kfpF5 .
#=! ljb]zL nufgLsf] s]xL jf ;a} c+zsf] ;]o/ laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd,
#=@ ljb]zL nufgL jfktsf] nfe jf nfef+zsf] ¿kdf k|fKt /sd, /
#=# ljb]zL C0fsf] ;fFjf / Jofhsf] e'QmfgLsf] ¿kdf k|fKt /sd .
To:t}, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ;Demf}tf cGtu{t k|fKt /sd ;DalGwt ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt d'b|fdf
g]kfn aflx/ n}hfg kfpg] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf ^ df le;f ;DaGwL Joj:yf, P]gsf] bkmf & df
ljjfbsf] ;dfwfgsf] Joj:yf / ;f] cg';f/ ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g g;s] k|rlnt ;o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo

88
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ sfg"gsf] k|rlnt dWo:ytf ;DaGwL lgod adf]lhd x'g] u/L Joj:yf /x]sf]
5.
@= nufgL af]8{ P]g, @)^*
/fHosf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L, ;xsf/L / :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL
If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ kl/rfng u/L Jojl:yt ¿kdf cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ tLj| agfpg,
cTofjZos k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; u/L ;an, ultzLn tyf k|lt:kwL{ cy{tGq
ljsf; ug{ / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ul/jL lgjf/0fdf cy{k"0f{ of]ubfg k'/ofpg Ps
clwsf/ ;DkGg nufgL af]8{ u7g ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n], eGg] d"n pb\b]Zo lnO{ nufgL af]8{
P]g, @)^* hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; P]gdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L
k"jf{wf/ tyf cGo If]qdf ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L, ;xsf/L / :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL–lghL nufgL
kl/rfng u/L Joj:yfkg ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf nufgL af]8{ u7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o;
af]8{sf sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M—
!= nufgL ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug]{ jf u/fpg],
@= nufgLsf If]qx¿df k|lt:kwf{Tds jf k|fyldstf If]qsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ jf u/fpg],
#= g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] b'|t ;8s -kmf:6 6«Øfs /f]8_, ;'?Ëdfu{, /]ndfu{, /f]kj],
6«nLa;,cGt//fli6«o tyf If]qLo :t/sf ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fdf x'g] nufgL tyf ;~rfngdf
/x]sf ljdfg:ynsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f Pj+ Joj:yfkgdf x'g] nufgL,
$= ;x/L If]qdf kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg tyf k|zf]wg KnfG6df x'g] nufgL,
%= /f;folgs dn pTkfbg sf/vfgfdf x'g] nufgL,
^= k]6«f]lnod l/kmfOg/L Knf06sf] nufgL,
&= g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf 7"nf k'nsf] lgdf{0fdf x'g] nufgL,
*= %! k|ltzteGbf a9L ljb]zL nufgLdf :Yffkgf ul/g] a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf x'g] nufgL
jf ladf jf k'gla{df sDkgLsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf x'g] nufgL,
(= d]l8sn sn]h tyf tLg ;o z}ofeGbf dflysf cTofw'lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm c:ktfn jf
gl;{Ëxf]ddf x'g] nufgL,
!)= kfFr ;o d]ufjf6 jf ;f]eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf] hnljB'tx?sf] pTkfbg kl/of]hgfdf x'g]
nufgL,
!!= ljz]if cfly{s If]q, lgof{t k|j4{gjf lgof{t k|zf]wg If]q, ljz]if cf}Bf]lus If]q jf ;"Rfgf
k|ljlw kfs{sf] lgdf{0fdf x'g] nufgL,
!@= l:y/ k"FhL bz ca{ ¿kF}of jf ;f]eGbf a9L kl/of]hgf nfut ePsf] s'g} klg k"jf{wf/
;+/rgf jf ;]jf pBf]udf x'g] nufgL,
!#= nufgL of]Uo kl/of]hgfsf] 5gf]6 u/L k|:tfj cfXjfg, k|fKt k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg,
nufgLstf{;Fu jftf{, nufgLsf] :jLs[lt k|bfg, k|:tfjs;Fu tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demf}tf,
!$= nufgLsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog jf ;~rfng
eP jf gePsf] cg'udg,
!%= nufgL k|jw{gsf nflu ljleGg dGqfno, ;/sf/L tyf :yfgLo lgsfoaLr ;dGjo,
!^= kl/of]hgfx¿sf] zL3| lg0f{o / ;d:ofsf] l56f] 5l/tf] pkrf/ k|bfg,
!&= nufgL k|j4{gug{sf nflu ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL lgof]ux¿sf] kl/rfng,

89
 !*= kl/of]hgf ljZn]if0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 tof/, nufgLsf ;t{ lgwf{/0f tyf nufgLstf{;Fu
;Demf}tf u/fpg], /
!(= :jLs[t nufgLsf nflu k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd cfjZos ;/sf/L hUuf pknAw u/fpg]
jf hUuf pknAw u/fpgdf ;xof]u ug]{ .
#= j}b]lzs nufgL ;DaGwL cGo sfg"gx¿
>d P]g, @)$*, n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$*, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(, hn;|f]t P]g,
@)$(,lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) d"No clej[l4 s/ P]g, @)%#, dWo:ytf P]g, @)%%, s/f/ P]g,
@)%^, cfos/ P]g, @)%*, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%(, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, a}Í tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#, sDkgL P]g, @)^#, k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{gtyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g,
@)^#, bfdf;fxL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#, eG;f/ P]g, @)^$, u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$
;d]t j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng;Fu ;DalGwt
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
%= j}b]lzs nufgLsf ;d:ofx?
dfly plNnlvt k|fjwfg tyf ljleGg lgsfo / ;+/rgf nufotsf k|of;x¿ /xFbf /xFb} klg g]kfnsf]
cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos /x]sf] j}b]lzs nufgL ck]lIft ¿kdf kmnbfoL x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
b]zsf] ;d"lrt cfly{s ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf nflu ;j{k|yd j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts
l:y/tf sfod /fVg' tyf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf ljleGg ;dodf
ePsf /fhg}lts kl/jt{g tyf ljZjJofkLs/0fsf sf/0f cfly{s gLltdf kl/jt{g u/L ljZj hutdf
Psfsf/ x'g] k|oTg u/]sf] t b]lvG5 t/ cfly{s ;'wf/ dfkm{t\ lbuf] / pRr cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{
;kmn ePsf] dfGg ;lsFb}g . o;sf ;d:ofx? lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M—
!= /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs cl:y/tf sfod /xg',
@= j}b]lzs ;xfotf tyf nufgL clej[l4 ug]{ tkm{ /fhg}lts bnx¿aLr :ki6 Pj+ PsLs[t
cjwf/0ffsf] cefj /xg',
#= gLltut cGof}n Pj+ c:ki6tfn] ubf{ ck]lIft ¿kdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng tyf nufgL
gx'g',
$= Psåf/ gLltsf] cjnDag eP tfklg emGeml6nf] / ckf/bzL{ sfo{ljlwn] ubf{ nufgLsf] nflu
plrt jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf],
%= pmhf{ / cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ckof{Kt x'g',
^= g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljleGg ljb]zL sDkgLaLr ePsf ;Demf}tfx¿ dfly ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL k|Zg
p7fO{ cbfntdf ljjfb n}hfg] k|j[lQn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg',
&= k|lt:kwL{ Jojxf/ tyf pBdL Joj;foLx¿sf aLrdf ck]lIft Jofj;flos OdfGbfl/tf gb]lvg',
*= k'FhL ahf/sf] ljsf; ck]lIft ¿kdf gx'g' tyf cfly{s If]q / ahf/df k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f
gaGg',
(= cfGtl/s ahf/ ;fgf] ePsfn] dxQd k|ltkmn lng g;Sg',
!)= ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffn] d"t{ ¿k lng g;Sbf ck]lIft ¿kdf If]qLo /
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/;Fu cfa4 x'g g;s]sf],

90
!!= ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 l;h{gf x'g] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ ;fdYo{ / Jojl:yt of]hgfsf]
cefj /xg',
!@= ck]lIft ¿kdf cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{gug{ g;lsPsfn] ;f]wfgfGt/ l:ylt
v:sFb} hfg', ef/t tyf rLg aLrsf] Jofkf/nfO{ ljljwLs/0f ug{ g;lsPsf],
!#= ljb]zL k'FhL, k|ljlw 1fg / pBdzLntfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df ;fem]bf/Lsf dfWodaf6
kl/rfng x'g g;Sg',
!$= cf}Bf]lus ;'zf;gsf] cefj, >d sfg"g nufgLd}qL gx'g', nlrnf] >d gLltsf] cefjn]
cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw sdhf]/ /xg', /
!%= åGå kZrft\ klg /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / c;'/Iff sfod} /xg' .
^= ca s] ug]{ <
k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgL s'g} klg /fi6«sf] :jfy{sf nflu k|jflxt x'g] nufgL xf]Og . k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgL
nufgLstf{sf] :jfy{;Fu ufFl;Psf] / gfkmfpGd'v x'G5 . nufgLstf{ cfˆgf] :jfy{ / p2]ZonfO{ dfu{
lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf ?kdf lnFb} nufgL ubf{ nufgLsf] ;/ntf, nufgL ubf{sf] ;Ddfg / nufgLsf] eljio
x]g]{ ub{5 . gofF ahf/sf] vf]hL, pTkfbg nfutdf sdL Nofpg], gofF /0fgLlts ;xofqL vf]hL ug]{, gofF
k|ljlwdf kx'Fr, Joj;fosf] cGt/f{li6«o lj:tf/ / ;|f]t ;fwg dfly kx'Fr a9fpg] h:tf p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf]
nflu ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx? cGo b]zdf nufgL ug{ pTk|]l/t x'g] u5{g . o;sf/0f k|ToIf nufgL
leqofpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] nufgLsf] k|j]z, nufgLkl5sf] sfo{;~rfng ;xhtf tyf nufgLsf]
alx{udg k|lqmof :ki6 u/L nufgLstf{nfO{ a'emfpg'k5{ . ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ ;a}eGbf
dxTjk"0f{ kIf /fhgLlts :yfloTj, ljZjf; / hjfkmb]lxtf xf] . /fhgLlts :yfloTj k|fljlws kIf xf] .
vf;df /fhgLlt1x?sf] dgf]j[lQ / Jojxf/ ablng'k5{ . sd{rf/LtGqLo em~em6 g} ljb]zL nufgL
leq\ofpg] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of b]lvPsfn] lghfdtL ;]jf ;Eo ;';+:s[t / g}ltsjfg
aGg'kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfd u/fO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l56f] 5l/tf] x'g'kb{5 . ;fy}, ljb]zL
nufgL cfslif{t ug{ gLltut l:y/tf, sfo{k|0ffnLdf kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj, ;xL ;"rgf k|jfxsf]
;+:s[lt, e/kbf]{ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;, xflb{s cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw, nlrnf] >d
sfg"g, ;zQm k'FhL ahf/, e|i6frf/sf] z"Gotf / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ Jofj;flos Jojxf/ x'g'k5{ eg] s/sf
;/n k|fjwfgx?sf] ;'ljwf lbg'kb{5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljb]zL nufgLsf] sDkgLsf] btf{b]lv
vf/]hL;Ddsf] ;a} sfo{ PsnljGb'af6 ljZjsf ;a} b]zsf] eGbf sd ;dodf lgK6fpg] Joj:yf
ug{'kb{5 . ljjfbsf] Joj:yfkg cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cg';f/ x'g] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 . nufgL leq\ofpg' dfq
7"nf] s'/f xf]Og . nufgLsf nflu cfPsf] k};f ztk|ltzt g} nufgL ug{', ljlgof]lht ah]6 vr{ ug]{
Ifdtf agfpg' 7"nf] s'/f xf] . ;fy}, /fhgLlts hf]lvdsf] ladf ug]{ Joj:yf tyf ANofsr]g k|ljlw,
lj6SjfO{g / lqmK6f] s/]G;Lsf] k|of]uaf6 a];L ljb]zL nufgL cfpF5 eg] af}l4s dGyg u/L pko'Qm
sfg"g agfpg' klg kb{5 .
ljb]zL nufgL Nofpg ;s]df xfdLnfO{ ljb]zL ;xof]usf nflu ljgo ul//xg' kb}{g . ljb]zL ;xof]udf
h:tf] ljb]zL nufgLdf bftfsxfF g} 7"nf] lx:;f kms{g] cj:yf klg /xFb}g . ljb]zL nufgLdf pTkflbt
j:t'sf] ahf/sf] vf]hL :jo+ nufgLstf{n] kxn ug]{ ePsfn] ;/sf/n] ljb]zdf lgof{tsf] jftfj/0f /
:jb]zdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ldnfpFbf g} kof{Kt x'G5 . b]zsf] ljsf; / hgtfsf] sNof0fsf nflu
b]zleq nufgL gu/];Dd ljb]zdf /f]huf/L ug]{ o'jfx? b]zdf a:g] jftfj/0f aGb}g . o'jfzlQm knfog
x'Fbf;Dd b]zsf] ljsf; klg x'Fb}g . nufgL u/]/ /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ b]zdf pknAw nufgL dfq kof{Kt

91
x'Fb}g . o;sf/0f k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgL leqofpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf ag]sfn] nufgLsf cfsf+IfLx?sf]
k|lt:kwf{df pl5Gg] u/L nufgL jftfj/0f agfpg' cfhsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
&= lgisif{
cy{tGq / cfly{s pbf/jfbsf] gofF ljZj kl/j]zdf ljb]zL nufgL ljsf;fTds sfo{qmddf a9L
k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf] lxt dfq xf]Og nufgL lelqg] /fi6«sf] lxt klg emNsg]
;femf nufgL, ;dGjosf/L nufgL x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf ul/jL lgjf/0fpGd'v ljb]zL nufgL
cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . PSsfO{;f}F ztfAbLsf] sNof0fsf/L /fHox?n] Jofkf/Lsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ xf]Og,
clkt' ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 . g]kfn Ps e"kl/j]li7t sdhf]/ tyf cljsl;t k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgf,
cl:y/ /fhgLlts l:ylt, sRrf kbfy{sf] ckof{Kttf, cljsl;t k'FhL ahf/, pTkfbgdf ljljwLs/0fdf
sdL, ;fgf] ahf/, ;Ifd hgzlStsf] cefj, cl:y/ ahf/ Joj:yf, :jb]zL nufgLstf{ a9L pTkfbgstf{
geO{ Jofkf/ pGd'v x'g', e|i6«frf/ tyf u}/gLlt h:tf sf/0fx?n] ljb]zL nufgL k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf]
5}g . /fHon] j}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg] gLlt lnP klg d'n'ssf] j:t'ut cj:yf ljBdfg nufgL ;d]t
l6sfpg g;Sg] lsl;dn] k|lts"n aGb} uPsf] 5 . csf]{ tkm{ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 cfPsf]
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& kZrft\ cjnDag u/]sf] v'nf ahf/ cy{gLlt, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf
k|j]z, ljb]zL nufgL tyf sfo{qmd / cfjlws ?kdf cfpg] ah]6n] klg ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ 9f]sf v'nf
ul/Psf]] 5 . t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ h'g ?kdf ;}4flGts dfGotf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 ;f]
adf]lhd pko'St nufgL pGd'v sfof{Gjogut jftfj/0f agfpg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . lj=;+= @)$( sf]
cf}Bf]lus gLlt, jfl0fHo gLlt / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f gLltsf] xfn;Dd ck]lIft nufgL
leq\ofpg g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df cfufdL lbgdf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L /fHon] k|fyldstf
tf]s]sf If]qx?df ljb]zL nufgLsf] ckl/xfo{tf /x]sf] 5 . ljb]zL nufgL;Fu} g]kfnL k|fs[lts k|r'/tf /
ljljlwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;D+j4{g u/L :yfgLos/0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] kIf klg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
d'n'sdf cfPsf] j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ lbuf] agfpg] / gofF nufgL cfsif{0f ug]{ jftfj/0f Jofjxfl/s ?kd}
;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
!= uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, -@)^^_ /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, ;f]kfg dfl;sM sf7df8f}F .
@= cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] vr{ Joj:yfsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff k|ltj]bg, sf7df8f}F .
#= ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;|f]t ;fdu|L, cu|;f/yL k|sfzg, @)^*, sf7df8f}F .
$= g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ef/t ;/sf/sf aLr ;DkGg nufgL k|j4{gtyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf .
%= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -@)^&_,lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ sf7df8f}F .
^= g]kfn sfg"g cfof]uåf/f j]a;fO6df /flvPsf nufgL af]8{ P]g @)^* nufotsf ljleGg cfly{s
P]gx¿ tyf gLltx¿ .
&= g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno tyf cGo dGqfnosf j]a;fO6af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L .
*= ldld{/], cfly{s n]v ljz]iffÎ, cÍ #$) g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, afn'jf6f/, sf7df8f}F .
(= lghfdtL ;]jf k|lqsf ljleGg cÍx?, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, sf7df8f+F .
!)= k|zf;g klqsf ljleGg cÍx?, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, l;+xb/af/ .

