Social Self Learning Material

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E-mail - nced@nced.gov.np
d'b|s M =============================
;'emfj Pjd\ ;Nnfx
>L b]js'df/L u'/fufO{F
>L vu]Gb|k|;fb g]kfn
>L lzjs'df/ ;fksf]6f
>L Zofdl;+x wfdL
ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg
>L af]ws'df/ vgfn
>L /]0f'sf kf08] e'iffn
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sfo{j|md ;+of]hg
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lzIff ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf] Ps k|d'v dfWod xf] . k/Dk/fut lzIffk|0ffnL tyf v'nf lzIff k4lt
ljBdfg cj:yfdf lzIff xfl;n ug]{ ljljw k4ltx¿ dWo] Ps xf] . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf]
ljBfno:t/sf] kf7\oqmdcg';f/ lzIffdf kx'Fr a9fpgsf nflu v'nf lzIff k4ltn] k|ToIf tyf
ck|ToIf ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf lgefPsf] 5 .
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu k/Dk/fut lzIff k|0ffnL dfq kof{Kt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
ljljw sf/0fn] ljBfno lzIff k"/f ug{ g;s]sf ;d"x tyf ljb\ofno jflx/ /xg jfWo ;d"xnfO{
/fHosf] tkm{af6 cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ d'Vo bfloTj klg xf] . o;} kl/k|]IonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL v'nf
lzIffdfk{mt ljBfno ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf z'?jft ePsf] 5 . oBlk v'nf ljBfnosf] cfk\mg}
kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L tyf lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmof x'G5 . xfd|f] v'nf ljBfno ljBdfg kf7\oqmds}
cfwf/df ;~rfng x'g] eP klg kf7\oj:t' eg] ;/nLs/0f u/L ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df of] :jfWoog
;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿ kf7\ok':ts s]lGb|t x'g] ePsfn] of] :jfWoog
;fdu|L ljBfno:t/sf] kf7\oqmdeGbf klg kf7\ok':tsnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljBfyL{sf nflu :jfWoog
ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] u/L tof/ kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
kf7\ok':tssf] k|To]s PsfOdf kl/ro, p2]Zo, ljifoj:t', lqmofsnfk, k[i7kf]if0f / cEof; ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;fdu|Ldf w]/} kf7\oj:t' tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d]l6Psf] eoklg cfjZostf
cg';f/ ljBfno:t/sf] kf7\ok':ts klg of] ;fdu|L;“u} cWoog ug'{kb{5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] k|To]s kf7
cWoog ul/;s]kl5 To; kf7df lbOPsf lqmofsnfkx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf cEof; ug]{5g\ /
;xhstf{af6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fn] l;sfOnfO{ alnof] agfp“b} hfg]5g\ eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 .
v'nf lzIff k4ltdf :jfWoog ;fdu|L dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . kf7\oqmdåf/f lglb{i6
p2]Zo k"/f ug{ of] ;fdu|L cjZo klg pkof]uL x'g]5 . of] :jfWoogsf] nflu k|d'v ;fwgsf] ¿kdf
lng' kg]{ s]xL ;d'x 5g\ h:t}M ljz]if u/L v'nf ljb\ofnodf cWoog/t jf lgoldt ?kdf
ljb\ofno hfg g;Sg], ljb\ofno pd]/ eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d"x t/ clxn] k9\g] OR5f / cg's'n
jftfj/0f ePsf hf] :JfcWoog u/L of]Uotf clej[l4 ug{ rfxG5g To:tf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu
;/n, ;xh / e/kbf]{ ;fwg agfpg n]vsn] cys k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] clwstd pkof]u
eO xfd|f] ck]lIft nIo k|flKt x'g ;s]df dfq /fHosf] nufgLsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u x'g] b]lvG5 . o;}n]
k|:t't :jfWoog ;fdu|LnfO{ ;s];Dd :t/Lo agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . cl3Nnf] ;+:s/0fsf
n]vsx? >L cAb'n s}od, >L v'jL/fd clwsf/L, >L bLks zdf{, >L uL/dfg yfkf, >L lbgfgfy
uf}td, >L dx]Gb| lji6, af]ws'df/ vgfn, l8NnL zdf{nfO{ s]Gb| wGojfb lbg rfxG5 . oL n]vsaf6
ljsl;t ;fdu|LnfO{ dfWolds txsf] kl/dflh{t kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':tscg';f/ cem a9L
:t/Lo, ;fGble{s / ljBfyL{ d}qL agfpgsf nflu kl/dfh{g sfo{df ;+nUg >L /]0f'sf kf08] e'iffn,
>L af]ws'df/ vgfn, >L v'jL/fd clwsf/L, >L dx]Gb| lji6, >L ;/:jtL e§/fO{ nufot ;a}nfO{
xflb{s cfef/ JoSt ub{5' . o; ;fdu|Ldf cem klg sdLsdhf]/Lx¿ /xg ;Sg] ePsfn] ;'wf/
u/L cem u'0f:t/Lo / Jofjxfl/s agfpg ;a}sf] /rgfTds ;'emfjsf nflu ;Da4 ;a} kIfdf
s]Gb| xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
@)&$ b]j s'df/L u'/fufO{+
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
ljifo ;"rL
j|m=;+= PsfO{ k]h g+=

!= xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh !
@= ljsf; / ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ @%
#= xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf $*
$= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg &^
%= gful/s r]tgf !)!
^= xfd|f] k[YjL !)&
&= xfd|f] ljut @)!
*= cfly{s lj|mofsnfk @%#
(= xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u @(%
PsfO M !
xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh
!= kl/ro
xfdL ;d'bfodf a:b5f}F . ;d'bfodf ljleGg hfthflt wd{ ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿n] a;f]af; u/]sf
x'G5g\\ . xfdL ;d'bfosf] ;b:osf gftfn] ;a};Fu ldn]/ a:g' kg]{ x'G5 . ;d'bfodf ljleGg
k|sf/sf ljsf;fTds sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . tL sfo{x¿af/]df rf;f] /fVg', a'‰g' / To;df
;xefuL x'g' xfdL ;a} gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . xfdLn] xfd|f] ljsf;sf] k|lj|mof a'em]sf 5f}F eg] dfq
xfdL ljsf;df cl3 a9\g ;Sb5f}F . b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fljlws cflb If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf; x'g ckl/xfo{ 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] dxTTj a'em]/ To;nfO{{
plrt ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ / dflg;x¿sf lxtdf nufpg dflg;sf] j'l4 / ldlxg]tsf] cfjZostf
x'G5 . sNkgfzLn, ljrf/jfg\, l;ko'St / ldlxg]tL dflg;x¿ljgf lbuf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . h'g
b]zdf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kaf6 ;Ifd, ;an / s'zn dfgjLo ;fwg pknAw x'G5 To;
b]zdf pTkfbgzLn lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g uO{ cfly{s ljsf; x'G5 . o; PsfOn]
xfdLnfO{{ ljsf;sf af/]df a'‰g / ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{df ;xefuL x'g k|]/0ff k|fKt ug{ db\bt
ub{5 .
@= p2]Zo M
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf tkfO{F lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'g]5 M
-s_ ;dfh ljsf;sf] wf/0ff;Fu kl/lrt x'g
-v_ ;dfhsf] k|sf/ / c;n ;dfhsf tTTjx¿ pNn]v ug{
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg
-3_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cjwf/0fnfO{{ Jojxf/df k|bz{g ug{ .
-3_ xfd|f] ljljwtfsf] klxrfg ug{
-ª_ ljljwtfsf] pkof]u ug{ / To;sf] ;+/If0f
-r_ g]kfnL ePsf]df uf}/a ug{
kf7 M !
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;
!= ljifoj:t'
ljsf;sf lglDt bIf hgzlStsf] vfFrf] x/]s If]qdf kb{5 . k|To]s If]qdf cfjZos kg]{ hgzlSt
Ps} txsf] eP/ k'Ub}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu :jf:Yo ;]jfsf lglDt 8fS6/, g;{, sDkfp08/, c:ktfn
dd{t ;+ef/ ug]{ dflg;, k|zf;s, n]vfkfn cflbsf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;}u/L s[lifsf] ljsf;nfO{{
cl3 a9fpg s[lif ljz]if1 h]=l6=, h]=l6=P=, tflnd k|fKt s[ifs cflb hgzlSt rflxG5g\\ . xf]6n
Joj;fo, Jofkf/, snsf/vfgf, oftfoft, ;~rf/ cflbsf If]qdf ;f]xL cg';f/sf hgzlSt
v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 1
cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;+nUg ;fdfGo / k|fljlws dfgj ;|f]tnfO{{ dfgjLo
;+;fwg elgG5 . s'g} sfd /fd|f];Fu ug{ ;Sg] JolSt jf JolStsf] ;d"xnfO{{ hgzlSt elgG5 .
b]zdf lj|mofzLn ls;fg, Jofkf/L, dhb'/, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, ;jf/L rfns, k|fljlws, lzIfs, g;{,
snfsf/, sd{rf/L, sflnu9 nufotsf h] hlt JolStx¿ 5g\\ tL ;a}nfO{{ hgzlSt elgG5 .
-s_ hgzlStsf] bIftfsf] juL{s/0f M hgzlStnfO{{ bIf, cw{bIf / cbIf u/L ltg ju{df
ljefhgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfˆgf] sfo{ jf k];fdf tlndk k|fKt / /fd|f] l;k xfl;n u/]sf lgk"0f{ hgzlStnfO{{ bIf
hgzlSt elgG5 .
s]xL l;k xfl;n u/]sf t/ k"0f{ ¿kdf lgk"0f{ geO;s]sf jf tflnd gkfPsf
hgzlStnfO{{ cw{bIf hgzlSt elgG5 .
s'g} sfddf /fd|f] l;k xfl;n gu/]sf ;fdfGo c/fP nufPsf] sfd dfq ug{ ;Sg]
hgzlStnfO{{ cbIf hgzlSt elgG5 . Pp6f sfd jf k];fdf bIf hgzlStsf] ¿kdf
lj|moflzn JolSt csf]{ sfd jf k];fdf cbIf x'g ;S5g\\ . h:t} lzIf0fdf bIf ePsf]
JolSt uf8L rnfpgdf cbIf x'g ;Sb5g\\ .
-v_ hgzlStsf] sfo{ cjlwsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f M hgzlStnfO{{ l:y/, bL3{sfnLg /
cNksfnLg u/L ltg ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
s'g} vf; sfdsf lglDt tflnd lbP/ tof/ ul/Psf] bIf hgzlStnfO{{ cNksfnLg bIf
hgzlSt elgG5, h:t}– hgu0fgfsf lglDt u0fsnfO{{ Ps xKtfsf] tflnd lbOG5 .
xfd|f]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf nflu :yfgLo:t/df ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fpg
lgdf{0f, s[lif, ko{6g tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu cNksfnLg hgzlStsf] dxTTjk"0f{
e"ldsf /xG5 . o;sf nflu 5f]6f] cjlwsf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
bL3{sfnLg bIf hgzlStx¿ nfdf] cjlwsf] ;]jfsf] lglDt tof/ ul/G5g\\ . b]z
ljsf;sf] eljionfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L lj1fg k|ljlw, pBf]u s[lifnufotsf If]qsf]
pGgltsf nflu bIf hgzlStsf] cfjZostf kl//xG5 . sd{rf/L, ;]gf, k|x/L,
nufotsf ;]jf If]qdf sfo{/t JolStx¿ o; cGtu{t kb{5g\\ .
l:y/ jf lbuf] bIf hgzlStn] Psk6s l;k l;s]kl5 hLjge/ hlxn] / hxfF klg
cfˆgf] bIftfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5 . h:t} M 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, lzIfs, jlsn, g;{,
ld:qL, s[ifs, Joj:yfks cflb .
;/sf/n] b]zsf] cfjZostfg';f/ lbuf] hgzlStsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . To;sf nflu /fHon]
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ hf]8 lbO{ bL3{sfnLg cfjZostf k"/f ug'{kb{5 . csf]{
zAbdf b]zdf a9LeGbf a9L hg;ª\VofnfO{{ lzlIft agfpg], bIf agfpg], /f]huf/sf cj;/ k|bfg
ug]{ sfo{ /fHon] ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ePdf b]zdf cfjZos hgzlStsf] pknAwtf l:y/ ¿kdf
eO/xG5 / ljsf;df lzlyntf cfpFb}g . o;/L k|To]s If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hgzlSt rflxg] /
b]zsf] l:y/ ljsf;sf nflu o:tf] hgzlSt tof/ kfl//fVg ;/sf/n] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg
gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]sf] x'G5 .
g]kfnn] cfjZostfg';f/ pko'{St ltgcf]6} lsl;dsf bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'{kb{5 . g]kfndf
bIf hgzlSt pTkfbgsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . cyf{t\ cfjZos dfqfdf bIf hgzlSt
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf 5}g . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] sdL;Fu;Fu} k|fljlws bIf hgzlStsf]
klg sdL /x]sf] 5 . xfn b]zdf :yflkt ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿n] bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ub}{
cfPsf 5g\\ . To;}u/L k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\n] cfwf/e"t tyf
dWod:t/Lo k|fljlws hgzlSt pTkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oL ;+:yfx¿n] ahf/sf] dfu / b]zsf]
cfjZostfcg';f/ bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ;/sf/n] kof{Kt nufgL u/L b]zsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . ljZjljBnox¿n] klg b]znfO{{ cfjZos l:y/
hgzlSt lgoldt ¿kdf pTkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . k|fljlwx lzIffnox¿n] klg kof{Kt dfqdf cw{ bIf
/ bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . oL ;+:yfaf6 pTkflbt hgzlSt, sfdsf] vf]hL ug]{
vfnsf] dfq geO{ cfk}Fm /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug]{ vfnsf pBdzLn, :jfjnDaL, :jfledfgL /
l;ko'St ePdf ;dfh / b]zsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ub5 . b]zsf ;Lldt bIf hgzlSt klg ljb]zlt/
knfO{t x'g] j|md a9\bf] cj:yfdf 5 . b]zsf] pGgltsf nflu of] Hofb} b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] . To;}n]
/fHon] To:tf bIf hgzlStnfO{{ :jb]zdf g} sfdsf] l;h{gf u/L jf :j/f]huf/sf] l;h{gf u/L
sfddf nufpg ;Sg'k5{ . o'jfk':tfn] cfˆgf] :jfledfgsf] /Iff ub]{ ;d'Ggt / gofF g]kfnsf]
lgdf{0fdf Psh'6 eO{ sfd ug{ cfjZos 5 .
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljifo leq d'Vo u/L b'O{j6f kIfx¿ kb{5g\\ .
-s_ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; M b]zsf sfd ug{ ;Sg] pd]/sf JolStx¿nfO{{ lzIff, tflnd / cj;/
Pjd\ ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fP/ bIf dfgj ;+;fwgsf ¿kdf pkof]u ug'{ dfgj ;+;fwg
ljsf; xf] . ljBfno, ljZjljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno, ljleGg k|sf/sf tflnd s]Gb|x¿
cflbsf] Joj:yf u/L dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zdf /f]huf/sf cj;/ lbP/,
pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL a9fP/, lgod sfg'gn] ;xhtf l;h{gf u/]/ klg dfgj
;+;fwgnfO{{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
-v_ dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg M ePsf dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{{ pgLx¿sf] bIftf, l;k, ;+Vof,
cfjZotf cflbsf cfwf/df sxfF slt hgzlSt /fVg], s:tf] ;+Vofdf /fVg], slxn] ;Dd
/fVg], s;nfO{{ s] s] lhDd]jf/L lbg] cflb sfo{nfO{{ dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] yf]/} JolStaf6 klg w]/} sfd lng ;lsG5 . dflg;sf] ?lr,
Ifdtf, bIftf / ;+:yf Pjd\, /fHosf] cfjZostf cg';f/ dfgjnfO{{ sfddf nufpg'
dfgjLo ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg xf] .
!= dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] cfjZostf M dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cfjZostfnfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v
ug{ ;lsG5 .
hgzlStsf] dfu k"/f ug{
/fHonfO{{ cfjZos hgzlStsf] cfk"lt{ ug{
>dsf] nfut ljZn]if0f u/L ;+u7gdf sfdbf/ 36fpg jf a9fpg
b]zdf s] slt sfdbf/ jf hgzlSt cfjZos 5 egL cfjZostf kQf nufpg / cfjZos
kg]{ lj1 hgzlStsf] kof{Kttf Pjd\ ;+efJojtf kTtf nugpg
b]zsf] sfddf ljljwtf Nofpg / ahf/df kfOg] hgzlStsf] cj:yf cfFsng ug{
pknAw hgzlStsf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L ;+u7gsf] pTkfbsTTj a9fpg
@= dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] dxTTj M x/]s b]zdf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] lgs} dxTTj /x]sf]
x'G5 . h:t},
dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;n] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zocg';f/sf ;Ifd hgzlSt k|fKt ug{ db\bt ub{5 .
;+:yfdf hgzlSt etL{ / ltgsf] pkof]u, hgzlStsf] sfo{ Ifdtf, l;k / k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df
ug{ ;lsG5 .
;+:yfsf] :t/f]Gglt, ;+:yfsf] ;'wf/ tyf o;sf d"No dfGotf / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf ;+/If0fsf
lglDt ;xof]u ub{5 .
o;n] ;du| of]hgf, ;ª\u7g, gLlt lgdf{0f, cfk;L ;xof]u tyf ah]6 Joj:yf / gfkmf
3f6fsf] ;Dk"0f{ cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgfn] hgzlStsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]udf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
hgzlSt ljsf;sf nflu ;x'lnot of]hgf (Incentive Plan) to ug{ / eljiosf nflu
;d]t hgzlStsf] vf]h tyf ;xeflutfsf] vfsf sf]g{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgfn] hgzlSt tyf ;ª\u7g b'j}df pTk|]/0ff k|bfg u5{ .
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;n] ;ª\u7gdf k|efjsf/L ;~rf/, ;'k/Lj]If0f / g]t[TTj ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'U5 .
o;n] ;+:yfleqsf dfgj ;|f]t / ;+:yf aflx/sf ;/f]sf/jfnflar ;DaGw lj:tf/ u5{ .
dfgj ;DaGw lj:tf/n] sfdsf] u'0f:t/ / cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgdf klg ;sf/fTds k|efj
kf5{ .
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;n] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u, k"FhL kl/rfng, pmhf{ Joj:yfkg, ck]lIft pknlAw
xfl;n, tflnd ljsf; tyf Iflt Go"gLs/0fdf dxTTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt eO{ ;+:yfaf6 pRr
pTkfbsTTj k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
#= dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; k|lj|mof
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; sfdbf/sf] j}olSts ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt s'/f xf] . o;n] pknAw
hgzlStsf] jt{dfg e"ldsfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ tyf eljiosf] e"ldsfsf nflu tof/L ug]{ nIo lnPsf]
x'G5 . o;n] sfdbf/x¿ larsf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ u/L ;d"x sfo{ ug{ tyf Ps cfk;df ;xof]u
lj:tf/ ug{ db\bt k'¥ofpF5 . dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; j|mda4 / Jojl:yt k|lj|mof xf] . o;sf nflu
ljleGg k|lsof ckgfpg ;lsG5 . o;fnO{ lgDg a'Fbfdf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .
;j{k|yd ;+:yfsf nflu s] s:tf k|sf/sf dfgj ;+;fwg cfjZos k/]sf] xf] / slt ;+Vofdf
cfjZos k/]sf] xf] ;f]sf] cj:yf cWoog u/L To;sf nIo / p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
;+:yfsf] sfo{ k|s[lt, ;+:yfdf k|fKt /f]huf/Lsf k|sf/, /f]huf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof / ltgsf] u'0f:t/
tyf ;+:yfdf xfn pknAw hgzlStsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
eljiosf] nflu ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgf / egf{ of]hgf;lxt dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; of]hgf tof/
kfl/G5 .
;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s ljsf; tyf ;+:yfsf] sfo{ kb\wlt cg';f/sf] dfunfO{{ k|fyldstf lbOG5 .
eljiodf ;+:yfnfO{{ slt / s:tf] hgzlSt rflxG5 eGg] lg0f{o lnO{ hgzlSt ljsf;sf]
k|j[lTt, sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{af]em, ;+:yfsf cGo cfjZos kIf / ah]6 h:tf kIfdf
Wofg lbO{ lg0f{o ul/G5 .
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgfdf /f]huf/Lsf kof{Kt sfo{j|md ljsf;nfO{{ ;d]6\g'k5{ .
;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf nflu l;k / bIftf ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf k'gtf{huL tyf Ifdtf
ljsf; tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o:t} ;+:yfdf gjk|j]zL sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lsf
nflu klg tflndsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . tflndn] hgzlStdf yk pmhf{ k|bfg u5{ / sfdsf
nflu pTk]|/0ff klg a9fpF5 .
;+:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{ IfdtfnfO{{ pkof]u u/L pRr sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ klg dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;
of]hgfdf cfGtl/s tyf afx\o tflndsf k|z:t sfo{j|mdx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
$= g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sfdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿ M
g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg kIfdf ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . Pstkm{ b]zdf ePsf
hgzlSt a]/f]huf/Lsf sf/0f b]z 5f8]/ sfdsf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzPsf 5g\\ .
k|fljlws Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo l;k / Ifdtf ePsf JolStx¿ kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/
gkfPsf] eGb} knfPg eO/x]sf 5g\\ .
o;/L b]zdf pTkflbt hgzlSt / b]zdf dfu ePsf] hgzlStlardf tfnd]nsf] cefj x'g
uPsf] 5 .
ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f If]q, dlxnf, blnt tyf cGo lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{, ;d'bfodf dfgj
;+;fwg ljsf;n] ck]lIft ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g .
ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] / b]zsf] kl/jlt{t cfjZostfadf]lhd kl/l:ylt ;'xfpFbf]
hgzlStsf] ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ If]qdf ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
cfˆg} b]zdf hgzlStsf] cefjsf sf/0f s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
nufotsf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df dfgj ;+;fwg cefj 5 .
cfly{s cefj eO{ To;sf] c;/ hgzlSt ljsf;df klg k/]sf] 5 .

:ki6 dfgj ;+;fwg gLltsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] b]ze/L 5l/P/ /x]sf pTkfbgzLn hgzlStsf]
plrt Joj:yfkg u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf nufpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
%= g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df b]vf k/]sf r'gf}tL M
g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfuadf]lhdsf] bIf hgzlSt tof/ ug'{
:jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldflysf] lge{/tf sd ug'{
b]zdf pTkflbt hgzlSt / dfular plrt tfnd]n ldnfpg',
b]zdf ;~rflnt ljb\odfg tflnd s]Gb|x¿lar plrt ;dGjo sfod /fVg',
u|fdL0f If]q, dlxnf, blnt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, ju{, ;d'bfodf k'Ug] u/L ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿
;~rfng ug'{
bL3{sfnLg sfo{of]hgf;lxtsf] dfgj ;+;fwg tyf of]hgfsf] ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
^= g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf cu|lbzf M

dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fvL pkfoxx¿ ckgfpg' cfjZos
b]lvG5 M
/fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd / bIf hgzlStsf] pTkfbg ug]{
hgzlStsf] dfu / cfk"lt{lar ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf hf]8 lbg]
dfgj ;+;fwg;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
o'jf hgzlStsf nflu g]t[TTj ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{
z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿af6 pTkflbt hgzlSt / ahf/df pknAw /f]huf/Llar ;fd~h:o sfod ug]{
nlIft ;d"xsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{
ljb]zL ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] l;k tyf k|ljlw ePsf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{
sfdnfO{{ gofF 9ª\un] kl/eflift ug]{ / lzIffnfO{{ sfdd'vL agfpg]
@= cEof; M
-s_ s:tf dflg;x¿nfO{{ ljsf;sf lgldQ cfjZos ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 < s]
g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf lglDt kof{Kt ;|f]t / ;fwg pknAw 5g\\ < ;ª\If]kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ b]zsf] ljsf;df dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTTjaf/] Pp6f syf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ b]zdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug{ s:tf] of]hgf agfO{sf] 5 <
-3_ xfd|f] b]znfO{{ ljsl;t b]zsf] t'ngfdf k'¥ofpg s:tf] hgzlSt of]hgf agfpg' knf{ <
-ª_ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df cfpg ;Sg] r'gf}tLnfO{{ s;/L ;fdgf ug{ ;lsG5 <
-r_ tkfO{F Ps b}lgs klqsfsf] ;Djfbbftf x'g'x'G5 . xfn g]kfndf b]lvPsf] dfj ;+;fwg
ljsf;df b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v ub}{ Pp6f n]v tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ dfgj ;+;fwg ljs; / dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgdf s] km/s 5 <
-h_ ljsf;zLn b]zn] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df 7'nf] wg/fzL vr{ ug'{kb{5 . o;sf] kIf /
ljkIfdf ts{x¿ lbFb} u/]sf] ljBfyL{x¿sf] larsf] jfbljjfbsf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'sf] dfgj ;+;fwgcGtu{tsf] klxnf] / bf];|f]
cg'R5]b cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu ljifoj:t' v08sf] v sf] ! / @ cGtu{tsf a'Fbfx¿ cWoog u/L
lgDgfg';f/sf] syf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
æb]zsf] ljsf;df dfgj ;+;fwgn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfÆ
d]/f] ufpFdf % jif{ klxnf;Dd w]/} dflg;x¿ clzlIft lyP . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] b}lgs hLjgsf
sfo{x¿ ubf{ cfOkg]{ sfdx¿ ug{ hfGb}gy] . cGo dflg;n] ;xof]u ug'{kb{Yof] . k/Dkf/fut sfd
dfq cfpFYof] . w]/} sfd u/]/ yf]/} pTkfbg x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿n] lgs} b'Mv kfPsf lyP . To;kl5
ToxfF k|f}9 lzIff sfo{j|md ;~rfng eof] . k|f}9 lzIffaf6 pgLx¿n] w]/} s'/f l;s] . pgLx¿nfO{{
ljleGg cfo cfh{gsf] tflnd klg lbOof] . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf s]6s]6LnfO{ k"/f ;do k9\g lbP .
s]6fs]6Lsf] k9fO /fd|f] eof] . ufpFdf k|fljlws lzIff klg ;'? ul/of] . w]/} ljBfyL{x¿ l;ko'St
hgzlStsf ¿kdf ljsf; eP . To;kl5 pgLx¿ :j/f]huf/ x'g yfn] . dfl;s ¿kdf s]xL k};f
arfpg yfn] . ufpF3/df k};fsf] sf/f]jf/ a9\g yfNof] . ufpFsf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s :t/ /
r]tgfsf] :t/ a9\g yfNof] . clxn] Tof] ufpFdf sf]xL klg a]/f]huf/ 5}g . of] ;a} dfgj ;+;fwg
ljsf;n] ubf{ g} ePsf] xf] . cfh d]/f] ufpFdf w]/} If]qdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
-u_ k|Zg g+= -u_, -3_ / -ª_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' v08sf] % g+= sf a'Fbfx¿ cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ k|Zg g+= -r_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] a'Fbf g+= $ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ k|Zg g+= -5_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ / tnsf] gd'gf h:t} u/L
n]Vg'xf];\ .
æljsf;zLn b]zn] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df 7'nf] wg/fzL vr{ ug'{kb{5 .Æ
kIfdf
cfb/0fLo ;efkltHo", u'?ju{ / pkl:yt d]/f Kof/f ;fyLx¿, d cfh ljsf;zLn b]zn] dfgj
;+;fwg ljsf;sf lglDt 7'nf] wg/fzL vr{ ug'{k5{ eGg] ljifodf af]Nb}5' .
dfgj ;+;fwg eg]sf] ljsl;t / cljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ ePsfn] o;df 7'nf]
nufgL ug'{k5{,
dfgj ;+;fwg g} ;a} lsl;dsf] ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . o;n] b]zsf nflu cfjZos kg]{

bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ub{5,
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿, h:t}– lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ljB't, ;~rf/, oftfoft nufotsf
If]qx¿df cfjZos kg]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ hgzlSt dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;dfaf6 g}
pTkfbg ug]{ ePsfn],
dfgj ;+;fwg g} k|To]s /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf] d"n cfwf/ ePsfn] ljsf;zLn b]zn] lzIffdf 7'nf]
wg/fzLsf] vr{ ug'{kb{5 . wGojfb Û
ljkIfdf
cfb/0fLo ;efkltHo", u'?ju{ / ;fyLx¿÷d ljsf;zLn b]zn] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf sd
nufgL ug'{kb{5 eGg] ljifodf af]Nb}5' .
b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg If]qsf] k"jf{wf/df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ ePsfn] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;df
dfq 7'nf] wg/fzL vr{ ug'{x'Fb}g .
oftfoft tyf ;~rf/h:tf If]qx¿ ljsf;sf d]?b08 ePsfn] 7'nf] nufgL dfgj ;+;fwg
ljsf;sf dfq ug'{x'Fb}g .
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf u/]sf] vr{sf] k|ltkmn t'?Gt gkfOg] ePsfn] o;df 7'nf] nufgL ug'{
hfoh x'Fb}g .
hgtfsf b}lgs cfjZostfsf If]qdf vr{ u/]/ hgtfnfO{{ ;'v ;'ljwf pknAw uf/fpg' kb{5 .
;8s, ljh'nL, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf, ;~rf/ nufotsf If]qdf kof{Kt nufgL ug'{ kb{5 .
wGojfb .
kf7 M @
dfgj ljsf; ;"rfª\s / g]kfn
!= ljifoj:t'
dfgj r]gtgzLn k|f0fL xf] . pm hlxn] klg u'0f:t/Lo hLjg afFRg rfxG5 . vfBfGg, nTtfsk8f,
cfjf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kof{Kt / ;xh
¿kdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' g} u\0f:t/Lo hLjg xf] . ;fdfGotof ef}lts hLjgdf cfPsf] ;'wf/nfO{{
dfgjsf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . ;g\ !(() eGbf cufl8;Dd s'g} b]zsf]
ljsf;sf] cj:yf x]g{ To; b]zsf] k|ltJolSt cfonfO{{ cfwf/ dfg]/ x]g]{ ul/GYof] . ;g\ !(() b]lv
;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{j|mdn] dfgj ljsf; ;"rssf cfwf/df dfgjsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf
dfkg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; u/sf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ k|To]s b]zsf] k|ltJolSt cfo, b]zsf hgtfsf
cf};t cfo' / ;fIf/tf k|ltztnfO{{ ;"rssf ¿kdf u0fgf u/L dfgj ljsf; ;"rfª\s
lgsflnGYof] . u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] dfkgnfO{{ ) b]lv ! cª\snfO{{ cfwf/ dfgL a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{
b]znfO{{ pRr u'0f:t/Lo hLjg ofkg ePsf] dflgG5 . ;g\ @)!) b]lv dfjg ljsf; ;"rfª\s
lgsfNg] ;"qdf s]xL kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . h;c'g;f/ lgDgfg';f/sf ;"qx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
s= cf};t cfo' M s'g} b]zdf Ps jif{ leq d[To' ePsf dflg;x¿sf] cfo'sf] cf};t lgsfnL
cf};t cfo' lgsflnG5 . cf};t cfo' a9L x'g' eg]sf] To; b]zsf hgtfsf] :jf:Yo / kf]if0fsf]
cj:yf /fd|f] x'g' xf] .
cf};t cfo' ;DaGwL ;"rsf+s lgsfNg To; b]zsf] cf};t cfo'af6 ljZjsf] Go"gtd\ cf};t cfo'
36fpg] / To;nfO{{ ljZjsf] clwstd\ cf};t cfo'af6 ljZjsf] Go"gtd\ cf};t cfo' 36fP/ cfPsf]
cª\sn] efu ug]{ .
cf};t cfo' ;"rsf+s Ö ;DalGwt b]zsf] cf};t cfo' – ljZjsf] Go"gtd\ cf};t cfo'
ljZjsf] clwstd cf};t cfo' – ljZjsf] Go"gtd\ cf};t cfo'
h:t}, dflglnpF, g]kfnsf] cf};t cfo' ^% jif{
ljZjsf] clwstd\ cf};t cfo' *% jif{ / Go"gtd\ cf};t cfo' @) jif{ /x]5 eg]
g]kfnsf] cf};t cfo' ;"rsf+s Ö ^% – @)
*% – @)
Ö $%
^%
Ö )=^(@
v= z}lIfs ;"rs M s'g} b]zdf lzIffsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f ToxfFsf dflg;n] sltjif{
ljBfnodf ljtfpF5g\\ eGg] tYon] hgfpF5 . h'g b]zsf hgtfn] cToflws jif{ lzIffnodf
ljtfpF5g\\ ToxfFsf hgtfsf] lzIffsf] cj:yf /fd|f] dflgG5 . o;sf nflu b'O{ lsl;dsf]
;"rs u0fgf ul/G5 / To;sf] klg cf};t lgsflnG5 . h:t}, g]kfnLx¿n] cf};t & jif{
lzIffnodf latfpg] /x]5g\\ / g]kfnsf] lzIffdf :gftsf]Tt/ tx;Dd cWoog ug{ nfUg]
;do - ck]lIft z}lIfs ;+nUgtf jif{ _ !* jif{ 5 eg] g]kfnsf] z}lIfs ;"rs o; k|sf/
lgsflnG5 .
o;df klxnf] ;"rs ;DalGwt b]zsf gful/sn] lzIffnodf ljtfPsf cf};t z}lIfs jif{nfO{{
ljZjsf] cf};t lzIffnodf ljtfPsf z}lIfs jif{n] efu ul/G5 .
;fdfGotof w]/}h;f] b]zdf :gftsf]Tt/ tx ;Ddsf] lzIff !* jif{sf] x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] To;
b]zsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ :gftsf]Tt/ tx;Dd ljtfpg] jif{nfO{{ !* n] efu ul/G5 . s]xL jif{ cl3
;Dd xfd|f] b]zsf] ck]lIft z}lIfs ;+nUgtf jif{ !^ jif{sf] lyof] -ljBfno lzIff !) jif{ ± pRr
dflj jf k|df0f kq tx @ jif{ ± ;gfts tx @ jif{ / :gftsf]Tt/ tx @ jif{ _ kl5 To;nfO{{ ltg
jif]{ :gfts tx agfP/ !& jif{ k'/fOPsf] lyof] . xfn rf/ jif{] :gfts tx agfOPsf] x'gfn]
g]kfnsf] ck]lIft z}lIfs ;+nUgtf jif{ !* jif{ g} k'u]sf] 5 .
b'j}y/L ;"rssf] hf]8nfO{{ b'O{n] efu u/L z}lIfs ;"rssf] cf};t lgsflnG5 .
k|ltJolSt cfDbfgL M s'g} b]zsf] s"n /fli6«o cfDbfgLnfO{{ To; b]zsf] hg;ª\Vofn] efu u/]/
k|ltJolSt cfDbfgL lgsflnG5 .
v= z}lIfs ;"rs Ö
;DalGwt b]zsf] cf}ift z}lIfs ;+nUgtf jif{ ;DalGw b]zsf] ck]lIft z}lIfs ;+nUgtf jif{
+
!% !%
@
& !*
!% + !*
z}lIfs ;"rs Ö @
& +*
!!
z}lIfs ;"rs Ö @
!%
!!
Ö @
!=#^
Ö @
Ö )=^*
dfgf}F g]kfnsf] ut jif{sf] s"n /fli6«o cfDbfgL @%)))))))))) 8n/ -b'O{ vj{ krf; cj{_
/x]5 . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof @*)))))) /x]5 eg]
g]kfnsf] ut jif{sf] s'n /fli^«o cfDbfgL
g]kfnsf] k|ltJolSt cfo Ö g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof
@%))))))))))
Ö
@*))))))
Ö ((@=*%
g]kfnsf] cfo ;"rsfª\s
;DalGwt b]zsf] k|ltJolSt s"n /fli6«o cfo – ljZjsf] Go"gtd\ k|ltJolSt s"n /fli6«o cfot
=
ljZjsf] clwstd k|ltJolSt s"n /fli6«o cfo – ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf k|ltJolSt s"n /fli6«o cfo
((@ – ^))
Ö
!)$)))– ^))
!%(@
Ö
!)$^))
Ö )=)!$
#
ca g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs Ö cf};t cfo' ;"rsfª\s±z}lIfs ;"rsfª\s±cfo ;"rsfª\s
#
ca g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs Ö √)=^(@±)=^*± )=)!$
#
ca g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rs Ö √!=#*^ Ö )=$^
dfgj ljsf;sf] kl/;"rssf ¿kdf u'0f:t/Lo hLjg lgdf{0fsf nflu lgDg lnlvt kIfdf Wofg
k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 M
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] agfpg]
:t/Lo lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{
pko'St pd]/df lax] ug]{
pko'St pd]/df k|yd ue{wf/0f ug]{
b'O{ aRRffsf lardf hGdfGt/ ug]{
:jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg]
kf]l;nf] vfgf vfg]
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug]{
cfdfafa'sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{
art ug]{
;+o'St /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{j|md (UNDP) n] k|To]s jif{ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s k|sfzg
ub{5 . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ) / ! sf] lardf lg:sG5 . ! sf] glhs ePsf b]zx¿ ljsl;t
jf dfgj ljsf;sf] cj:yf /fd|f] ePsf b]z x'g\ . ) sf] glhs ePsf b]zx¿ dfjg ljsf;sf]
cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf jf sd ljsl;t jf cNk ljsl;t b]z x'g\ . s'g} b]zsf] dfgj ljsf;sf]
;"rsfª\s pRr jf Go'g x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\\ .
dfj ljsf; ;"rsf+s pRr ePsf b]zsf dflg;x¿ :j:y / kof{Kt :jf:Yo ;'ljwf k|fKt
u/]sf 5g\\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ w]/} ;do afFRb5g\\ . Go"g ePsf b]zdf dflg;x¿sf] :jf:Yo
sdhf]/ 5, kfof{Kt kf]if0fo'St vfg]s'/f vfg kfpFb}gg\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]u / dxfdf/Laf6
u|l;t x'g ;Sb5g\\ . :jf:Yo ;'ljwf /fd|f] 5}g . vfg] kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cj:yf /fd|f] 5}g
eGg] hgfpF5 .
z}lIfs ;"rsfª\s /fd|f] ePsf] b]zsf hgtfx¿, lzlIft, r]tgzLn / l;h{gzLn x'G5g\\ .
dfgj ljsf; Go"g ePsf b]zsf hgtfx¿sf] lg/If/tf k|ltzt a9L x'G5 . lar}df sIff
5f8\g] / sIff bf]xf]/fpg] b/ a9L x'G5 . To;}n] pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs :t/ sdhf]/ x'G5 . ToxfF
lzIff k|fKt ug'{nfO{{ eGbf /f]hL/f]6LnfO{{ a9L k|fyldstf lbOG5 . o:tf b]zx¿ w]/}h;f] ul/a
b]zx¿ g} x'g\ .
k|ltJolSt cfo w]/} x'g] b]zx¿sf] cfly{s :t/ /fd|f] x'G5 . ToxfFsf hgtfx¿ pBdzLn x'G5g\\
. /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ k|z:t x'G5g\\ . s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / ;]jf If]qsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf]
x'G5 . tL b]zx¿ sltko j:t'df cfTd lge{/ x'G5g\\ . k|ltJolSt cfo Go"g ePsf b]zx¿df
ul/aLsf] cj:yf x'G5 . af]/f]huf/L / cw{ a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf Jofks ¿kdf x'G5 . w]/} sfd
u/]/ yf]/} cfDbfgL x'g] cj:yf x'G5 . dflg;sf] cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ L x'G5g\\ . s[lifdf cfwfl/t
/ k/Dk/fut Joj;fodf cfwfl/t cy{tGq x'G5 .
o;/L s'g} b]z ljsfl;t / sd ljsl;t s:tf] 5 egL t'ngf ug{ cfly{s cj:yfn] dfq pko'St
x'Fb}g . ha dflg; lzlIft x'G5, r]tgzLn x'G5, pBdzLn x'G5, cfly{s ¿kn] ;DkGg x'G5,
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg afFRg ;Sg] x'G5, :j:y / lg/f]uL x'G5, nfdf] ;do;Dd xfF;Lv';L afFRg kfpF5
Tof] b]z g} ljsl;t b]z x'G5 . cfh ljZjsf ;a} b]zx¿ ljsf;sf] of] cj:yf xfl;n ug\{
xf]8afhLdf /x]sf 5g\\ . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf k5fl8 kg'{sf sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{
;lsG5 .
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf
clzIff
u[x o'4
dxfdf/L ef]sd/L, v8]/L, k|fs[lts k|sf]k
hgtfdf /fli6«otfsf] efjgfsf] cefj
af}l4s knfPgtf
k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] plrt kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg'
sdhf]/ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ePsf b]zx¿sf r'gf}tLx¿ M

/fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod ug'{
hgtfsf] lg/If/tf pGd'ng / sIff 5f8\g] / b]fxf]/fpg] b/ 36fO{ l6sfpb/ a9fpg'
afnaflnsfsf] lzIffdf kxF'r j[l4 ug'{
cfo cfh{gsf gofF, cfw'lgs / e/kbf{ pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{
b]zsf hgzlStnfO{{ ljb]z knfO{g x'gaf6 /f]Sg' / :jb]zdf g} kl/rfng ug'{
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u a9fpg'
hgtfnfO{{ u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg'
kl/jf/ lgof]hgnfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'
s'nt d'St jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{
:jR5 / ;kmf jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{
dfgjsf] b}lgs cflgjfgLdf kl/jt{g ug'{
ljleGg b]zx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s

;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s cj:yf @)!%
dfgj dfgj
dfgj ljsf; dfgj ljsf;
ljsf; b]z ljsf; b]z
;"rsfª\s ;"rsfª\s
j|md j|md
73 >Lnª\sf 0.757 142 aª\unfb]z 0.570
104 dflNbe;\ 0.706 145 g]kfn 0.548
130 ef/t 0.609 147 kfls;tfg 0.538

132 e"6fg 0.605 171 ckmuflg:tfg 0.465
ljZjsf pRr / Go"g dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ePsf b]zx¿

pRr dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ePsf b]zx¿ Go"g dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ePsf b]zx¿
dfgj dfgj
dfgj ljsf; dfgj ljsf;
ljsf; b]z ljsf; b]z
;"rsfª\s ;"rsfª\s
j|md j|md
1 gj]{ 0.944 184 a'?08L 0.400
2 ci6«\lnof 0.935 185 rf8 0.392
3 l:jh/Nof08 0.930 186 Ol/l6«of 0.391
4 8]gdfs{ 0.923 187 s]Gb|Lo clk|msg 0.35
u0tGq
5 g]b/Nof08 0.922 188 gfOh/ 0.348
;|f]t dfjg ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!%

@= cEof;
-s_ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf sfo{ ug'{ knf{ <
-u_ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\ssf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ <
-3_ ;fs{ b]zx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ tnsf tYofª\sx¿sf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] dfgjljsf; ;"rsfª\s lgsfNg'xf];\ .
cf};t cfo' Ö ^(=&,
;DalGwt b]zsf] cf};t z}lIfs ;+nUgtf jif{ Ö #=#
;DalGwt b]zsf] ck]lIft z}lIfs ;+nUgtf jif{Ö !@=$
k|ltJolSt cfo M @#!! 8n/
-r_ ljZjsf] clwstd
ljZjsf] clwstd k|ltJolSt cfo M ^$((@ 8n/
ljZjsf] Go"gtd\ k|ltJolSt cfo M ()* 8n/
ljZjsf] clwstd cf};t cfo' M *% jif{
ljZjsf] Go"gtd\ cf};t cfo' M @) jif{
-5_ tkfOF a;f]fa; ug]{ :yfgsf dflg;x¿sf] lzIffsf] cj:yf, cfly{s cj:yf / cf};t cfo'sf]

cj:yfsf] ;fdfGo cfFsng u/L lsg To:tf] ePsf] xf]nf egL sf/0f vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
o; kf7df lbPsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{sf nflu tkfO{Fn] lgDg cg';f/ sfo{ ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu c'R5]b ! cWoog ug]{ .
-v_ k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu k[i7 ;+Vof !# sf] tflnsf cfWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= -u_ sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf ldNg] a'Fbf n]Vg] .
b]zx¿sf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf yfxf kfpg
b]zx¿sf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfsf] t'ngfTds cj:yf cWoog ug{
b]z ljsf;sf lglDt of]hgf agfpg
b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu dfu{ bz{g k|fKt ug{
b]zdf lzIff :jf:Yo / cfly{s ljsf; ug{ 3 sf] nflu k[i7 ;+Vof !! sf a'Fbfx¿
cWoog ug]{ .
-3_ k|Zg g+= 3 sf] nflu kf7sf] clGtddf lbOPsf] tflnsf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ k|Zg g+= ª sf nflu kf7df lbOPsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s lgsfNg] ;"q / ljlwx¿ ckgfO{
lx;fj ug]{ .
kf7 #=
If]qLo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / ;ª\3Lotf
!= ljifoj:t'
ljsf;n] dfgjsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs pGgltnfO{{ hgfpF5 . b]zsf] ef}lts, dfgjLo, ;dflhs /
;fF:s[lts l:yltdf ;sf/fTds Pjd\ /rgfTds ;'wf/ Nofpg' g} ljsf; xf] . ljsf;sf] ult /fd|f]
ePdf b]zsf tLa| ljsf; x'G5 . ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ .
b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts pGglt
b]zdf j:t' / ;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbsTTjdf j[l4
dfusf] k|efjsf/L / nIod"ns ;+jf]wg
JolStut :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / ;dfj]zL kg
k/Dk/fut ;f]raf6 cfw'lgstftkm{ cu|;/tf
cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f
ul/aL lgjf/0f
cfTd ;Ddfgsf] efjgfdf clej[l4
g]kfn ef}uf]lns ljifdtf ePsf] e"kl/j]li7t b]z xf] . o;sf] k"j{, klZrd / blIf0f ef/t /
pTt/df rLg;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfn
oL b'O{ ljzfn b]zsf] lardf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnnfO{{ ef}uf]lns ¿kdf lxdfnL k|b]z,
kxf8L k|b]z / t/fO{ k|b]z u/L ltg efudf
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s"n e"ldsf] !%
k|ltzt lxdfnL k|b]z, ^* k|ltzt kxf8L k|b]z
/ !& k|ltzt t/fO{ k|b]zn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg
lognfO{{ k|fs[lts k|b]zsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
lxdfnL / kxf8L k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf t/fO{ k|b]z ;dy/ / pAhfpzLn hldg ePsfn] dflg;x¿sf]
a;f]jf; lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf ef}uf]lns hl6ntfsf] sf/0fn]
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug{ sl7gfO /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljsf; If]qsf] cfjZostf
ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffnfO{{ cjnDag ub}{ g]kfnsf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug]{ b[li6n] g]kfndf ljsf;
If]qsf] cjwf/0ff NofOPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)@( ;fndf rf/ ljsf; If]qdf ljeflht ul/Psf]df
@)#& ;fndf dxfsfnL / ;]tL
c~rnnfO{{ 5'§} ljsf; If]qsf] ¿kdf
ljefhg u/L kfFr ljsf; If]q
agfOPsf] xf] . k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf
lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ k|b]znfO{{
;dfj]z u/fO{ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿
;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;n]
ubf{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;dfg'kflts
ljefhg x'g'sf ;fy} kxf8L / t/fO{
k|b]zlarsf] If]qLo c;Gt'ng x6fO{
/fli6«o Pstfsf] clej[l4 ug{ ;xh x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyfof] . ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ;a}
/fhwfgLaf6 dfq ;~rfng ug'{ pko'St x'Fb}g . t;y{ d'n'ssf] ;a} If]qdf ;dfg ljsf;sf
sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug{, ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug{ tyf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ :yfkgf ug{ ljsf;
If]qsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ o; cjwf/0ffn] k"0f{ ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ;s]g .
hgtfsf rfxgf / b]zsf] ck]lIft ljsf;df ult cfpg ;s]g . ljsf; If]qx¿df ljefhg
ul/Pklg k"0f{ ¿kdf s]Gb|df cfl>t ePsf sf/0f ljsf; If]qx¿n] If]qLo ljsf;sf] eGbf If]qLo
k|zf;lgs sfo{nfO{{ dfq ;xof]u u/]sf] b]lvof] . kl/0ffd :j¿k hgtfsf] rfxgf ;ª\3Lotf tkm{
pGd'v eof] .
;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltsf] cfjZostf
clwsf/ ;lxtsf] k|zf;lgs ljefhg x'g' kg]{ dfu a9\b} u/]kl5 lj=;+= @)^# sf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgn] g]kfn ;ª\3Lo /fHo eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{ lj=;+= @)&@
c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 3f]if0ff ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfndf
;ftj6f k|b]z /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . b]zdf pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] plrt afF8kmfF8 u/L clwstd
pkof]u u/]/ ljsf; ug]{ / s]Gb|df
/x]sf] clwsf/nfO{{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd
k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;ª\3Lo /fHo
ag]sf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo /fHo lgdf{0fsf
nflu hg;ª\Vof, ef}uf]lns If]q,
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg, Ifdtf nfuotsf
cfwf/ lng] ul/G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ /fHonfO{{
;ª\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo u/L ltg
txsf] 9fFrfdf Joj;yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ;Ldf ;'/Iff, /fli6«o cy{gLlt, k//fi6«
gLlt, ;]gf kl/rfng, d'b|fsf] lgoGq0f nufotsf dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ / k|fGtLo, :yfgLo ;/sf/n]
lzIff, :jf:Yo, ljB't, vfg]kfgL, ;~rf/ nufotsf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{x¿ ug]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo zf;gn] k|b]zx¿ lardf ljsf;df k|lt:kwf{ a9\g], :yfgLo ;|f]t
;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u x'g], :yfgLo :t/df g} ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g], cfTd lge{/tf a9\g] h:tf kmfObf
x'g ;Sb5 .
g]kfnnfO{{ ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf
;]jf / ;'ljwf :yfgLo hgtf;Dd k'¥ofO{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stlGqs u0ftGqnfO{{ ;+:yfut ug{,
;fd'bflos ljljwtfnfO{{ ;Daf]wg ug{,
b]zsf] ;fdflhs agf]6cg';f/ ljleGg ju{ ;d'bfonfO{{ zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/
k|bfg ug{,
:yfgLo g]t[TTjsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{,
ljsf;sf] ultnfO{{ tLa|tf lbO{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ .
;ª\3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ b]zsf ;a} kIf lhDd]jf/ x'g' kb{5 . clg dfq xfdLn] ck]Iff u/]
cg';f/sf] k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5f}F . cGoyf h'g;'s} Joj:yf cfP klg hgtfn] ;'v, ;'ljwf
kfpg / b]zsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g .
;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] ug'{ k|b]z ;/sf/n] ug'{ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug'{ hgtfn] ug'{kg]{ sfo{
kg]{ sfo{ kg]{ sfo{ kg]{ sfo{
;+ljwfgdf ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf]
tf]lsPcg';f/ sfg'gadf]lhd sfg'gadf]lhd zf;g kfngf ug]{
b]zdf l:y/ zf;g Joj:yf Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ ;Ifd / OdfGbf/
;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f ;~rfng ug]{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] JolStnfO{{ ;ª3Lo,
ug]{ hgtfsf] cfjZostf / cfly{s k|b]z / :yfgLo
b]zsf] ;Ldf ;'/Iff cfjZostf / Ifdtfcg';f/ ljsf; Joj:yflksfdf
/ zflGt ;'/Iff /fi6«sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0fsf sfo{ r'g]/ k7fpg] .
sfod ug]{ cg';f/ ljsf; ;~rfng ug]{ .
b]zsf] ah]6 agfO{ lgdf{0fsf sfo{ :yfgLo :t/df ;ª3Lo, k|b]z /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;~rfng ug]{ . cfjZos gLlt lgod :yfgLo ;/sf/af6
b]zdf cfjZos :yfgLo ;|f]t agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ;~rlnt
7'nf 7'nf cfof]hgf ;fwgsf] clwstd ug]{ sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL
;~rfng ug]{ pkof]u u/L b]zsf] :yfgLo cfly{s x'g ;xof]u ug]{
hgtfsf] enfO{sf cfly{s ljsf;df ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{ ;dodf s/ ltg]{ /
nflu cfjZos 6]jf k'¥ofpg] . hgtfnfO{{ l56f] dtbfgdf efu
lgod sfg'g / hgtfsf] lhp 5l/tf] ;]jf ;'ljwf lng]
gLltx¿ agfO{ wgsf] hgsf] k|bfg ug]{ ljsf; lgdf{0f
sfof{Gjgo ug]{ . ;'/Iffs]f Joj:yf sfo{df ;xefuL
ug]{ x'g] .
@= cEof; M
-s_ ;ª\3Lotfaf6 ;/sf/ hgftfsf] glhs k'Ub5 . o; zLif{sdf jSt[TTj snfsf] lglDt
Ps jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;ª\3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s]Gb|, k|b]z, :yfgLo lgsfo / hgtfn] s] s] ug'{ k5{ <
-u_ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff leq s] s] s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ <
-3_ ;ª\3Lotf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ljefhgsf cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g ;Sb5g\\ <
-r_ ;ª\3Lotfsf kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds d'n's eg]sf] x] xf] <
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
-s_ k|Zg g+= s sf nflu lgDg gd'gf cg';f/ jSt[tf n]Vg] .
cfb/0fLo ;efklt Ho", lg0ff{os ju{ / ;fyLx¿,
cfh d ;ª\3Lotfaf6 ;/sf/ hgftfsf] glhs k'Ub5 eGg] ljifodf cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ k|:t\t ug{
uO/x]sf] 5' . b]znfO{{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;ª\3 / k|b]zsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L
clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljefhg ug]{ zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{{ ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL elgG5 . :yfgLo
:t/df :yfgLo ;/sf/, k|b]zdf k|b]z ;/sf/ / s]Gb|df ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/ /xG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ /
k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{{ cfˆgf] If]qsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/, vfg]kfgL, oftfoft, ljB't nfufotsf
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf] x'gfn] sxfF s] / s;/L ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 egL :yfgLo
:t/df g} 5nkmn / lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . o; k|0ffnLn] s]Gb|df /x]sf] clwsf/ :yfglo If]qdf
k'¥ofO{ hgtfnfO{{ ;]jf ;'ljwf lbg ;S5 . b]zsf] ljsf;df :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutf a9\g
;Sb5 .
o;/L ;ª\3Lotfsf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/ hgtf;Dd k'Ug] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . hgtfn] hlxn] klg

dflysf] d'v tfls/xg' kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGTo x'G5 . o;sf nflu xfdL ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6
;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 / kfPsf] clwsf/sf] ;xL ;b'kfof]u ug'{ kb{5 . olt eGb} d ljbf x'G5',
wGojfb .
-v_ k|Zg g+= v sf nflu kf7sf] clGtddf /x]sf] tflnsf cWoog ug]{ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= u, 3, ª / r sf nflu kf7sf] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k4ltsf] cfjZostf eGg] ljifoj:t'
cWoog ug]{ .
-3_ k|Zg g+= 5 sf nflu o;} kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]b cWoog ug]{ .
g]kfn ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds b]z xf] . ;ª3Lo /fHo eg]sf] b]zdf s]Gb| / k|fGtdf
clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 u/L s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ hgtf;Dd k'/fOg] Joj:yf ePs]f b]z xf] . o;sf nflu
b]zdf ljleGg :jfoTt k|fGt jf k|b]zsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . nf]stflGqs /fHo eg]sf] hgtfn]
cfˆgf k|ltglw 5fg]/ zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf xf] . hxfF ;fj{ef}d;Ttf hgtfdf lglxt x'G5 .
u0ftGqfTds b]z eg]sf] b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr kbdf hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/L nf]stflGqs k4ltaf6 k'Ug] /
lglZrt cjlw;Dd /xg] Joj:yf xf] . o;df hgtfsf] ljZjf; lhTg ;Sg] JolSt /fi6«klt /
pk/fi6«klt x'g kfpF5g\\ .
kf7 $
g]kfnsf k|b]zx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ljeflht k|b]z / lhNnfx¿ M
k|b]z g+= ! k|b]z g+= @ k|b]z g+= # k|b]z g+= $ k|b]z g+=% k|b]z g+= ^ k|b]z g+=&
!= tfKn]h'ª != ;Kt/L !=bf]nvf != uf]/vf != != ?s'd - != afh'/f
gjnk/f;L klZrd
-ab{3f6 efu_
;':tf
klZrd_
@= kfFry/ @ l;/fxf @= /fd]5fk @= ndh'ª @= ¿kGb]xL @= ;Nofg @= aemfª
#= Onfd #= wg'iff #= l;Gw'nL #= tgx'F #=slkna:t' #= 8f]Nkf #= 8f]6L
$=;+v'jf;ef $= dxf]Q/L $=sfe|]knf~rf]s $= sf:sL $=kfNkf $= h'Dnf $= c5fd
%= t]x|y'd %= ;nf{xL %=l;Gw'kfNrf]s %= dgfª %=c3f{vfFrL %= d'u' %= bfr{'nf
^= wgs'6f ^= /f}tx6 ^= /;'jf ^= d':tfª ^= u'NdL ^= x'Dnf ^=a}t8L
&= ef]hk'/ &= af/f &= g'jfsf]6 &= kj{t &= ?s'd - &=sflnsf]6 &=88]Nw'/f
k"jL{ efu_
*= vf]6fª *= k;f{sf] *= wflbª *= :ofªhf *= /f]Nkf *=hfh/sf]6 *=s~rgk'/
7f]/Lafx]s
(=;f]n'v'Da' (= lrtjg (= DofUbL (= Ko"7fg (= b}n]v (=s}nfnL
!)=cf]vn9'+uf !)=dsjfgk'/ !)= afUn'ª !)= bfª !)= ;'v{]t
!!= pbok'/ !!= eStk'/ !!=gjnk/f;L !!= afFs]
-ab{3f6 ;':tf
k"j{_
!@= emfkf !@= nlntk'/
!#= df]/ª !#= sf7df8f}+
!$= ;'g;/L !$= k;f{sf]
7f]/L If]q
k|b]z g+= !
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ efudf k|b]z g+= Ps /x]sf] 5 . o;n] k"jf{~rnsf !$ j6f lhNnfnfO{{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
k"jL{ g]kfnsf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{{ e"–efunfO{{ ;d]6]sf] of] k|b]zdf ljZjs} cUnf] lzv/ ;u/dfyf
/x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L s~rghª\3f, dsfn', rf]o' cflb cUnf lzv/x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . ;u/dfyf tyf
dsfn' / j?0f /fli6«o lgs'~h o;} k|b]zdf k5{g\ . o;n] g]kfnsf] s"n e"–efusf] sl/a !*
k|ltzt -If]qkmn @%,()% ju{ ls=ld=_ lx:;f
cf]u6]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ sl/a $%
nfv hg;ª\Vof o; k|b]zdf a;f]af; u5{g\ . o;
k|b]zdf /fO{, lnDa", n]Krf, /fhj+zL, sf]r], d]r],
afx'g, If]qL, z]kf{ cflb a;f]af; ub{5g\\ . o;
k|b]zdf j/fx If]q, kfyLe/f, xn];L dxfb]j,
l5g\tfªb]jL dlGb/ nufotsf wfld{s Pjd\
ko{6sLo :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . To;}n] oxfF ko{6g
ljsf;sf] 7'nf] ;Defjgf 5 . pAhfpzLn df6f],
pko'St xfjfkfgL, k|z:t sfdbf/ / ahf/sf
sf/0f oxfF s[lif Joj;fo kmi6fPsf] 5 . oxfF wfg,
cfn', ds} / ux'F nufotsf vfB afnL / h'6, lrof, pv', ;'tL{ cflb gub] afnLsf pTkfbg x'g]
x'Fbf s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu of] k|b]z cufl8 5 . of] k|b]zdf h'6 ldn, lrgL sf/vfgf, ;'tL sk8f
pBf]u, lrof pBf]u nufotsf ;of}F 7'nf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\\ .
k|b]z g+ @
g]kfnsf] dWo t/fO{sf cf7j6f lhNnfx¿ ;d]6]/ k|b]z g+= b'O{ ag]sf] 5 . of] k|b]z k"0f{ ¿kdf
t/fOdf kb{5 . k"j{df ;Kt/Lb]lv klZrddf k;f{;Ddsf] ;dy/ e"–efu cf]u6]sf] of] k|b]z
g]kfnsf] cGgsf] e08f/ xf] . o; k|b]zn] s"n e"–efu sf] sl/a & k|ltzt -(^^! ju{ ls=ld=_
If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] s"n hg;ª\Vofsf]
@) k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfF sl/a
%$ nfv dflg;x¿ a;f]af; ub{5g\\ . o;
k|b]zdf ofbj, yf?, blnt, d'l:nd,
/fhj+zL, a|fDx0f, If]qL cflb ;d'bfosf
dflg;x¿ a;f]af; ub{5g\\ . o; k|b]zsf
;a} lhNnfdf dw];L ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf]
afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{ / x'nfsL /fhdfu{ ;dfgfGt/ h:t} eP/
/x]sf 5g\\ h;n] o; k|b]zsf ufpF / ;x/x¿nfO{{ hf]8\g dbt u/]sf 5 . b]zsf w]/}h;f] pBf]u
wGbfx¿, s[lifhGo pAhfp hldg, ef/tLo ;Ldf gfsfx¿ / ahf/sf] ;'ljwfsf sf/0f oxfF cfly{s
ljsf;sf] 7'nf] ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 . jL/u~h, nfxfg, /fhlj/fh, xl/cf}g, rGb|lgufxfk'/, l;d/f /
hgsk'/ o; s]Gb|sf d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]Gb| x'g\ . oxfF w]/} cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿ 5g\\ . /fdhfgsL dlGb/,
l5Ggd:tf dlGb/, ul9dfO{ dlGb/ cflb oxfFsf k|d'v wfld{s tyf kof{6sLo :yn x'g\ . g]kfndf
ljb]zaf6 x'g] clwsf+z Jofkf/ jL/u~h gfsfaf6 x'g] ub{5 . o; k|b]zsf] pTt/df kg]{ r'/] If]qdf
3gf rf/sf];] emf8L /x]sf] 5 . oxfF klg wfg / ux'F d'Vo vfBafnL x'g\ eg] t/sf/L, kmnkm"n,
pv', t]nxg nufotsf gub] afnL klg pTkfbg x'G5 . of] k|b]z pBf]u, Jofkf/, s[lif Joj;fosf
b[li6n] pGgt k|b]z dflgG5 .
k|b]z g+ #
k|b]z g+= # df g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fF}
/x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] clwsf+z e"–agf]6
lxdfnL / kxf8L efudf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;
k|b]zdf u0f]z, nfª6fª, h'un / uf}/Lzª\s/
nufotsf lxdfnx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . g]kfnsf]
!$ k|ltzt If]qkmnsf] -@),#)) ju{
lsnf]ld6/_ e"–efu cf]u6]sf] o; k|b]zdf
zLtn xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof
sl/a %% nfv 5, h'g g]kfnsf] s"n
hg;ª\Vofsf] @! k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . o;
k|b]zsf] lxdfnL If]qdf z]kf{, ef]6] / u'/ª hftsf dflg;x¿ a:5g\\ . sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf g]jf/
hfltsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf cGo d'Vo hfltdf lh/]n, tfdfª, du/, afx'g, If]qL,
bzgfdL, blnt cflb hflt k|b]ze/L 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\\ . sf7df8fF}, eStk'/, nlntk'/, ag]kf,
x]6f}F8f, gf/fo0fu9, w'lnv]n oxfFsf d'Vo Jofkfl/s ;x/x¿ x'g\ . oxfF x]6f}F8f, kf6g, afnfh'
cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . uf];fOFs'08, kz'kltgfy, af}4gfy :t'kf, bf]nvf led]Zj/,
blIf0fsfnL, knf~rf]s eujtL cflb oxfFsf k|d'v wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo :yn x'g\ . o;sf ;fy}
pTt/sf] lxdfnL If]q Pjd\ kf6g, eStk'/, sflGtk'/ nufotsf P}ltxfl;s ;x/sf sf/0f o;
k|b]zdf k|z:t ko{6sLo ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF klg d'Vo ¿kdf wfg / ds} v]tL ul/G5 .
t/sf/L, tf]/L, kmnkm"n, oxfFsf gub] afnL x'g\ .
oxfF hn ljB't, vfg]kfgL, lzIff, ;8s nufot ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] pknAwtf / ;'ljwfx¿n]
ubf{ b]z el/sf dflg; oxfF cfpg rfxG5g\\ To;}n] oxfFsf ;x/L If]qdf tLa| ultdf hg;ª\Vof
a9L/x]sf] 5 . oxfF s'n]vfgL, lqz'nL, ;'gsf]zL, ef]6]sf]zL, nfufotsf w]/}j6f hn ljB't
cfof]hgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . oxfF g]kfns} 7'\nf] ljZjljBfno lqe'jg ljZjljBfno / csf]{ 7'nf]
sf7df8fF} ljZjljBfno /x]sf 5g\\ . of] k|b]z lzIffsf] k"jf{wf/df cu|0fL /x]sf] 5 .
k|b]z g+= $
g]kfnsf] dWo If]qsf] kxf8L, lxdfnL / t/fO ;d]t ;d]6]/ k|b]z g+= $ ag]sf] 5 . oxfF
gjnk/f;Lsf] ;':tfb]lv k"j{ tkm{sf] efu nufot !! lhNnf ;d]l6Psf 5g\\ . g]kfnsf k|l;4 lxd
>Lª\vnfx¿ wjnflu/L, cGgk"0f{, dgf:n' /
lxpFr'nL o; k|b]zdf k5{g\ . oxfF ;]tL gbL,
j]ugf; tfn, ¿kf tfn, km]jftfn / ltlnrf]
tfn o; If]qdf /x]sf 5g\\ . ;'b'\/ pTt/df
lxdfnb]lv pTt/ tkm{ dgfª / d':tfª h:tf
lxdfnL pkTosf /x]sf 5g\\ . If]qkmnsf] lx;fan]
of] k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] !$ k|ltzt -@!,%)$ ju{
lsnf]ld6/_ e"–efu / ( k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof
cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a @$ nfv
5 . o; k|b]zsf] d'Vo cfo ;|f]t ko{6g xf] .
hnljB't bf];|f] pTkfbg xf] . oxfF d:ofª\bL,
sfnL u08sL P nufotsf 7'nf ljB't
cfof]hgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . kf]v/f, alGbk'/, d'lStgfy, uf]/vf / dgsfdgf o; If]qsf k|l;4 wfld{s
tyf ko{6sLo s]Gb| x'g\ . kf]v/f ljZjljBfno klg o;} If]qdf kb{5 . oxfF du/, u'?ª, afx'g,
If]qL, ysfnL, b'/f cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .
o; k|b]zdf pRr ;fIf/tf, k|r'/ ljB't ;Defjgf, ;/;kmfO / vfg]kfgLdf pRr kx'Fr /x]sf] 5 .
oxfF klg wfg, ds}, cfn' / ux'F d'Vo vfB afnL x'g\ eg] skmL, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n oxfFsf d'Vo
gub] afnL x'g\ .
k|b]z g+ %
clwsf+z e"–efu t/fO{ / leqL dw]z
/x]sf] of] k|b]zdf pTt/sf] s]xL e"–efu
kxf8L If]q /x]sf] 5 . /fKtL, ltgfp /

a9Luf8 gbL tyf ;TojtL, af/s'g], hulb;k'/ h:tf tfn o; If]qdf k5{g\ . gjnk/f;Lsf]
;':tfb]lv klZrdsf] e"–efu ;lxt !! lhNnf ;d]l6Psf] of] k|b]zdf oxfF bfª, b]pv'/L, /fdk'/,
df8L cflb 7'nf pkTosfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] o; k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] !% k|ltzt -
@@,@** ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] !* k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfFsf]
hg;ª\Vof sl/a $( nfv 5 . lemd?s ljB't\ s]Gb| o;} k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 . a'6jn, e}/xjf,
s[i0fgu/, tfg;]g, ndxL, g]kfnu~h, sf]xnk'/, /fhfk'/, lah'jf/ o; k|b]zsf d'Vo Jofkfl/s
s]Gb|x¿ x'g\ . n'lDagL, l/8L, /];'ª\uf, e}/j :yfg, :ju{åf/L, 7fs'/åf/f, afu]Zj/L, alb{of /fli6«o
lgs'~h cflb o; If]qsf wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo s]Gb| x'g\ . o; k|b]zdf l;S6f, aaO{, af0f uª\uf,
ltgfp nufotsf 7'nf l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿n] s[lif pTkfbgdf ;3fp k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\\ . g]kfn
;+:s[t ljZjljBfno / n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfnox¿ klg o;} If]qdf /x]sf 5g\\ . oxfF du/, yf?,
u'?ª, /fhj+zL, afx'g, If]qL cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF d';ndfg
;d'bfosf] pNn]Vo a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . blIf0fL e]udf dw]zL ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] 3gf j:tL 5
. of] k|b]zsf] d'Vo cfo ;|f]t s[lif g} xf] . oxfF wfg, ux'F / ds} d'Vo vfBafnL / skmL, pv',
t/sf/L, kmnkm"n skf; oxfFsf] d'Vo gub] afnL xf] .
k|b]z g+= ^
b]zsf] pTt/ klZrdL e"–efudf kg]{ of] k|b]z
lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . oxfFsf]
xfjfkfgL 7G8f / ;'Vvf 5 . oxfF sf~hL/f]jf
lxdfn /f/f tfn / kmf]S;'G8f] tfn nufotsf
;'Gb/ hGtJox¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . o; k|b]zsf]
If]qkmn @((*$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 h'g
g]kfnsf] s"n e'efusf] @) k|ltzt x'g cfpF5
. oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a !!=% nfv 5, h'g
g]kfnsf] s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a % k|ltzt
x'g cfpF5 . o;/L hg;ª\Vofsf] lx;fjn]
cToGt sd / If]qkmnsf lx;fn] ljzfn e"ld
/x]sf] of] k|b]zsf] clwsf+z e"ld lxdfnL leqL lxdfnL / ljs6 kxf8L If]qdf /xsf] 5 . jL/]Gb|gu/,
l5g\r', b}n]v, ;NnL ahf/ / h'Dnf oxfFsf d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]Gb|x¿ x'g\ . oxfF of;f{u'Daf, :ofp,
cf]v/, h8La'6L cflb kfOG5 . /Tg /fhdfu{, s0ff{nL /fhdfu{, l5g\r' hfh/sf]6 ;8s oxfFsf d'Vo
;8s k"jf{wf/ x'g\ . oxfF b]ptL aHo}, rGbggfy, z] u'Daf, sfFj|m] ljxf/nufotsf wfld{s :ynx¿
/x]sf 5g\\ . o; k|b]zdf 7s'/L, If]qL, afx'g, blnt, ef]6], u'?ª, du/ nufotsf hfltsf] a;f]af;
/x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] lxdfnL k|b]zdf kz' kfng / h8La'6Lsf nflu pko'St / 7'nf 3fF;] d}bfg
If]qx¿ 5g\\ . o; k|b]zdf ltnf, e]/L, ;fgL e]/L, x'Dnf s0ff{nL, d'u' s0ffnL cflb :yfoL k|s[ltsf
gbLx¿ /x]sfn] hn ljB't pTkfbgsf] clws ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ds}, cfn', kmfk/, sf]bf] oxfFsf
d'Vo vfBafnL x'g\ eg] hl8a'6L / :ofp oxfFsf d'Vo gub] cfly{s ;|f]t x'g\ . oxfFsf] pTt/L
e]udf e]8f, Rofª\u|f kfng Joj:ffo ul/G5 .
k|b]z g+= &
g]kfnsf] ;a} eGbf klZrddf k|b]z g+= ;ft /x]sf] 5 .
o;df cjl:yt 5 . o;df z'SnfkmfF6 jGohGt' cf/If0f,
vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h, clk / ;}kfn lxdfn k5{g\ . o;
k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] sl/a !# k|ltzt -!(,%#( ju{
lsnf]ld6/_ e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a
@% nfv 5, h'g g]kfnsf] s"n hg;ª\Vofsf] !) k|ltzt
x'g cfpF5 . 6gsk'/ Aof/]h, k~r]Zj/ ax'b\b]ZoLo
cfof]hgf, klZrd ;]tL h:tf cfof]hgf o; k|b]zsf]
ljsf;sf pRr ;Defjgf af]s]sf ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿ x'g\
. eLdbTtgu/, wgu9L, l;nu9L, cTtl/of, l6sfk'/,
;fFkm]au/ / 8F8]Nw'/f o; k|b]zsf d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]Gb| x'g\
. oxfF wfg, ux'F, sf]bf], hf}, ds} vfB afnLsf] ¿kdf /
t/sf/L / kmnkm"n oxfFsf d'Vo gub] afnL x'g\ . oxfF afx'g, 7s'/L, If]qL, yf? nufot
hfthfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf w]/} dflg;x¿ /f]huf/sf nflu ef/tlt/ hfG5g\\ .
@= cEof; M
-s_ k|b]z ! b]lv & ;Dd kg]{ lhNnfx¿sf] gfd vf]hL u/L tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ s'g} Ps k|b]zsf] ljz]iftf emNsg] u/L ;fyLsf] gfddf n]Vg] lr7Lsf] gd'gf rof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] k|b]z g+ ^ df ljsf;sf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ s] s] 5g\\ < a'Fbfut ¿kdf l6kf]6
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ Pp6f k|b]z / csf]{ k|b]zlar s] s] kIfx¿df t'ngf pko'St x'G5 < g]kfnsf k|b]z g+ b'O{ /
k|b]z g+ & df /x]sf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿sf] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ k|Zg g+= @ sf] ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\\ ts{ ;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
k|Zg g+= s sf nflu kf7df /x]sf] k|b]z b]vfpg] tflnsf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+ v sf nflu s'g} Ps ljsf; If]qsf] af/]df tnsf] h:t} lr7Lsf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
Kof/f] ;fyL dfgaxfb'/
w]/} w]/} ;Demgf
ltdLn] cfˆgf] k|b]zsf] af/]df n]vfsf /x]5f} . ltd|f] k|b]zsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfP/ dnfO{{ lgs} v';L
nfUof] . d klg d]/f] k|b]zsf] af/]df atfpg rfxG5' . d b'O{ gDa/ k|b]zdf a:5' . d]/f] 3/

nfxfgdf kb{5 . d a;]sf] k|b]zdf t/fOsf] ;dy/ d}bfg dfq kb{5 . k"j{df ;Kt/Lb]lv klZrddf
k;f{;Dd km}lnPsf] of] k|b]z nfDrf] cfsf/df k"j{ klZrd km}lnPsf] 5 . of] ;dy/ dlnnf]
s[lifof]Uo hldgn] ag]sf] k|b]z xf] . To;}n] oxfF k|z:t dfqfdf wfg pv', t/sf/L, kmnkm"nsf]
pTKfbg x'G5 . of] k|b]zdf w]/} k|sf/sf pBf]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . oxfFaf6 ef/tLo ahf/ glhs}
ePsf]n] oxfF cfjZos sRrf kbfy{ ef/taf6 cfoft ul/G5 eg] pTkflbt j:t' ljb]z lgof{t ug{
klg ;lhnf] 5 . oxfF vf; u/L dw];L ;d'bfosf] afx'Notf ePklg afx'g If]qL, /fhj+zL, ofbj,
yf?, d';ndfg nufotsf hfthfltx¿ cfk;df ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\ .
/fdhfgsL dlGb/, l5Ggd:tf dlGb/, ul9dfO{ dlGb/ nufotsf k|l;4 wfld{s tyf kof{6sLo :yn
oxfF /x]sf 5g\\ . g]kfns} ;a} eGbf 7'nf] Jofkfl/s gfsf jL/u~h oxLF kb{5 . o; k|b]zsf]
pTt/df kg]{ r'/] If]qdf 3gf rf/sf]z] emf8L /x]sf] 5 . of] k|b]z pBf]u, Jofkf/, s[lif Joj;fosf
b[li6n] pGgt k|b]z xf] .
;fyL cfhnfO{{ olTt g} afFsL csf]{ kqdf n]Vb} u/f}Fnf .
pxL ltd|f] ;fyL
ljho
k|Zg g+ u sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfx¿ jf o:t} ldNg] a'Fbf vf]hL u/L hjfkm tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfnsf k|b]z g+= ^ sf ljsf;sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\\ .
ef}uf]lns ljs6tf
oftfoftsf] sl7gfO
w]/} le/fnf] e"agf]6
s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] sdL
clzIff / ul/aL
hgzlStsf] cefj
k|Zg g+ 3 sf nflu kf7df lbOPsf] k|b]z g+= @ / & ;DaGwL ljifj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
PsfO M @
ljsf; / ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/
!= kl/ro M
ljsf; lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . dfgj hLjgdf cfpg] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] .
ha dfgjsf] b}lgs hLjg:t/ u'0f:t/Lo aGb} hfG5 ta dfgj ljsl;t x'g yfn]sf] dx;'; ug{
yfNb5 . uf;, af; / skf; afFRgsf nflu geO gx'g] cfwf/e"t s'/f x'g\ . ha dfgjnfO{{ oL
s'/fx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f x'g yfNb5 To;kl5 p;n] ld7f] / kf]lifnf] vfg] s'/f, df};dcg';f/sf
/fd|f /fd|f n'uf, /fd|f] af;:yfg, ;/;kmfO, dgf]/~hg, cf/fd, lzIff, :j:Yo ;'ljwf nufotsf
s'/fdf ;f]Rg yfNb5 . To;af6 klg dfly p7]kl5 p;n] cfkm"nfO{{ ;Gt'li6x'g] s'/f, cfgGb nfUg]
s'/f, yf]/} sfd u/]/ w]/} cfDbfgL x'g] pkfo, dfg ;Ddfg / k|lti7f klg vf]Hg yfNb5 . o;/L
ljsf; hlxn] klg pGglt / k|ult;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] of] ultlzn k|lj|mof xf] . of] slxn]
klg /f]lsFb}g . ljsf;n] ubf{ g} dflg;n] gofF gofF cfljZsf/x¿ ug{ yfNb5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; u/]/ cfkm"nfO{{ Jo:t /fVg vf]lh/x]sf] x'G5 .
dfgjsf] o:tf ljsf;sf] k|lj|mof cl3 a9fpg ;a}eGbf klxn] pm a;]sf] :yfg jf b]zdf s]xL geO
gx'g] ljsf;sf sfo{ x'g' kb{5, h;nfO{{ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ elgG5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/,
oftfoft, ljB't, vfg]kfgL h:tf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ePkl5 dfq cGo ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 . o:tf
k"jf{wf/n] s[lif, pBf]u, ko{6g / Jofkf/sf] ljsf; u/L dfgjsf] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{{ dha't
agfOlbG5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k dfgj ljsf;df cl3 a9\g ;Dej x'G5 . o; kf7df xfdL
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf af/]df l;Sg]5f}F .
@= p2]Zo M
-s_ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff klxrfg ug{
-v_ ljsf;sf ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] kl/rfngdf ;xof]u ug{
-u_ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff / ;|f]t ;fwg;Fu kl/lrt x'g
-3_ ljsf;sf k"j{;t{x¿sf] kl/ro lbg
-ª_ ljsf;sf k"j{;t{x¿sf] dxTTj atfpg .
-r_ g]kfndf lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljB't / vfg]kfgL nufotsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
ljsf;sf] cj:yf pNn]v ug{
-5_ ljsf; sfo{df ;[hgzLntf b]vfpg,
-h_ ljsf; sfo{df ;xsfo{ ug{ / lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ .
-em_ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{ .