92
g]kfndf ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf
?b| k|;fb e6[,
—
al/i7 k|lzIfs
;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkg tflnd s]Gb|, nlntk'/
;f/f+z
ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj, ce"tk"j{ gful/s r]tgf tyf clwsf/d"vL ljsf; cjwf/0ff;Fu} g]kfn ;/sf/
;dIf ljsf;sf] cToflws dfu eof] . lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ klg kl/kSj gePsf] / /fHo nf]s
sNof0fsf/L ?kdf k|:t't x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gful/ssf ;a} dfu k"/f ug{sf] nflu vr{ -nufgL_
Joj:yfkg ug{ c;Dej h:t} eof] . ljsf; cfof]hgfdf ljlgof]hg x'g] ah]6 klg xr'jf x'g yfNof] . ctM
;Lldt cfly{s ;|f]tnfO{ c;Lldt cfjZostf;Fu tfnd]n u/L ;|f]tsf] k|fylds If]qdf s'zntfk"j{s
ljlgof]hg, bIftfk"j{s sfof{Gjog / ljQLo cg'zf;g dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs vr{ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;jn, kf/bz{L{,
cg'zfl;t / glthfd"ns agfpg' k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff;Fu} ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)%& u7g
eof] . cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ cf=j= @)%(÷)^) b]lv dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] cEof; ;'? eP;Fu}
g]kfndf ;fwf/0f tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd -ah]6_ sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ cjwf/0ff nfu" eof] . /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]un] ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{ ljleGg cfwf/x? tyf ljlw tf]sL cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf],
bf];|f] / t];|f]df juL{s/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;'? u/L ;f]xL cg'?k ah]6 ljlgof]hg tyf sfof{Gjog x'g yfNof] .
cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f;Fu} klxnf] k|fyldstfdf cfof]hgfdf ah]6 ;'lglZrt dfq ePg, bft[ kIfnfO{
cfZj:t kfg{ / cgfjZos cfof]hgfnfO{ x6fpg klg ;xh eof] .
cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ :ki6 gLlt, lgwf{l/t cfwf/x?sf] j:t'lgi7 k|of]u ug]{ Ifdtf÷Jojxf/ut
sdhf]/L / cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog Ifdtf÷jftfj/0fnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf Vofn ug{ g;Sbf kl5Nnf cf7 jif{df
cf};t &%Ü eGbf a9L cfof]hgfx? / sl/a ()Ü ah]6 klxnf] k|fyldstf cGtu{t k/] . klxnf] k|fyldstf
cfof]hgf cfkm}df pTs[i6 cfof]hgf, g]kfn ?kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/, g]kfnLsf] uj{ ePsf] x'Fbf cfufdL lbgdf
sfof{Gjodf hfg ;Sg], k|fyldstfsf] dd{ cg'?k x'g] u/L lglZrt ljlzi7 cfof]hgfnfO{ dfq klxnf]
k|fyldstfdf /fVg] u/L gLlt, k|0ffnL / k|j[lQ h:tf kIfdf ;'wf/ u/L k|f]h]S6 ue{g]G;nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

!= ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f

ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf M of] cfjlws of]hgfsf] p2]Zo Pj+ nIo xfl;n ug]{ dfWod xf] . Ps k6s
;~rfng x'g], lglZrt ;do, nIo pGd'v, ljz]if sfo{ k|s[lt, ljz]if ;Lk tyf Ifdtf, ljQLo ;fwg,
cfjZos kg]{ dfgjLo tyf u}/ dfgjLo kIfx?sf] ;+of]hgdf k"j{ lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt ug]{ Ps ljlzi7
sfo{ xf] .
ljsf; cfof]hgf k'FhL lgdf{0f ug{, ;dfj]zL tyf ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug{, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd /
s'zntd k|of]u ug{, tf]lsPsf] nfut / ;dodf cfof]hgfx? ;'? u/L k"/f ug{, k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df
pQd ljsNk 5gf}6 ug{, gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L cfly{s ?kfGt/0f, :yfloTj / kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{
Wo]oaf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5g\ .
ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f eg]sf] ljsf;sf] dfu, ljQLo ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf,
sfof{Gjog Ifdtf / k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn÷dxTjsf] cfwf/df k|fyldstfk"j{s Jojl:yt÷5gf}6 ug]{ ljlw
xf] .

93
lghL If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ k"0f{ geO{ ;s]sf], nf]s sNof0fsf/L ;/sf/sf] ?kdf g'gb]lv
;'g;Ddsf k|fo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? ;/sf/n] ub}{ u/]sf], ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/, ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/
tyf clwsf/d"vL ljsf; cjwf/0ffn] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] cTolws dfu a9\of] . t/ a9\bf] ljsf; dfu;Fu}
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljQLo ;|f]t ;fwg / Ifdtf j[l4 x'g ;s]g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlgof]hg k|0ffnL gLlt
/ ljlweGbf xr'jf / zlQm s]lGb|t eof] . ctM ;Lldt ;fj{hlgs ljQLo ;|f]tnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf
jf dfu;Fu cfa4 x'g] u/L ah]6sf] s'zntd\ ljlgof]hg tyf pTkfbgd"ns vr{ ul/g'k5{ . cfof]hgfsf]
j}1flgs k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ljQLo :yfloTj, kf/blz{tf / cg'zf;g clej[l4 u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ tyf
ah]6 ljlgof]hgnfO{ ul/jL Go"gLs/0f / /f]huf/L l;h{gf;Fu cfa4 ug]{ p2]Zon] lj=;= @)%& ;fndf
;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u u7g eof] . cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ g]kfndf bzf}F of]hgfsf]
;'?jft -@)%(÷)^)_ b]lv dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] ;'?jft eof] . ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf
clej[l4sf] nflu ;f] ;+/rgfn] cfjlws of]hgfsf nIo;Fu jflif{s ah]6nfO{ lnÍ ug{] sfo{ k|f/De
u¥of] . pSt ;+/rgfn] jflif{s ah]6sf] ;xL k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{, cfof]hgf tyf ah]6nfO{ glthf;Fu
cfa4 ug]{ / cfof]hgfsf k|To]s PsfOsf k|lt o'lg6 nfut lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?jft eof] . cem
dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] ;'?jft;Fu} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{
dxTjk"0f{ vDafsf] ?kdf cEof; u¥of] . cfly{s sfo{ljlw tyf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj P]g, @)&^, :yfgLo
;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ / cGt/;/sf/L ljQ Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ h:tf sfg"gL k|fjwfg /
;ª\3Lotf;Fu} ljQLo ;fwgsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tLg txsf ;/sf/n] dWodsfnLg vr{
;+/rgf cGtu{t cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ lgs} dxTj lbPsf] 5 .
@= cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cf}lrTo
k|f]h]S6 ue{g]G;nfO{ ;an, lgikIf / j}w agfpg,
;Lldt ljQLo ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ c;Lldt cfjZostf;Fu cfa4 ug{,
pTkfbgzLn If]qdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{,
ljlgof]hg tyf vr{ k|0ffnLnfO{ s'zn, kf/bzL{, lgikIf agfpg,
gLltdf cfwfl/t cfof]hgf 5gf}6 / ah]6 ljlgof]hg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{,
ah]6 k|0ffnLdf x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{,
pRr k|fyldstfdf /x]sf cfof]hgfdf ah]6 ;'lglZrt ug{,
sd cfjZostf jf cfjZostf gePsf zlQm cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug]{ dgf]dfgL clwsf/ tyf
rnv]n /f]Sg,
pRr dxTjsf 7"nf cfof]hgfsf] ljz]if sfg"g, ;+/rgf / k|lqmofaf6 k|fyldstfk"j{s Joj:yfkg
ug{,
cfof]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /f]huf/L j[l4,
cfly{s j[l4, ul/jL Go"gLs/0f, sfof{Gjog Ifdtf clej[l4, cfly{s cg'zf;g, cfly{s :yfloTj
dfkm{t\ ;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnL eGg] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r xfl;ndf ;xof]u ug{ .
#= g]kfndf cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf
g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] @)%( ;fnb]lv g} dWodsfnLg vr{ ;+/rgfsf] ;'?jft;Fu}
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ;'? u/]sf] xf] . k|fyldsLs/0fsf] nflu ;'?b]lv g} !)) k"0ff{Í
tf]lsPsf] 5 . k|f]h]S6 :sf]l/ª l;6 ljsf; u/L tf]lsPsf cfwf/df cÍ k|bfg u/L s"n cÍsf] cfwf/df

94
ljsf; cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] k|fyldsLs/0f juL{s/0f ul/b} cfPsf]df cf=j= @)&%÷&^
b]lv eg] klxnf] / bf];|f] cfof]hgfdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] jflif{s ah]6df ;fwf/0f ah]6 / ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ul//x]sf]
5 . ;fwf/0f ah]6 k|fo /fHon] clgjfo{ ?kdf Joxf]g'{ kg]{ rfn' vr{ cGtu{t kg]{ clgjfo{ bfloTo dflgg]
x'Fbf o:tf sfo{qmd k|fo :jtM klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u/L ljlw lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{, ;fwf/0f
vr{sf] k|fyldsLs/0fsf] af/]df oxfF rrf{ ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvb}g . oxFf, s]jn ljsf;
sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0faf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
;'?df ;a} If]qsf ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f ug{sf nflu ;fdfGo -;a}sf nflu Pp6}_ cfwf/x?
ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . km/s If]qnfO{ p:t} ÷;dfgtfsf cfwf/x? cg';f/ ul/Psf] juL{s/0fn] pQm sfo{
j}1flgs ePg / If]qut Gofo lbg ;s]g eGg] ts{;Fu} cf=j=rf}wf}F of]hgfb]lv eg] !)) cÍnfO{ ;fdfGo
/ If]qut cfwf/df 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . ;fdfGo cfwf/sf] nflu ^% cÍ tf]lsPsf] 5 . h'g ;a} If]qsf
cfof]hgdf ;dfg ?kdf nfu' x'G5 . If]qut -tflnsf !_ cfof]hgfsf nflu #% cÍdf km/s ;"rsx?
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . ;fdfGo / If]qut cfwf/x?, k"0ff{Í, cÍsf] ef/ / cÍ lbg] tl/sf cfof]usf] gLlt,
jt{dfg cfjZostf, rfn" of]hgf / cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; Ph]08f cg';f/ ultzLn x'G5g\ .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cGtu{t sfof{nosf
cfof]hgfnfO{ clGtd d"NofÍg ;lxt k|fyldsLs/0f u5{ . cf=j= @)%(÷^) b]lv cfjZostf / cf}lrTo
x]/L] !)) df tf]lsPsf] cÍ k|fKt ug]{ cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] k|fyldstfdf juL{s/0f
ul/GYof] . cf=j= @)&%÷&^ b]lv &% cÍ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cfpg] cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf, &%
eGbf sd cÍ k|fKt ug]{ cfof]hgfnfO{ bf];|f]df juL{s/0f u/L ;fljsdf /x]sf] t];|f] k|fyldstfsf] k|fjwfg
x6fOPsf] 5 .
$= ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf If]q, k|fyldsLs/0fsf tl/sf tyf cfwf/x¿
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;ª\3Lo dGqfno / lgsfox¿ cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
k|fyldsLs/0f ug{sf] nflu ;du| ljifout If]qnfO{ % j6f k|d'v If]qx¿df juL{s/0f u/L / To;
cGtu{t kg]{ pkIf]q b]xfo adf]lhd 5'6\ofO{Psf] 5 .
tflnsf !
k|d'v If]qx¿ pkIf]qx¿
cfly{s If]q pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cfk"lt{, ko{6g, cy{ / >d
s[lif, e"ld;'wf/ tyf jg If]q s[lif ljsf;, kz'kG5L, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf / jg tyf e"–
;+/If0f
k"jf{wf/ If]q ;8s tyf cGo oftfoft, ;x/L ljsf;, l;FrfO{, ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, pmhf{ / :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
;fdflhs If]q lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f,
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ / ;+:s[lt
;'zf;g tyf cGo If]q dfly plNnlvt juL{s/0fdf gk/]sf cGo ;Dk"0f{ If]qx¿ h:t} M
hg;ª\Vof, jftfj/0f, u[x, /Iff, of]hgf, tYofÍ, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg,
Gofo, lgjf{rg, dfgj clwsf/, cflb
95
k|fyldsLs/0fsf nflu ;a} If]qdf nfu" x'g] u/L % j6f ;fdfGo cfwf/ / @ j6f If]qut cfwf/x¿ to
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo cfwf/nfO{ s'n ^% cÍ / If]qut cfwf/nfO{ s'n #% cÍ u/L klxnf] k|fyldstf
k|fKt (Priority 1-P1) / bf];|f] k|fyldstf k|fKt (Priority 2- P2) u/L @ j6f k|fyldstfdf juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
%= g]kfndf ljsf; sfo{qmd÷k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cj:yf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cf=j=)&)÷&! b]lv )&&÷&* ;Ddsf] ljsf; sfo{qmddf cf};t &%Ü cfof]hgfx? /
*&Ü ah]6 klxnf] k|fyldstfsf sfo{qmddf ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL cjlwdf bf];|f] k|fyldstfsf
cf};t @@=$^Ü cfof]hgfdf !@=$^Ü /sd ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] cf=j= )&&÷&* df g]kfn
;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug]{ #@$ cfof]hgfx?df @^) cyjf *)=@%Ü cfof]hgfx?df (!=!)Ü ah]6
ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . bf];|f] k|fyldstfsf ^) cfof]hgf cyjf !(=&%Ü cfof]hgfdf *=()Ü ah]6
ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgf ;ª\Vof tyf ah]6 a9\bf] 5 eg] bf];|f]
k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgf ;ª\Vof / ah]6 36\bf] 5 . cf=j=@)&)÷&! b]lv @)&$÷&% ;Dd t];|f]
k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;ª\Vof / ah]6 /sd gu0o ?kdf lyP eg] cf=j=@)&%÷&^ kl5 t];|f]
k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgf g} gePsf] cj:yf 5 .
tflnsf g+= @
s'n ljsf; sfo{qmd
÷cfof]hgf klxnf] k|fyldstf bf];|f] k|fyldstf t];|f] k|fyldstf
cfly{s
jif{ ljlgof]lht ljlgof]lht ljlgof]lht ljlgof]lht
;ª\Vof ah]6 cfof]hgf ah]6 cfof]hgf ah] 6 cfof]hgf ah]6
-?=nfvdf_ -k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_ -k|ltzt_
2077/78 324 5790984 80.25 91.10 19.75 8.90 0 0.00

2076/77 326 6880247 78.83 93.20 21.17 6.80 0 0.00

2075/76 364 5929868 73.63 90.60 26.37 9.40 0 0.00

2074/75 1219 8427978 89.99 92.60 8.53 7.10 1.477 0.30

2073/74 484 6120969 72.93 84.85 23.35 14.75 3.719 0.40

2072/73 468 4458739 69.66 84.40 25.64 15.00 4.701 0.60

2071/72 491 2872528 69.04 79.60 26.48 19.10 4.481 1.30

2070/71 455 2415749 66.59 79.80 28.35 18.60 5.055 1.60

cf};t 75.12 87.02 22.46 12.46 2.43 0.53

0.53
;|f]t M /f=of]=cf=sf jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd cf=j=@)&)÷&! b]lv @)&&÷&* ;Dd .

^= klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgf a9\g'sf sf/0fx?

g]kfn ;/sf/sf klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfx? a9\g'sf d'Vo sf/0f lgDg 5g M
• cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ah]6 ;'lglZrt ug{,

96
• bft[ lgsfonfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] egL j}b]lzs ;xfotf Nofpg ;lhnf] kfg{,
• hgcfsf+Iff Joj:yfkg tyf cfzf hufO{ /fVg, /
• cgfjZos dfu jf Go"g k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfnfO{ ah]6 k|0ffnLdf k|j]z gu/fpg .
&= cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0f k|efjsf/L gx'g'sf sf/0fx?
gLltut :ki6tf gx'g' M /fli6«osf] uf}/j / cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf
The best & mega cfof]hgf s'g If]qdf, slt ;ª\Vof, s:tf] of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] / slt
/sd;Dd (cut off point) s'g k|fyldstfdf /fVg] :ki6 gLlt 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf kl5Nnf
jif{df sl/a *)Ü eGbf a9L cfof]hgf / ()Ü eGbf a9L /sd klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfdf
ljlgof]hg x'g'n] k|fyldsLs/0fsf] gLlt÷dfkb08 jf d"NofÍg k|0ffnLdf k'gMd"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ k|Zg
p7]sf] 5 . 7"nf] ;ª\Vof / clwsf+z ah]6 klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] xf] eg] o;sf] cf}lrTo k'li6
ug'{k5{ .
ah]6df k|:'tt x'g] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf nueu ;Dk"0f{ zLif{sx?nfO{ d"ntM klxnf] k|fyldstf,
Psbd sd bf];|f] k|fyldstf / ;Lldt dfq t];|f] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 . nueu ()Ü
kl/of]hgf k|yd k|fyldsLs/0fdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cEof;n] ah]6df /flvPsf kl/of]hgfsf]
k'gM ;d"xs[t ug'{ g} k|fyldsLs/0f xf] eGg] unt ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ k|fldsLs/0fsf]
cEof;df g} k|Zg lrGx p7\g' :jefljs 5 . -;fvk'cf k|ltj]bg, @)&%_
klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfdf ah]6 ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljQLo ;ª\3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf a9\bf] 5, ;/sf/L /fh:j tyf j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] cj:yf
a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L eO{ kF'hLut vr{ ztk|ltzt x'g] xf] eg] xr'jf
?kdf klxnf] k|fyldstfdf ljlgof]hg ePsf] /sd ;'lglZrt ug{ sl7g x'G5 . t;y{,
cfof]hgfsf] cf}lrTo, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] cj:yf / bL3{sfnLg bfloTjsf]
n]vfhf]vf lagf ah]6 ;'lglZrttfsf] gfddf clwsf+z cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg]
t/ ;/sf/sf] nIo cg'?k ;|f]t -/fh:j / j}b]lzs ;xfotf_ kl/rfng gx'Fbf ah]6 ;'lglZrt ug{
g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L ah]6 k|0ffnL dfly cljZjf; a9\g ;S5 .
klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kg]{ cfof]hgfn] cfly{s j[l4, ;dfj]zL ljsf;, cfjlws of]hgf / cGt/f{li6«o
ljsf; Ph]08f, n}lËs ;dfgtf h:tf ljifodf k|ToIf jf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg u/]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg]
dfkb08 5 . clwsf+z klxnf] k|fyldstf cfof]hgf egL 3f]lift sfo{qmdn] cy{tGqdf pNn]Vo
of]ubfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4 ;dfj]zL v} < k|b]zut c;dfgtf 36]sf] v} <
;fy} k"j{ tof/L g} gePsf cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfsf] cfof]hgf 3f]if0ff ubf{ s'zn
ljlgof]hg gePsf], ;|f]tsf] b'?kof]u nufot ;dodf k"/f gePsf] egL ;dfrf/ alg/x]sf]
;Gbe{df ah]6 ;'lglZrt ug{ / b]vfpgs} nflu lsg clwsf+z cfof]hgf klxnf] k|fyldstfdf
/fVg] eGg] ljifo dggLo 5 .
klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgf cltpQd cfof]hgf x'g\ . rfn" cfof]hgfsf] xsdf cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
bf];|f] rf}dfl;s;Ddsf] ef}lts / ljQLo k|ult *)Ü x'g'k5{ eGg] k|fyldsLs/0fsf] cfwf/d}
pNn]v 5 . To:t} pQd x'gnfO{ klg ^%Ü eGbf dfly x'g' kg]{ cfwf/ 5 . t/ g]kfnsf
cfof]hgfsf] ef}lts / ljQLo k|ult cf};tdf of] eGbf lgs} sd 5 .

97
*= g]kfndf cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0fsf ;d:ofx?
-s_ gLltut ;d:of M /fi6«sf] uf}/j / cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf the best
& mega cfof]hgfnfO{ s'g If]qdf, slt ;ª\Vof, slt of]ubfg ug]{ / slt /sd;Ddsf]
cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] agfpg] :ki6 gLlt ePg . tYodf cfwfl/t gLlt
ePg . ah]6 ljlgof]hgnfO{ ah]6 sfof{Gjog Ifdtf, ;do / jftfj/0f;Fu cfa4 ug{
;s]gfF} . klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfnfO{ To;sf] cf}lrTo, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]t
kl/rfngsf] cj:yf / bL3{sfnLg bfloTjsf] n]vfhf]vf;Fu cfa4 x'g] u/L juL{s/0f ug{
;lsPg . klxnf] k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgf ;dodf sfof{Gjog gx'Fbf glthfk|lt sf]
lhDd]jf/ x'g] -l;kmfl/; ug]{ dGqfno jf d"NofÍg tyf :jLs[t ug]{ of]hgf cfof]u_ :ki6
gLlt Joj:yf ePg .
-v_ Ifdtfsf] sdL M cfof]hgfsf] ;xL tj/n] cfwf/ tf]Sg], k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ ljz'4
k|fljlws / lgs} lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . To; cg'?k ;Ifd, Odfg / lgikIf hgzlQm
Joj:yfkg g k|fyldstfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ If]qut dGqfnon] ug{ ;s]sf] 5 g
d"NofÍg tyf :jLs[t ug]{ of]hgf cfof]un] .
-u_ k|j[lQdf ;'wf/ ePg M k|fyldsLs/0fsf dfkb08 k"/f gu/]sf, j:t'lgi7 tj/n] k|f]h]S6
:sf]l/ª l;6 cg';f/ cÍ k"/f gePsfnfO{ klxnf]df k|ljli6 ug]{ . Psk6s klxnf]
cfof]hgf eO{ ;s]kl5 csf]{ jif{ tNnf] k|fyldstfdf emfg'{ x'Fb}g eGg] dfgl;stf ljBdfg
/xg' . zlQmzfnL JolQmaf6 l;kmfl/; ePsf cfof]hgfnfO{ dfkb08 ljk/Lt klxnf]
k|fyldstfdf /fVg ;lsb}g egL OGsf/ ug{ g;Sg' . zlQm / :jfy{sf cl3 dfkb08 nfu"
ug{] Jofj;flostf ljsf; gx'g' . glthfd'vL tj/n] k|f]h]S6 :sf]l/ª l;6 cg';f/ cÍ
lbof] lbPg egL cg'udg x'g g;Sg' .
-3_ ljsf;d"vL ;f]rsf] sdL x'g' M ;/sf/sf] pRr txsf /fhg]tf, dGqL, ;+f;b, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]usf kbflwsf/L, cGo ;Nnfxsf/, pRr k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj ljsf;
Joj:yfkgsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;Ifd, OdfGbf/, lgikIf gx'g' . gLlt tyf dfkb08 agfO{
;f]sf] sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug'{eGbf dfkb08 ljk/Lt cfˆgf] cfof]hgf klxnf]
k|fyldsLs/0fdf /fVg k|>o lbg' . bf];|f] k|fyldstfnfO{ klxnf]df :t/f]Gglt ug{ /
Psk6s klxnf]df bh{ ePsf]nfO{ csf]{ jif{ 36f]Gglt gug{] gu/fpg] ;+:sf/ x'g' .
-ª_ k|f]h]S6 ue{g]G; k|0ffnL sdhf]/ x'g' M cfof]hgfsf] j:t'lgi7 nIo tf]Sg], gofF
cfof]hgfsf] xsdf k"0f{ k"j{ tof/L kl5 dfq ah]6df k|j]z ug]{, k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{
cfjlws of]hgfsf nIo / ah]6 sfof{Gjog Ifdtf;Fu cfa4 ug]{, ljz]if cfof]hgfsf]
nflu ljz]if sfof{Gjog k|0ffnL :yflkt ug]{, rfn" cfof]hgfsf] xsdf ljutsf] ef}lts
tyf ljQLo k|ultsf] j:t'ut d"NofÍg ug]{, k|fyldstfsf sf/0fn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kg{
hfg] bL3{sfnLg bfloTjsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ljlw cflbdf Wofg glbg' . :jfy{, zlQm tyf
xr'jfsf] e/df cfof]hgf k|fyldsLs/0fsf] nflu l;kmfl/; tyf :jLs[tL ug]{ sd{rf/L tyf
kbflwsf/Lx? k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ aGg g;Sg' .

98
(= j}1flgs k|fyldsLs/0fsf nflu ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x?
g]kfn ;/sf/sf jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfnfO{ j}1flgs tj/n] k|fyldsLs/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs
;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hg, sfof{Gjog / glthf k|0ffnLdf s'zntf xfl;n ug{ d"ntM b]xfosf kIfdf ;'wf/
ul/g' k5{ M
-s_ g]t[Tjsf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g M ;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnL eGg] ;/sf/sf] kljq ;f]r k"/f ug{]
dfWodsf] ?kdf /x]sf cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fhgLlts g]t[Tj,
ljefuLo dGqL, ;+f;b, cfof]usf kbflwsf/L, ;DalGwt ;lrj / k|efjzfnL JolQmx? gLltut
dfu{bz{g / lgikIf k4ltsf nflu ;Ifd, lgikIf, Odfg / lhDd]jf/ x'g' k5{ .
-v_ gLltut ;'wf/ ug]{ M cfof]hgfnfO{ s'g If]qdf, slt ;ª\Vof, s:tf] of]ubfg ug]{ / slt
/sd;Dd (cut off point) sf] cfof]hgfnfO{ s'g k|fyldstfdf /fVg] :ki6 gLlt x'g'k5{ . tYo /
j:t'lgi7 cfwf/x?, dfkb08 / k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ . /fHon] ;a} cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf]
k|fyldstfd} /fv]/ hf]8 lbg] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ xf] eg] klg klxnf] k|fyldsLs/0fsf
cfof]hgfnfO{ klg b'O{ u|]8df juL{s/0f ug'{k5{ . klxnf] u|]8df /fi6«sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f
ug]{, /fi6«n] uf}/j ug{ nfos cfof]hgfnfO{ /fVg], ltgdf ah]6 ;'lglZrt / sfof{Gjogsf] ljz]if
gLlt, ljlw / k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ . afFsL cfof]hgfnfO{ klxnf] cfof]hgf cGtu{t bf];|f] u|]8df
/fVg] . nIo cg'?k ;/sf/sf] ;|f]t kl/rfng gx'Fbf ltgdf ah]6 ;'lgZrt gx'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
h;n] ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;a} cfof]hgf klxnf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . sfof{Gjog
/ ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf klg k|efjsfl/tf cfpF5 . o;f] ubf{ bf];|f] jf t];|f] cfof]hgf eg]/
k|fyldsLs/0f ul//xg' kb}{g . k|fyldsLs/0f of]hgfa4, k|fljlws / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ ?kdf ug{
kof{Kt cWoog, ljZn]if0f / ;xsfo{af6 ug'{ kg]{ xF'bf Prioritization Calendar th'{df u/L
nfu" ug{] . k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ lgikIf, kf/blz{, ;Ifd / ;xefuLd"ns agfpg /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf] g]t[Tjdf, ;DalGwt dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno / Pshgf lj1 /x]sf] k|fyldsLs/0f
l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7g ug]{ . ljBdfg k|fyldsLs/0fsf ;fdfGo cfwf/ / If]qut cfwf/sf] ef/
k'g{+M;+/rgf ug]{ . If]qut cfwf/sf] ef/ a9fpg], /fHosf] ablnbf] k|fyldstf / hgrfxgf cg';f/
cfwf/x?nfO{ lglZrt ;dodf kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg] .
-u_ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ M cfof]hgfsf]] cfwf/, k|0ffnL th'{df tyf ;f]sf] j:t'lgi7 sfof{Gjog ug{sf]
nflu ;DalGwt dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;DalGwt If]q ÷dGqfnosf sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg
tyf ;Lk clej[l4 ug]{ . :j]bzdf tflnd tyf ljb]zdf PS;kf]h/ lelh6 cflbdf k7fO{
hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / dgf]an a9fpg] .
-3_ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug]{ M ah]6 ;'lglZrt ug{ / klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf a9L ah]6
ljlgof]hg ug{ zlQm cfof]hgfnfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ubf{ dfkb08 ljk/Lt a9L cÍ lbg] k|0ffnL
cGTo ug]{ . k|To]s cfof]hgf af/] cfof]un] kof{Kt / e/kbf]{ tYo /fvL clGtd :jLs[lt ug]{ .
h:t}– rfn" cfof]hgfsf] xsdf cl3Nnf] cfjsf] bf];|f] rf}dfl;ssf] k|ult *)Ü eGbf sd ePsf]
cfof]hgfnfO{ cltpQd cÍ lbg gx'g] dfkb08 kfngf ug]{ . zlQm, :jfy{ / s;}nfO{ v'zL kfg{]
gfddf klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] ;+:sf/ TofUg' kg]{ .

99
-ª_ jftfj/0fLo ;'wf/ M cfof]hgfsf] j:t'lgi7 nIo s] 5, gofF cfof]hgfsf] xsdf k"0f{ k"j{ tof/L
5, 5}g < klxnf] k|fyldstf /flvg] ljlzi7 cfof]hgfsf] nflu sfof{Gjog Ifdtf ;an 5, 5}g <
ljz]if k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]sf 5, 5}g < klxnf] k|fyldstfdf ljlgof]hg ePsf] ah]6sf]
sfof{Gjog Ifdtf;Fu cfa4tf 5 5}g < klxnf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] cfof]hgf ;dodf sfof{Gjog
gx'Fbf To;sf] glthfk|lt sf] lhDd]jf/ x'g] < j:t'lgi7 sfof{Gjogsf] jftfj/0f 5, 5}g <
sfof{Gjosf] glthfd"vL cg'udg 5, 5}g < cflb ;a} kIfx? n]vfhf]vf u/L ;dod}
lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s JofVof ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/ ug]{ .
!)= lgisif{
k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ cfof]hgfsf] nIo, cfjZostf, ah]6 ljlgof]hg, sfof{Gjog Ifdtf / cy{tGqdf
;sf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ s]xL ;jf]{Ts[i6 -k|fO8 k|f]h]S6_ cfof]hgf 5gf}6 tyf ;~rfng ug]{ ljlwsf] ?kdf
:yflkt ul/g'k5{ . zlQm / zfgsf] cfwf/df ah]6 ;'lglZrt ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfnsf] cfjZostf tyf
cf}lrTo lagf ;a} cfof]hgfnfO{ /ftf] lstfadf klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVb}df cfly{s ?kfGt/0f x'g
;Sb}g . a? logn] a9L ljQLo ;|f]t cf]u6\g] / ;/sf/sf] nIo cg'?k ;|f]t kl/rfng geO{ ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf] ah]6 /sd Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sbf ;/sf/L ah]6sf] j}wflgstfdfly k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . klxnf]
k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgf ljlzi7 jf uf}/jsf cfof]hgf x'g\ . t;y{, ;Lldt cfof]hgfnfO{ dfq klxnf]
k|fyldstfsf] klxnf] u|]8df /fvL k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ljz]if gLlt, ;+/rgf / k4lt ljsf;
ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . afFsL cfof]hgfx?nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf cGtu{t bf];|f] u]|8df /fvL To:tf
cfof]hgfx?sf] ;ª\Vof tyf ah]6 ljlgof]hg a9fpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ xfn klxnf]
k|fyldstfdf cfof]hgfdf a9L/x]sf] ah]6 ;'lglZrttfsf] bfloTj 36g hfg], bf];|f] / t];|f] k|fyldstfsf
cfof]hgf x6fpg] ;/sf/L gLlt xfl;n x'g] tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ klg cfˆgf] cfof]hgf klxnf]
k|fyldstf cGtu{t g} bf];|f] u|]8df k/]sf] cg'e"lt -:jfldTj_ lbnfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] nflu a9L nfebfos x'g] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
1. cGt/ ;/sf/L ljQ Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$
2. cfly{s sfo{ljlw tyf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj P]g, @)&^,
3. :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$
4. jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&! b]lv @)&&÷&*_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .
5. dWodsfnLg vr{ ;/rgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^–@)&&÷&* b]lv @)&&÷&*–@)&(÷*)_,
g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F .
6. bzf}F of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, @)%(
7. kGw|f}F of]hgf -@)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f}+, @)&^
8. ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)%& sf] k|ltj]bg, @)%& .
9. ;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)&% k|ltj]bg .

100
 of]hgf tyf ljsf; k|lqmofsf] ljsNkdf :jo+;]jf
— lzj s'df/ clwsf/L
zfvf clws[t
;+:s[tL, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno

;f/f+z
:jo+;]jL JolQm, ;+:yfnfO{ plrt ;Ddfg / :yfg lbg' kb{5 . sd{rf/LtGq eGbf km/s k[i7e"ld, km/s
;+oGqsf] sf/0f ;]jfu|fxL k|ltsf] lzi6frf/ gd|tf ;lxtsf] Jojxf/, ;dodf g} ;xL / plrt ;Nnfx lbg]
rl/q, ;dfhdf r]tgfd"ns sfo{df ;d]t ;xeflutf hgfpg] k|j[lQ, lg:jfy{ efj, ;|f]t / ;fwgdf
lskmfotL / ldtJolotf, ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ z}nLsf] sf/0fn] o;n] sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;'wf/, kl/jt{g
jf k|lt:yfkg gunf{ eGg ;lsGg . cf7f}F of]hgf kZrft\ :jo+;]jfnfO{ ;/sf/n] gLltut ¿kdf cufl8
a9fP/ k|fyldstf df /fv]sf] 5 . ljutsf cg'ej ;d]tsf] cfwf/df :jo+;]jf dfkm{t\ ;]jfk|jfxsf] nflu
:jo+;]jL sfo{df ;+nUg cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;Ë7g / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? ;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug{
s]G›df Pp6f 5ftf s]Gb|Lo lgsfo, ;Ë7gsf] lgdf{0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgnfO{
k|efjsf/L / ljlw ;Ddt agfpgsf] nflu Pp6f s]Gb|Lo 5ftf gLltsf] cfjZostf 5 . xfnsf] sf]le8–!(
sf] dxfdf/L lgoGq0f sfo{df ljZjJofkL?kdf b]vf k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] ;d'bfo:t/af6 k|efjsf/L tj/n]
:jf:YosdL{ kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPsf] cg'ejn] ;d]t :jo+;]jfsf] cf}lrTo k'gMk'li6 u/]sf]] 5 .