kf7 !
lbuf] ljsf;
!= ljifoj:t'
lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] eljiosf ;Gtltsf nflu ;d]t x'g] u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{
xf] . lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] alnof] ;8s jf k'n jf ejg agfpg' eGg] xf]Og . o;n] t clxn]
ljsf;sf sfo{ ubf{ kof{j/0f / k|fs[lts cj:yfdf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg]{ u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{
;~rfngu ug'{ eGg] a'‰g' kb{5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3n] ;g\ !(&@ sf] h'g % b]lv !^ ;Dd
l:j8]gsf] :6sxf]ddf dfgjLo jftfj/0f ;DaGwL k|yd ljZj ;Dd]ng (UN Conference on the
Human Environment) cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . pSt ;Dd]ngn] klxnf] k6s lbuf] ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ffcg';f/sf ljsf; /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(*# df ;+o'St /fi6«
;ª\3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] jftfj/0f / ljsf; ;DaGwL cfof]u u7g ug]{ k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of] . ;f]xL
jif{ l8;]Da/df a|'6NofG8 (Brundtland) cfof]u u7g eof] . o; cfof]un] ;g\ !(*& ePsf]
;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] $@ cf}F ;fwf/0f ;efdf …xfd|f] ;femf eljio (Our Common Future)
gfds k|ltj]bg k|:t't u¥of] . To; k|ltj]bgn] lbuf] ljsf;sf] kl/efiff o;/L k|:t't u¥of] M
"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of theFuture generations to meet their own needs" cyf{t\ efjL k':tfsf cfjZostfnfO{{
dWogh/ ub}{ jt{dfg dfgjLo cfjZostfnfO{{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ ljsf; g} lbuf] ljsf; xf] .
ælbuf] ljsf;sf] ;jf]{kl/ nIo eg]sf] jt{dfgsf gful/s tyf efjL k':tfnfO{{ sDtLdf klg hLjg
ofkgsf cfwf/e"t ;fwgx¿ lg/Gt/ pknAw u/fO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} ltgLx¿sf]
hLjgsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts / kof{j/0fLo If]qdf Jofks cj;/x¿ klg
pknAw u/fpg] k|lj|mof tLj| agfpg' xf] .Æ
– g]kfnsf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]G8f, @)^)
jftfj/0f / ljsf; lardf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ u/L, k[YjLn] wfGg ;Sg] / lg/Gt/
¿kdf ljsf;sf] kmfObf k|fKt eO/xg] u/L ul/g] ljsf;nfO{{ lbuf] ljsf; elgG5 . o;df Ps
If]qsf] ljsf; ubf{ ;fy} csf]{ If]qsf] jftfj/0fLo Iflt x'g gkfcf]; eGg] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg
lbOG5 . clxn]sf] k':tfn] efjL k':tfsf nflu ;d]t dWogh/ ub}{ jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{
u/L ul/g] ljsf; sfo{ g} lbuf] ljsf; xf] .
h:t}, pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} Pp6f ufpFsf dflg;x¿n] cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;fd'lxs Jofj;flos
v]tL ug]{ ljrf/ u/] . pgLx¿n] gofF gofF / cfw'lgs k|ljlw ckgfP/ ufpFsf] !#)) /f]kgL÷!))
ljufxf v]t / af/Ldf Jofj;flos t/sf/L / kmnk"mn v]tL u/] . klxnf] jif{b]lv g} pgLx¿sf]
pTkfbg /fd|f] eof] . s]xLjif{ /fd|f] pTkfbg ePkl5 a9L pT;flxt eP . t/ t];|f] jif{b]lv pTkfbg
36g yfNof] . /f]u ls/fn] b'Mv lbg yfNof] . To;}n] pgLx¿n] k|z:t dfqfdf /;folgs dn /
ljiffbLx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ yfn] . kl/0ffd :j¿k pTkfbg klxn]sf] eGbf bf]Aa/ agfpg ;kmn eP .
k|z:t cfDbfgL eP/ pgLx¿sf] hLjg :t/ g} pRr eof] . kfFrjif{ ljt]kl5 lj?jf ;fg}df dg]{ .
89'jf /f]u nfUg] / ;k|]sf lj?jfdf kmn gnfUg] x'g yfNof] . nfvf}Fsf] afnL gf]S;fgL eof] . gofF
gofF /f]u / ls/f b]vf k/]/ cf}ifwL / dnn] klg sfd gug]{ x'g yfNof] . w]/} k|sf/sf pkrf/ ul/of]
t/ klg ;'wf/ cfPg . s[ifsx¿n] s]xL gnfu]kl5 df6f] hFrfpg s[lif cg';Gwfg k|of]uzfnfdf
NofP . df6f] hfFr]/ x]bf{ t To;df olt w]/} ljiffbL / /f;folgs kbfy{ e]l6of] ls ToxfF afnL
nufpg} gx'g] eof] . df6f]df ePsf] pj{/fzlSt k'g kmsf{pg krf; jif{ nfUg] / ljiffbLsf] dfqf
sd ug{ em08} ;o jif{ nfUg] s'/f k|fljlwsn] atfP . s[ifsx¿ 5Ss} k/] . pgLx¿n] bz jif{ t
kmfObf lnP t/ ca ;o jif{;Dd pgLx¿sf ;Gtltn] pSt hldg k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] u/L ljuf/L
lbP . ufpFn]x¿ ufpF5f8]/ a;fOF ;g{ ljj; eP . Pp6f x/fe/f ;'Gb/ pAhfpzLn ufpF phf8
d?e"lddf kl/0ft eof] .
lbuf] ljsf;sf p2]Zox¿
-s_ jftfj/0fsf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f ug]{ u/L ljsf;sf sfo{ ;~rfng ug{' .
-v_ dfgjLo ljsf; / k|ultdf hf]8 lbg'
-u_ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
-3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;fjwfgLk"j{s k|of]u ub}{ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
-ª_ eljionfO{{ c;/ gkg]{ u/L pRr, l:y/ / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{,
-r_ ljsf;sf If]qdf ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug]{
-5_ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] lg/Gt/ pkof]u ul//xg ;Sg] u/L ;+/If0fsf pkfo cjnDag ug]{
lbuf] ljsf;sf] ljz]iftfx¿
-s_ lbuf] ljsf;n] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug{ db\bt ub{5 .
-v_ efjL lkF9Lsf nflu ;'Gb/ eljio x:tfGt/0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 .
-u_ ljsf;sf sfo{ ubf{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
-3_ ;|f]t ;fwg k|flKt, kl/rfng Pjd\ ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 .
-ª_ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Gofok"0f{ ljt/0fdf Wofg k'¥ofpF5 .
-r_ k'gM rj|m0f, gjLs/0f / k'gM k|of]u x'g] ;fwg k|of]u / k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbG5 .
lbuf] ljsf;sf cfofdx¿ M
lbuf] ljsf;sf d'Vo ltg cfofdx¿ x'G5g\\ .
;fdflhs ;F“:s[lts cfofd M o; cGtu{t
;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts cj:yf, dfgjLo
;DaGw, /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng, c;n ;+:s[ltsf]
x:tfGt/0f h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ . ;fdflhs
/Llt l/jfhsf sf/0f kof{j/0f rqmdf ;Gt'ng

cfpg] jf ljgf; x'g] s'/fx¿ o; cGtu{t kb{5g\\ .
cfly{s cfofd M o; cGtu{t dfgjsf] cfly{s ultljlwdf lbuf]kgf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t
;fwgsf] plrt / ljj]sk"0f{ pkof]u, k/Dk/fut k];f Joj;fosf] x:tfGt/0f
cfw'lgsLs/0f, eljiosf nflu nufgL / cfly{s ljsf; ubf{ kof{j/0fLo Iflt ljZn]if0f
Pjd\ Ifltk"lt{ h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ .
jftfj/0fLo cfofd M o; cGtu{t ljsf;sf j|mddf kof{j/0Lo ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf,
e"–;+/If0f, k|b'if0f Go"gLs/0f, k'gM k|of]u nufotsf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ .
g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ M
g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ffsf af/]df rrf{ x'g yfn]sf] s]xL jif{ eO;x]sf] 5 . t/ klg oxfF
o; cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog eg] Tolt /fd|f] b]lvFb}g . o;sf d'Vo ;d:of / r'gf}tL o;k|sf/
/x]sf 5g\\ .
ul/aL,
clzIff
r]tgfsf] sdL
e|i6frf/
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf / /fhgLltx x:tIf]k
sfg'gsf] kfngf gug'{
b08 ;hfosf] cefj
@= cEof; M
-s_ …cJojl:yt ljsf; ljgfz xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{{ ;d"xut 5nkmn u/L pbfx/0f;lxt k|:6
kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf; sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ s] s] 5g\\ < hf]8L hf]8Ldf /xL
a'Fbfut ¿kdf l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ lbuf] ljsf; ug{ s] s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <
-ª_ lbuf] ljsf;sf kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ s] s:tf kIfdf Wofg
k'¥ofpg'k5{ <
-5_ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfnn] s] s] sfo{ ug'{k5{ <
-h_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt s'g} Ps ;fgf] ljsf; cfof]hgf 5gf]6 ug'{xf];\ . pSt
cfof]hgf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k ;~rfng ug{ of]hgfsf] Ps vfsf tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
-s_ k|Zg g+= s sf nflu o;} kf7df ePsf] syf cWoog ug]{ .
-v_ k|Zg g+= v sf nflu o;} kf7sf clGtd cg'R5]b / a'Fbfx¿ cWoog ug]{ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= u sf nflu kf7sf] klxnf]b]lv t];|f] cg'R5]b;Dd cWoog ug]{ .
-3_ k|Zg g+= 3 sf nflu lgDg a'Fbfx¿ ;d]6]/ hjfkm n]Vg] .
/fd|f] of]hgf tof/ kfg'{ kb{5
:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k|ToIf ;dGjo ug'{ kb{5 .
jftfj/0fLo tyf kof{j/0fLo ;+t'ng glju|g] u/L ljsf;sf sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts kl/j]znfO{{ Vofn u/L sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 .
nufgLsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug]{ u/L ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
-ª_ k|Zg g+= ª sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ of]hgf agfpg]

cfof]hgfsf] gfd M ufpFkflnsf ejg b]lv 8fF8fufpF hfg] df]6/af6f] lgdf{0f cfof]hgf
:yfg M e6\6]8fF8f ufpFkflnsf
p2]Zo M ufpFkflnsf ejgb]lv 8fF8fufpF hfg] kfFr lsnf] ld6/ df]6/af6f]sf] 6«ofs vf]Ng]
hg;xeflutfsf] cj:yf M 8fF8fufpFsf !!^ 3/ w'/Laf6 b}lgs Pshgfsf] b/n] @) lbg;Dd
>dbfg ug]{ .
cg'dflgt nfut M ^ nfv ¿k}ofF
cfof]hgfsf] cjlw M 5 dlxgf
nfeflGjt x'g] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof M 8fF8fufpFsf !!^ 3/ w'/L / kNnf] ufpFsf *) 3/w'/L u/L hDdf
!(^ 3/w'/Lsf sl/a ()) hgtf nfefGjLt x'g] .
jftfj/0f Iflt gug{ ul/g] ;Defljt ljsNkx¿ M
;s];Dd sd ?v lj?jf sf6\g]
Dfflyaf6 w]/} hldg eTsfpg' kg]{ 7fpFdf ;8s 3'dfP/ ePklg sd eTsfpg] u/L
lgdf{0f ug]{ .
:yfgLo ;a} hgtfnfO{{ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fO{ ;a}sf] ;xdltdf lgdf{0f sfo{
ug]{ .
cfly{s ;b'kof]unfO{{ hf]8 lbOg] .
klx/f] hfg ;Sg] Ps7fpFdf 9'ª\ufsf] hfnL eg]{ .

kf7 @
g]kfndf ;~rflnt ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
b]z ljsf;sf lglDt ljleGg k|sf/sf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tL dWo] ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfng
klg ;/sf/sf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . s'g} vf; p2]Zo /fv]/ lglZrt ;do leq ;DkGg ul/g]
sfo{nfO{{ cfof]hgf elgG5 . ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] o:tf sfo{nfO{{ ljsf; cfof]hgf elgG5 . b]zsf]
ljsf; u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ljljw vfnsf cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\\ .
cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf b]zsf] cfˆg} ;|f]t / j}b]lzs ;|f]tsf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}u/L
;d'bfo / :yfgLo lgsfodfk{mt klg ljsf;sf cfof]hgfx¿sf nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg] ul/G5 . :jb]zL
tyf j}b]lzs u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ lghL ;ª\3;+:yf tyf bft[/fi6«x¿dfk{mt ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t
h'6fpg] ul/G5 .
ljleGg lsl;dsf ljsf; cof]hgf tyf b]zdf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;n] cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs
ljsf;df ult k|fKt x'G5 . /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf] pTkfbsTj a9\5 . b]z /
hgtfsf] cfo:t/ a9\5 . ahf/sf] lj:tf/ x'g'sf] ;fy} :jb]zL ;fdfgn] ljb]zL ahf/ kfpg ;xh
x'G5 . ;/n / ;xh ¿kdf ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt x'G5 . b]z cfTd lge{/ x'g db\bt k'U5 . o;}n]
ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] lgs} 7'nf] dxTTj /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljsf;sf nflu ;~rflnt 7'nf7'nf cfof]hgfx¿sf nflu ljZj a}ª\s, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ª\sh:tf
7'nf7'nf ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿ / ljsl;t /fi6«x¿dfk{mt C0f tyf cg'bfg lng] ul/G5 .
cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lnPsf] C0fsf] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf Jofh klg a'emfpg'kb{5 .
b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;sf ljleGg If]qdf ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf ljsf; sfo{x¿ cufl8
a9fpg'kb{5 . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf If]qx¿ lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, s[lif, ;~rf/, oftfoft,
ljB't, a}ª\lsª, pBf]u Jofkf/ / zflGt ;'/Iffsf nflu xfn b]zdf ljleGg vfnsf cfof]hgfx¿
;~rfng ePsf 5g\\ . tLdWo] s]xL k|d'v cfof]hgfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6«o uf}/asf cfof]hgf
g]kfndf w]/} nufgL ug'{kg]{, /fHosf] klxrfg lbnfpg] / w]/} eGbf w]/} hgtf nfeflGjt x'g ;Sg]
7'nf cfof]hgfx¿nfO{{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf egL gfdfs/0f u/]sf] 5 . lj=;+=
@)&# ;fn ;Dddf @! j6f cfof]hgfnfO{{ /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf
cfof]hgfx¿ pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\\ . tL dWo] s]xL k"/f x'g] cj:yfdf 5g\\
eg] s'g} ev{/} ;'? ePsf 5g\\ . oL dWo] s]xL cfof]hgfx¿ af/] s]xL hfgsf/L o; k|sf/ /x]sf
5g\\ .
-s_ /fi6«klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{j|md
g]kfnsf] k"j{ d]rL b]lv klZrd dxfsfnL ;Dd t/fO{ k|b]z / dxfef/t kj{tsf] lardf xf]rf
kxf8x¿ nfDrf] cfsf/df km}lnPsf 5g\\ . g]kfnsf] s"n !@=&* If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] of] If]q e"
agf]6sf b[li6n] sdhf]/ of] kj{t >]0LnfO{{ r'/] kj{t >]0fL elgG5 . of] sdhf]/ df6f]n] ag]sf] / kq]
r6\6fg o'St If]q xf] . oxfF w]/}h;f] e"–efu hª\unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . oxfF jiff{sf] kfgLn] df6f]
aufpg] / hª\un gf; x'g] j|md a9]sf] 5 . dflg;sf] cltj|md0f klg a9\bf] 5 . To;}n] o;s]f
;+/If0f / r'/] If]qdf b]lvPsf] ax'kIfLo ;d:ofnfO{{ ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy of] cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 . @))–@!)) ld6/;Dd prfOdf /x]sf] / k"j{ Onfdb]lv klZrd
s~rgk'/;Dd @^ lhNnfdf of] cfof]hgf ;~rflnt ePsf] 5 . ;fy} h}ljs ljljwtf, ef}uf]lns,
;fdflhs / cfly{s kIfnfO{{ Wofgdf /fvL jftfj/0f / hLjg :t/df ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg' o;sf]
p2]Zo xf] . cf=j= @)^&÷)^* b]lv jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnocGtu{t of] sfo{j|md ;'?cft
ul/Psf] xf] . o; sfo{j|mdnfO{{ cf=j= )&)÷)&! df /fli6«o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfdf kl/0ft ul/Psf]
lyof] . o; sfo{j|mdsf] ;~rfngsf nflu s]Gb|df Ps clwsf/ ;DkGg /fi6«klt t/fO{{ dw]z r'/]
;+/If0f ljsf; ;ldlt :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg :yn
kf]v/f g]kfnsf] ;'Gb/ ko{6sLo gu/Lsf ¿kd ljZj k|l;4 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{{ l;w} cGt/f{li6«o
xjfO dfu{af6 hf]8\g] p2]Zon] kf]v/fsf] l5g]8fF8fdf of] ljdfg :yn lgdf{0f x'Fb}5 . sl/a #^))
/f]kgL If]qkmndf lgdf{0f x'g] of] ljdfg:yn ag]kl5 kf]v/fnfO{{ ljZjs} Ps ko{6sLo uGtJosf
¿kdf :yfkgf ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . o; ljdfg:ynsf] lznfGof; @)&# j}zfv ! ut] ul/Psf]
xf] . o;sf] nfut @) ca{ #) s/f]8 ¿lkofF x'g]5 . lrlgofF sDkgLn] lgdf{0f lhDdf kfPsf] o;
ljdfg :yndf @)) l;6 Ifdtf ;Ddsf] h]6 hxfh p8fg / cjt/0f ug{ ;Sg] 5g\\ .
-u_ a'9L u08sL hn ljB't cfof]hgf
uf]/vf / wflbª lhNnfsf] l;dfgfdf a'9L u08sL gbLnfO{{ y'g]/ hnfzo agfO{ ljh'nL pTkfbg ug]{
nIosf ;fy a'9L u08sL hnljB't cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . of] !@)) d]ufjf6 ljB't
pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] hnfzo o'St cfof]hgf xf] . o; cfof]hgfsf] cg'dflgt nfut ?= @ va{ %$
ca{ (% s/f]8 %) nfv /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjs ;+:yf a'9L u08sL hn ljB't
cfof]hgf ljsf; ;ldlt xf] . o;sf nflu ljZj a}ª\s, cGt/f{li6«o ljTtLo ;+:yf, Pl;ofnL ljsf;
a}ª\s cflb cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿af6 cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fOg]5 . o;sf] ;~rfng, lgodg / /]vb]v
k"0f{tM g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] ($
dlxgfdf sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ cjlw tf]lsPsf] 5 . of] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePkl5 g]kfnsf] phf{ ;ª\s6
sd x'g] cfzf ul/Ps]f 5 .
-3_ dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{ -k'iknfn dfu{_
g]kfnsf] k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Ddsf kxf8L e"–efunfO{{ ;8s ;~hfnaf6 hf]8\g] p2]Zon] dWokxf8L
nf]s dfu{ lgdf{0fsfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷)^% b]lv ;~rflnt o; cfof]hgf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfˆg} ;|f]t / ;fwgaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ u/L cl3 a9]sf] 5 . kfFry/sf] lrof]
e~Hofªaf6 ;'? eO{ a}t8L lhNnfsf] em'nf3f6;Dd hf]8\g] !&&^ ls=ld= nfdf] of] ;8sn] kxf8L
k|b]zsf @# lhNnf / @!% a:tL hf]8\g]5 . To;} u/L sl/a &) nfv hgtf o; ;8s ;~hfnaf6

nfeflGjt x'g] nIo /flvPsf] 5 . Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsf] gLltcg'¿k o; ;8s ;~hfnn] ljleGg
!) cf]6f 7fpFx¿df gofF ;x/L ljsf; a:tL a;fpg] of]hgf klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgf
cGtu{t k'/} ;8s gofF lgdf{0f ug]{ geO{ klxn] g} lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] ;8snfO{{ clwstd ¿kdf
pkof]u ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ gofF lgdf{0f ePsf] ;d]t u/L xfn;Dd !%!& ls=ld=
;8s ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . lj=;+=@)&$÷)&% ;Dd k"/f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] of] cfof]hgf k"/f
ePkl5 kxf8L lhNnfdf cfjt hfjt ug{ / ToxfFsf] pTkfbgnfO{{ ahf/ ;Dd k'¥ofpg lgs} ;'ljwf
k'Ug]5 . of] cfof]hgfn] kxf8L If]qsf] efUo abNg db\bt ug]{ 5 .
-ª_ dflyNnf] tfdfsf];L hn ljB't cfof]hgf
bf]nvf lhNnfsf] pTt/L efudf cjl:yt of] cfof]hgf xfn lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L pTkfbgsf]
r/0fdf /x]sf] hnljB't cfof]hgf xf] . o;sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf $%^ d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 . of]
cfof]hgf k"0f{ ¿kdf :jb]zL k"FhLaf6 ;~rfng x'g] x'Fbf o;af6 pTkflbt ljB't ;:tf] x'g] 5 .
o; cfof]hgfdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]if, g]kfn 6]lnsd, gful/s nufgL
sf]if, /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfgnufot /fi6« ;]js sd{rf/L tyf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljTtLo nufgL /x]sf]
5 . lj=;+= @)^# df ck/ tfdfsf];L hn ljB't lnld6]8 gfdsf] ;+:yf :yfkgf u/L o;
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf oL / o:t} ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fgf,
demf}nf / 7'nf cfof]hgfx¿ g]kfndf ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\\ . ltgLx¿sf af/]df vf]hL u/L
To:tf cfof]hgf :yfgLo :t/df klg ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\\ . o; afx]s b]zsf w]/} 7fpFdf ;fgf
7'nf cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\\ .
-r_ e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g
pmhf{, l;FrfO, ;x/L ljsf; / hnfwf/ ;+/If0fnfO{{ Ps;fy of]ubfg lbg] p2]Zon] sfof{Gjog
eO/x]sf] o; e]/L aaO{ 8fOe;{g ax'2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog :yn ;'v]{t, alb{of / afFs]
lhNnf /x]sf 5g\\ . o; cfof]hgfaf6 alb{of / afFs] lhNnfsf] %!,))) x]S6/ e"lddf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf
lj:tf/ u/L s[lif pTkfbgsf] j[l4 ug]{ ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L s[ifssf] cfodf j[l4 tyf
l;l~rt If]qaf6 k|ltx]S6/ k|ltjif{ &@ lbg a/fa/ /f]huf/L l;h{gf eO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fdf 6]jf
k'¥ofpg]5 . o;sf cltl/St dWo klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf vfBfGg ;ª\s6sf] ;dfwfgdf dbt
k'¥ofpg] / pTkflbt pmhf{sf] vkt u/L cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] nIo ;d]t o;df
/flvPsf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfsf] s"n nfutdf g]kfn ;/sf/ af6 ? !^ ca{$# s/f]8 #) nfvsf]
nufgL x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-5_ bf];|f] cGt//fli6«o ljdfg:yn, lghu9
d'n'sdf j}slNks cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f u/L lbuf] ko{6g ljsf; ug]{ nIo /fvL th'{df
ul/Psf] o; cfof]hgf af/f lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5 . of] cfof]hgf cufl8 a9fpg] ;Gbe{df lgdf{0f
;~rfng tyf x:tfGt/0f ;ldltsf] k/fdz{sf nflu pSt ;ldltdf k|:tfj k7fOPsf] eGg] dfq
hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] 5 . cyf{t\ of] cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 .
-h_ kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if
sf7df8fF}df cjl:yt kz'kltgfy If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if P]g
@)$$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L agfOPsf] u'?of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf dfWodåf/f kz'klt
If]qnfO{{ wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ kof{ ko{6gsf] gd'gf If]qsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
o; cfof]hgfsf] s"n nfutdWo] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ?= &( s/f]8 !% nfv, :yfgLoaf6 ?=
$& s/f]8 %# nfv / cg'bfgtkm{ ?= !^ s/f]8 @& nfv /x]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)%%÷%^ df ;'?
ePsf] of] cfof]hgfsf] cf=j= @)^(÷&) c;f/;Dddf !) k|ltzt ef}lts k|ult / @ k|ltzt
ljQLo k|ult ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
-em_ x'nfsL dfu{
o; cfof]hgfn] t/fO{ If]qdf ;8s lgdf{0f÷:t/f]Gglt u/L oftfoft ;j{;'ne agfpg] /
To;dfkm{t lzIff, :jf:Yodf hgtfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofO{ s[lif, Jofkf/, pBf]u / ko{6gsf] ljsf; u/L
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . ljleGg k'nx¿sf] ;d]t lgdf{0f x'g] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] o; cfof]hgfdf ?=@) ca{ %) s/f]8 nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
tkm{af6 ?= * ca{ %) s/f]8 / cg'bfgtkm{ !@ ca{ nfUg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)^#÷^$
df ;'? eO{ cf=j= @)&$÷&% df ;DkGg x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] o; cfof]hgfaf6 !^^# ls=ld=
sfnf]kq ;8s / !@% j6f k'nsf] lgdf{0f x'g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)^(÷&) c;f/;Dddf
lgdf{0ffwLg ^^ j6f k'ndWo] !( j6f ;DkGg ePsf 5g\\ .
-`_ d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf
d]nDrL / d08g pkTosf d'xfg If]q /x]sf] o; cfof]hgfn] % r/0fdf u/L sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf
sl/a @) nfv hg;ª\VofnfO{{ %! s/f]8 ln6/ vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ u/fpg]5 . cf=j= @)%%÷%^ df
;'? eO{ @)&#÷&$ df ;DkGg x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] o; cfof]hgfsf] s"n nfut ?= @# ca{ $%
s/f]8 $^ nfv %) xhf/ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
@= cEof; M
-s_ tkfO{F olb /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;b:o ePsf] eP tkfO{F a;f]af; u/]sf] k|b]zdf s:tf]
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug'{x'GYof] < lsg < ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cfof]hgf eg]sf] s] xf] < b]z ljsf;df cfof]hgfsf] dxTTj / cfjZostfaf/] k|:6
kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ tkfO{FnfO{{ hfgsf/L ePsf] s'g} cfof]hgfsf] af/]df ljj/0f tof/ u/L klqsfsf nflu
k|sfzg of]Uo ;dfrf/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cfˆgf] ljBfno kl/;/ jf ;d'bfodf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] s]xL ;fgf cfof]hgfx¿ 5gf]6
ug'{xf];\ . h:t} M ljBfno kl/;/ ;/;kmfO{ tyf kmf]xf]/ d}nf Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf cflb .
lgDg lnlvt a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df cfof]hgfsf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ M

#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg g+= s sf nflu 7'nf hnljB't cfof]hgf jf ;8s cfof]hgf jf s[lif cof]hg h:tf
dxTTjk"0f{ If]qsf s'g} cfof]hgfsf] gfd n]vL pko'St sf/0f lbg' kb{5 .
-v_ k|Zg g+= v sf nflu o;} kf7sf] klxnf] / bf];|f] cg'R5]b cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= u sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
klqsfsf nflu ;dfrf/ tof/ ubf{ cfk"mnfO{{ hfgsf/L ePsf] s'g} klg cfof]hgfsf] af/]df tof/
ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF gd'gfsf nflu æ/f]huf/Lsf nflu l;k kl/of]hgfÆ ;DaGwL cfof]hgfsf] af/]df
Pp6f ;dfrf/ tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
æn'lDagL ljsf; sf]if kl/of]hgfÆ
sf7df8fF} @ j}zfv, eujfg\ uf}tda'4sf] kljq hGd:ynnfO{{ af}4dfuL{ Pjd\ zflGtk|]dL
hg;d'bfosf] cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| lgdf{0f ug]{ nIo /x]sf] of] cfof]hgf n'lDagLdf cjl:yt 5 . cf=j=
@)#% df ;'? eO{ @)*) df ;DkGg x'g] cg'dfg /x]sf] o; cfof]hgfsf] s"n nfut ?= & ca{
/xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ?= # ca{ / j}b]lzs cg'bfg
?=$ ca{ /xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn o; cfof]hgfdf hUuf clwu|x0f, u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f,
u'?of]hgfsf] k|]md lgdf{0f clwsf+z cGt/f{li6«o ljxf/ If]qsf] lgdf{0f, kljq pBfgsf] clwsf+z
lgdf{0f / cGt/f{li6«o ljxf/ If]qsf] s]lGb|o gx/nfufot lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf 5g\\ . o;
cfof]hgfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu cfly{s cefj /x]sf] / o;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljleGg bft[
lgsfo;Fu af/Daf/ 5nkmn u/L u'?of]hgf k"/f ug]{ ljifodf ljz]if k|of; eO{/x]sf] 5 .
-3_ k|Zg g+= # sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ kl/of]hgfsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-s_ cfof]hgfsf] gfd M ljBfno ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf
-v_ p2]Zo M ljBfnodfnfO{{ :jR5 / ;'Gb/ agfpg]
-u_ cfjZos ;fdfu|L M xl;of, s'rf] 8i6ljg, sf]bfnf]
-3_ ;~rfng ul/g] ldlt M hf8f] dlxgfsf] ljbf ;'? ePsf] klxnf] xKtf
-ª_ cfjZos hgzlSt M ljBfnosf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / sd{rf/L
-r_ cg'dflgt nfut M ?= kfFr xhf/ -vfhf / cf}hf/ vl/b _
kf7 #
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ M bIf hgzlSt / /f]huf/
!= ljifoj:t'
-s_ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff
ljsf; eg]sf] pGglt / k|ult xf] . ljsf; ;sf/fTds lbzftk{m a9L/x]sf] kl/jt{g / j[l4 xf] .
csf]{ zAbdf ljBdfg cj:yfaf6 cem /fd|f] cj:yflt/ pGd'v x'g' ljsf; xf] . ljsf;af6
dfgjsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ cfpF5 . ljsf;sf] k|oTgaf6 dfgj hLjgnfO{{ ;/n, ;DkGg /
cfgGbdoL agfpg ;lsG5 . ;f]emf] cy{df eGg] xf] eg] dfgj hLjgsf] :t/ psf:g' ljsf;sf]
nIo xf] . cem ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg] xf] eg] ljsf;n] jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf x|f; cfpg glbO{ dfgj
hLjgdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 . To;}n] dflg;sf] hLjgk4ltnfO{{ pRr:t/Lo agfpgsf lglDt ljsf;sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . ljsl;t ;dfhdf g} dflg;sf] hLjg :j:y, ;'vL, cf/fdbfoL ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljsf;n] dfgjLo ;dfhsf] ax'kIfLo ljsf;nfO{{ hgfpF5, h:t}– cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf;,
k|fljlws ljsf;, j}1flgs ljsf;, /fhgLlts ljsf;, ;f+:s[lts ljsf; cflb .
-v_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf hgzlSt
Pp6f 3/ agfpsf nflu 9'ª\uf, OF6f, afn'jf, df6f], l;d]G6, kfgL, sf7, 58, ld:qL cflbsf]
cfjZostf k5{ . 3/ agfpgsf nflu oL cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿ x'g\ . To;}u/L Pp6f s[ifsnfO{{
cfˆgf] s[lif k];fdf pTkfbg tyf pkof]u a9fpg ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx¿ xnf], sf]bfnf], 6«ofS6/,
d]lzg, aLp, dn, ahf/ cflbsf] cfjZostf k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿sf] cWoogsf nflu kf7zfnf,
dxfljBfno, ljZjljBfnosf] ;'ljwf x'g h?/L 5 . o;}u/L s'g} ;d'bfo jf b]zsf] ljsf; x'g
cfjZos s'/fx¿, h:t}– lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ljB't, vfg]kfgL cflb pknAw x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
lognfO{{ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ elgG5 .
-u_ ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t / ;fwg
ljsf;sf nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ . ljsf;sf ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿nfO{{ b'O{ efudf
afF8\g ;lsG5, tL x'g\– k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx¿ / dfgjLo ;+;fwg . s'g} klg ;d'bfo jf b]zsf]
ljsf;sf lglDt oL b'j} ;|f]t tyf ;fwgx¿sf] pknAwtf / ;d'lrt pkof]u cfjZos x'G5 .
ljsf;sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;fwgcGtu{t gbLx¿, tfntn}of, hldg, jghª\un, kxf8, vlgh
kbfy{, u'kmf, lxdfno cflb kb{5g\\ . dfgjLo ;|f]t tyf ;fwgcGtu{t bIf hgzlSt, tflnd, k|ljlw
cflb kb{5g\\ . pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{{ jftfj/0fdf vnn gk'Ug] u/L l;ko'St bIf
hgzlStn] plrt ;b'kof]u u/L dfgj sNof0fsf nflu kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ;d'bfo tyf
b]zsf] ljsf; x'G5 . b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fljlws cflb If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu dfgjLo
;|f]tsf] ljsf; x'g ckl/xfo{ 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] dxTTj / To;nfO{{ plrt ¿kdf k|of]u
u/L dflg;x¿sf lxtdf nufpg dflg;sf] a'l4 / ldlxg]tsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . sNkgfzLn,
ljrf/jfg\, l;ko'St / ldlxg]tL dflg;x¿ljgf lbuf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . h'g b]zdf zf/Ll/s jf
dfgl;s ¿kaf6 ;Ifd, ;an / s'zn dfgjLo ;+;fwg pknAw x'G5 To; b]zdf pTkfbgzLn
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g uO{ cfly{s ljsf; x'G5 .
ljleGg If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf bIf hgzlStsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t/ g]kfndf
cfjZostf cg';f/sf hgzlSt pknAw 5}gg\ . Psftkm{ a]/f]huf/ hgzlSt /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf
ljb]lzg] j|md a9]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ b]zleq cfjZos hgzlSt cefjdf Joj;fo g} ;~rfng
x'g g;Sg] jf aGb ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o;sf k5fl8 lzlIft hg zlStdf

cfwf/e"t l;k gx'g', k9]n]v]sf ;a}n] hflu/ vfg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf gx'g', xftdf l;k / lbdfudf
:jfjnDaL larf/ gx'g' h:t ;d:of /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
dflysf] ljifoj:t'sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug'{xf];\ .
-!_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-@_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/x¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\\ <
-#_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-3_ bIf hgzlSt tof/ kfg]{ pkfox¿
b]z tyf ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfcg';f/ hgzlSt ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df b]zsf] ljsf;
sfo{x¿nfO{{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . bIf hgzlStn] 1fg tyf l;ksf] k|of]u u/L s'zntfk"j{s
sfo{ ubf{ pTkfbg a9\g hfG5 . ljsf;sf lglDt bIf hgzlStsf] vfFrf] x/]s If]qdf kb{5 . k|To]s
If]qdf cfjZos kg]{ hgzlSt Ps} txsf] eP/ k'Ub}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu :jf:Yo ;]jfsf lglDt
8fS6/, g;{, sDkfp08/, c:ktfn dd{t ;+ef/ ug]{ dflg;, k|zf;s, n]vfkfn cflbsf] cfjZostf
k5{ . To;}u/L s[lifsf] ljsf;nfO{{ cl3 a9fpg s[lif ljz]if1 h]=l6=, h]=l6=P=, tflnd k|fKt s[ifs
cflb hgzlSt rflxG5g\\ . xf]6n Joj;fo, Jofkf/, snsf/vfgf, oftfoft, ;~rf/ cflbsf lglDt
klg ljleGg txsf] hgzlStsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] ljsf; sfo{sf nflu x/]s If]qdf bIf
hgzlStsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . b]zdf bIf hgzlStsf] ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n] of]hgfa4 9ª\un]
sfd ug'{kb{5 . bIf hgzlStsf]] ljsf;nfO{{ cNksfnLg cfjZostf / bL3{sfnLg cfjZostfsf
¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 .
lzlIft, ljlzi6 l;ko'St :j:y >ldsx¿n] pTkfbsTj a9fpg ;xof]uL x'g] ePsfn] lzIff,
:jf:Yo, tflnd cflbsf] Joj:yf u/]/ dfgj ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{{ :t/o'St agfpg ;s]df b]zdf
ljsf;sf] ult cl3 a9\5 . g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
cefj xf]Og dfgjLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL x'g' d'Vo xf] . To;}n] g]kfnn] ljsf;sf nflu bIf
hgzlSt tof/ kfg'{k5{ . bIf hgzlStn] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{{ tLj| kfb{5 . 8fS6/,
OlGhlgo/, lzIfs, cf}ifwL ljq]mtf, 8«fOe/, kfOn6, g;{ cflb hgzlSt x'g\ h;n] plrt lzIff
tyf ;dofg's"n cfjZos tflnd kfPsf x'G5g\\ . b]zdf o:t} bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ lgDg
pkfox¿ ckgpg ;lsG5 .
;dofg's"n j}1flgs lzIff / ;dfhsf] dfucg'¿ksf] tflndx¿ k|bfg ug{]
b]zsf] cfjZostf cg'¿k k|fljlws lzIff / Jojxfl/s lzIff k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ .
gful/sx¿nfO{{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu cWofjlws u/fpg]
cWoog / cg';Gwfg u/fpg]
gofF hgzlStsf nflu k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg / sfo{/tsf nflu k'gtf{huL tflnd lbg] .
b]zdf gofF gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{
l;k / Ifdtf ePsf gful/snfO{{ ;/sfn] g} lgz'Ns lzIff, tflnd / cg';Gwfgsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-ª_ bIf hgzlSt / /f]huf/L
bIf hgzlSt / /f]huf/Lsf lardf 3lgi6 ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . hxfF kof{Kt dfqfdf bIf hgzlSt
pTkfbg x'G5 . ToxfFsf tL hgzlStn] cfkm}F /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ub{5g\\ / :j/f]huf/sf] ljsf;
x'G5 . To;}n] bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{ lzIf0f ;+:yf jf k|fljlws lzIffnox¿n] /f]huf/L vf]Hb}
lxF8\g] hgzlSt eGbf klg cfkm}F /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] :jfjnDaL, nugzLn, lhDd]jf/,
:jfledfgL / ;[hgzLn hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . ahf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf hgzlStx¿sf]
cfjZostf kl//x]sf] x'G5 / gofF gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf eO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . gful/sn]
cfˆgf] ?rL, Ifdtf, cj;/ / bIftfcg';f/sf] k];f jf Joj;fo 5gf}6 u/L To;sf nflu cfkm"nfO{{
tof/ u/]df s;}n] klg a]/f]huf/ x'g' kb}{g . xftdf l;k / dgdf hfFu/ ePsf] JolSt slxn] klg
a]/f]huf/ x'g' kb}{g . ;/sf/n] klg b]zdf pBf]u, s[lif, ko{6g, Jofkf/ / ;]jf If]qdf ;/n / ;xh
gLlt agfO To:tf Joj;fo ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . :jb]zL k"FhLn] gEofpg]
ePdf ljb]zL nufgL leqfpg] tkm{ ;/sf/ nlrnf] eP/ /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 .
cfˆgf gful/sx¿nfO{{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg eGbf :jb]zdf g} cfˆgf] >d, l;k / 1fgsf]
pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 . cfˆgf] b]zsf hgtf ljb]z knfOg x'g' kSs} klg ;sf/fTds kIf
xf]Og . hgtfn] klg c¿sf] nx} nx}df nfu]/ nfvf}F ¿k}ofF nufgL u/]/ ljb]lzg' eGbf :jb]zdf g}
kl;gf aufpg'df uj{ ug'{ kb{5 .
@= cEof; M
-s_ ;|f]t / ;fwg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < s:tf dflg;x¿nfO{{ ljsf;sf lgldQ cfjZos ;|f]t /
;fwgsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 < s] g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf lglDt kof{Kt ;|f]t / ;fwg pknAw
5g\\ < ;ª\If]kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{xsf lglDt s] s:tf] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 < ;ª\If]kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)!# sf cg';f/ g]kfndf lg/k]If ul/aL @#=*Ü df
em/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;/L ul/asf] ;ª\Vof sd x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < cfˆgf]
ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ oxfF ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf If]qx¿ lbOPsf 5g\\ . tL If]qx¿;Fu ;DalGwt %÷% cf]6f
k];fsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . -lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, ;~rf/, vfg]kfgL, ljB't, cfly{s_
-ª_ bIf sfdbf/ tof/ ug]{ tl/sfx¿ s] s] x'g ;Sb5g\\ < tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ bIf hgzlSt / /f]huf/Llarsf] ;DaGw b]vfpg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ lqmofsnfk -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'sf] t];|f] / rf}yf] cg'R5]b cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ lqmofsnfk -v_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug{'xf];\ .

hLjg lgjf{xsf lglDt jf laqmL ug{sf nflu sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ h; cGtu{t
v]tLkftL, jghª\un, df5f kfNg], vlgh lgsfNg]h:tf sfo{x¿ cflb .
pknAw sRrf kbfy{sf] k|of]u u/L ;/;fdfg agfpg] cEof;cGtu{t vfBkbfy{sf]
k|zf]wg ug]{, 3/ejgx¿ agfpg], snsf/vfgfaf6 ;/;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{, x:tsnfsf]
;fdfg agfpg]h:tf sfo{ ug]{ .
c¿nfO{{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ . o;cGtu{t k;n /fVg], cf}ifwL a]Rg], lzIff lbg], dgf]/~hg,
xf]6n ug]{, ko{6snfO{{ kyk|bz{g ug]{, lzIff lbg], oftfoft / ;~rf/ ;]jf h:tf If]qdf
sfo{ ug]{ .
ljz]if1n] cGo ;d"xnfO{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . o;cGtu{t zf]wsfo{ ug]{, sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd
agfpg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug]{ .
-u_ lj|mofsnfk -r_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfndf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;+Vof 36\g'sf sf/0fx¿dWo] s]xL lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M
7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf o'jfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;+nUg /xg' / pgLx¿n] ljb]zL d'b|f g]kfn
leq\ofpg',
dflg;sf] r]tgf hfu[t x'g',
;fIf/tf k|ltzt j[l4 x'g',
ufpFufpF;Dd oftfoftsf] ;]jf k'Ug',
ljleGg vfnsf cfod"ns sfo{qmdx¿ nlIft ju{;Dd k'Ug' .
-3_ lqmofsnfk -u_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] ;"rL tof/ ul/;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
If]q k];f
lzIff lzIfs, k|fWofks, k|lzIfs, lh=lz=c=, ljBfno lg/LIfs
:jf:Yo 8fS6/, g;{, :jf:YosdL{, lkmlhof]y]/flki6, slj/fh, cx]j
oftfoft kfOn6, ;8s lgdf{tf, OlGhlgo/, 8«fOe/, ld:qL
;~rf/ x'nfsL, l6s6 laqmL ug]{ dflg;, 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/, 6]lnkmf]g
Jofkf/L, snfsf/
vfg]kfgL OlGhlgo/, 7]s]bf/, KnDa/, Nofj 6]lSgl;og
ljB't hnljB't OlGhlgo/, ljB't lgdf{0fstf{, Oon]lS6«f]l;og, ld6/ l/8/
cfly{s n]vf / Joj;foL, n]vfkfn, sf]iffWoIf, k|zf;s cflb
-ª_ lqmofsnfk -5_ tkfO{Fn] ul/;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
lzIff
tflnd
bIf sfdbf/ tof/ ug]{ tl/sf l;k ljsf;
cj;/
k];fk|lt k|lta4tf
-r_ k|Zg g+= -r_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5]b bIf hgzlSt / /f]huf/L eGg] cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M $
;dsfnLg ljsf; nIo
!= ljifoj:t'
;g\ !(() kl5 ljZjdf zLt o'4sf] o'u ;dfDt eP/ ljsf;sf] o'u ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . la;f}F
ztfAbLsf] ;dfKtL glhlsFb} ubf{ ljZjsf /fi6«x¿ ca ljsf;df l9nf] x'g yfn]sf] dx;'; ub}{
ljleGg k|sf/sf ljsf; nIo lgwf{/0f ub}{ sfof{Gjog ug{ yfn] . o;} lar ;g\ !(() df a;]sf]
;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 dxf;efsf] a}7sn] ljZjaf6 ul/aL 36fpg] p2]Zo lnO{ cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf
nIox¿ ls6fg u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))) ;Ddsf] k|ultsf] ;dLIff ub}{ To;}u/L ;g\ @)))
;]K6]Da/df ePsf] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo ;Dd]ngn] !% jif]{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ (Millenium
Development Goals) lgwf{/0f u¥of] . o;df ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿df /x]sf] cfly{s tyf dfgjLo
ul/aLnfO{{ cGTo ug]{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy 3f]if0ff kq hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df ;ft cf]6f ;x;|fJbL
ljsf; nIo / @! cf]6f ljsf;sf kl/;"rs ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] ljsf; nIodf ;g\
!(() nfO{{ cfwf/ dfgL ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf tf]lsPsf nIo xfl;n ug'{kg]{ ;do ;Ldf tf]lsPsf]
lyof] . g]kfn;lxt ljZjsf !*( /fi6«x¿n] o; ljsf; nIodf k|lta4tf hgfpFb} x:tfIf/ u/]sf
lyP . pSt ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfnn] klg Pp6f nIo yk]/ cf7j6f nIo k"/f
ug{ ljleGg sfo{j|md ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo / g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf]
pknlAw lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo / g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAw
j|m=;= ;x;|fAbL nIox¿ g]kfnn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] pknlAwsf] cj:yf ;|f]t
nIo @)!% -cfwf/ jif{
!(() nfO{{ dflgPsf]_
!= ul/aL / ef]sd/L ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] @#=*% /f=of]=cf=, ;g\
cGTo ug]{ hg;ª\VofnfO{{ @!% df @)!#

emfg]{
@= ljZjJofkL ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{{ k|fylds txdf v'b egf{b/ /f=of]=cf=,;g\
k|fylds lzIff k|fylds lzIff k|bfg ug]{ (^=@% / ;fIf/tf **=^% @)!#
xfl;n u/fpg] -!% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/
;d"x_
#= n}ªl\ us ;dfgtf afnaflnsf ljBfno k|fylds lzIff 5fq5fqf lzIff dGqfno
j[l4 / dlxnf egf{df ;dfgtf÷n}ªl\ us egf{ cg'kft !=)# / u}/ ;g\ @)!%÷
;zStLs/0f ug]{ lje]b cGTo ug]{ s[lifIf]qdf dlxnfsf] lx:;f /f=t=lj= ;g\
$$=* k|ltzt @)!!
$= afn d[To'b/ afn d[To'b/ !÷# n] #* k|ltxhf/ /f=t=lj=, ;g\
36fpg] 36fpg] -%$ k|ltxhf/_ -% jif{ d'lgsf_ @)!$
%= dft[ :jf:Yodf dft[ d[To'b/ !÷$ n] @%* -k|ltnfv hLljt lzz' lj=:jf=;+=, ;g\
;'wf/ ug]{ 36fpg] @!# k|lt Ps hGd]sfdf_ @)!$
nfv lhljt hGd
^= HIV/AIDS /f]usf] km}nfj6 lgoGq0f, -!% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ rf}wf}F of]hgfsf]
dn]l/of / Ifo/f]u /f]syfd tyf pGd"ng ;d"xsf o'jf o'jtLdf HIV cfwf/ kq
h:tf /f]ux¿ ;ª\j|md0f )=@)%
lgoGq0f ug]{
&= jftfj/0fLo jg hª\unsf] If]qkmn #(=^% jg hª\un If]qkmn jg dGqfno ;g\
lbuf]kgnfO{{ $)% / vfg]kfgLsf] / *#= ^% vfg]kfgL ;]jf @)!%
;'/lIft ug]{ pknAwtf &#% k'¥ofpg]
*= ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;sf nflu hDdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf cy{ dGqfno
ljZjJofkL ljZjJofkL ;xsfo{sf] kl/rfng %%=#% ;g\ @)!%
;xsfo{sf] ljsf; ljsf; ug]{
ug]{
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ -;g\ @)!^— ;g\ @)#)_
;g\ !)!% af6 ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo ;DaGwL ;~rflnt sfo{j|mx¿ ;dfKt ePsf 5g\\ . o;sf]
;dflKtsf lbgx¿ glhlsFb} ubf{ lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 egL ljZj :t/df
5nkmn / lrGtg dgg\ ;'? eO;s]sf] lyof] . o;}sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;g\ @)!@ h'gdf a|flhnsf]
l/of] lb h]g]l/of]df ePsf] ;Dd]ngn] o; ;DaGwdf Jofks 5nkmn u/L o;sf] cjwf/0ff tof/
kf/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!$ ;]K6]Da/df ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dxf;efdf klg o; ;DaGwdf Jofks
5nkmn eof] . ;g\ @)!% df ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cGtu{tsf of]hgf / sfo{j|mdx¿ ;dfKt
ePkl5 ;g\ @)!^ b]lv ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] csf]{ r/0fsf ¿kdf lbuf]
ljsf;sf nIonfO{{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Da/sf] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf]
dxf;efn] lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo tyf uGtJox¿ :jLs[t u/]sf] lyof] . of] ev{/ ;'? ePsf] x'gfn]
o;sf sltko ;"rs / sfof{Gjogsf /0fgLltx¿ agfpg eg] cem} afFsL /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dddf
hDdf !& cf]6f nIo / !^( cf]6f uGtJox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\\ .
g]kfnn] o;} cjlwdf ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] :t/af6 dflyNnf] :t/df k'Ug]
nIo lnPsf] 5 . oL nIox¿ a[xt\, dxTTjfsfª\IfL / r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5g\\ h;nfO{{ k"/f ug{ w]/} ;|f]t,
;fwg cfjZos k5{ . o;df ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{{ ;dfj]zL, ;dtfd"ns Pjd\ dWod
cfoo'St ;d[b\w sNof0fsf/L /fHosf ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ k|d'v uGtJo
nIo ! M ;a} 7fpFaf6 ;a} :j¿ksf ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ;a} 7fpFaf6 ;a} JolStx¿sf]
ul/aLnfO{{ cGTo ug]{ . r/d ul/aL cfwfn] 36fpg] -xfn lbgsf] !=@%
8n/eGbf sd cfo cfh{g dfkg ul/Psfx¿
;lxt_ .
nIo @ M ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo ug]{, vfB ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ef]sd/Lsf] cGTo / lzz'x¿;lxt
;'/Iff / pGgt kf]if0f k|flKt ug]{ / lbuf] ul/a tyf hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;a}
s[lifsf] k|j4{g ug]{ . JolStx¿sf] aif}{el/ ;'/lIft, kf]lifnf] / kof{Kt
vfgfdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] .
nIo # M :j:y hLjg ;'lglZrt ug]{ / ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf dft[ d[To'b/sf] cg'kft k|lt !
;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf JolStsf] sNof0fsf] nfv hGddf &) eGbf sdn] 36fpg] .
k|j4{g ug]{
nIo $ M ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL tyf ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ckfª\utfnufot ;a} lszf]/ tyf
u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{ / cfhLjg lszf]/Lx¿sf] lgMz'Ns, ;dtfd"ns tyf u'0f:t/Lo
l;sfOsf] cj;/x¿nfO{{ k|j4{g ug]{ . k|fylds / dfWolds lzIff ;'lglZrt ug]{, o;af6
;fGble{s tyf k|efjsf/L l;sfO k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{ .
nIo % M n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{ / dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿ lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
;a} dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿sf] ;zStLs/0f e]befjsf] ;a}lt/ cGTo ug]{ . ;a} txsf lg0f{o
ug]{ . k|lj|mofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
nIo ^ M ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ;a}sf nflu ;'/lIft tyf vr{n]
;/;kmfOsf] pknAwtf / lbuf] Joj:yfkg wfGg ;Sg] d"Nodf lkpg] kfgLsf] ;j{;'ne /
;'lglZrt ug]{ . ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr xfl;n ug]{ . ;a} ;d'bfo v'nf
lb;fd'St If]q x'g] .
nIo & M ;a}sf nflu vr{n] wfGg ;Sg], ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf vr{n] wfGg ;Sg], e/kbf]{ /
e/kbf]{, lbuf] tyf cfw'lgs pmhf{df kx'Fr cfw'lgs pmhf{sf] ;j{;'ne kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
nIo * M ;a}sf nflu lg/Gt/, ;dfj]zL / clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df /fli6«o

lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf k"0f{ / pTkfbgd"ns kl/l:yltcg';f/ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg -hL8LkL_ sf]
/f]huf/L tyf dof{lbt sfdsf] k|j4{g ug]{ . sDtLdf jflif{s & k|ltzt k|ltJolSt cfly{s j[l4
xfl;n ug]{ . afn>d lgd"{n ug]{ .
nIo (M alnof] -l6sfp_ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cfly{s ljsf; / dfgj sNof0fnfO{{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg
ug]{, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] ;a}sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf]{, lbuf] / alnof] -
k|j4{g ug]{ / gjLg vf]hnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg l6sfp_ k"jf{wf/sf] ;'ne / ;dfg kx'Frsf] ljsf;
ug]{ . ug]{ .
nIo !) M b]zleq} / b]zx¿dfem /x]sf] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf $)
c;dfgtfnfO{{ Go"g ug]{ . k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] cfDbfgL /fli6«o cf};teGbf
dfly /xg] u/L j[l4 ug]{ / To;nfO{{ sfod ug]{ .
nIo !! M gu/x¿ / dfgj a:tLx¿nfO{{ ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf kof{Kt, ;'/lIft tyf vr{n] wfGg
;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, ;an -l6sfp_ / lbuf] ;Sg] cfjf; / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df ;a}sf] kx'Fr
agfpg] . ;'lglZrt ug]{ / em'k8L a:tLx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ .
nIo !@ M lbuf] pkef]u / pTkfbgsf] ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf]
9fFrf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . Joj:yfkg tyf r':t k|of]u xfl;n ug]{ .
nIo !#M hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf o;sf ;a} d'n'sdf k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf hnjfo'
k|efjx¿ lj?4 n8\g tTsfn sfo{ yfNg] . kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt hf]lvdx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg]
jf ;f] cg's"ng Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ .
nIo !$M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu dxf;fu/, -g]kfnsf nflu ;fGble{s gePsf]_ .
;d'Gb| / ;fd'lb|s ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf]
;+jw{g÷;+/If0f / lbuf] k|of]u ug]{
nIo !% M lbuf] kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnLsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tfcg'¿k ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf
k|of]usf] ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf / k|j4{g ug]{, :ynLo tyf :jR5 hn kof{j/0f / ltgLx¿sf]
jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, d?e"dLs/0f ;]jfx¿ vf;u/L jg hª\un, l;d;f/, lxdfn, ;'Vvf
lj?4 n8\g], e"IfoLs/0fsf] /f]syfd ug]{ / e"ld cflbsf]] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g tyf bL3{sfnLg pkof]u
To:tf] k|lj|mofnfO{{ pN6\ofpg] / h}ljs ;'lgZrt ug]{ .
ljljwtfsf] IfltnfO{{ /f]Sg] .
nIo !^ M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu zflGtk"0f{ ;a} lsl;dsf lx+;f / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt d[To'b/
/ ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] k|j4{g ug]{, ;a}nfO{{ pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36fpg] . e|i6frf/df sdL Nofpg] .
Gofodf kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{ / ;a} txdf
k|efjsf/L, pTt/bfoL, ;dfj]zL
;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
nIo !& M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjog s/;lxt cGo /fh:j ;ª\sngsf nflu cfGtl/s
k|lj|mof dha't agfpg] / ljZjJofkL Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿nfO{{
;fem]bf/LnfO{{ k'ghL{jg lbg] . cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]udfkm{t\ cfGtl/s ;|f]t
kl/rfngnfO{{ alnof] agfpg]
@= cEof; M
-s_ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfnn] lbuf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt nIox¿ lgwf{l/t ;dodf k|fKt ug{ s] s] ug'{knf{ <
-u_ lbuf] ljsf; nIo -SDG_ ;g\ @)!^—@)#) sf nflu g]kfnn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf s'g} !)
uGtJo pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|flKtdf g]kfnn] s] slt ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;kmn eof] < ljZn]if0f
ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
-s_ k|Zg g+ s sf nflu klxnf] cg'R5]b cWoog ug{'xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg g+ v sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf h:t} a'Fbf n]Vg]
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu g]kfnn] lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{ kb{5 .
;dodf g} gLlt, sfo{ gLlt / sfg'gx¿ agfP/ sfof{Gjog ug]{
/fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod ug]{
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{
;DalGwt JolSt / lgsfonfO{{ a9L lhDd]jf/L agfpg]
cfjZos ;|f]tx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{
;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;xL kl/rfng ug]{
Tff]lsPsf] ;dofdf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ .
-u_ k|Zg g+ u / 3 sf nflu o;} kf7sf] tflnsfx¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 %
:yfgLo txdf ljsf; k|:tfj th'{df
!= ljifoj:t'
g]kfn ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|j]z ul/;s]s]f 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g]kfndf ltg
txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . s]Gb|df s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/, k|b]zdf k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo If]qdf
:yfgLo ;/sf/ /xg]5 . :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/ :yfgLo
;/sf/ / lgsfonfO{{ x'G5 . ufpF kflnsf / gu/kflnsf xfd|f] b]zsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿ x'g\ . oL
lgsfon] cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf JolStx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf] pkef]Stf ;ldltx¿
lgdf{0f u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ub{5g\\ . To;}n] x/]s gful/snfO{{ :yfgLo :t/df
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ s;/L ;~rfng ul/G5, of]hgfx¿sf] 5gf}6 s;/L ul/G5, ljsf; k|:tfj

s;/L tof/ ul/G5 / To;sf] sfof{Gjog s;/L x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf yfxf x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 . To;f]
ePdf cfˆgf] :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;sf cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ljsf; cfof]hgf dfu ug]{ /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf cfpF5 . ljsf;df hg;xeflutf h'6fpg ;xof]u
k'Ug'sf] ;fy} kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ / cfof]hgfsf] /]vb]v ug{ ;d]t dbt k'Ub5 .
k|efjsf/L of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{ ljsf;sf] klxnf] ;t{ xf] . of]hgfn] ljsf; sfo{nfO{{ dfu{ lgb]{z
ub{5 . pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt k|of]u ug]{ u/L lglZrt cjlwdf tf]lsPsf p2]Zox¿ k"/f
ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] ;du| sfo{j|mdsf] vfsf tof/ kfg'{nfO{{ of]hgf th'{df elgG5 . s] ug]{ < lsg
ug]{ < s;n] ug]{ < s;/L ug]{ < sxfF ug]{ < slxn] ug]{ < eGg] h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] klxn] g} to u/]/
agfOPsf] vfsf g} of]hgf xf] . ljsf; sfo{ tyf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{k"j{ cfjZostf
klxrfg, 5gf]6, k|:tfj tof/L, nfut, hg;xeflutf, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf cflbsf]
n]vfhf]vf ug'{kb{5 . oL zLif{sx¿sf cfwf/df ;/f]sf/jfnf pkef]Stf ;ldltn] ljsf; k|:tfj
th'{df tof/ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfo ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{nodf k]; ug'{kb{5 .
:yfgLo :t/af6 k|fKt k|:tfjsf] d"Nofª\sg kZrft\ of]hgf :jLs[tL ul/G5 / cg'bfg lgsf;f
ul/G5 .
:yfgLo :t/df ljsf; k|:tfj th{'df 9f“rf
!= cfjZotf klxrfg M :yfgLo txdf ljljw cfjZostfx¿ x'g ;S5g\\, h:t} M ljBfno ejg
lgdf{0f, af6f] lgdf{0f, jg ;+/If0f cflb . To;}n] ;a}eGbf klxn] ToxfF s] s] ljsf;sf sfo{
ug'{ cfjZos 5 egL cfjZostf klxrfg ul/G5 .
@= ljsNksf] 5gf]6 M Ps} 7fpFdf w]/} k|sf/sf cfjZostf x'g ;Sb5g\\ . tL dWo] k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/df clt cfjZos / ;Defljt ah]6 ;Ldf leq kg]{ ljsNk 5gf]6 ug]{ ul/G5 .
#= k|:tfj tof/L M ljsf; cfof]hgf 5gf}6 eO/x]s] klg To;sf] lj:t[t k|:tfj tof/L ul/G5 .
h;df kl/ro, p2]Zo, k|efljt If]q / kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof, nfut, hg >dbfg, sfo{ ;~rfng
:yn, ;'? ldlt / cjlw, ;|f]t / ;fdfu|L, sfof{Gjog, sfof{Gjog kZrft\ kmfObf, pkef]Stf
;ldltsf]] gfdfjnL, pk;+xf/ cflb kIfx¿ pNn]v ul/G5 . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf] ljsf;
k|:tfjsf] d:of}bfnfO{{ gu/kflnsf jf ufpFkflnsf sfof{nodf k]; ul/G5 .
$= nufgLsf] ;|f]tsf] n]vfhf]vf M pSt ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu pkef]Stfaf6 x'g]
of]ubfg / :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] cg'dflgt ah]6 b'j} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
%= ;dembf/L÷;Demf}tf M ljsf; k|:tfjnfO{{ :yfgLo lgsfon] ufpF kl/ifb jf gu/ kl/ifbaf6
kfl/t u/fP kl5 :yfgLo pkef]Stf ;ldlt / :yfgLo lgsfo k|ltlglw larsf] ;t{ ;lxtsf]
;Demf}tf x:tfIf/ x'G5 / sfo{sf lgldTt :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/G5 .
^= sfof{Gjog M ;ldltsf] /]vb]vdf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;~rfng ul/G5 .
&= cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg M :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|fljlws jf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfn] sfdsf]
lg/LIf0f, k|ult cjnf]sg, ;t{ kfngf u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg / ;du| sfo{j|mdsf] n]vfhf]vf
ug]{, cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] lng] sfo{ ul/G5 .
*= sfo{ ;Dkfbg M :yfgLo lgsfosf k|fljlwsaf6 k|fljlws hfFr u/fPkl5 cfof]hgf ;DkGg
u/L clGtd ls:tfsf] lgsf;f lbOG5 / cGTodf sfo{ ;DkGgsf] k|df0f kq lbOG5 .
:yfgLo of]hgf th'{df k|lj|mof
!= ;DaGw :yfkgf M of]hgf lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt JolSt, :yfgLo pkef]Stf ;d"x jf
;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xlar 5nkmn cGtlj|{mofaf6 s] s:tf] cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ eGg]
;DaGwdf to ul/G5 .
@= cj:yf cWoog M of]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] If]q jf ;d"xsf] hLljsf]kfh{g, k|fs[lts ;|f]t
Joj:yfkgnufotsf cj:yfsf] cWoog ul/G5 .
#= cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f M pko'St nfut, k|ltkmn, ;|f]t ;fwg, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] rf;f]
/ cledt tyf ;dfwfgsf] pkfo cflbnfO{{ Wofg lbO{ cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f
ul/G5 .
$= ;Demf}tf / s/f/ M of]hgfsf] ;d'bfo;Fusf] :jfldTj, of]ubfg, ;fem]bf/L, pTt/bfloTTj,
sfo{ of]hgfnufot pNn]v u/L ;Demf}tf / s/f/ ul/G5 .
%= clen]vLs/0f / k|:t'lt M of]hgf th'{df k|lj|mof, pknlAwsf] cg'dfg, cg'udg ;+oGqsf]
ljsf; cflb pNn]v u/L sfo{j|mdsf] clGtd :jLs[lt;d]tnfO{{ ;dfj]z u/L of]hgfsf]
clen]vLs/0f ul/G5 .
of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf r/0fx¿
-s_ gful/s e]nf
-v_ ;fd'lxs -6f]n, j8fut_ ¿kdf cfjZostfsf] k|:t'lt;lxt of]hgf ;ª\sng
-u_ ah]6
-3_ gu/kflnsf jf ufpFkflnsfdf cg'df]bgsf nflu l;kmfl/;
-ª_ pkef]Stf ;ldltsf] u7g
-r_ of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;Demf}tf
-5_ of]hgf ;DkGg ePkZrft\ cfly{s Joj:yfkg / clen]v
-h_ pkef]Stf ;ldltnfO{{ wGojfb;lxt sfo{ ;DkGgsf] k|df0f kq k|bfg .
:yfgLo ljsf;df hg ;xeflutf
:yfgLo :t/df ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf hg;xeflutfnfO{{ clgjfo{ ;t{sf ¿kdf lng]
ul/G5 . h;sf nflu ljsf; cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ xf] pgLx¿nfO{{ g} ;xefuL u/fOof] eg]
ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn pRr x'G5 . o;nfO{{ tnsf] tflnsfaf6 klg a'‰g ;lsG5 .

ljsf; sfo{df hg;xeflutf x'“bf x'g] kmfObf hg;xeflutf gx'“bf x'g] a]kmfObf
;xL ljsf; cfof]hgf 5gf}6 x'g ;S5 . ljsf; cfof]hgf hgtfsf] cfjZostf
hgtfdf ckgTTjsf] efjgf ljsf; x'G5 . cg';f/ gx'g ;S5 .
hg ;xeflutf h'6fpg ;xh x'G5 . hgtfn] a]jf:tf ug]{ x'g ;S5 .
cfof]hgfdf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf x'g] cfof]hgf ;DkGg eP kZrft\ klg
;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 . To;sf] /]vb]v / lbuf]kgf gx'g ;S5 .
cg'bfgsf] ;lx ;b'kof]u ug{ dbt k'Ub5 . e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf x'g ;S5 .
cEof; M
-s_ ljsf; k|:tfj th'{df eGgfn] tkfO{F s] a'‰g'x'G5 <
-v_ :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{df hgtfsf] ;xeflutf x'Fbf / gx'Fbfsf] kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ ljBfno ejg k'gMlgdf{0f ;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\
-3_ ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf r/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
k[i7kf]if0f M
-s_ k|Zg g+= s sf nflu o;} kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]b cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg g+= v sf nflu o;} kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5]b / tflns cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= u sf nflu ljBfno k'gM lgdf{0f ;DaGwL of]hgf th{'df 9fFrf o;k|sf/ tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
a'4 dflj ejg lgdf{0f ljsf; k|:tfj
-s_ kl/ro M ljBfno ejg k'gM lgdf{0f M lj=;+= @)&@ sf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDksf sf/0f
ljBfnosf] & sf]7] ejg Iflt ePsf] x'gfn] c:yfoL l;sfO s]Gb| lgdf{0f u/L k9fO
;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . tL c:yfO{ sIffsf]7fx¿ j|mdz hL0f{ x'Fb} uPsf] x'gfn] :yfoL sIff
sf]7f agfpg' clt cfjZos ePsf] x'gfn] of] k|:tfj tof/ kf/L ufpFklnsfdf k]z ul/Psf]
5.
-v_ p2]Zo M >L a'4 dfljsf] ;ft j6f sIffsf]7f lgdf{0f ug]{ .
-u_ k|efljt If]q M n]n] / 5DkL
-3_ nfeflGjt ;+Vof M ltg;o afnaflnsf
-ª_ nfut M ?= ^),)),)))÷–
-r_ hg>dbfg M !% k|ltzt -gub / >dbfg _
-5_ sfo{ ;~rfng :yn M a'4 dflj l6sfe}/j
-h_ ;'? ldlt / cjlw M @)&#÷!!÷( b]lv ;'? eO{ Psjif{ leq ;DkGg ug]{
-em_ ;|f]t / ;fdfu|L M lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 ?= #) nfv, ufpFkflnsfaf6 ?= @) nfv,
hg>dbfgaf6 ?= !) nfv
-`_ sfof{Gjog M pkef]Stf ;ldlt dfkm{t cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ . ejg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{
:yfgLo 7]s]bf/nfO{{ k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df lhDdf lbg]
-6_ sfof{GjogkZrft\ kmfObf M k|To]s jif{ ltg ;o ljBfyL{n] cWoog ug{ kfpg] .
-7_ pkef]Stf ;ldltsf]] gfdfjnL M
;+of]hs – k|sfz aflgofF -ljJo; ;b:o_
;b:o – /fhg >]i7 -cleefjs_
;b:o – d}ofF s];L -lzIfs_
;b:o – uª\uf gu/sf]6L -cleefjs _
;b:o – sfhL yfkf
-8_ pk;+xf/ M pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug]{u/L ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f sfo{
;DkGg ul/g]5 .
k|Zg g+= -3_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljsf; cfof]hgf th'{dfsf r/0fx¿ eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .

PsfO M #
xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf
!= kl/ro
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ u/ / l;s eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg' ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] d"n nIo
xf] . k/Dk/f, ;F:s[lt, d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{{ ;fdflhs cWoogdf dxTTjk"0f{ cª\u / ljifo If]q
dflgG5 . ;fdflhs cWoogsf]] ;jf]{k/L / clGtd nIo k|hftflGqs, pTt/bfoL / cfbz{ gful/s
pTkfbg ug'{ xf] . xfd|f efjL gful/sx¿ ;dfhsf] ;f“:s[lts kIfaf6 cgle1 /x] eg] sbflk
pTt/bfoL / of]Uo gful/s aGg ;Sb}gg\ . o; PsfOsf] cWoogaf6 cfˆgf ;fdflhs d"No tyf
dfGotf;Fu kl/lrt eO{ Ps nugzLn, st{Jolgi7, OdfGbf/ / c;n gful/s ag"g ;fy}
5fq5fqfx¿sf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf]] ck]Iff ub}{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf
b]zsf ;Dkbfx¿, ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿, nf]suLt, zf:qLo ;ª\uLt, g[To / nf]s afhfx¿,
cGt/f{li6«o JolStTTj / ltgLx¿sf] of]ubfg, ljZj aGw'TTj tyf h]i7 gful/s k|ltsf] bfloTTj
;DaGwL ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]6L o;sf] ;ª\u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
-s_ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg,
-v_ xfd|f] ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] dxTTj phfu/ u/L ;+/If0f ug{,
-u_ g]kfnsf nf]suLt, g[To / ;ª\uLtsf] klxrfg ug{ / cEof; ug{,
-3_ g]kfnsf /fli6«o lbj;x¿sf] ;"rL / tflnsf agfO j0f{g ug{,
-ª_ cGt/f{li6«o JolStTTjx¿sf] vf]hL / ltgLx¿n] u/]sf of]ubfg klxrfg ug{,
-r_ ljZjaGw'TTjsf] dxTTj pNn]v ug{,
-5_ h]i7 gful/sk|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 u/L bfloTTj lgjf{x ug{ .
kf7 !
xfd|f /fli6«o ;Dkbfx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
xfd|f k"j{haf6 k|fKt dxTTjk"0f{ tyf ;+/If0f of]Uo :yfg, j:t', snf, ;+:s[lt / k|fs[lts kl/j]z
xfd|f /fli6«o ;Dkbf x'g\ . oL ;Dkbf xfd|f uxgf / lrgf/L klg x'g\ . logn] b]zsf] klxrfg /
uf}/j lbnfpg] sfd u5{g\ . /fi6«sf] klxrfg lbg] /fHosf ;a} gful/ssf] d"Nojfg\ ;DklTtsf
¿kdf /fli6«o ;DkbfnfO{{ lng ;lsG5 . o:tf ;Dkbfk|lt ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg clwsf/ / st{Jo
/x]sf] x'G5 . oL xfd|f k'vf{sf cfbz{, w/f]x/, pRr sflnu9L gd'gf, ;Eotf / k/Dk/fsf lrgf/L
x'g\ . logLx¿sf] cfˆg} /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg;d]t /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] ljleGg
:yfgdf k|fs[lts tyf ;fF:s[lts ¿kn] P]ltxfl;s tyf dxTTjk"0f{ ;Dkbfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . tL
dxTTjk"0f{ ;DkbfdWo] s]xL ;Dkbfx¿ o'g]:sf]sf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;d]t ;"rLs[t ePsf 5g\\
eg] s]xL P]ltxfl;s ePklg ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf kg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . tLdWo] ljZj ;Dkbf
;"rLdf k/]sf] ;Dkbfx¿sf] af/]df oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
xfd|f /fli6«o ;Dkbfx¿
wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿ ;f“:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿
dlGb/, dl:hb, efiff, snf, e]ife'iff, lxdfn, kxf8, em/gf, tfntn}of,

u'Daf,rr{ vfgkfg, hLjg z}nL gbL, jgh+un, hLjhGt'
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿
-!_ n'lDagL
ljZje/sf af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] k|d'v tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf
/x]sf] n'lDagL uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn xf] . of] ¿kGb]xL
lhNnfdf kb{5 . oxfF ;d|f6 czf]såf/f :yflkt czf]s :tDe,
k'isl/0fL kf]v/L, dfofb]jL dlGb/ tyf ljleGg a'4 ljxf/x¿
5g\\ . oxfF ljleGg /fi6«åf/f :t"k / ljxf/x¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf
5g\\ . hfkfg, rLg, blIf0f sf]l/of, ef/t, yfOn}08, k|mfG;,
hd{g leotgfd, Dofgdf/ h:tf b]zx¿n] af}4 ljxf/ lgdf{0f
u/]sf 5g\\ . oxfF a'4 ;DaGwL k':tsfno, Do'lhod, cGj]if0f
s]Gb| cflb klg /x]sf 5g\\ . o;nfO{{ ;g\ !((& df ljZj n'lDagL
;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] . af}4 bz{gsf] cWoogsf
nflu n'lDagL ljZjljBfno klg vf]lnPsf] 5 .
-@_ kz'klt If]q
lxGb"'x¿sf] k|d'v tLy{:yndWo] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ tLy{:yn kz'klt If]q klg xf] . of] sf7df8fF}df
/x]sf] 5 . kz'klt If]qdf kz'kltgfy dlGb/ ;lxt hojfu]Zj/L, u'Xo]Zj/L, uf}zfnf, uf}/L3f6
lkª\unf:yfg, s'6'Daxfn, Zn]ifdfGts jg / b]pkf6g ;d]tsf] If]q kb{5 . oxfF sl/a $(@ cf]6f
ljleGg z}nLdf lgdf{0f ePsf dlGb/, ;TTfn, Rf}To, b]jfno 5g\\ eg] nueu Ps xhf/ lzjlnª\u
/x]sf 5g\\ . o:t} oxfF afudtL gbL, cfo{3f6, /fh/fh]Zj/L 3f6, ljB'tLo zjbfx u[x /
j[4f>d;d]t /x]sf 5g\\ . ;g\ !(&( df o; If]qnfO{{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] xf] .
lzj/fqL, tLh, afnf rt'b{zL nufot cGo rf8kj{df oxfF w]/} tLyf{n'x¿sf] pkl:ylt /xG5 .