!= ljifo k|j]z
d ;fgf] x'Fbf Pp6f sljtf k9]sf] lyP “k/f]ksf/ wd{ xf], k/f]ksf/ ug{' x}, ;b}j 1fgL eO gfgL xf]”.
d}n] o;sf] cy{ / dd{ a'‰g ;lsg . ;fy}, d]/f cfb/0fLo ;+:s[tsf u'?n] eGg] u/]sf] csf]{ Znf]s “
;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvg, j;'b}es s'6'Desd k/f]ksf/ k'Go” u'?n] eg]sf] Tof] Znf]s d]/f] :d[ltdf cfh klg
tfh} 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf ug]{ qmddf :jo+;]jf / :jo+;]js kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{df sl/a
% jif{ d}n] sfo{ cg'ej ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/] . pQm sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf cg'ej u/]sf] / ef]u]sf]
cfwf/df ;fgfdf ;'g]sf] sljtf / ;+:s[tsf] Znf]ssf] cy{ / dd{ ;fy} xfd|f] ;dfhsf] rl/q, ;dfhsf]
ljsf;qmd, xfd|f wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts / k/Dk/fut d"No / dfGotfsf aLrdf a;]/ ;DemFbf u'?n] eg]sf]
æk/f]ksf/ wd{ xf], k/f]ksf/ ug{' x}, ;b}a 1fgL eO gfgL xf]Æ / æ;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvg, j;'b}es s'6'Desd
k/f]ksf/ k'GoÆ cyf{t ;a} dflg; ;'vL x'g\, ;+;f/el/sf dflg; d]/f gftf s'6'De x'g\ / csf{sf] ;]jf
ubf{ dfq} k'Go wd{ x'G5 eGg] egfO{sf] d"n ;f/ g} :jo+;]jfsf] dd{ / efjgf /x]5 eGg] af]w ePsf] 5 .
log} cg'e"lt / cg'ejsf] k[i7e"lddf of] n]v tof/ u/]sf] 5' .
@= P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
ha dfgj ;Eotfsf] k|fb'ef{j eof] ;dfhdf Psn ;fdYo{af6 dfq hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg
x'g g;Sg] oyfy{tfnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L :jo+;]jfsf] cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 . :jo+;]jf dflg;sf]
cGtd{gaf6 pTk|]l/t eP/ ul/g] ;]jf ePsf] sf/0f of] dflg;sf] ;fdflhs hLjgdf cleGg cË aGb}
uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;dfhdf dflg; Psaf6 qmdz b'O{, b'O{af6 ;d"x / ;d"xaf6 ;dfh x'Fb} cfw'lgs
/fHosf] ¿kdf lj:tf/ / ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5, o;}sf] ljsl;t ¿k g} /fHo /fHo eP/ ljZj ag]sf] 5 .
o;}sf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df cfjZos kg]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ ljsf; ePsf] / P]g, lgod,
sfg"g hf/L u/L ltgsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfOG5 . cfhsf] ;Gbe{df :jo+;]jf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / cflbd

101
;]jfsf] ¿kdf ;j{q :jLsfo{ 5 . cfhsf] ;dodf cfOk'Ubf :jo+;]jf Pp6f ljZjJofkL cEof; /
;Ël7t k|of;sf] ¿kdf ;d]t ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .
xfd|f] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;dfhdf :jo+;]jfnfO{ wfld{s b[li6n] k'0o sdfpg] cj;/sf] ¿kdf ;d]t lnOg]
xfd|f g}lts d"No / dfGotfo'Qm k/Dk/f /xFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df xfdLdf JolQmut kmfObf, nfe jf
xflgnfO{ uf}0f ljifo 7fg]/ k/f]ksf/L ;]jf, lqmofsnfk, ;xof]uL efjgf, dfgjLo efOrf/f, lgikIf /
lg:jfy{ ;]jf, t6:y ;]jfsf] ¿kdf :jo+;]jf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOG5 .
xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;dfhsf] sNof0f / nf]ssf] lxt ug]{ ;]jfsf] ¿kdf :jo+;]jfn] ljut b]lv g} ljlzi6
:yfg /fVb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfksf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ;d]t lng
;lsG5 . lxhf]sf] lbgdf :jo+;]jf Pp6f ;fdflhs hfu/0f, ;zQmLs/0f / PsLs/0fsf] ¿kdf ;d]t
ljsf; x'Fb} cfhsf] lbgdf cfOk'u]sf] 5 . t;y{, cfhsf] lbgdf ;Ël7t / Jofj;flos :jo+;]jf /fHosf]
p2]Zo xfl;n ug{, ljsf;sf nIo k|flKtdf of]ubfg ug{ / ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ofqfdf ;xof]uL aGg]
k|z:t ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf k/fk"j{sfnaf6 g} :jo+;]jfsf] cEof;sf] k|f/De s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ePsf] kfOG5 .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t /x]/ :jo+;]jfsf cEof; s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf gePsf xf]Ogg\ . oBlk ljsl;t
;do;Fu} :jo+;]jfsf] sfo{z}nL, tf}/tl/sf / ljlw k4ltdf qmdz kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g x'Fb} cfhsf]
lbgdf cfOk'u]sf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljutsfn b]lvg} cfhsf] lbg;Dd s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf
rlncfPsf kd{, d]nf, /f]bL, l9s'/, lsk6, cfdf ;d"x, s'nf] ,kFw]/f], wd{zfnf, kf6L, kf}jf, dnfdL ;+:s[lt
;d]t :jo+;]jf s} pbfx/0f x'g\ . logn] cfh klg ;dfhdf ljleGg tx / ;d'bfodf Ps csf{ k|lt
;sf/fTds ;xof]u, ;dGjo / kl/jt{gsf] nflu ljlzi6 of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfndf /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;d]t nf]slk|o /x]sf] / /fHo Joj:yf / k|0ffnLnfO{ nf]stfGqLs/0fsf]
lbzfdf kl/jt{g ug{ of]ubfg u/]sf] rvf{ k|rf/s u'7L xfd|f] ;Gbe{df cfw'lgs :jo+;]jL ;+:yf /
;Ë7gsf] klxnf] k|of; lyof]. cfh dfgj hLjgsf pkof]uL k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf, g]kfn :sfp6, g]kfn
/]8qm;x¿ ;d]t :jo+;]jL dd{ / efjgfsf] hudf c8]sf 5g\ . cfh ;/sf/L dfq xf]Og u}/;/sf/L /
cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yf ;d]t s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf :jo+;]jfsf] k|j4{gdf :jo+;]jL lqmofsnfk dfkm{t\
kl/rfng ePsf kfOG5g\ . :jo+;]jfsf] d"No, dfGotf / lqmofsnfkdf klg ljsf;sf] kl/jlt{t
:j¿k;Fu} tf}/–tl/sf kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf dg ePsf, wg ePsf /
x'g]vfg]n] dfq ug]{ ;]jfsf] ¿kdf lnOg] :jo+;]jf cfh ;Ël7t / Jofj;flos ;]jfsf] ¿kdf lj:tfl/t
x'Fb}5 / 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ;fy} logsf] cfbfg k|bfg d"No -z'Ns_ lnP/ ul/g] ;]jfsf]
¿kdf lj:tfl/t x'Fb} cfhsf] lbgdf cfOk'u]sf] 5 .
#= :jo+;]jfsf] cy{
:jo+;]jf s] xf] < :jo+;]js sf] xf] < eGg] af/]df cf–cfˆg} lsl;dsf JofVof / ljZn]if0f kfOG5 .
JofVoftf, ljåfg / k':tsx¿df pNn]v ePsf cfwf/df :jo+;]jfsf] af/]df “The act of practice of
doing Volunteer works in community service” egL Ps 7fpFdf kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L
g} csf]{ 7fpFdf “The Policy or Practice of Volunteering one’s time or talents for charitable,
educational or other worthwhile activities especially in one’s community” egL kl/eflift
ePsf] cfwf/df :jo+;]jfnfO{ ;dfh jf ;+:yfsf] lxtsf] nflu ug]{ sfo{sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

102
o;/L g} :jo+;]jssf] ;Gbe{df “A person who voluntarily offers himself or herself for a
service or undertakingÆ egL kl/eflift ePsf]df csf]{ kl/efiffdf “A person who freely offers to
take part in an enterprise or undertake a task” egL kl/eflift ePsf] ;Gbe{df :jo+;]jfsf] cEof;
ug]{ JolQm g} :jo+;]js xf] egL eGg ;lsG5 . ;fy}, c;n sfo{sf] nflu JolQmn] cfkm"n] cfkm"nfO{ c;n
sfo{df ;dlk{t ug{ ;Sg' g} :jo+;]jfsf] dd{ / efjgf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;+If]kdf, :jo+;]jf Pp6f
cfWoflTds ljifo xf] . :jo+;]jfsf] nflu dflg;nfO{ dfgjLo ;+j]bgfn] 8f]¥ofpF5 . dflg;df x'g] dfgjLo
u'0f g} :jo+;]jf xf] .
:jo+;]js eg]sf] ;dfhdf cfd dflg; eGbf s]xL k[ys ;f]r / z}nL ePsf leGg d"No / dfGotf
ePsf JolQmx¿ x'g eGg] cy{df a'‰g ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu ;]jf efj, sfddf tTk/tf, Tofu, ;dk{0f
;d]t cfjZos kb{5 . ;a} dflg; :jo+;]js aGg ;Sb}gg\ t;y{ Pp6f c;n :jo+;]js eGg / aGg
Commitment, Reliability,Team Player, Flexibility, Energy, Creativity, Dependability,
Patience cflb u'0fx? cfjZos kb{5g\ .
t;y{, cfd dflg; / :jo+;]js aLrdf s]xL cfwf/e"t leGgtf /x]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g.
o;}n] :jo+;]jfnfO{ Pp6f cg's/0fLo ;]jf / :jo+;]jsnfO{ cg's/0fLo JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf ;d]t lng]
ul/G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6««o ¿kdf lnOg] gfdx¿ ˆnf]/]G; gfO6]Ën, db/ 6]/];f, x]g/L 8\o'gf /
dxfTdf ufGwL ;fy} g]N;g dG8]nf dfq xf]Og lagf]bf efj], hok|sfz gf/fo0f ;d]tnfO{ ;fdfGo
dflg; eGbf k[ys lx;fan] lng] ul/G5 eg] g]kfnL ;dfhdf t'n;L d]x/ >]i7, bofjL/ s+;fsf/ b]lv
dxfjL/ k'g ;Dd / cg'/fwf sf]O/fnf b]lv k'ikf a:g]t dfq xf]Og eb|f 3n] ;DdnfO{ pRr ;dfgsf
;fy x]l/G5 .
$= ;/sf/L If]qdf :jo+;]jfsf] ;+ul7t k|of;
g]kfndf @)!# ;fndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] k|f/De eP kZrft\ ;g !(&$ df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6
;~rflnt National Development Service (NDS) sfo{qmd g} ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;Ël7t / gLltut
¿kdf k|f/De ePsf] :jo+;]jf sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] k|of; lyof] . tTsfnLg ;dodf nfu" ePsf] gofF lzIff
gLlt;Fu} of] sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . o;df :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sfx?nfO{ !)
dlxgf :yfgLo :t/df /fli6«o ljsf; ;]jfsf] ?kdf uP/ ljBfnodf k9fpg] sfd ug{] k|fjwfg /flvPsf]
lyof] . /flj;] cGtu{t vl6P/ uPsf s]xL ljBfyL{x?n] tTsflng k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] lj/f]w u/]sf]
cfwf/df ;f] sfo{qmd g} vf/]h ul/of]] .

o;/L g} !(*( :jf:Yo dGqfno cGtu{t ;~rfng ePsf] Female Community Health Volunteer
(FCHU) sfo{qmd bf];|f] ;Ël7t k|of; xf] . of] sfo{qmd cGtu{t xfn dft[ lzz' :jf:Yosf] nflu vf]k
nufpg], r]tgf hufpg] / :jf:Yo ;Nnfxsf] pknAw u/fpg] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L k|fKt sl/a %^)))
:jo+;]js kl/rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . of] sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L g} 5 t/ ;Lldt bfo/f, Go"gtd of]Uotf
ePsf hgzlQm dfq kl/rfng ePsf] ;Gbe{df pRr of]Uotf / Ifdtf ePsf hgzlQm kl/rfng x'g
;s]df cem k|efjsf/L x'g]5 . oL b'O{j6f ;/sf/L k|of;sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df !((( df /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u cGtu{t ;~rflnt /fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]jf sfo{qmd (National Development Volunteer
Service ) ;/sf/L If]qaf6 :jo+;]jfsf] k|j4{gsf] nflu ePsf] ;kmn / k|efjsf/L ;Ël7t k|of; xf] .

103
%= cfjlws of]hgfdf :jo+;]jf
ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbL ;dfwfg ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kd} of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|f/De eP;Fu} g]kfndf klg
@)!# ;fndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of;sf] cjnDag u/L klxnf]b]lv ;ftfF} of]hgf;Ddsf of]hgfx?n]
:jo+;]jfnfO{ vf;} dxTj / k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lv+b}g . lj=;+=@)$^ ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kZrft\
v'nf / pbf/ cy{tGqdf cfwfl/t eP/ cfPsf] cf7f}F of]hgf kZrft\ :jo+;]jfnfO{ ;/sf/n] gLltut
¿kdf cufl8 a9fP/ k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 .
cf7f}F of]hgfdf o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu kl/jt{gsf/L e"ldsfdf kl/rfng
ug]{ gLltsf ;fy :jo+;]jfnfO{ of]hgfsf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/n] cËLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . gjf}F of]hgfdf
o'jf ju{nfO{ u|fdL0f tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;df kl/jt{g jfxs -Change Agent_ sf] ¿kdf
kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 . bzf}F of]hgfdf b]znfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Ifd, ;an / cg'zfl;t
hgzlQm tof/ ug{ o'jf kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt dfkm{t\ :jo+;]jfnfO{ ljsf;sf] Pp6f dfWodsf] ¿kdf
:jLsf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ u0ftGq :yfkgf eO{ u7g ePsf ;/sf/x¿n] ;d]t of]hgfdf
:jo+;]jfnfO{ Pp6f ljsf;sf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] tLg jif]{ cGtl/d of]hgf -
@)^%—@)^&_ df /fli6«o o'jf gLltnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df o'jfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg], o'jfdf
gjLg ;f]r tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ljsf;df o'jf ;fem]bf/L cg'bfg sfo{qmd
ug]{ ljleGg lhNnfx¿df ljsf;sf] sfo{df :jo+;]jsx¿sf] ¿kdf o'jfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt
cËLsf/ u/L :jo+;]jfnfO{ o'jf ju{;Fu cfa4 ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
tTkZrft\ cfPsf] csf]{ tLg jifL{o of]hgf -@)^*–@)&)_ df klg :jo+;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df leGg b[li6sf]0f
/fv]sf] kfOG5 . o; of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rdf g} :jo+;]jfsf] k|j4{g ;dfhdf :jo+;]jL efjgf
:yflkt u/fO{ b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;fy} o;}sf] dfWodaf6 j}}b]lzs
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ ;f]rsf ;fy :jo+;]jfnfO{ o'jf / j}}b]lzs /f]huf/L;Fu ;fd~h:otf
sfod u/L :jo+;]jf ug{ rfxg] lglZrt of]Uotf / cg'ej ePsf o'jf tyf JolQmx¿ kl/rfng u/L
ul/jL Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 o'jf /f]huf/L / j}b]lzs If]qsf]
aLrdf :jo+;]jfnfO{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf a9fpg] ;+sNk lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgf -@)&!–@)&#_ df klg :jo+;]jfnfO{ ;fdflhs Pstf k|j4{g ug]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf;
ug]{ bL3{{sfnLg ;f]rsf ;fy :jo+;]jssf ¿kdf ;]jf ug{ rfxg] JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L
ljsf;sf] /fli6«o nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zosf ;fy JolQm / ;Ë7g b'a}nfO{ :jo+;]jfsf]
d"nwf/df kl/rfng ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} rf}wf}F of]hgf -@)&$–@)&^_ dfkm{t\ :jo+;]js ;]jfaf6 ;Eo ;xof]uL /
cGt/lge{/ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ ;f]rsf ;fy :jo+;]jL efjgfsf] k|j4{g / :jo+;]jssf ¿kdf ;]jf ug{
rfxg] JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L ljsf;sf] /fli6«o cleofgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] nIosf
;fy :jo+;]jfnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
rfn" kGw|f}F of]hgf -@)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!) df ;d]t :jo+;]jf k|j4{gsf] nflu gLlt tyf sfo{gLlt
NofOPsf] 5 . :jo+;]jL ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ /0fgLltsf ;fy d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df

104
o'jfnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg :jo+;]jf sfo{nfO{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g] / :sfp6 dfkm{t\ o'jfdf
c;n cfr/0f ,:jfjnDag / :jo+;]jL efjgfsf] ljsf; ub}{ g]kfn :sfp6nfO{ dfgjLo ;]jf / ljkb
Joj:yfkg h:tf If]qdf kl/rfng ul/g] sfo{gLltsf ;fy :jo+;]jfnfO{ ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ljkb
Joj:yfkg tyf hgtfsf] cfr/0fut kIf;Fu hf]8]sf] 5 . o'jfdf ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] lgdf{0f u/L
:jo+;]jL ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / >dsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{'nfO{ k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 :jo+;]jfnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ qmddf cfpg] r'gf}tLsf] ;d]t cg'dfg /
cfFsng ePsf] b]lvG5 .

^= ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf :jo+;]jf

;+;b\sf] ljleGg clwj]zgdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;+;bdf k|:t't ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿, ;/sf/
k|d'vx¿af6 ;+;bdf x'g] ;Daf]wgx¿df ;d]tdf :jo+;]jfnfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . slxn] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfsf] ;fdflhs of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
bfo/fdf Nofpg] ;+sNk ul/Psf, slxn] :gftsf]Q/ txdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{nfO{ z}lIfs ;qsf] clGtd
^ dlxgf ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ;]jfsf nflu ljleGg :yfgLo lgsfodf ljsf; lgdf{0f / cWoog
cWofkgsf] sfo{df :jo+;]jssf] ¿kdf v6fpg] pNn]v ePsf 5g . ;fy}, :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo
u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f /fxt / p4f/ ;fy} ljkb Joj:yfkgdf /fhgLlts bn, ;fdflhs ;d"x / ;+3
;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jo+;]js kl/rfng ug{ clek|]l/t ug{sf] nflu ePsf 3f]if0ffx¿n] :jo+;]jfsf] dxTjnfO{
/fhgLlt;Fu ;d]t hf]8]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o'jfnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;/Ls u/fpg / >dsf] ;Ddfg ug]{
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ sIff !) b]lv !@ ;Dd clgjfo{ ¿kdf jif{df !% lbg ;fd"lxs :jo+;]jf ug{ /
o;nfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] cleGg cË agfpg] 3f]if0ffn] ;d]t o'jf ju{nfO{ :jo+;]jf ug{ / :jo+;]jL efjgf
hfu[t u/fpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .

;ª\qmd0fsfnLg zf;g Joj:yf, cl:y/ ;/sf/ / gLltut c:ki6tfn] ubf{ ;/sf/af6 lnOPsf gLlt /
ul/Psf 3f]if0ff slt k"/f eP, slt k"/f ePgg cf–cfˆg} sf]0faf6 JofVof / ljZn]if0f xf]nfg t/
:jo+;]jfnfO{ ljsf;sf] Agent sf] ¿kdf lng vf]h]sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g .
&= ;/sf/L If]qdf :jo+;]jfsf] pRrtd cEof;
:jo+;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf @)$^ ;fnsf] cfd'n kl/jt{g kZrft\ cfPsf of]hgfx¿n] lnPsf gLlt, /0fgLlt
/ sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfwf/df / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{t cfly{s jif{
@)%^÷%& af6 /fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]jf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] . sl/a @ bzssf] ;kmn /
k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd eP klg d'n's ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf uPsf] sf/0f ;/sf/L ;Ë7gsf] k'g;{+/rgfsf]
qmddf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u h:tf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg Apex Body ;+:yfaf6 cfkm} sfo{qmd
;~rfng x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] a9\bf] dfGotf;Fu} cGo ;+:yf / lgsfojf6 ;~rfng ePsf sfo{qmdsf]
cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ ;d]t Pp6f sfo{qmd /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u h:tf] :jtGq / lg:kIf ;+:yfaf6
;~rfng x'g' kb{5 h;n] c¿ ;+:yf / lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmd;Fu t'ngf u/L cg'udg
d"NofÍg ubf{ sfoqmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9]/ hfG5 eGg] ;f]r x'Fbfx'Fb} klg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]
;d]t k'g;{+/rgf x'Fbf of] sfo{qmd cf=j @)&%÷&^ af6 ;+3df -o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfnodf_
x:tfGt/0f eO{ k|b]z ;/sf/ cGtu{t ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 xfn;Dd ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .

105
sl/a @ bzssf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf s]Gb|df /fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]jf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf
;xhLs/0f ug]{, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ nIo k|flKtdf of]ubfg ug]{, :jo+;]jL efjgfsf] k|j4{gug]{ p2]Zosf
;fy :jo+;]js kl/rfng, :jo+;]jfsf] k|j4{g, ;xsfo{ / ;+hfnLs/0f, Ifdtf ljsf;, cWoog cg';Gwfg,
;"rgf Joj:yfkg tyf cg'udg d"NofÍg h:tf sfo{If]qsf ;fy cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s ljsf;
sfo{qmd, :jo+;]js kl/rfng sfo{ljlw cflbdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;kmntfsf ;fy ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] .
/fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]jf sfo{qmd cGtu{t blnt ;fdflhs ljsf; sfo{qmd, cflbjf;L hghflt ljsf;
sfo{qmd, gd"gf ufpF ljsf; sfo{qmd, :ofd'npGb'Ë ufpF ljsf; cg';/0f ljsf; kl/of]hgf, LOW HDI
lhNnfx¿df :jo+;]js kl/rfng, o'jf :jo+;]js kl/rfng, :yfgLo :jo+;]js kl/rfng, u|fdL0f
:jo+;]js kl/rfng, OJT /Intern :jo+;]js kl/rfng, ck|fljlws :jo+;]js kl/rfng h:tf nf]slk|o
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf lyP . ljkbdf :jo+;]js sfo{qmd cGtu{t @)&@ sf] dxfe"sDkaf6 clt
k|efljt lhNnfx¿df :jo+;]js kl/rfng u/L ljkbdf :jo+;]js ;+nUg ePsf] 36gf cToGt}
pknlAwk"0f{ / k|z+;gLo lyof] .
*= ;/sf/L If]qdf ePsf :jo+;]jfsf cEof;af6 k|fKt k|ltkmn
dfly plNnlvt kl/k|]Ifdf ePsf ;/sf/L k|of;n] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd k|fKt u/]sf], ;/sf/L tj/af6
:jo+;]jL efjgfsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf sfo{ ePsf] kfOG5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f / o'jf a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of
;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf], k|sf]ksf sf/0fn] ljkbdf k/]sfnfO{ k|ltsfo{ ug{ ;xof]u ug{ :jo+;]jf
;xh / tTsfnsf] dfWodsf] ?kdf sfo{ u/]sf] cg'ej ePsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg åGåsf] ;dodf ufpFaf6
;]jf s]G› lj:yflkt eO{ ;b/d'sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'Fbf ;d]t ufpFdf ;]jfk|jfxsf] e/kbf]{ dfWodsf]
?kdf :jo+;]jf Pp6f dfWod ag]sf] lyof] . o;af6 ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;'ljwf tTsfnLg ;dodf u|fld0f /
b"u{d If]qdf kl/rfng ug{ ;d]t ;lsof] .
o;/L g} ;d'bfodf ;fIf/tf clej[l4, cfo cfh{gdf ;xof]u, ;Lk ljsf;df ;xof]u dfkm{t\ ;d'bfodf
ljsf;sf] cEof;df hg;xeflutf u/L nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng, dft[ :jf:Yo ;'wf/, afnd[To'b/ sd
ug]{, HIV sf] /f]uyfddf hgr]tgf hufO{ MDGs k|flKtdf of]ubfg, cNk ;dosf] /f]huf/L l;h{gf
:jo+;]jf k|ltsf] cfsif{0fdf j[l4, cflb dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ePsf] ljifo ;/sf/s} cflwsfl/s
b:tfj]hdf ;d]t pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .
(= cfufdL lbgdf :jo+;]jf s:tf] x'g'kb{5 <
cfjlws of]hgf g} d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ gLltut b:tfj]h x'g] xfd|f] ljsf;
k|0ffnLdf kl5Nnf] s/Lj #) jif{b]lv :jo+;]jfnfO{ ljsf;sf] Pp6f cf}hf/ -Tools _ sf] ¿kdf s'g} g
s'g} ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] / ljsf;sf] nIo k|flKtdf lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, ;do
;dodf ePsf dxTjk"0f{ ;/sf/L 3f]if0ffdf ;d]t :jo+;]jfnfO{ cËLsf/ ug]{ pNn]v x'Fb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df
casf lbgdf :jo+;]jfsf] dxTj cem a9\b} uPsf] 5 . :jo+;]jfnfO{ ;dfhdf cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;Ël7t
lx;fan] cufl8 a9fpg] xf] eg] cfhsf] ljsf;sf] d"n gf/f ;'vL g]kfnL, ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fdf pNn]Vo
of]ubfg x'g] 5 . u|fdL0f ;d'bfodf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ cf}ifwL pkrf/ dfq xf]Og s[lif k|;f/ /
kz';]jf If]qnfO{ :jo+;]jfsf] bfo/fdf NofP/ s[lif tyf kz'kfngdf cfTdlge{/ x'g] xfd|f] of]hgfsf] nIo
k|flKtdf of]ubfg x'g]5 . ;–;fgf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f dfq xf]Og :yfgLo ;Lk, ;|f]t / ;fwgdf lge{/ x'g]
pmhf{ pTkfbgsf] ljifonfO{ :jo+;]jfsf] bfof/fdf Nofpg ;lsG5 . lzIffsf] ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos lzIffsf]
:t/ psf:g' cfh r'gf}tL ag]/ plePsf] at{dfg ;dodf :jo+;]jfsf] dfWodaf6 ;'wf/sf] k|z:t

106
;Defjgf b]lvG5 . cfo cfh{gsf sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L geP/ ul/jLsf] bb{gfs cj:yf vKg' k/]sf]
cj:yfdf pBd ljsf;nfO{ :jo+;]jf;Fu hf]8\g ;s] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0fsf]
k|of;df of]ubfg k'Ug] 5 . ;fd'bflos jgsf] cjwf/0ff eg]s} :jo+;]jfsf] dd{ / efjgfaf6 ;+rflnt 5,
o;nfO{ cem Jofks / lj:tf/ ug{ ;s] hl8a'6L ;+/If0f / lgof{taf6 hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf
kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf :jo+;]jfnfO{ hf]8\g ;s]df ;x/sf] oftfoft Joj:yfkg
dfq xf]Og u|fdL0f hgtfsf] aLrdf Legal Support Program ;~rfng ug{ ;s]df ;xh sfg"gL ;]jf
k|jfxu/L u|fdL0f hgtfsf] b':vdf dNxd nufP/ hgtfsf] dg lhTg] ;kmntf ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
gful/ssf] b}lgs hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO{ If]qdf ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu
:jo+;]jfnfO{ hf]8\g ;s]df hgtfsf] ;fdflhs hLjgofkgnfO{ s]xL ;xh agfpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L,
;fdflhs ;'/Iff;Fu hf]8\g ;s]df ckfË, afns, a[4, dlxnf, blnt / pk]lIftsf] hLjgofkgdf b]lvPsf
;d:ofsf] s]xL xb;Dd ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
:jo+;]jf dfkm{t\ cNk;dosf] /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L ;/sf/sf] /f]huf/ s]lG›t of]hgf sfof{Gjg ug]{
p2]Zo k|flKtdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . b'u{d u|fdL0f e]udf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf :jo+;]js
kl/rfng sf]z]9'Ëf] ;flat x'g;S5 . gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;+3 ;Ë7gnfO{ :yfgLo :t/sf lk5l8Psf
ljkGg ;d'bfosf] cj:yf / hLjg:t/nfO{ ;f]em} / tfhf ;"rgf tYofÍ k|flKtdf hf]8\g ;lsG5 . blnt
ju{sf] ;fdflhs r]tgfdf hfu/0f u/L ;fdflhs hfu/0fsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs
kl/rfng, ;d"x lgdf{0f / k|f}9 lzIff dfkm{t\ hgtfsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;dfhsf
;a} If]qx?df :jo+;]jfsf] cfjZostf 5 .
o; k[i7e"lddf s[lif, kz', :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;~rf/ dfWod, v]ns'b, cgfyfno, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ :jo+;]js
kl/rfngsf pko'Qm If]q x'g\ ;S5g . ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ;a} If]qdf :yfgLo lgsfodf ;'zf;g :yflkt
ug{sf nflu :jo+;]jsx? kl/rfng pko'Qm / e/kbf]{ ljlw x'g;S5 . ;]jfu|fxL ;+:yfx? dWo] vfg]kfgL
sfof{no, l;FrfO{ sfof{nodf k|fljlws :jo+;]jsx?sf] vfFrf] 5 . o;/L :jo+;]jfaf6 ufpF3/df ;fd"lxs
?kdf uP/ ;/;kmfO{, ;8s gf6s, :jf:Yo lzlj/x? ug{ yfn]kl5 dfq} ;dfh;]jfsf] efjgf hfu[t
eP/ cfpF5 . o;n] xfd|f] jt{dfg ;dfhnfO{ ;Eo ;dfhsf] af6f] lt/ cu|;/ x'g clek|]l/t ub{5 .
o;af6 b"/b/fhsf ul/a, c;xfo, /fHosf] ;]jf ;'ljwf, ;|f]t / ;fwg pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt
hgtfdf /fHo / ;/sf/nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g u/L gjLg cfzf / e/f];fsf] ;~rf/
u/fpg ;lsG5 .
!)= :jo+;]jfsf] ;Defjgf / ;]jfk|jfxsf] ljsNk
g]kfn k/fk"j{ sfndf Clifd'gLx?sf] tk:of ug]{ ynf]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] g}lts lzIff, dfgjLo lzIff /
wd{sd{ k|lt dflg;x? a9L cfslif{t ePsf] ;fy} ljleGg cflbjf;L tyf hghfltx?n] ;d]t hftLo
cfwf/df :jo+;]jfsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? u/]sf cj;/n] :jo+;]jf ;]jfk|jfxsf] ljsNk aGg ;Sg]
k|r'/ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu cfh :jo+;]jfnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{gsf] vfFrf] 5 . g}lts
lzIffdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . kf7\oqmddf g} :jo+;]jf ljifo ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L s]xL ;do :jo+;]jf
ug'{ kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf nfu" u/L dfq s'g} txsf] k|df0fkq;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . xfd|f gLltdf
lg/Gt/tf / ePsf gLltsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug{' / ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Laf6 u/]sf jfrf / k|lta4tf
kfngfdfq ug]{ xf] eg] cfhsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ :jo+;]jf sf]z]9'Ëf] ;flat x'g;S5 . o; lbzfdf
xfd|f gLlt lgdf{tfsf] Wofg hfg] 5 .
;du|df, cfh ;+;f/e/ k|rngdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf d'Vo lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/LtGqsf ljs[lt /
lj;Ëltsf] sf/0f ;/sf/;d]t nf]slk|o ÷cnf]slk|o x'g], o;af6 l;lh{t 36gf kl/36gfn] ;/sf/ u7g
107
/ lj36gdf ;d]t d'Vo e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf] u/]sf] ;Gbe{ xfdL ;]jf k|jfxug]{ d'Vo lhDdf kfPsf
sd{rf/LtGqdf cfa4 sd{rf/Lx? :jo+n] b]v], ef]u] / cg'ej u/]sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf]
nflu sd{rf/LtGqsf] pko'Qm ljsNk s] x'g;S5 < eGg] ax;n] :yfg kfpg nfu]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf] k|jfxsf] nflu sd{rf/LtGqsf] pko'Qm ljsNk ;'wfl/Psf] sd{rf/LtGq g} xf] jf u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfsf] cjwf/0ff xf] eGg] ax; rn]sf] 5 . s] :jo+;]jf ;]jfk|jfxsf] pko'Qm ljsNk x'g ;Sb}g <
o; ;DaGwdf ;a} ;]jf dWo]sf] ljlzi6 ;]jfsf] ¿kdf lnOg] :jo+;]jfsf] dxTj / dfGotfnfO{ cfd
hg:t/df k'¥ofpg] / a'emfpg], 5l/Psf] :jo+;]jfnfO{ PsLs[t 9Ën] ;~rfng ug]{ ÷u/fpg], :jo+;]jfsf]
;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{, k/fDk/fut :jo+;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos / k|ltikwL{ agfpg] / sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf
cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ cfuf8L a9\g] xf] eg] lgZro g} :jo+;]jf, vf;u/L ;fj{hlgs
;]jfk|jfxsf] ;Gbe{df xfn cjnDag ul/Psf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] cEof; / tof/ ePsf ;+oGqnfO{
k|lt:yfkg u/L ;a}eGbf pQd ljsNksf] ¿kdf cuf8L a9\g g;Snf eGg ;lsb}g . o;nfO{ ax;sf]
¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg cfjZos 5 .
!!= s] of] ;Dej 5 <
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k|efjsf/L gePsf], l56f], 5l/tf] r':t, b'?:t ;]jfk|jfxaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn]
hgtfsf] dg lhTg g;s]sf] / ;]jfk|jfxsf] dfWod sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsNksf] af/]df ;d]t ax; x'g\
yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df :jo+;]jfnfO{ cfd gful/ssf] kx'Frdf n}hfg ;Sg' kb{5 . hgtfsf gful/stf k|flKt,
kf;kf]6{ k|flKt, dfnkf]tsf lgj]bg n]vg h:tf ljifonfO{ :jo+;]jf;Fu hf]8\g ;Sg] xf] eg] yf]/} eP klg
hgtfdf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g] 5 . /fhgLltnfO{ ;]jf efjn] ;~rfng ul/g' kb{5 . o;af6 Pp6f
cleofg l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 .