-#_ ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h
ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf nufot Nxf]T;], rf]o',
g'KT;], k'df]/L, cfdfbAnd cflb lxdlzv/x¿ / To; If]qdf
kg]{ j:tLx¿ ;d]t
o; /fli6«o lgs'~hdf
kb{5g\\ . ;f]n'v'Da'
lhNnfdf kg]{ o;
lgs'~hn] !!$* ju{
ls=ld= If]qkmn
cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfF kz'kltgfy
u'/fF;, w'kL, ef]hkq cflb jg:kltx¿ / s:t'/L, efn',
Gofp/L d';f, lxpF lrt'jf, 8fFkm] cflb hLjhGt'x¿ kfOG5g\\ .
;u/dfyf lxdfn ;g\ !(&( df of] lgs'~h ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t
ePsf] xf] .
-$_ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h
lrtjg lhNnfdf /x]sf] g]kfns} klxnf] lrtjg /fli6«o
lgs'~hsf] If]qkmn (#@ ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . oxfF
ljZjdf g} b'n{e /x]sf] Ps l;ª\u] u}8f kfOG5 . o;
lgs'~hdf xfQL, uf]xL, kf6]af3, ;fns, wg];, do"/ h:tf
hLjhGt'x¿ kfOG5 . of] lgs'~h ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn]
dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . o; lgs'~hsf] j/k/ yf? hfltsf] a:tL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf dflg;x¿
/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*$ df of] lgs'~h ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf xfTtL r9\b}
;"rLs[t ePsf] xf] .
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿

n'lDagL af}4gfy dxfr}To
kz'klt If]q kf6g b/af/ If]q
;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h eStk'/ b/af/ If]q
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/
xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ If]q :joDe"gfy :t"k
-%_ xg'dfg 9f]sf b/af/ If]q
g]kfnL jf:t'snfsf] pTs[i6 gd'gf /x]sf] xg'dfg9f]sf If]q sf7df8fF}df /x]sf] 5 . /fhf k|tfk
dNnn] o; b/af/ If]qdf xg'dfgsf] 7'nf] d"lt{ :yfkgf u/]sfn] b/af/sf] gfd xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/
/x]sf] eGg] egfO klg /x]sf] 5 . xg'dfgsf] d"lt{, a;Gtk'/ b/af/, tn]h' dlGb/, ;ª\u|xfno,
s'df/L3/, sfi7d08k, 7'nf] 306f, gu/f,
sfne}/jsf] d"lt{ cflb k|frLg ;Dkbfx¿
xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ If]qleqsf ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\ .
lj=;+= @)&@ ;fndf cfPsf] e"sDkaf6 oxfFsf
clwsf+z ;Dkbfx¿df Iflt k'u]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{{
;g\ !((& b]lv ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] xf]
-^_ kf6g b/af/ If]q
kf6g b/af/ If]q M dNnsfndf lgdf{0f ePsf] of] xg'dfg 9f]sf b/af/ If]q
b/af/ If]qdf ljleGg b/af/, d7 dlGb/ / ;Ttnx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . nlntk'/ lhNnfdf kg]{ o;
If]qdf s[i0f dlGb/, eLd;]g dlGb/, ljZjgfy dlGb/,
hut\gf/foo0f dlGb/, of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf] zflns,
dxfaf}4, s'De]Zj/ dxfb]j, /ftf] dlR5g\b|gfy
dlGb/nufot /x]sf 5g\\ . lj=;+ @)&@ ;fnsf]
e"sDkn] o; If]qsf w]/} ;Dkbfx¿df Iflt k'u]sf]
lyof] . ;g\ !(&( df of] b/af/ If]q ljZj ;Dkbf
;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf] xf] .
-&_
kf6g b/af/ If]q
eStk'/ b/af/ If]q
dNn /fHox¿sf] b/af/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] b/af/
If]q eStk'/ lhNnfdf kb{5 . dNnsfnLg
jf:t'snfsf] pTs[i6 gd'gfsf ¿kdf /x]sf]
krkGge\mofn] b/af/, e"kltGb| dNnsf] zflns,
af:t'snf dlGb/, tn]h' 306L jf s's'/ e'sfpg]
306L Goftkf]n dlGb/, bTtfqosf] dlGb/, /fli6«o
snf ;ª\u|xfno, l;4 kf]v/L, :j0f{åf/ cflb eStk'/ b/af/ If]q
;Dkbfx¿ o; If]qleq /x]sf 5g\\ . %% cf]6f ‰ofn
ePsf] b/af/ lj=;+= !$*$ df oIf dNnn] agfPsf x'g\ . ;g\ !(&(df of] b/af/ If]q ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf] xf] .
-*_ rf“u'gf/fo0f dlGb/
rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/ eStk'/ lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . /fhf dfgb]jsf] kfnfdf lgdf{0f ePsf] rfFu'gf/fo0f
dlGb/ Kofuf]8f z}nLdf 5 . dlGb/ kl/;/leq lznfn]v 9'ª\uf, sf7 / wft'snfsf pTs[i6

gd"gfx¿ /xg' o; dlGb/sf ljz]iftf x'g\ . of] dlGb/
pkTosfsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] ePsf] pNn]v kfOG5 .
dlGb/ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;g\ !(&( df ;"rLs[t
ePsf] xf] .
-(_ :joDe" :t"k
sf7df8fF}df
/x]sf] rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/
:joDe"gfy
:t"k a'4dfuL{x¿sf] Ps wfld{s :ynsf ¿kdf kl/lrt
5 . o; :t"ksf] kl/;/df lxGb"' d7 dlGb/x¿ klg
/x]sf 5g\\ . wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] pRrtd gd'gf oxfF
b]Vg kfOG5 . o; :t"k kl/;/df a'4 / d~h'>L -
;/:jtL_ sf 7'nf d"lt{x¿ klg b]Vg kfOG5 .
:joDe"gfy If]qnfO{{ ;g\ !(&( b]lv ljZj ;Dkbf
:joDe" :t"k ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] xf] .
-!)_ af}4gfy dxfr}To
sf7df8fF}df /x]sf] of] dxfr}To af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] kljq tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] kfFrf}
ztfAbLlt/ lgdf{0f ePsf] dflgG5 . af}4 :t'ksf] prfO #^ dL=5 / o; If]q leq $% eGbf a9L
af}4 ljxf/ 5g\\ . o; dxfr}Tosf] lgdf{0f kfFrf}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] dflgG5 . o; If]qdf k|z:t af}4
ljxf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . of] ;Dkbf wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts
ko{6gsf nflu lgs} k|l;4 5 . ;g\ !(&( df of]
dxfr}To ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf] xf] .
pk/f]St ;Dkbf ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ;"rLdf /x]sf 5g\\ eg]
g]kfndf ljZj ;Dkbfdf gk/]sf afx]s cGo k|fs[lts
tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\\ . tLdWo]
s]xL lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\\ M
af}4gfy dxfr}To
alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h vf]6fªsf] xn];L dxfb]j dlGb/
lzjk'/L /fli6«o lgs'~h d':tfªsf] nf]dfGyfª / d'lStgfy If]q
vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h wg'iffsf] /fdhfgsL dlGb/
Ko"7fgdf /x]sf] :ju{åf/L h'Dnfsf] rGbggfy
/;'jfsf] uf];fOs'08 ¿kGb]xLsf] b]jbx
tfKn]h'ªsf] kfyLe/f uf]/vf b/af/
gjnk/f;Lsf] /fdu|fd kf]v/fsf] ljb\ojfl;gL / tfn jf/fxL
slknj:t'sf] ltnf}/fsf]6 nlntk'/sf] vf]sgf a:tL
u'NdLsf] /];'ª\uf If]q h'Dnfsf] l;Fhf pkTosf
sLlt{k'/sf] k|frLg a:tL g'jfsf]6 b/af/ If]q
;fFv'sf] ah|of]lugL dlGb/ / a:tL kfNkfsf] tfg;]g
sfe|]sf] kgf}tL b}n]vsf] e"lt{ dlGb/
oL ;Dkbfx¿sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gdf xfdL ;a}sf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/ /xg'k5{ .
@= cEof;
-s_ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf] :ynx¿dWo] s'g} Pp6fsf] af/]df e|d0f u/]sf] jf b]v]sf
cfwf/df jf k':ts kq klqsf j9]sf cfwf/df Pp6f n]v tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ ljZj ;Dkbfsf ;"rLdf k/]sf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ s] s] ug'{knf{ < To:tf kIfnfO{{
;d]6\b} /fli6«o klqsfdf k|sfzgsf nflu pko'St x'g] Ps ;dfrf/sf] gd"gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ;"rLdf k/]sf ;Dkbfx¿ s]sf nflu k|l;4 5g\\ < tLdWo] tkfO{FnfO{{ dgk/]sf]
;Dkbf s'g xf] < sf/0f;lxt pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] hjfkm n]lv;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ x]g'{xf];\ . oxfF Pp6f gd'gfsf]
¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
xfd|f k"j{haf6 k|fKt dxTTjk"0f{ tyf ;+/If0f of]Uo :yfg, j:t', snf, ;+:s[lt / k|fs[lts kl/j]z
xfd|f /fli6«o ;Dkbf x'g\ . oL ;Dkbf xfd|f uxgf / lrgf/L klg x'g\ . logn] b]zsf] klxrfg /
uf}/j lbnfpg] sfd u5{g\ . /fi6«sf] klxrfg lbg] /fHosf ;a} gful/ssf] d"Nojfg\ ;DklTtsf
¿kdf /fli6«o ;DkbfnfO{{ lng ;lsG5 . o:t} ;Dkbfx¿ dWo] ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ;"rLdf k/]sf]
n'lDagL ljZje/sf af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] k|d'v tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] uf}td a'4sf]
hGd:yn xf] . of] ¿kGb]xL lhNnfdf kb{5 . oxfF ;d|f6\ czf]såf/f :yflkt czf]s :tDe, k'isl/0fL
kf]v/L, dfofb]jL dlGb/ tyf ljleGg a'4 ljxf/x¿ 5g\\ . oxfF ljleGg /fi6«åf/f :t'k / ljxf/x¿
lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\\ . af}4 bz{gsf] cWoogsf] nflu n'lDagL ljZjljBfno klg vf]lnPsf] 5 .
o;nfO{{ ;g\ !((& df ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] hjfkm n]lv;s]kl5 lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf]nf .
ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ;"rLdf k/]sf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f
s'g} klg b]zdf /x]sf k|fs[lts tyf ;fF:s[lts b[li6sf]0fn] P]ltxfl;s /x]sf ;Dkbfx¿nfO{{ ljZj
;Dkbf ;"rLdf /fVg] ljZjJofkL dfGotf cg'¿k g]kfnsf b;cf]6f :yfg klg ljZj ;Dkbfsf]
;"rLdf k/]sf 5g\\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f u/L xfn /x]sf] dxTTj cem a9fpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] . o:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;Dj4{g ug{
h?/L x'G5 . P]ltxfl;s snf / ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug]{, ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg], pSt :yfgsf]
;'/Iffdf Wofg lbg], ko{6s :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{, ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿df j[l4 ug]{, ljleGg
dfWodaf6 Jofks ¿kdf k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L P]ltxfl;s dxTTj af/]df ;a}nfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fpg],
;+/If0fsf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{{ ;xeflutf u/fpg] sfo{df k|fyldstf lbg] h:tf sfo{x¿ ug{
;s]df ljZj ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;af6 ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; eO{
b]zn] j}b]lzs d'b|f;d]t cfh{g ug{ ;Sb5 . t;y{ ;a} kIfn] ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df
hf]8 lbg' cfhsf] vfFrf] ePsf] 5 .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] hjfkm n]lv;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ ?h' u'g'{xf];\ . g]kfndf /x]sf
ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ;"rLdf k/]sf ;Dkbfx¿ lgDg kIfdf k|l;4 5g\\ .
qm=;+ ;Dkbf k|l;4 s'/fx¿
!= n'lDagL wfld{s :yn af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] cf:yfsf]
s]Gb|
@= kz'klt If]q lxGb"' wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] tLy{:yn, dlGb/x¿
#= ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h jg:klt / hLjhGt', ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/
$= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h Ps l;ª\u] uF}8f, jg:klt / cGo hgfj/
%= xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ If]q ljleGg dlGb/, b/af/, jf:t'snf
^= af}4gfy dxfr}To :t"k, af}4 wfld{s :yn
&= kf6g b/af/ If]q s[i0fdlGb/, /ftf] dlR5g\b|gfy
*= eStk'/ b/af/ If]q krkGg e\mofn] b/af/
(= rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/ lznfn]v, lnR5jLsfnLg dlGb/ / jf:t'snf
!)= :joDe"gfy :t"k g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] a'4sf] d"lt{ / :t"k
pk/f]St ;Dkbf:ynx¿dWo] tkfO{FnfO{{ dgkg]{ s'g} Pp6f cfk}Fm 5gf}6 u/L dg k/]sf] sf/0f klg
n]Vg'xf];\ .
kf7 M @
g]kfnsf nf]suLt
!= ljifoj:t'
nf]s ;+:s[lt /fi6«sf] cd"No ;DklQ xf] . g]kfn ax'eflifs, ax';+:s[lt tyf ax'hflt ePsf] b]z
xf] . hfthfltsf] cfˆg} ;fF:s[lts d"No / dfGotfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\\ . g]kfndf nf]s ;+:s[lt k|l;4
5 . b]zsf] ljleGg efudf ljleGg nosf nf]suLtx¿ ufOG5g\\ . ljleGg :yfg / ;Gbe{df k|:t't
x'g] nf]suLtx¿n] g]kfnL klxrfg / :jfledfgnfO{{ pFrf] agfPsf 5g\\ . tL ;a} b]zsf ;DklQ
x'g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . nf]suLtn] dflg;nfO{{ dgf]/Ghg lbO{ af}l4s
ljsf;df dbt ub{5 ;fy} tgfjaf6 d'St ub{5 . g[To klg b]zsf] ;DklQ xf] . uLt tyf g[Ton]
;a}nfO{{ Pp6} dfnfdf ufF:g ;xof]u ub{5 . eft[TTj / k|]dsf] ljsf; u/fpF5, :k"mlt{ a9fpF5 ;fy}
ysfO d]6fpF5 . lg/Gt/ zf/Ll/s Jofofdn] z/L/nfO{{ ;Gt'lnt agfpF5 . :jf:YonfO{{ tGb'?:t
agfpF5 . nf]s ;+:s[lt g]kfnsf] klxrfg xf] . cfhef]ln o;sf] dxTTj emg\ a9L/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf]
ef}uf]lns cj:yf / a;f]jf;sf] sf/0fn] nf]suLtx¿sf] efsf tyf no klg leGgleGg /x]sf 5g\\ .
g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] df}lns klxrfgsf] nflu nf]suLt tyf nf]sg[To / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt ljwfsf]
;+/If0f tyf ljsf; h?/L 5 .
tL ;a} vfnsf nf]snox¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{
;Sg'kb{5 . k|ltefx¿nfO{{ k|:k'm6g x'g] cj;/
lbg'kb{5 . ufpF3/ s'gfsfKrfdf n's]/ a;]sf nf]s
;+:s[ltnfO{{ /fli6«o ¿kdf klxrfg u/fpg
;Sg'kb{5 . /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;
ug'{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . nf]suLtn] ;+:s[ltsf] :yfg
lng'sf] ;fy} tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] k|ltlglwTTj k|flKt
ug]{ ub{5 . h'g s'/f xfd|f nf]suLtn] klg k|:6 uLt tyf g[To
kfb{5g\\ .
tkfO{“sf] ufp“ ;d'bfodf k|rlnt nf]snodWo] s'g} Ps nf]suLtsf] s]xL x/km k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
nf]suLt
k"j]{nL uLt kfnd uLt
lwdlwd dfbn sxfF aHof] sf]zL lsgf/df h]7 cfDa' kfs\d] djf
s] 5 s] 5 ;fGgfgL xfd|f] lgwf/df r/g lhp cfDs cfDs
dfbn aHbf efOalxgL lxdfn 6Ns]sf] vfdf k/f]
ptf x]bf{ efOalxgL lxdfn 6Ns]sf] . ckfª n]/f]
k"jL{o uLt e\mofp/] uLt
cf]======xf]======== xf===== 3}ofaf/L vg]/ v]t aGof]
cxd========== ltd|f] xfd|f] aNn ofF e]6eof]
jf/L hd'gf, kf/L hd'gf a;'d x} k9]/
hd'gfsf] k]mb}df dgsfdgf ltd|f] xfd|f] e]6 efsf] lbg
x'/{======/ Û x} Û P Û x} Û ====== P Û ======x} ;+nf] kfgL wldnf] dg lsg
PsfbzL ahf/}df, P Û PsfbzL ahf/}df P== a;'d x} k9]/
kmGs] /f]6L yfndf P Û PsfbzL ahf/}df =

tLhsf] uLt
cfdf lng k7fpFl5g\\ afaf lng k7fpF5g\\ dnfO{{ lng e/] bfh} cfpF5g\\ al/n}
dnfO{{ lbg] b/ vfd cfdf ld7f] ksfpFl5g\\ g}/ uP cfdf t /f]lng jl/n}
-gf]6 M tfdfª ;]nf] -afnuLt_, t/fO{ If]qdf ufpg] -xf]/L uLt_, e\mofp/] uLt -d]nfkj{ / hfqfdf
ufOg] uLt_, b]p8f uLtsf nflu sIff !) sf] ;fdflhs cWoogsf] kf7\ok':tsdf x]g'{xf]nf . _
pk/f]St uLtdf g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf ljljw ;+:s[ltx¿nfO{{ emNsfpg]
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . oL /fi6«sf ;DklQ x'g\ . oL uLtn] g]kfnnfO{{ ;ª\uLtdfk{mt lrgfpg k|of;
u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;ª\uLt b]zsf] ;DklQ xf] / /fi6«nfO{{ lrgfpg] dfWod klg xf] .
kf7– ltg
g]kfnL nf]safhfx¿
g]kfndf w]/} lsl;dsf afhfx¿ ahfOg] ub{5 . tLdWo] nf]s uLtx¿ / ahfOg] afhfx¿ klg
k|z:t 5g\\ . o:tf afhfx¿ ;d'bfo ljz]ifdf km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 .
dfbn ;f/ª\uL af;'/L, d'/nL e\mofnL g/l;ª\uf

dfbn
sf7sf] 9'ª\u|f]df b'O{tk{m 5fnfn] df]/]/ agfOPsf]
;a} If]qdf k|rlnt afhf
sDd/df le/]/ b'j} xftn] ahfOg] afhf
;f/ª\uL
uGwj{ hfltsf] k/Dk/fut afhf . rf/cf]6f tf/x¿ /x]sf] o; afhfnfO{{ /]6]/ ahfOG5 .
of] klg sf7af6 agfOPsf] x'G5 .
af;'/L÷d'/nL
afF;af6 agfOg] ul/G5 . cf]7df /fvL k'ms]/ ahfOg] .
b]ze/ k|foM ;a} 7fpFdf k|rlnt /x]sf] .
e\mofnL÷e\mofDd6f÷e'mdf{
b'j} xftn] 7f]s]/ ahfOg] of] afhf sfF;sf] wft'af6 ag]sf] x'G5 .
g/l;ª\uf
d'vn] k'ms]/ ahfOg] afhf . of] wft'af6 ag]sf] 3'dfp/f] / nfdf] x'G5 .
zª\v v}“h8L ;xgfO{ k'“uL
zª\v
of] ;d'b|L hLj zª\v] ls/fsf] vf]naf6 agfOPsf] x'G5 . of] k"hfkf7 ubf{ / d/]sf]
dflg;nfO{{ 3f6df n}hfbf ahfpg] ul/G5 .
v}h8L
5fnfn] sf7nfO{{ df]/]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 .
/f]Onf afng cflb ufpFbf of] ahfpg] ul/G5 .
of] afhf klg b]zsf] w]/}h;f] efudf k|rlnt 5 .
;xgfO{
k~r]afhf dWo]sf] Ps of] klg xf] . wft'af6 ag]sf] x'G5 . of] cf]7n] RofkL k'ms]/
ahfOG5 .
k'“uL
gl/jnsf] u§fdf af; hf]8]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 .
of] t/fO{df ;k{ grfpg]n] ahfpF5g\\ . o;nfO{{ lag klg elgG5 .
6'ª\gf onDa/ Pstf/] bdfxf÷gu/f

6'ª\gf
lxdfnL If]qdf nf]slk|o /x]sf] . sf7df ;f/ª\uLh:t} rf/cf]6f tf/ hf]8]/ agfOPsf]
x'G5 . o;df tf/nfO{{ lj:tf/} cf}Fnfn] xfg]/ ahfOG5 .
onDa/
efn' afF;df b'O{cf]6f tf/ hf]8]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . of] ls/fFt ;d'bfodf k|rlnt 5 .
;Gt tyf hf]uLx¿n] ahfpg] afhf xf] .
Pstf/]
of] sf7df 5fnfn] df]/]/ To;df 808L hf]8L Pp6f tf/n] agfPsf] x'G5 .

bdfxf÷gu/f
k~r]afhf leq kg]{ Ps afhf xf] . o;nfO{{ Pp6f uhf]n] ahfOG5 .
tfdfsf] wft'sf] s/fOh:tf] efF8f]sf] d'vdf 5fnfn] df]/]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 .
of] ljjfxdf a9L h:tf] ahfOG5 .

pgL{ 9f]n÷9f]ns 6\ofDsf] 9\ofª\u|f]
pgL{
gl/jnsf] u§f 5fnfn] df]/L 808Ldf tf/ hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
lwdfn hfltdf a9L dfqfdf k|rlnt /x]sf] x'G5 .
9f]n ÷9f]ns
of] sf7sf] 9'ª\u|fdf 5fnfn] df]/]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 .
6\ofDsf]
k~r] afhfleq kb{5 . b'O{cf]6f uhf]n] ahfOG5 .
of] afhf bdfxfh:t} x'G5 . t/ ;fgf] x'G5 .
9\ofª\u|f]
of] afhf sf7sf] 3]/fdf b'j}lt/ 5fnfn] df]/]/ agfOPsf] x'G5 . of] afhf wfdL emfFj|mLn]
k|of]u ub{5g\\ . ljz]iftM u'?ª hfltsf] nfdfn] k|of]u u5{g\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf nf]suLt ufpFbf tyf nf]s g[To ubf{ s'g s'g afhfufhfx¿
ahfOG5g\\ < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{Fn] s'g} k|l;4 ufos;Fu e]6 ug]{ df}sf kfPdf s] s:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'x'G5 < tkfO{Fn]
;f]Wg] k|Zgx¿ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ tkfO{Fn] ;ª\uLt Ps]8]dL :yfkgf ug{ lhDdf lbOPdf s;/L :yfkgf ug'{x'G5 < of]hgf tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf rn]sf] nf]suLt cf7x/kmdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ nf]s uLtsf] If]qdf k|l;4 s'g} b'O{hgf ufossf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-r_ g]kfndf k|rlnt s'g} rf/cf]6f nf]safhfx¿sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ . tkfO{FnfO{{ dgkg]{ s'g}
Pp6f nf]safhfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ g]kfnL k~r}afhfsf] gfd n]vL k|To]ssf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-h_ xfd|f sltko afhfx¿ nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\\ . sltko afhfx¿ nf]k x'g] -nf]kf]Gd'v_ vt/fdf
5g\\ . ltgsf] vf]hL / ;+/If0fsf nflu s] ug'{knf{ <
-em_ ljjfxdf ahfOg] k~r}afhfsf] :yfg Jof08 afhfn] lnFb}5 . k~r}afhfsf] k|rng a9fpg]
pkfo;lxt s'g} klqsfsf nflu ;DkfbsLo n]Vg'xf];\ .
-`_ æg]kfnL nf]s uLt / nf]s afhfn] ;+:s[ltsf] :yfg / tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] k|ltlglwTTj
u5{ .Æ o; egfOnfO{{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
#\= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
nf]s uLt ufpFbf / g[To ubf{ ahfpg] afhfx¿
nf]suLt nf]sg[To ahfOg] afhfx¿
nf]suLt tyf g[To e\mofp/] afng dfbn, e\mofD6f
b]p;L, e}nf] ofn'd ;f/ª\uL, e\mofnL
c;f/] r08Lgfr ;xgfO, 9f]ns, e\mofD6f
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf] lgDg cg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
k|l;4 ufos;Fu ;f]Wg] k|Zgx¿sf] gd'gf
tkfO{F ufog If]qdf s;/L nfUg'eof] <
tkfO{Fn] s] s;/L cfk"mnfO{{ ;kmn agfpg'eof] <
uLt, ;ª\uLtsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu s] ug'{knf{ <
xfdLh:tf uLt ;ª\uLtsf kf/vLx¿nfO{{ s]xL eGg' 5 ls <
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf] pTt/ tof/ ul/;s]kl5 lgDgcg';f/ ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
lsg :yfkgf ug]{ < p2]Zo tof/ ug]{ .
s] slt ah]6sf] cfjZostf kb{5 < cg'dfg ug]{ .
slxn];Dd :yfkgf ug]{ . ;f]sf] tof/L ug]{ .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ s:tf] agfpg] < To; af/]df ljrf/ ug]{ .
;DalGwt If]qsf ljz]if1x¿ -;ª\uLt k|lzIf0fsf jfBjfbs tyf uLtsf/_ ;Fu 5nkmn
ug]{ .
;|f]t;fdu|Lx¿sf] of]hgf ug]{ .
hgzlStsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f / kbk"lt{sf] k|lqmof to ug]{ .
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu cfk"mnfO{{ cfpg] s'g} nf]suLt n]Vg'xf];\

-ª_ k|Zg -ª_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] hf] s;}sf] af/]df klg n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 . oxfF b'O{hgf k|l;4 ufos
tf/fb]jL / emnsdfg uGwj{sf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ :j= tf/fb]jL
tf/fb]jLsf] hGd @))@ ;fn df3 @ ut] sf7df8fF}sf] OGb|rf]sdf
ePsf] xf] . pxfF @))( ;fnb]lv g} uLt ufpg ;'? ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
@)!% ;fnb]lv g} /]l8of] g]kfndf hflu/ ;'? ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
tf/fb]jLn] g]kfnaf6 P;=Pn=;L ul/;s]kl5 ef/tsf] Onfxfjfbaf6
;ª\uLt ljifosf] lzIff xfl;n ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfF hubDaf >L,
OGb|/fHo nIdL, lqzlStk§ kfFrf}F, l5g\gntf k'/:sf/, uf]/vf blIf0fafx'
k|ydn] lje"lift x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] ufPsf uLtx¿ w]/} g} k|Voft tf/fb]jL
5g\\ .
:j/lsGg/L eg]/ lrlgg] tf/fb]jLn] g]kfnL uLt ufogsf] If]qdf 7'nf] of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFn]
g]kfnL efiffdf zf:qLo uLt, nf]suLt, cfw'lgs, lkmNdL uLt;d]t u/L sl/a rf/ xhf/ uLtx¿
ufpg'ePsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL uLt tyf ;ª\uLt If]qsf] ljsf;df 7'nf] dbt k'u]sf] 5 . #)
jif{;Dd /]l8of] g]kfndf hflu/sf] cj:yfkl5 klg o; If]qdf pxfFsf] of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . pxfFsf
>Ldfg\ / 5f]/fsf] c;dfdlos lgwg x'Fbf klg uLt ;ª\uLtsf] If]qdf lg/Gt/ nfuL lgs} 7'nf]
of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf nf]slk|o uLtsf af]nx¿df ælxdfnsf] sfFvdf 5 ;fgf] d]/f]
ufpFÆ, æk"mnsf] y'Fuf ax]/ uof]Æ, æagdf k'mNof] k"mn} k"mnÆ, æ;f]r]h:tf] x'Gg hLjgÆ, æsfnLkf/L
bfO slt /fd|f]Æ cflb /x]sf 5g\\ . log} uLtn] ubf{ pxfF k'/:sf/ / lje"if0fx¿n] ;Ddflgt
x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] of]ubfgnfO{{ xfdLn] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .
-v_ :j= emnsdfg uGwj{
nf]suLt If]qsf k|ltef emnsdfg uGwj{ g]kfnsf k|l;4 nf]suLt ufos tyf ;ª\sns x'g\ .
pgsf] æcfd}n] ;f]lWnfg\ lg vf]O 5f]/f elGnfg\Æ, æp7 p7 lkof/L pHofnf] eof]Æ h:tf k|l;4
nf]suLtx¿ cfh klg plQs} aHg] u5{g\ . pgsf] hGd u08sL c~rndf ePsf] lyof] . /]l8of]
g]kfndf nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jf k'¥ofPsf emnsdfg ;/n :jefjsf lyP .
-r_ k|Zg -r_sf nflu o;} kf7sf] g]kfndf k|rlnt nf]safhf ;DaGwL zLif{s cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ k|Zg -5_ sf lglDt o;} kf7sf] k|rlnt nf]safhf eGg] ljifoa:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k~r} afhfdf lgDg afhfx¿ x'G5g\\ M
;xgfO{, bdfxf, 6\ofDsf], e\mofnL, g/l;+xf .
-h_ k|Zg -h_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
xfd|f nf]safhfx¿ ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ M
wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts kj{x¿ tyf lqmofsnfkdf g]kfnL afhf g} ahfpg] k/Dk/fnfO{{
k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
g]kfnL nf]safhf ahfpg w]/}nfO{{ tflnd lbg] .
g]kfnL nf]safhfx¿nfO{{ Joj;foLs/0f u/L cfocfh{gsf] dfWod klg agfpg] .
g]kfnL nf]s Jof08x¿ agfpg] / k|of]u ug]{ .
g]kfnL uLt tyf ;ª\uLt Pjd\ g[Tox¿df g]kfnL nf]safhfx¿sf] k|of]u a9fpg] .
ltgsf af/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ .
-em_ k|Zg -em_ sf nflu dfly -h_ df lbOPsf a'FbfdWo]sf kfFrf}+ a'Fbf afx]ssf] cGo a'Fbf /fvL
;DkfbsLo tof/ ug]{ .
-`_ k|Zg -`_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfnL nf]safhfx¿ xfd|f df}lns ;DklQ x'g\ . logLx¿sf] k|of]u vf;vf; ;+:s[lt, hflt, kj{
Pjd\ lqmofsnfkx¿df k|of]u x'g] x'gfn] ltgn] ;DalGwt ;+:s[ltsf] k|ltlglwTTj u5{ . s'g afhf
aHbf s'g hfltsf] s:tf] lqmofsnfk x'Fb}5 eGg] s'/f hfGg ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;fF:s[lts ;+/If0fdf
dbt k'u]sf] 5 .
kf7 M rf/
xfd|f nf]s tyf zf:qLo g[To
!= ljifoj:t'
g]kfndf ljljw k|sf/sf g[Tox¿ k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\\ . g[Tox¿ klg :yfg, rf8kj{, hfthflt
tyf wfld{s cf:yfcg';f/ km/s km/s /x]sf 5g\\ . ljleGg hft hfltsf] klxrfgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
g[To g]kfnsf] ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf cd"No ;DklQ x'g\ . g[Todf ;Dk"0f{ z/L/sf] rfn x'g] x'Fbf of]
Pp6f Jofofd klg xf] . o;n] dgf]/~hgsf ;fy} z/L/nfO{{ :j:y, tGb'?:t /fVg dbt ub{5 .
uLt, g[To / afhflardf 3lgi6 ;DaGw x'G5 . ;ª\uLtljgf g[To c;Dej 5 .
g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL nf]s tyf zf:qLo g[Tox¿sf] kl/ro
:yfgLo :t/df gflrg] :yfgLo k|sf/sf g[Tox¿nfO{{ nf]sg[Tosf] e"ldsf elgG5 . :yfg, hflt /
;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fcg';f/ gflrg] g[Tox¿ nf]sg[To x'g\ . s'g} b]jL b]jtf jf zf:qdf cfwfl/t
ljlwk"j{s ul/g] g[To zf:qLo g[To xf] . zf:qLo uLt / afhfsf] tfndf zf:qLo g[To gflrG5 .
rof{ g[To, e}/a g[To, sflQ{s gfr cflb zf:qLo g[Tosf pbfx/0f x'g\
g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL nf]s tyf zf:qLo g[Tox¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\\ .
wfg gfr M lnDa" hfltdf k|rlnt of] gfr xftdf xft ;dft]/ gflrG5 . o;df d]nf kj{df
o'jfo'jtLx¿ gfR5g\\ . of] gfr s]xL /fO{ hfltdf klg k|rlnt 5 . o; gfrdf ufOg] uLtnfO{{
kfnd elgG5 .
r08L gfr M ls/fFtL -/fO{, lnDa', ;'g'jf/, ofVvf_ hfltn] pBf}nL pef}nL kj{df 9f]n /
e\mofD6f ahfP/ r08L uLt ufpFb} of] gfr gfRb5g\\ . gfRg]x¿ 3]/f nfu]/ plePsf x'G5g\\ /
v'6[fsf] rfn Pjd\ z/L/ e'msfP/ of] gfr gflrG5 .