:jo+;]jL JolQm, ;+:yfnfO{ plrt ;Ddfg / :yfg lbg' kb{5 . sd{rf/LtGq eGbf km/s k[i7e"ld,km/s
;+oGqsf] sf/0f ;]jfu|fxL k|ltsf] lzi6frf/, gd|tf ;lxtsf] Jojxf/, ;dodf g} ;xL / plrt ;Nnfx
lbg] rl/q, ;dfhdf r]tgfd"ns sfo{df ;d]t ;xeflutf hgfpg] k|j[lQ, lg:jfy{ efj, ;|f]t / ;fwgdf
lskmfotL / ldtJolotf, ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ z}nLsf] sf/0fn] o;n] sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;'wf/,
k/Ljt{g jf k|lt:yfkg gunf{ eGg ;lsGg . t/ o;sf] nflu cy{zf:qsf] Profit maximization sf]
l;4fGtn] s;/L gfkmf sdfpg ;lsG5 eg] h:t} :jo+;]jfsf] Service Maximazation sf] ?kdf s;/L
clwstd ;]jf lbg ;lsG5 eGg]] d"n l;4fGtnfO{ ckgfpg' kb{5 .
ljutsf cg'ej ;d]tsf] cfwf/df :jo+;]jf dfkm{t\ ;]jfk|jfxsf] nflu :jo+;]jL sfo{df ;+nUg
cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;Ë7g / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? ;Fu ;Dks{ / ;dGjo ug{ s]G›df Pp6f 5ftf
s]Gb|Lo lgsfo, ;Ë7gsf] lgdf{0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / ljlw
;Ddt agfpgsf] nflu Pp6f s]Gb|Lo 5ftf gLltsf] cfjZostf 5 . xfnsf] sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/L
lgoGq0f sfo{df ljZjJofkL?kdf b]vf k/]sf] ;d:ofdf vf; u/L xfd|f] ;DaGwdf :jf:YosdL{ kl/rfng
/ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPsf] cg'ejn] ;d]t pQm cfjZostf k'li6 u/]sf] af]w x'g uPsf]
5.

108
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
!= cf7f}F of]hgfb]lv kGw|f}F of]hgf;Ddsf b:tfj]hx?, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/,
sf7df8f}F .
@= ;+;bdf k|:t't ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd -ljleGg jif{sf_, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no .
#= jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd efu—! -ljleGg jif{sf_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}F .
$= :jo+;]js kl/rfng sfo{ljlw @)^* / @)&%, /fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]js ;]jf .
%= /fli6«o ljsf; :jo+;]js ;]jf, kl/rofTds k'l:tsf, @)&# .

109
 How to Win Public Confidence as Government Officials:
Addressing by Fifteenth Plan and SDG in Nepal

Laxmi Ghimire
Program Director
Email: lghimire@npc.gov.np/paudelaxmi36@gmail.com

Abstract
Government’s values, such as high levels of integrity, fairness and openness of
institutions are strong predictors of public confidence. Similarly government’s
competence-its responsiveness and reliability in delivering public services and
anticipating new desires are crucial for boosting governance in institutions. While
attempting to improve the government operations of developing countries, it is important
to focus on both the public services as a whole and how to develop the abilities of the
public officials actually performing the government responsibilities and duties. Special
attention must be given to codes of conduct, public relations, skill development and
ethics awareness in the work place boosting the levels of morale and advancing effective
and efficient public administration. A good attitude is essential if public officials are to
win public trust. It seems strange in this digital world, awareness of the principles and
acting on the principles however, these are two entirely different things. In order to
maintain public trust in government administration, each employee must behave in a
manner appropriate to the fundamental character of the public service. It can be said
that different government administration relies on methodology as opposed to
philosophy, to achieve greater results at the expense of fewer resources and to obey the
government ethics that require a level of discipline.

This article deals with the basic principles of conducting expected from government
personnel such as awareness of responsibility, effective and efficient government
administration, the role of supervisor, and how to guide junior staffs, code of ethics
and governance reform addressing by Fifteenth Plan and Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG) in Nepal.
1. The Responsibility of public officials

Government officials are regarded as public servants. Their status has been changed
and evolved over the years equally the circumstances surrounding the public
service are changing rapidly. It is indispensable to meet the changing responsibility
of public officials. The main purpose of the public service is to pursue public
interest. It is straightforward to transform the status of the government officials

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over the period increasing the high demand of public work in people and the digital
technology as rocketing its speediness. As the functions of governments expanded
and public affairs grew correspondingly more complex, government officials are
required to possess more specialist professional skills. The appointment of
government officials came to the based on merit so as to ensure fairness and
efficiency within the public service. Public officials must perceive their role as a
service to the entire community, they must consider the public as partners in
government administration and actively seek to open the door to further
collaboration.

The public service can be characterized as follows;

I. Public interest
The main priority of the public service is ‘public interest’ not profit. Most
public service expenses are borne by the tax payer. There is no direct relation
between cost and benefit.

II. Fairness and Neutrality

The Public service must refrain from giving any form of preferential
treatment to any entity at any time. It must provide fair and neutral treatment
to all. Fairness can only be achieved through stability and continuity in the
public service whereas instability and sudden change increases the possibility
of unfair conduct.
III. Authority
The public service has the power to enforce an extensive public policy across
the entire nation through coercion and penalty.
IV. Notion of Monopoly
In regard to the public service, aside from education and health sector, private
enterprises are less permitted to undertake services previously provided by
the government. Government lean towards to establish public enterprise for
those services which are of basic necessity of general public and requires
strict control on quality, quantity and price. Furthermore, the government has
some kind of monopoly over the particular services (as for example from
Nepal - Nepal Electricity Authority and Nepal Oil Corporation). The general
public is affected by this in that they have no choice of jurisdiction. If people
are unsatisfied with the level of services provided in neighboring city/state
unless they actually relocate there. Outside their power in the ballot box, the
public has little choice regarding the public service.

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V. Legal binding
Public activities in principle, must be operated under the guidelines of
particular laws and regulations. Public trust is the core to the success of
government administration. These laws and regulations reflect activities
which the public entrusts the government to undertake. Public officials must
have a legal base for every action that they conduct.

Changing Circumstances around the public service epitomized below have

been enormous :
I. Higher Education
Most government officials have received further education prior to
appointment, is the realm of the privileged few, an academic degree
commands respect. The officials are creamed from the best universities,
governments can enjoy unusually high level of public confidence.

II. Advanced Economy

Economic development is the primary national concern. As the economy
matures, public expectation of the government changes. In times of change,
public scrutiny and criticism of government actions tend to increase.

III. Civil Rights

With the demand for more extensive civil rights, the role that the general
public plays in government affairs has shifted from that of subject to central
player. As example of this is the growth in social movements where
individuals group together to concert their demands for change.

IV. Internationalization
In the wake of internationalization, government affairs which were once
considered domestic matters are presently the matter of international debate.
These procedures and standards are openly discussed in an international
setting so that they might be compared with the practices of other nations.

V. Information Age
The information age has increased not only people’s knowledge but their
desire to know more, people check up to conform whether or not government
programs are appropriate. They demand more information disclosure and
explanations as to how decisions are reached. In response to this, the
government is expected to take public opinion into account and more actively
promote public confidence.

112
VI. Digital technology
The high and advanced technology, these days are influenced over the world.
Digitalization has created conducive, clear, visible and audible
communication among the government task/work and service delivery as
well. It has empowered to be skilled and encouraged public officials to show
their confidence in the performance and strategic development.

Reliable Public administration;

Government policies and activities are evaluated not only on their contents but also
on the actual process involved in these operations. If public trust is to be
maintained, government officials must perform their duties in a manner which
reflects the basic objectives of the public service itself.

I. Government operations should uphold appropriate standards and

regulations:

Public administration relies heavily on public trust. Their plans and

methodology must be enthusiastically understood by the general public. With
the complexity of the present era, policy making and implementation requires
specialist of knowledge, flexibility and quick response. In order to provide a
fast and appropriate response, government officials must be granted a level of
decision making powers. This discretionary authority should be limited to
emergency situations where a new phenomenon has arisen unexpectedly. The
basic rule on this is to revise laws and regulations to solve the immediate
problem at hand (such as Covid-19: a pandemic situation demanding
changing modality of lockdown, announcement of emergency situation and
aptness of financial management). Even where there is room for discretion,
the government should acquire public consent before standards are set.

II. Public Agreement on public interests:

Government officials should be diligent in their work. If the direction of this
work conflicts with public interests, these efforts are merely a waste of
resources. In the public sector, this loss is at the expense of the entire tax
paying community. In reality, however, judging what is or is not in the public
interest is relative and sometimes quite difficult. Raising pension benefits, for
example, is favorable for the immediate beneficiaries but increases the
financial burden on younger generations supporting the pension fund. Public
understanding is required in deciding if government activities meet with
public interest.

113
III. Public trust in the fairness and neutrality of Government operations:
The government must do more than simply act in a fair and neutral manner if
it is to win public trust. It must actively set out to increase public awareness
and confidence in the fact that it is acting as much. A passive attitude is
ineffective. Government officials must actively challenge the situation, by
explaining the process behind government actions and disclosing information
on which the government decisions are based.

IV. A disciplined and approachable public service:

Public officials now face the challenge of reenacting their image as
disciplined and hardworking officials. For public policies and procedures to
be well received, public confidence in the government officials planning and
implementing them is as essential as the contents themselves. To shake off
the negative image that they have acquired and regain public trust, public
officials must be seen to be more disciplined and hardworking than private
company officials. If public opinion is to be reflected in government
administration, an open door policy with one to one communication is
extremely important. Public officials must never behave in an arrogant,
conceited or self-important. They should always be approachable and easy to
consult. Government officials must remember at all times that they are there
to serve the broad-spectrum public.

2. Effective and Efficient Government Administration :

Every organization has their own set of goals and must coordinate their operations
to accomplish certain objectives. Every activity should be directed towards these
objectives. Appropriate objectives are essential for effective and efficient work.
Each employee is specified a consignment and tries to the best of their ability to
accomplish on time. Supervisors must keep an eye on day to day work operations
and always be attentive to findings ways to improve with the appropriate
instructions. They are also expected to motivate their staff to imply their own
standards of work. Performing public functions is not individual work it is an
organizational work. Each employee is expected to understand their role and the
function of their responsibility so that effective and efficient operations may be
accomplished. For that, it is appropriate to comprehend the principles of work and
effective and efficient operations;

I. Management of operations
Each job has its own objective. This objective must be broken down into
concrete activities. The target must clarify the direction and goal of the

114
 activity, outline the results as expected and set a deadline for the completion
it. A plan should clarify tangible worth and measures to reach its targets. If
there is a discrepancy in opinions or a conflict of interests in the task, the
supervisor must take every effort to restore the harmony in a pleasant
atmosphere. Evaluation by a supervisor alone is not effective, group
evaluation is much more preferable. The information acquired from the
evaluation must be shared among the whole staffs so that they may use of the
evaluation results to construct the forthcoming target and plan.

II. Management by objectives (MBO)

The purpose of management by objective has come to be two-fold i.e.
organizational goal and individual goal. The role of management is to
maintain a balance between them. MBO involves the three steps of setting the
target, working towards the target and evaluating the target achieved or not. It
is essential to divide the organizational goal and assign individual targets to
each staff. Need to set concrete and feasible target that officials will be
motivated to accomplish and involvement of staff themselves in setting their
own targets. It should be considered to monitor the progress of the
employee’s work and provide feedback and intermittent evaluation to
motivate them. Supervisors are expected to provide their full support so that
they may attain the targets. It is important to utilize the evaluation result when
setting the next set of targets and training staff.

III. Improvements in work

Supervisors must constantly seek to upgrade the quality of work performance
within their unit. With the support of their subordinates, they may
successfully overcome any obstacles. A primary source of motivation towards
work improvements should be a supervisor’s awareness of the necessity for
change. Supervisors must accurately analyze current standards of work
performance and plan to increase the speed, reduce the cost and improve the
efficiency. Improvement is always accompanied by change. Supervisors
require the cooperation of other staff if work improvements are to be met.
Consent from all the relevant staff, and particular subordinates, is a pre-
requisite to any improvement in work. Supervisors must be sensitive to issues
of concern, take a creative approach for finding solutions and provide the
motivational environment with creativity.

IV. The ability to find and solve problems

Each problem displays a symptom before it rises to the surface. The ability to
recognize symptoms depends on the skills of observation and foresight.

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 Foresight is often considered a fifth sense as institution or a spark of genius is
perceived. The ability to analyze information and taking action effectively
advances value to solve any problems. Once a problem is recognized, the next
step is to think of a solution where creativity initiates. Creativity cannot be
developed in a short period of time. The accumulation of various knowledge
over a long period of time and an awareness of essential issues is required to
nurture creativity. When problems arise, the faster they are solved the better.
The solution to a problem often requires the cooperation and consent of other
people where the element of persuasion is the key. Experience without
reflection is too specific to learn and flexibility is essential to finding a true
solution.

V. Team-spirit/Project team
Everyone must act in a cooperative and friendly manner. The team meeting
should be planned once a week of an hour and reviewed various issues with a
concrete plan of relevant unit through creating collaboration. Minutes should
be taken at each meeting, distribute to each member to the relevant section
before the next, follow up the implementation of previous decisions, reward
the best performance and share to other as well. For a project team to be
successful, the full cooperation of a related section and a sense of unity or
comradeship of belongingness are indispensable. If a project team has
difficulty in reaching a consensus among its members, it is sometimes
operative to ask the opinions of members outside the team.

VI. Good Communication and Effective Meeting

The choice of with whom to communicate is very important. Effective
communication and information are conveyed from one to another, can be
judged by the reaction it receives. Good communication requires that all
members concerned pay attention to the position, opinions and feelings of
other. It is important to clarify in advance that the message to be conveyed is
both clear and concise. Choosing an appropriate medium to convey
information is imperative if the message is to be understood visibly. The
timing of communication is entirely important, better to communicate the
message at the earliest possible date and follow up with reminders at every
given opportunity. Junior staff may not have the confidence to communicate
directly what it is they wish to convey. Senior staff must create an atmosphere
that is conducive to open communication. Japanese companies increase the
efficiency of office work by reducing the number and time of meeting. They
believe time is money and efficiency of meeting is for just an hour or
reasonable amount of time.

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V. Productivity in Public Administration
Productivity is certainly very difficult to measure. It is fairly straightforward
to estimate volumes of input and output. The main person or unit behind the
planning or operation of a policy will be required to take responsibility and
abolish or adjust it if the output is judged to be insufficient. To increase
productivity, organizations and officials must be made more aware of the
importance of this. Productivity is often equated with the efficiency of
management and this frequently results in a reduction in activities or cutbacks
in the workforce. Supervisors must understand that streamlining is just one
aspect of productivity. Being sensitive to productivity levels is extremely
important.

VI. Office Environment

The best temperature in which each office staff feels comfortable. It is
essential to take care of air ventilation in the office. Wind has a natural
rhythm and this rhythm itself has a positive dynamism on the mood of staffs.
It may help to relieve stress or increase their imagination and preferable.
Enough brightness with natural light is remedial. It makes people feel relaxed
and may promote their creativity. The color of office walls, curtains and
flooring have an enormous impact on the productivity of the staff’s work
performance. Example from Japan, following color chart indicates what
effects different colors have on people;

a. Navy blue - Stabilizes people’s mind. Their thinking will be more

active.
b. Light blue -Reduces levels of stress. Makes people feel more relaxed.
c. Green - Provides a sense of security. People will act more slowly.
d. Orange - Excites the imagination. People will converse more actively.
e. Yellow - Attracts attention. People get excited and find it easier to
concentrate.
f. Brown - Makes people calm and less active.

Apart from this, shared room among the supervisor and subordinates develops
the team-spirit and makes quickly and fastens the decision.

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VII. Direction of the Public Service
Today is the stage of information, segmentation and e-governance. People
have an opportunity to judge for themselves whether or not the decisions are
appropriate. To meet these expectations, government must explain the
legitimacy of their decisions and need to strengthen public confidence.
Segmentation here requires specialists who can analyze and understand every
detail behind very complex new concepts and ideas. The increase in the
information people may access and segmentation inevitably will bring
change. People have become more assertive and proactive in recent period.
This form of self-assertion brings changes within organization.

3. The Role of Supervisor

Supervisors are required to perform their duties while at the same time manage all
the work and supervise staff in their office for effective and efficient operations.
Supervisors must play a leading role in changing public administration. In order to
cultivate a sense of unity, cooperation among fellow staffs and smooth
communication are essential. Supervisors in accordance with their position in the
organization must have close communication with and keep harmony among other
co-staffs. Supervisors are responsible for operations in their office have to exert
leadership. Leadership is a skill that requires winning the heart of people. Good
leadership is not acquired by superficial technique or knowledge, it requires a
person to cultivate decent overall character. When supervisors have difficulty in
gaining the acceptance, it may be helpful to ask assistance from their boss to
develop techniques of persuasion. It is energetic to integrate the people organically
and make them work vividly in order to exert more power as a group rather than
concentration on the accumulation of individual power. Effective and efficient
operation of work entails good human relations among staff. Supervisors are
expected to take the initiative in establishing following starring role;

i. Protagonist Supervisor ;
Supervisors must act as a good assistance to their senior officers. They should
ensure the organization’s policies, consult at appropriate times, express
opinion frankly, be capable of responding to the boss, take responsibility of
own task and share appropriate skills/strategy to tackle the problems. Strong
connection with colleagues require good communication, cooperation and
sound human relation such as be conscious to act as a team member,
exchange work related information and respect the views of the
contemporaries and relevant sections as well. The attitude and leadership

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 talent of the supervisor is very signIoicant in the motivation and boosting the
morale of the staff.

ii. Transformative quality

Supervisors are required to constantly review and reappraise the apt of the
organizational work to the society/ development. As the needs of the society
change, supervisors are expected to make corresponding revisions to meet the
new demands, novel trends and innovativeness. Bestowing the modern day,
supervisors must be extremely flexible to light the rapid changes of the
technology and creativeness. They must be capable of taking decisive action
to cope with the changes that demands the responsibility of the day.
Supervisors, in a leadership capacity, must be sensitive to the issue of raising
the morals, self-assurance and ethical standards of their immediate staff.

iii. Supportive to the Boss

Good understanding of the organization’s mission must be communicated
from downward to top management. Supervisors remain attentive and fully
understand the mission that serves the public interest both in spirit and the
letter. If supervisor’s ideas conflict with instructions from their immediate
boss, they have to express the reservations directly. Decision making is the
main responsibility of the boss. With strong directives and instructions based
on sound decisions, operations may be carried out effectively and efficiently.
To get the satisfactory decision, constructive ideas and positive suggestions
should be provided to the boss in addition to the basic factual information.
The outcome of the work is the full responsibility of the supervisors, they
should never blame the results on their staff, and rather the best strategy is to
enhance the ability to stand in for the boss if so required the judgment and
resolution.

4. How to Guide Junior Staff

One of the responsibility of supervisor is to develop junior staff. Supervisor must
understand the importance and necessity of staff development, acquire effective and
efficient training skills and try to develop the abilities of their staff. The main
methods of human resource development are on-the-Job training (OJT) and Off-
the–Job Training (Off-JT). OJT is a method of training through the course of
everyday operations of work. Supervisors are expected to undertake OJT along the
guidelines of pre-determined plan but at the same time remain flexible enough not
to miss other appropriate opportunities for conducting it. Guiding officials is
conducted through daily contact with staff. Supervisors may not even be aware that
they are conducting OJT but explanations, discussion and verbal communication

119
with staff all provide good opportunities for this. When assigning job to officials,
supervisors must consider not only the accomplishment of work but also the
development of their abilities. Delegating authority is a high level method of
developing the abilities of official. OJT and OFF-JT should complement each other.
A combined effort advances the ability of staff more effectively and efficiently. The
personnel's own spontaneity, however, is equally important in this. OJT and OFF-
JT should aim to assist in their self-development. Supervisor must therefore be
aware of how staff try to develop themselves, decide which OFF-JT courses they
should attend and conduct appropriate OJT to this effort.

Everybody is happy to be appreciated, appreciation provides a sense of job

satisfaction and feel a level of pride in the staff’s performance. Self-motivation is
essential if supervisors are to develop and lead officials in an effective and efficient
manner. To heighten their motivation, supervisors must know what their staff
expect to gain from work. If staffs are actively involved in their own jobs, they feel
a sense of responsibility towards their work.

5. Human Resource Development

Human resource development is an evolving discipline, it has a broader and a larger

scope. It is an integral organizational function exists within political, social,
economic, governance and ethical contexts that involves the administrative and
legitimate component. It is recognized as the integrated use of training and
development program. Particularly, it reveals personal knowledge, strategic skills
and better performance that fosters organizational and personnel career
development efforts to improve individual, group and institutional effectiveness and
efficiency.Thus, investment in human resource development has the long-term
benefit for the national development.

While the organization should make every attempt to develop its staff, the real
motivation must come from the officials themselves. Strategies are encouraged to
support self-motivation and self-development. One of them is OJT where staff
development is undertaken in the process of their day to day work by the
Supervisor. The other is Off-JT where staff are sent to courses at research institutes,
particular seminar outside or to undertake research at universities. They may even
be assigned to support other members of staff who are making self-improvement
efforts outside the office. In addition, personal policies such as planned job rotation
and promotion, provide the officials with new experiences, encourage them to
better themselves and hence contribute to human resource development.

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 Let’s outline the characteristics of OJT and OFF-JT below:
OJT
Objectives and • It is possible to set objectives
Needs according to individual needs.
• It is easy to ascertain
individual needs.
Targets • OJT can provide both
individual and specialist
training.
• It is an appropriate method of
providing knowledge and
skills directly related to the
employee’s work.
• OJT is an effective method of
training successors.
Methods • A lot of opportunities are
available for OJT. There is no
need for any additional
expense.
• It is possible to repeat
elements that have not been
fully understood.
• Supervisors themselves can
lead their staff.
• There are no restrictions on
time or place. Staff may
continue with their regular
work.
• It is easy to follow up.
Effects • The effects of this training
have a direct impact on the
staff’s work.
• Skills are learnt in the process
of everyday work so staff are
unlikely to forget the skills
that they have learnt.
• It is easy to evaluate the effect
of training.
• It is an effective method of
changing the behavioral
patterns of staff.
Staff relations • It is useful for creating a level
of mutual understanding and
respect between supervisors
and their staff.
121
Off-JT
• Everyone in the group has the same
requirements as training needs are
determined in advance.
• Off-JT can provide sets of rules or
principles, well –structured knowledge
and related skills.
• Off-JT may be utilized to provide
highly advanced knowledge and
technological skills.
• Off-JT is an effective method to raise
the knowledge and skills of staff to a
certain level.
• Away from their office, officials may
concentrate more directly on training.
• It is possible to organize an effective
curriculum.
• An expert or specialist in a particular
field may be employed in this training.
• It is possible to train a large number of
staff at the same time.
• This type of training involves a certain
degree of expense.
• Officials may assist each other
throughout the training process. This is
an effective method of broadening
individual perspectives. It may also
help to pinpoint any
misunderstandings.
• Off-JT may raise the overall standard
of officials.
• Off-JT may provide knowledge that is
essential to the needs of the time.
• It is useful for understanding staff to
various sections or groups, so that they
may make valuable connections.
• It is an effective method of developing
 OJT Off-JT

• It is an effective method of a sense of unity among officials who

cultivating a positive attitude participate.
towards learning.

When OJT and Off-JT are designed to complement each other, the result will be
twice as effective. OJT provides staff with information and advice on a daily basis
while Off-JT provides opportunity to solidify this knowledge. OJT allows the
knowledge acquired in Off-JT to be put into practice. To sum, OJT is the
responsibility of the supervisor.

6. Ethics and practices

Public officials themselves are extremely conscious of the issue of ethics. It is

essential to raise the standards of ethics of public personnel if corruption and
bribery are to be eradicated. High standards of ethics are required not only from
public officials but also in other professions. Public officials must observe their
codes of discipline more strictly because of higher responsibility taken for national
interest. In implementing the law, government officials are expected to lead their
own lives as good models of law abiding citizens. They must be fully aware of their
mission as upholders and implementers of the law. Before they may supervise the
morality of others, their own sense of morality and standard of ethics must be
impeccable. Ethics are closely connected to the sense of values and patterns of
behavior of each individual. The sense of values of each public officials reflects
history, culture, the current social climate and their immediate living environment.
How the globalization of ethics initiated are outlines some examples as follows;

i. Member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) adopted the Convention on combating bribery of
foreign public officials in international business transactions in November,
1997. Each member state has been asked to sign it. The essence of this treaty
is that each member state makes the bribery of a foreign public official a
criminal offence by its own legislation within its own country. The
background to this is that the USA, was the only country in the world with a
law existing to prohibit the bribery of foreign public officials.

ii. The council of OECD recommended the improvement of ethical conduct in

the public service to its member states in 1998 and presented the 12 principles
of ethical conduct in the public service. Such as ‘ethical standards for the

122
 public service should be clearly defined’ and ‘public servants should know
their rights and obligations when wrongdoing is exposed’.

iii. The general assembly of the United Nations adopted the resolutions ‘Action
against corruption’ in December 1996. This requested that member states take
appropriate action against corruption. The resolution established an
international code of conduct for public officials and recommended it to
member states as a tool to guide their efforts against corruption. This codes
stipulates 11 principles, including “Public officials shall not use their official
authority for the improper advancement of their own or their family’s
personal or financial interest”.

iv. The European Union adopted a treaty against corruption among public
officials in member states. The World Trade Organization continues to
discuss the issue of bribery as a barrier against free trade.

7. Governance Reform addressing by Fifteenth Plan and SDG in

Nepal

In the context of Nepal, let us discuss about the latest document known as Fifteenth
Development Plan at first and next to SDG. The development plan has provision to
enhancing the democracy and good governance through leadership development,
justice system, governance reform, administrative good governance and corruption
control.
i. Leadership Development is possible through enabled and effective leadership
engazement for plan formation. It pursuits succession plan, clear job
description, reward system and administrative autonomy. Development of
cooperation and sharing model is strengthened by level and actor-wise
leadership interrelation and effectiveness, and capacity based leadership
development through prioritization and respectful cultural development.

ii. Justice system can be enhanced through information technology friendly case
management, legal education and civic education.

iii. Governance reform is the comprehensive phenomenon can be improved

through transparent and effective government system, measurable
performance standard and positive recognition to public service.

iv. Administrative governance can be reformed through human resource

development, intergovernmental cooperation and coordination, people and

123
 development friendly service delivery, responsible and result oriented public
officials.

v. Corruption control is possible by integrity based society development,

preventive, promotional and retributive measures against corruption,
responsible and transparent public service and control on mismanagement of
economic resources in all state and non-sate sectors.

Similarly, Sustainable Development Goal-16 exists to provide access to justice for

all and build effective, accountable and inclusive system. This goal targets
promoting the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal
access to justice for all, reducing illicit financial and arms flows, reducing
corruption and bribery in all their forms, developing effective accountable and
transparent institutions at all levels. Nepal has taken good initiation for implication
of these targets and has made some remarkable progress in some aspects. Though,
now, the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic is affecting the target to meet as the
expectation. SDG is not only the responsibility of the government, it is the
responsibility of the whole nation, thus it has been focussing to be internalized in
the policy and plan development in sub-national level as well as the priority given
for SDG localization. Good Governance and accountability are the priority of the
government. The government is committed to strengthening the rule of law over the
whole structure and ensuring equal access to justice to all its citizens, especially to
those who are disadvantaged. It has adopted various legislations in its endeavor to
implement the constitutional provisions on fundamental rights and is working to
successively formulate more. Such legislations and institutional mechanisms
facilitate the access of marginalized communities to justice, including through the
provision of free legal aid services. There is a strong commitment of the
government to ensure that they are not barred from getting justice. Though Nepal
has made signIoicant efforts towards creating a peaceful, inclusive and just society,
it needs to fast track progress in all the areas under Goal-16 as a cross-cutting issue
in order to realize the 2030 Agenda.

In addition, Nepal has made deliberate efforts to incorporate the concept of

‘Leaving no one behind.’ The fundamental equity-based principle of the SDGs has
a strong resonance in Nepal, as the country has now adopted a forward-looking and
transformative constitution with inclusive governance and strong commitment to
justice and the enjoyment of fundamental rights by all. The constitutional
provisions, specific laws, inclusive political and public institutions, creation of
dedicated constitutional bodies, social protection and security provisions, growing
public expenditure in social security and targeted programs for the vulnerable and

124
marginalized population, are all positive strides to bring about transformation in
the country.

8. Conclusion

Public confidence by government officials is the credibility towards the government

function for better delivery. Winning mind and touching the heart respects the
public people demands and need of the front. Responsibility is not the old, it is the
demand of the day. Today, we need shared and team responsibility that brings the
solution fast and smart. Then government officials win the confidence to the public,
increase the trustworthy environment and reform the governance system. To meet
the dictum of less government and more governance is the heart of the public
officials for strengthening capability of general people and scaling up the
stakeholders of the government close to the door of the whole nation. Thus, the
responsibility of the delegated authority, effective and efficient government
administration, the smart role of supervisor, guidance to the junior staff and code of
ethics and practices support to win the public confidence of the government
officials and concentrates on the governance reform in developing countries like
Nepal. The Fifteenth plan of Nepal has incorporated graduation from the LDC
status, and attainment of the SDGs as its intermediate milestones. The plan
includes, for the first time, a long-term perspective with a 25-year vision.
‘Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali’ with 10 indicators as the four are related to
prosperity and six with happiness. The way forward to Nepal is focused on the
implementation of this plan with tackling the pandemic situation of Covid -19.

References:
1. The Nippon Foundation (2000). How to win public confidence as government
officials. Association of Public Service Training and Development. Japan.
2. Chalofsky, N.E., & Reinhart, C. (1998). Effective Human Resource
Development: How to build a strong and responsive HRD function. San
Francisco, London: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
3. Government of Nepal.(2019). “Fifteenth Plan:2019/20-2023/24”.Natinal
Planning Commission. Singh durbar, Kathmandu.
4. Government of Nepal.(2016). “Sustainable Development Goals; Status and
Roadmap: 2016-2030”. National Planning Commission. Singh durbar,
Kathmandu.
5. Government of Nepal.(2020). “National Review of Sustainable Development
Goal”.Natinal Planning Commission. Singh durbar, Kathmandu.

125
 Plant Variety Protection in Nepal with reference to Farmers Right

- Durga Dhutta Dhakal

Ex- Secretary, Office of Province Chief, Bagmati Province
- Sagar Baral,
Millennium Fellow, United Nations Academic Impact and Millennium Campus Network

Abstract
A specific from of intellectual property right known as plant breeders right (also called
plant variety right), applies to plant varieties. The concept of plant breeders Right arise
from the need to provide incentives to plant breeders engaged in the creative works of
research which sustains agricultural searcher to share benefits of his creativity with
society. Plant varieties protection is an exclusive right provided to plant breeders for
introducing specific plant variety done by crossing varieties. The plant variety
protection is a key to innovation and incentives to develop solutions in the agriculture
sector. Plant variety protection is related to three rights: Breeders Right, Farmers Right
and Researchers Right. However, the paper is more concerned with the farmers rights.
The critical aspect is farmers are not merely the consumers of seeds of improved plant
variety but they are also the breeders of improved plant variety seeds. Most importantly,
they are custodians and owners of plant genetic resources that form the basis of variety
development and plant breeding. The Farmers right over plant varieties indulge two
basic concepts: Farmers right over the protected breeders varieties and Farmers right
over their own varieties and knowledge. In this milieu, plant variety protection is must
for achieving the sustainable development goals. The objective of paper is to trace the
Nepal development concerns regarding intellectual properties protection to plant
varieties in relation to national and international obligation.

1. Debate for Plant Variety protection for famers rights

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicted that the global population
would reach 9 billion by 2050, and that the average per capita food consumption
would increase to 3,100 kcal per day. Currently, 12.9 percent of the world
population is suffering from malnutrition. It is predicted that agricultural
productivity needs be increased by 70 percent to meet the food requirement of the
world’s growing population. In this backdrop, the production of successful plant
variety is highly desirable as it increases yields, nutritious, resistance to pests,
disease, draught and regionally adapted to different environment and increase the
number and diversity of varieties.1 Development of new plant variety aids in early

1
Rama Krishna, Biotechnology Intellectual Property law, 1st ed., National Law School of India
University, 2003, p. 100.

126
maturity and also leads to low use of pesticides. Huge agricultural biodiversity,
"about 30,000 crops landraces, evolved and grown across the diverse climates"2 is
the major opportunity for Nepalese farmers to be breeders in Nepal. About 15- 25%
food products are being lost annually in pre and post-harvest activities caused by
pests and if the loss is minimized, it can play a signIoicant role in food security.3
Climate change is a serious challenge for domestic and global agriculture. Nepal is
highly vulnerable and "ranked 4th in the world" 4 from this perspective. Farmers
will be highly affected from this. Breeders and farmers need to develop many
varieties to resist increasing climate. Plant variety protection justifies the direct
modification of the gene of the plant is possible rather than resorting to the trial and
error process in developing new plant variety. In this 21st century more demands
are to be met with less land and labor since cultivation is diminishing due to the
excessive urbanization and land fragmentation.
At the other side of coin, it may cause the parasite tendency to the farmers as
farmers may excessively depend upon foreign commercial breeders. Economically,
it fuels the increasing "trade deficit of nation". The foreign commercial breeders
seed may also be full of defects as they are inclined towards creating the
monopolized seed dependency in the LDC. For example, the Nepalese activist
resisted the use of Monsanto accusing "Monsanto takes away a farmer's right and
ability to use his/her own seed forever and after farmers must buy their seeds and
chemicals from Monsanto." 5 Furthermore, due to the use of Hyderabad (India)
based Renova Seed Science India Pvt Ltd, farmers had the low paddy yields6 .
Therefore, it may destroy the fertility capacity of soil and, also lead to lower or null

2
Kamlesh Adhikari, Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture: Legal Mechanisms to Protect
Farmers’ Rights in Nepal, PRO PUBLIC and SAWTEE, Kathmandu, 2008, p. 25.
3
Parashu Ram Ahikari, AN OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL, The
Journal of Agriculture and Environment, Vol:18, 2017, p. 95 available at
https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R7zMtIT_JYYJ:https://www.nepjol.info/i
ndex.php/AEJ/article/view/19894/16382+&cd=5&hl=ne&ct=clnk&gl=np accessed on February 28
2020.
4
B.K Joshi, PLANT BREEDING IN NEPAL: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, Journal of
Agriculture and Forestry University, Volume 1, 2017 p. 26 available at
http://afu.edu.np/sites/default/files/Plant_breeding_in_Nepal_Past_Present_and_Future_BK_Joshi.p
df accessed on 2 March 2020.
5
SASCHA FULLER, Why Monsanto?, Nepali Times, 04 NOV 2011 available at
http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=18674#.XmSZIHduLD4 accessed on March 8 2020.
6 Govt to compensate Garima-seed victims, The Republica Daily, November 1, 2019 avalable at
https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/govt-to-compensate-garima-seed-victims/ accessed on 8 March
8, 2020.

127
yield. Therefore, plant variety protection may be necessary evil for farmers in terms
of solely giving priority for breeders only.

2. Test for Plant Variety Protection

In order to qualify for plant variety protection, a variety must be new, distinct,
unIoorm and stable. Article 6 of UPOV deems a variety as "new," if, "at the date of
filing of the application for a breeders' right, propagating or harvested material of
the variety has not been sold or otherwise disposed of to others.... by or with the
consent of the breeder, for purposes of exploitation of the variety. For instance, the
standard excludes public knowledge, prior cultivation, and limited publication from
affecting novelty. Similarly, Under Article 7 of UPOV, a variety is distinct if it is
clearly distinguishable from any other variety whose existence is a matter of
common knowledge at the time of filing the application. It also denote variety
whose is beyond a matter of common knowledge.7 Under Article 14 of UPOV, a
variety is a matter of common knowledge if it has been the subject "of an
application for the granting of a breeders' right" or "has been entered in the official
register of varieties, in any country. Furthermore, unIoormity is achieved if all
plants of the same variety possess identical characteristics, and stability is achieved
if these characteristics remain unchanged during propagation.8
International Law
According to the TRIPS Art. 27.3(b), new plant varieties should be protected either
by patents or by effective sui-generis system or combination of both.

7
Srividhya Ragavan & Jamie M. O'Shields,Has India Addressed Its Farmers' Woes? A Story of
Plant Protection Issues, vol 20, Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 2007. p. 106. Available at
https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1509&context=facscholar
accessed on 8 March,, 2020.
8
Ibid. p. 108.

128
 Table: Options for the protection of plant varieties in TRIPS
During its accession to the WTO, Nepal chose to develop a sui generis system for
the protection of plant varieties, that is, granting of plant breeders’ rights
certificates and not patents to the inventors of new plant varieties.9 Sui generis itself
can take many forms, the range of flexibility is wide for a WTO member to develop
its own mechanism to protect plant varieties taking such country-specificities as
level of economic development, resources, agricultural and industrial policies, the
state of the public and private research capability, and special needs of small
farmers and indigenous communities in to account. 10 The United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals 2030 have incorporated food security,
improvement of nutrition and promotion of sustainable agriculture to end hunger in
the world. Convention on Biological Diversity, provides for "Access and Benefit
sharing(ABS)"11 from the utilization of knowledge, innovations and practices of
the farmer communities and also oblige to take "national measures" 12 for it
Similarly, convention also recognized the farming community "prior consent for
access to genetic resources" 13 and using their knowledge for plant breeding for
commercial gains. Additionally, ITPGRFA, 2001 has recognized farmers rights to
save, use, exchange and sell farm-saved seed/propagating material, right to
traditional knowledge, right to participate in sharing benefits, right to participate in
making decisions at the national level. 14 Moreover, "Nagoya Protocol" 15 aims to
implement the provision of convention on biodiversity provision regarding to
Access and Benefit Sharing and Prior information Consent.
9
Ibid p. 39.
10
Madhusudan Upadhay, Sriram Neupane and Sunil Dhaubadel, AGREEMENT ON TRIPS:
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION , FAO, p. 126 available at
http://www.fao.org/3/ae896e/ae896e08.pdf accessed on 1 March 2020.
11
Article 8(j) Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
Access is the acquisition of biological (genetic) resources and/or TK, innovations, technologies
or practices. Benefit sharing is the sharing of benefits (either in a monetary or a non-monetary
form or both) arising out of the commercial use of resources and/or TK between the provider
(owner) and the receiver (user) of the resources and/or TK.
12
Article 15.7, Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
13
Article 15, Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
14
Article 9 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Nepal is
party)
15
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, also known
as the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) is a 2010 supplementary
agreement to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Its aim is the
implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of
benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the
conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Nepal became the party to this convention on
2019.

129
The Convention of Farmers and Breeders, 1998 is also regarded as effective sui-generis model
law for protection of rights of farmers and breeders. The convention has provision that breeder
will forfeit her/ his rights if s/he:
• unable able to meet the demand of farmers leading to a scarcity of planting material,
increased market price and monopolies; and

• fails to disclose information about the new variety or does not provide the authority with
the reproductive or propagating material.
However, convention for the protection of New varieties of plant, 1991 is not ratified by Nepal.

National Law

There is no specific policy for plant breeding and genetics in Nepal. The Seed Act,
2045 has defined the breeder as "a person, organization or body which brings into
use any variety of the crops by breeding or selecting it for the first time."16 As a
governing body, the act has envision the National Seeds Board to carry following
major functions relating to plant variety protection:17
• To approve, release and register the Seeds of new variety as prescribed.
• To test the specialty, unIoormity and permanency of the Seeds of new
Variety and grant the right of ownership to the Breeder as prescribed.
The provision of "restriction for imports of seed variety which cause damage to the
agricultural activities in Nepal"18 is progressive in terms of farmers right. In such
adverse impacts, TRIPS provision of "National Treatment" is restricted. Similarly,
with the aim of providing compensation in case of faulty and misrepresented seeds
provided by breeders, Nepal Government has introduced Seed Compensation
Directive, 2073. The compensation is provided as determined by Evaluation
Committee. 19 Furthermore, National Seed Vision (2013- 2025) has also
recognized a sui-generis method farmers right that will strike a balance also with
breeders right. The government of Nepal endorsed the Integrated Intellectual
Property Policy 2017 in which plant variety protection and protection of genetic
resources have been incorporated as IP rights. Nepal has drafted the two-draft bill:

16
Seed Act, 1998 (Bieu Ain 2045), s 2.
17
Ibid. s. 5.
18
Ibid s. 15A. "Government of Nepal may, by publishing a notice in the Nepal Gazette, restrict
the import of the Seeds of any such specific Variety which may cause damage to or adverse
impacts on the agricultural activities in Nepal or the export of the Seeds of any such specific
Variety of Nepalese origin as should not be exported for any specific reason."
19
Seed Compensation Directive, 2073 s. 4.

130
Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, 2002 and Plant Variety
Protection and and farmers right bill, 2008.
3. Nepalese Experience

There has been increasing debate in Nepal that protection of plant varieties would
be counter-productive to Nepal. They are concerned about their farmers’ rights to
save seeds for the next growing season. 20 Seeds Act, 2045 which is only existing
mechanism lacks substantial provisions regarding farmers breeding rights. Despite
Nepal being member of WTO/TRIPs since 2004, it has failed to comply with
provisions regarding famers rights. Neither provisions of TRIPs have been
complied in Seeds Act nor has separate legislation been introduced to address the
right of farmers engaged in breeding explicitly.
Seed Act, 2045 has limited provision regarding the seed development, certification,
registration and release programme. In order for the seeds to be qualified for
registration and release, the Seed Act requires the seeds to be distinct, unIoorm and
stable (DUS). Traditional rice varieties such as Samundraphinj, Bayerni and
Ramani—once widely grown in the Pokhara valley of the western development
region— are also on the verge of extinct.21 However, in the mid-2006 the "National
Seed Board of Nepal approved a rice variety called ‘Pokhareli Jethobudho’,
improved through participatory plant breeding."22 It is the first time in the history of
Nepal that farmers were given intellectual property ownership of a traditional
varieties. The most depressing part is While the Nepalese Seed Act allows anyone
to apply for variety registration and release, "the National Seed Board requires the
applicant to have at least an MSc degree and to have a breeding infrastructure that
meets a number of stringent criteria." 23 That makes it effectively impossible for

20
https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2017/06/29/patent-rights-and-farmers accessed on 1
March 2020.
21
Kamlesh Adhikari, Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture: Legal Mechanisms to Protect
Farmers’ Rights in Nepal, PRO PUBLIC and SAWTEE, Kathmandu, 2008, p. 22 available at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262840331_Legal_Mechanisms_to_Protect_Farmers'
_Rights_in_Nepalv accessed on 3 March, 2020.
22
Farmer variety officially approved in Nepal - A case study available at
https://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/policies-for-plant-diversity-
management/farmer-variety-approved-
nepal/pag/2/?L=0&cHash=18e8eb566e1bc976cd9ba5239fa00cbd
accessed on 6 March 2020.
23
Pratap Kumar Shrestha, Commentary on the Nepased Seed Act and the Seed Regulation,
Biodiversity International, p. 329 available at
https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/user_upload/online_library/publications/pdfs
/Farmers_Crop_Varieties_and_Rights/18.NepaleseSeeds-Shrestha.pdf accessed on 29 February
2020.

131
farmers to apply for registration for their varieties. The registration of Improved
‘Pokhareli Jethobudho’ was only possible due to set up community project "Fewa
Seed Producers Group system" to supply farming communities throughout the
Pokhara valley.
Lack of registration mechanism of such agricultural biodiversity by farmers is
being detrimental to famers right. Later such types of varieties can be branded as
their own by breeding company (protect it as their own IP) leading to
"Bioprospecting"24. In Bioprospecting, farmers prior informed consent is also not
taken into consideration and it is used to get commercial benefits from farmers.
Consequently, farmers have to pay price for it as the existing seed legislation do not
support local farmers to register their seeds, mainly because of the rules that bind
them to meet certain technical and infrastructural requirements.
It is estimated that more than 90% of the seed required in Nepal are met through
this type of informal seed system. 25 It proves that farmers have their own plant
variety made by them through traditional breeding. Farmers in Nepal are
comparatively less dependent to the professional breeders. This fact necessitates the
law to be more farmer friendly. Furthermore, the 60.4 % people are dependent on
agriculture and 27 percent of national GDP is contributed from the agriculture.26
In Nepal, Farmers' traditional practices of saving and exchanging seeds in the
communities are essential for preserving the dynamics of the farming systems,
conserving agrobiodiversity and ensuring local food security and livelihood of
resource poor farmers. This is only possible through motivation by Nepal
government and making the easier registration mechanism. There is also lack of
powerful institutional mechanism to look after the farmers right in regards to plant
variety protection. Nepal has not made sufficient efforts to realize the goals and
objectives of CBD, 1992 and ITPGRFA, 2001.

4. Best Practice: Indian Experience

In India Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act was passed by the
Indian Government in 2001. The legislation has enacted in regards to India

24
Bioprospecting is the systematic process of inventorying, sampling, collecting and testing the
biological materials to search for economically and socially valuable genetic and biochemical
resources in the nature
25
D Gauchan, Protection of farmers’ rights and conservation of agro biodiversity in Nepal,
Agronomy Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, vol 5, 2008, p. 13 available at
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9ab8/2ff4e8bc251e6acaee90525df3982eb45269.pdf?_ga=2.26
8049550.1839408996.1583386395-1653352803.1583386395 accessed on 1 March 2020.
26 National Planning commission concept paper.

132
obligation on Art. 27(3)(b) of TRIPS. Indian Act complied with sui generis since
member countries had the choice to frame legislations that suit their own system
and India exercised this option. The act not only protected the breeders right but
also the farmers right. It is in relation with article 27.3 b of TRIPS. The important
features of this act are recognition of farmer as conserver and provider of genetic
resources, Breeder, Producer of seed Consumer of seed. This law is being
undertaken as an effective sui generis model law by many other developing and
least-developed countries, including those in South Asia. The duration of the
protection is 18 years for vines and fruit trees and 15 years for all other plants.
Similarly, farmers’ rights are protected in terms of safeguarding the interest of
farmers and village and local communities engaged in plant breeding in two ways:
by protecting their own on-farm activities; and by providing incentives in the form
of rewards for their contribution to farming. The Act has made a provision for
granting compulsory license to ensure availability of protected plant variety.
However, the granting of license should ensure reasonable compensation to the
breeder and provide farmers the seeds or other propagating materials of the variety
in a timely and reasonable manner. Internationally countries like Canada, Japan,
India, Pakistan, and New Zealand have promulgated plant breeder’s right through a
separate legislation.27
5. Conclusion and Way Forward

Protecting farmers’ rights in the intellectual property rights framework should be

taken as a major development priority of the country. This will not only reward
farmers but will also create incentives for them to further develop agricultural
systems and conserve agricultural biodiversity. Farmers rights over the plant
varieties developed by them and breeders developed varieties should not be
interpreted as to affect the incentives for breeders. It is to be analyzed from the
concept of equity and livelihood enhancement of farmers. More importantly, Nepal
should fulfill its commitments to protect the plant variety by sui generis plant
variety protection system accommodating following rights to farmers:
• Farmers also need to be expressly recognized as breeders and their plant
variety also need to be registered and protected.
• Research grant and subsidy should be given to farmers for the science-based
plant breeding.

27
Abhigya Pant, 'Protecting plant breeder’s right', The Republica Daily, Kathmandu, November
6, 2018 available at https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/protecting-plant-breeder-s-
right/ accessed on 7 March 7, 2020.

133
 • Trilateral co-operation between the farmers, breeders and government to
make the biotechnological innovation available to the farmer.
• Establishment of a suitable institutional mechanism and structure at the
national level is needed for protecting farmers’ rights and facilitating access
and benefit sharing mechanism.
• Free basic foundational seeds should be given by the Department of
Agriculture, National Agriculture Research Council, and National Seed
Company Ltd. to develop the new varieties to farmers
• Government should provide investment incentives to the farmers to invest in
the plant breeding and free registration of such variety should be made. The
registration process should be free of cumbersome bureaucracy.
• Farmers should have special rights over the breeders made varieties such as
seeds should be available at minimum price, allow to re-use that seed,
compensation to the farmers in situation of low yielding breeder's seed.
• Time to time "mobile plant variety registration system" to increase access of
farmers for registration of their newly made breeds.
• Compulsory licensing mechanism should be adjusted for the breeders
developed varieties if breeders engage in anti-competitive practices and did
not provide the seed at the reasonable price
• Prior Information consent and access benefit sharing should be included and
implemented
• vehemently.
• Strong linkage is necessary between farmers and agricultural education
institutions.
References :

1. Garg, RA Intellectual Property Law, 5th ed. Commercial Law Publisher Pvt.Lts, India, 2010
2. Krishna, Rama Biotechnology Intellectual Property law, 1st ed., National Law School of
India University, 2003
3. Adhikari, Kamlesh Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture: Legal Mechanisms to Protect
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VIKAS
A Journal of Devel