808L gfr -kmfu'÷xf]nL gfr_ M xf]nLsf] ;dodf xftdf 808L -n7[L_ lnP/ xf]nL v]Nb} /dfOnf]
ub}{ gflrg] gfr . of] gfr k"jL{ / dWo t/fO{df k|rlnt 5 . kmfu' k"l0f{dfsf] lbg / ef]lnkN6
xf]nLsf bxgsf lbg of] gfr gflrG5 .
uf}gf g[To M ldlynf k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t of] gfr hgsk'/ If]qdf k|rlnt 5 .
sf}/f gfr M g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn If]qdf du/ hfltdf sf}/f gfr k|rlnt 5 . of] sf}/f
uLtsf] tfndf gflrG5 .
dfl8v]vf]n] gfr M of] gfr dWo klZrdf~rn If]qsf] ljz]if gfr xf] .
b]p8f gfr M dWo klZrd / ;'b"/ klZrd If]qdf uf}/f kj{ / cGo pT;jx¿df of] gfr
gflrG5 . uf]nf] 3]/fdf Pscsf{df s'd hf]8]/ xftdf xft ;dftL kfOnf cufl8 k5fl8 ub}{
b]p8f uLtsf] tfndf gflrG5 .
d'Gw'd gfr M g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8L If]qdf gflrg] of] gfr ls/fFtx¿sf] d'Gw'ddf cfwfl/t
wfld{s gfr xf] . k"jL{ kxf8L If]qdf k]mbª\jf jf gfS5f]ª -k'hf/Ln]_ ;fª\uLlts efjdf of] gfr
gfR5g\\ .
Rofa|'ª M of] k"jL{ kxf8L If]qdf lnDa"x¿n] Rofa|'ªsf] tfndf gfRg] gfr xf] .
xf]Krf M of] wgs'6f If]qdf k|rlnt /fO{ hfltsf] zf:qLo gfr xf] .
rof{ g[To M of] b]jLb]jtfsf] efj clego;lxt gflrg] zf:qLo g[To xf] .
3f6' g[To M !! jif{b]lv !*÷!( jif{;Ddsf cljjflxt lszf]/ lszf]/Lx¿df u'?af÷u'?cfdfn]
b]jtf k|j]z u/fO{ gflrg] g[To xf] . of] u'¿ª hfltdf k|rlnt 5 .
e}/a g[To M e}/a b]jtf / ;fydf b]jLx¿sf] ¿k wf/0f u/]/ gflrg] of] g[To sf7df08fF} /
kf]v/f nufotsf g]jf/ ;d'bfodf k|rlnt 5 .
;f]/7L g[To M of] u'¿ª hfltsf] k/Dk/fut zf:qLo g[To xf] .
xg'dfg g[To M eujfg /fd / ltgsf ;]gf xg'dfgsf] ¿kwf/0f u/]/ gflrg] of] g[To afun'ªdf
k|rlnt 5 .
lemlemof g[To M of] t/fO{ If]qdf af]S;L, e"t, k|]t eufpg] p2]Zon] gflrg] snfTds /
dgf]/~hgfTds g[To xf] . o;df dlxnfx¿n] aQL, skf;, efF8fx¿ 6fpsfdf /fvL ljleGg
snf b]vfpFb} gfR5g\\ .
sflt{s gfr M kf6gdf k|rlnt of] gfr dlxgfe/L /flt b]vfOG5 . o;df g[l;+x cjtf/b]lv
lnP/ ljleGg kf}/fl0fs syfx¿nfO{{ xfpefp;lxt g[Toåf/f k|:t't ul/G5 .
/Tof}nL gfr M of] gfr vf;u/L kxf8L If]qdf ljjfxsf] ;dodf s]6f kIfsf dlxnfx¿n]
s]6fsf] 3/df cfk"mv';L /dfOnf] ug{ gflrg] gfr xf] . o;sf] vf;} lgod gePklg
dgf]/~hgfTds x'G5 / nf]suLtdf cfwfl/t dfbnsf] tfndf gflrG5 .
df?gL gfr M g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8L e]udf s]6fn] s]6Lsf] ¿k wf/0f u/L gflrg] gfr xf] .
rl/q g[To M of] gfr kf}/fl0fs syfx¿sf kfqx¿sf] clego;lxt gflrG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf
k|rlnt of] g[To /dfOnf] x'G5 .
VofnL gfr M VofnL uLtdf cfwfl/t of] gfrnfO{{ kfª\b'/] gfr klg elgG5 .
tjf{/] gfr M of] gfr uGwj{ hfltsf] k/Dk/fut gfr xf] .
5f]s/f g[To M of] g[To ljz]if u/]/ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qdf gflrG5 .
l;+uf? g[To M of] g[To g]kfnsf] dWoklZrd If]qdf k|rlnt 5 .
x'8\s]nL g[To M kf}/fl0fs syfdf cfwfl/t of] g[To ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qdf k|rlnt 5 .
k~ra'4 g[To M of] af}4 k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t g[To xf] .
b]jL gfr M ufO{hfqfb]lv OGb| hfqf;Dd gflrg] of] gfr sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf k|rlnt gfr
xf] .
nfv] gfr M dflg;n] /fIf;sf] e]ife"iff / d's'08f] nufO{ gflrg] of] g[To hg}k"l0f{dfb]lv s[i0f
ci6dL;Dd g]jf/ ;d'bfodf gflrG5 .
;f/f+z M
;'vb'Mv, dfofk|Llt / oyfy{ s'/fx¿nfO{{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] nf]sefsfdf cfwfl/t eO{ k|:t't
ul/g] g[TonfO{{ nf]sg[To elgG5, h:t} M df?gL g[To, ‰ofp/] g[To cflb . wd{zf:q / b]jL b]jtfsf]
rl/q j0f{g ub}{ gflrg] g[To zf:qLo g[To xf] . rof{ g[To, k~ra'a'4 g[To cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
cfFvf, d'v, cf}Fnfnufot z/L/sf ljleGg cª\ux¿åf/f uLt ;ª\uLtsf] efjgfnfO{{ zf:qLo
g[Toåf/f k|:t't ul/G5 . oL g[Tox¿ lgod a4 / /fufTds x'G5g\\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ zf:qLo / nf]sg[Todf s] leGgtf 5 <
-v_ wfg gfr s:tf] gfr xf] < of] s'g hflt;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
-u_ kf7df plNnlvtdWo] s'g s'g zf:qLo g[To x'g\ / s'g s'g nf]s g[To x'g\ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-3_ tkfO{F s'g} g[To k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng hfFb} x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{Fn] s]s:tf] tof/L ug'{knf{ <
-ª_ nf]s tyf zf:qLo g[Tosf] dxTTj pNn]v ug'{xf];\ . ;fy} xfd|f zf:qLo tyf nf]sg[To nf]k
x'g] vt/faf6 hf]ufO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{ s] ug'{knf{ < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ / -v_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog, :yfgLo gt{sL jf ;DalGwt JolStx¿af6
hfgsf/L lnP/ tnsf] h:t} ug'{xf];\ .

h:t} M
zf:qLo gfr nf]sgfr
;f]/7L wfg gfr
sflt{s gfr sf}/f gfr
rof{ g[To b]p8f gfr
e}/a g[To dfl8vf]n] gfr
xf]Krf r08L gfr
d'Gw'd gfr 808L gfr
-u_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
kof{Kt ;do lbP/ cEof; ug'{k5{ .
gfr / uLtsf] efj ldNg] kf]zfs nufpg'k5{ .
bIf g[To k|lzIfs;Fu l;Sg'k5{ .
gfrcg';f/sf] d~r Joj:yfkg klg ug'{k5{ .
-3_ k|Zg -ª_ sf nflu lgDg a'Fbfx¿sf] cfwf/df n]Vg'xf];\ .

nf]s tyf zf:qLo g[Tosf] dxTTj
b]zsf] df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gdf 6]jf k'U5 .
JolStdf snf / l;ksf] ljsf; x'G5 .
zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ;Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 .
;fdflhsLs/0f / c;n ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ dbt k'U5 .
cfGtl/s Pjd\ jfx\o e|d0fsf cj;/x¿ k|fKt x'G5g\\ .
;fF:s[lts ko{6g ljsf;df dbt k'U5 .
dgf]/~hgdf ;xof]u k'U5 .
xfd|f zf:qLo tyf nf]sg[To nf]k x'g] vt/faf6 hf]ufO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{ ug'{kg]{
sfo{x¿ M
kof{Kt k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{,
klZrdL ;ª\uLtsf] kl5 gnfuL cfˆgf] df}lns g[Tox¿tk{m cfsif{0f a9fpg] vfnsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ ug]{,
o'jfk':tfnfO{{ l;sfpg],
;/sf/L:t/af6 ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg],
s]xL g[Tox¿nfO{{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{,
hgr]tgf hufpg] .
kf7 M kf“r
xfd|f /fli6«o lbj;x¿
!= ljifoj:t'
/fli6«o lbj; /fi6«sf dxTTjk"0f{ 36gfsf lbgsf] :d/0f ub}{ dgfOG5 . s'g} klg b]zsf cfˆgf
/fli6«o lbj;x¿ x'G5g\\ . tL b]zdf s'g} ljz]if sfo{ ePsf] lbgnfO{{ /fli6«o lbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfpg]
ul/G5 . tL lbj;x¿ ljleGg tl/sfn] dgfpg] ul/G5 . tL lbj;x¿ /fi6«sf lrgf/L / uf}/j ug]{
cfwf/ x'g\ . oL lbj;x¿ /fli6«o rf8 x'g\ . oL lbj;nfO{{ lbj;sf] lbgdfq gdgfO{ To;sf] dd{nfO{{
;b}j cfTDf;ft\ ug{ ;s] dfq lbj; dgfpg'sf] ;fy{stf /xG5 . g]kfndf ljleGg lbj;x¿nfO{{
/fli6«o lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfOG5 . tLdWo] s]xL lbj;x¿nfO{{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ afn lbj;
g]kfnn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lbg cyf{t\ ;g\ !(()
;]K6]Da/ !$ nfO{{ cfwf/ dfg]/ efb| @( ut] afn lbj; dgfOG5 . ljBfno tyf ;d'bfodf afn
clwsf/ ;DaGwL r]tgf hfu/0f, afn ¥ofnL, k|jrg, v]ns'b cflb sfo{j|md u/]/ of] lbj; dgfpg]
k|rng 5 .
-v_ lzIff lbj;
g]kfndf lj=;+= @)#! ;fnb]lv k|To]s jif{ lzIff lbj; dgfOb} cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)^#
;fnb]lv ;fIf/tf lbj;sf] lbgdf g} lzIff lbj; dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . ca k|To]s jif{sf]
;]K6]Da/ * sf lbg lzIff lbj; dgfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; lbgdf lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt
ljleGg sfof{no tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿n] ljleGg vfnsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng u/L lzIff lbj;
dgfpg] rng 5 . o; lbgdf lzIff If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbPsf ;+:yfx¿ tyf JolStnfO{{ ;Ddfg
tyf k'/:sf/ klg lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ ;+ljwfg lbj;
;+ljwfg lbj; b]zsf] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ePsf] lbg dgfpg] ul/G5 . ;+ljwfg eg]sf] b]zsf] d"n
sfg'g xf] . b]zdf nfu" ePsf] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ePsf] lbgnfO{{ ;+ljwfg lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfOg]
ePsfn] o; lbj;sf] lbg kl/jt{g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . xfn @)&@ c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
hf/L ePsf] lbgnfO{{ cfwf/ dfg]/ x/]s jif{ c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg lbj; dgfOG5 .
-3_ ;lxb lbj;
k|hftGq / gful/s clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu ul/Psf] cfGbf]ngdf ;xfbt k|fKt ug]{ JolStnfO{{ ;lxb
elGfG5 . k|To]s jif{ df3 !^ ut] xfd|f] b]zdf ;lxb lbj; dgfpg] ul/G5 . !)$ jif]{ lg/ª\s'z
/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo u/L b]zdf k|hftGq :yfkgf ug{sf nflu cfˆgf] hLjg u'dfPsf JolStx¿,
lj=;+= @)$^ / ;f]eGbf cufl8sf] ;dodf k~rfotL Joj:yf lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ug]{x¿, @)^@÷)^#
sf] hg cfGbf]ng Pjd\ u0ftGq / clwsf/ k|flKtsf] n8fOFdf ;xfbt k|fKt ug]{x¿nfO{{ klg To;}

lbg ;Demg] ul/G5 . To; lbg ;fj{hlgs ljbf klg lbg] ul/G5 . o; lbgdf z'qm/fh zf:qLnfO{{
kmfF;L lbOPsf] :yfg 6]s', krnL, wd{eSt dfy]dfnfO{{ kmfF;L lbOPsf] l;kmnsf] ¿v, bz/y rGb /
uª\ufnfn >]i7nfO{{ uf]nL xfgL dfl/Psf] :yfg zf]efeujtLdf ;lxbk|lt >4f~hnL / ;Ddfg
ul/G5 .
;j{;fwf/0f pRr kb:y clwsf/Lx¿ / ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿ sf7df8fF}sf] ;lxbu]6df uO{ ;lxbsf]
;Ddfg / ;Demgf u/L k"mndfnf r9fpg] u5{g\ . sf7df8fF} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ;lqmotfdf Ps
xKtf;Dd ;lxb lbj; dgfOg] ul/G5 . b]zsf ljleGg :yfgdf ;lxbsf] ;flns agfOPsf] 5 . o;}
l;nl;nfdf /fhf lqe'jg, z'qm/fh zf:qL, wd{eSt dfy]df, bz/y rGb / uª\ufnfnsf] k|ltdf
ePsf] ;lxbu]6 sf7df8fF}sf] 6'Fl8v]ndf agfOPsf] 5 . ;lxbx¿sf] ;Demgf / ;Ddfg ug{ tyf
;lxbx¿n] b]vfPsf] af6f] cg';/0f u/L ;lxbsf ;kgf k"/f ug{ xfdL ;lxb lbj; dgfpg] ub{5f}{F .
-ª_ k|hftGq lbj;
xfd|f] b]zdf lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfNu'g & ut]sf lbg /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo u/L k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] . k|To]s jif{ kmfNu'g & ut] k|hftGq lbj; dgfOG5 . sf7df8fF}sf] 6F'l8v]ndf ljz]if
;df/f]x u/L k|hftGq lbj; dgfOG5 . o;}u/L b]ze/ ljleGg sfo{j|md u/L k|hftGq lbj;
dgfpg'sf] ;fy} ;lxbx¿sf] ;Demgf ul/G5 .
-r_ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj;
dlxnfx¿n] k'?if;/x z}lIfs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu ;g\ !(!)
dfr{ * sf lbg cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj; dgfOPsf] lyof] . dlxnfx¿sf] ;ª\3if{k"0f{ lbgsf] ;Ddfg
ub}{ k|To]s jif{ dfr{ * sf lbg cGt/f{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj; dgfOg] ul/Psf] xf] .
-5_ u0ftGq lbj;
k|To]s jif{ h]7 !% ut]nfO{{ u0ftGq lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfOG5 . @)^% ;fn h]7 !% ut] tTsfnLg
;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] /fhtGqsf] ljlwjt\ cGTo ePsf] / u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL lbgnfO{{
x/]s jif{ u0ftGq lbj;sf
¿kdf dgfOG5 .
-h_ dhb'/ lbj;
dhb'/ lbj;nfO{{ cGt/f{li6«o
>lds lbj; klg elgG5 .
>ddf ;+nUg x/]s JolSt jf
;+:yfx¿n] dhb'/sf] xslxt
/ ;d[l4sf nflu of] lbj;
dgfpg] u5{g\ . of] lbj;
u0ftGqsf nflu lgsflnPsf] h'n';
x/]s jif{ May 1 df dgfO{G5 .
dflysf] kf7sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ afn lbj; @)^# ;fnb]lv ========== lbg dgfOg yflnPsf] xf] .
-v_ ;lxb lbj; lsg dgfOG5 <
-u_ k|hftGq lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 <
-3_ lzIff lbj;sf lbg s;nfO{{ ;Ddfg ug]{ ul/G5 <
-ª_ k|To]s jif{ dfr{ * sf lbg ================ lbj; kb{5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ xfdLn] ;lxb lbj; lsg dgfpg'kb{5 < ;ª\If]kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ xfd|f] b]zdf dgfOg] /fli6«o lbj;x¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ tL lbj;x¿ slxn] dgfOG5, ldlt
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ /fli6«o lbj;x¿ s;/L dgfpFbf tkfO{F ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 < cfˆgf] ;'emfj /fv]/ Pp6f
klqsfsf ;DkfbsnfO{{ kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnodf ;lxb lbj; dgfpg tkfO{FnfO{{ k|d'v cfof]hs agfOof] eg] ;f] lbj;
dgfpg tkfO{Fn] s] ug'{x'G5, pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] af}l4s tyf :jf:Yosf] ljsf;sf lglDt Ps
of]hgf agfO{ :yfgLo jf s]Gb|Lo afndlGb/df kq k7fpg'xf];\ .
-r_ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj; slxn] kb{5 < s] g]kfndf of] lbj; klg dgfpg' knf{ < lsg <
tYok/s ts{ lbg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf] pTt/ n]lv;s]kl5 o;} kf7sf] ;lxb lbj;;DaGwL zLif{scGtu{tsf] cg'R5]b
k9L ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 M
/fli6«o lbj;x¿ / dgfpg] lbg
/fli6«o u0ftGq afn lzIff ;+ljwfg ;lxb k|hftGq cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/
lbj;x¿ lbjz lbj; lbj; lbj; lbj; lbj; gf/L lbj; lbjz
dgfpg] h]7 !% efb| @( ;]K6]Da/ c;f]h # k|To]s k|To]s jif{ k|To]s jif{ k|To]s jif{
lbg ut] ut] * ut] jif{ df3 kmfu'0f & dfr{ * d] !
!^ ut] ut]
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
/fli6«o klqsfsf] ;Dkfbssf nflu kqsf] gd'gf
/fli6«o lbj; cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt gu/f}F .
>L ;DkfbsHo",
/fli6«o b}lgs sflGtk'/,
s'g} klg b]zn] /fli6«o lbj;x¿ dgfpg] ub{5 . /fli6«o lbj;sf] cfˆg} lsl;dsf] dxTTj /x]sf]
x'G5 . ;fdfGotof b]zdf s'g} ljz]if sfo{ ePsf] lbgnfO{{ /fli6«o lbj;sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/G5 .
/fli6«o lbj; b]zsf] Pstfsf] k|tLs klg xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf klg ljz]if lbgx¿ 5g\\ h;n] xfdL
g]kfnLnfO{{ Pp6f dfu{lgb]{z u/]sf 5g\\ . ltg}sf] ;Demgfdf xfdLn] /fli6«o lbj; dgfpg] ePsfn]
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf /fli6«o lbj; dgfpg lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;s]df /fd|f] x'g]
lyof] .
/fli6«o lbj;sf] af/]df Jofks ¿kdf hgr]tgf hufpg] .
s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo ufpF ;d'bfo;Dd ljz]if ;ldltx¿ u7g u/L sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
ljBfnox¿df /rgfTds sfo{x¿ ug]{, h:t}– j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{, /fli6«o lbgsf] dxTTjsf af/]df
uLt, sljtf, k|ltof]lutf tyf ;Dd]ng ug]{, ;DalGwt If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbPsf
JolStx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg ug]{, ;dfh;]jLx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg ug]{ cflb .
¥ofnL, ;ef ;Dd]ng ug]{ .
;lxbx¿sf] ;kgf ;fsf/ ug{ k|ltj]bg hfx]/ ug]{ .
kqklqsf tyf ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;dfrf/ tof/ u/L k|sfzg tyf
k|;f/0f ug]{ .
pk/f]St sfo{sf] cfwf/df /fli6«o lbj; dgfpg ;DalGwt lgsfon] Wofg lbg]5 eGg] cfzf ub{5' .
;'dg g]kfnL
bfr'{nf
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
/fli6«o lbj; dgfpg olb dnfO{{ k|d'v cfof]hs agfPdf d}n] lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug]{5' M
lbj; dgfpg of]hgf agfpg] .
/fli6«o lbj; dgfpg ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ .
;ldltsf ;b:ox¿nfO{{ sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{ .
k|rf/k|;f/ u/L ;fwf/0f gful/ssf ¿kdf hgr]tgf hufpg k|of; ug]{ .
ljBfnodf /rgfTds sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ .
:yfgLo:t/df ljz]if of]ubfg tyf ;dfh;]jLx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg tyf k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ .
s'g lbj; xf] ToxL lbj;;Fu ldNg] u/L To; If]qsf] ;dLIff ug]{ .
;a} sfo{x¿sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf k|:t't ug]{ .
-ª_ k|Zg -ª_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] n]Vg'ePsf] s'/fnfO{{ lgDglnlvt cfwf/df ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
d]/f] ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfx¿sf] af}l4s tyf :jf:Yo ljsf;sf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf] of]hgf
cfjZos 5 . of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L s]Gb|Lo afndlGb/df k7fOPsf] kqsf] gd'gf .
>L s]Gb|Lo afndlGb/
sf7df8f}“ .
ljifo M ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] af}l4s tyf :jf:Yosf] ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf k7fOPsf]
;DaGwdf .
d]/f] ufpF ;d'bfodf ePsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] af}l4s tyf :jf:Yo If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljljw
vfnsf sfo{j|mdx¿sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . tL cfjZostfx¿nfO{{ ;d]6]/ Ps of]hgf tof/ u/L
sfo{j|mddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g]5 egL of] kq k7fPsf] 5' .
afnaflnsfsf] af}l4s tyf :jf:Yosf] ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf
afnaflnsfsf nflu Pp6f ;fd'bflos lzIff ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu v]Ng] d}bfg / au}Frfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
ljBfno vf]Ng] .
k':tsfno vf]Ng] ljleGg vfnsf dgf]/Ghgk"0f{ lj|mofsnfksf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhsLs/0f ug]{ .
;do ;dodf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug]{, :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;~rfng ug]{ .
ljBfnodf v]ns'bsf ;fdfgx¿ /fVg] .
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{{ ;/;kmfOk|lt ;r]t agfpg] .
cleefjssf] r]tgf hfu[t ug]{ sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ .
afnaflnsfnfO{{ w]/} a9L lgoGq0f tyf b08 ;hfo glbg] / To;sf nflu ;a}nfO{{ ;r]t
agfpg] .
-r_ k|Zg -r_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]lv;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ x]g{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj; dfr{ * sf lbg kb{5 .
of] lbj; g]kfnn] klg dgfpg'kb{5 .
lsgeg] –
dlxnf / k'?if Ps /ysf b'O{ kfª\uf ePsfn] .
g]kfnsf dlxnfx¿ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ;a} If]qdf lk5l8Psfn] .
gf/Lx¿ ;ª\ul7t eP/ k'?if;/x xs clwsf/ vf]Hgsf nflu .
/fHosf] ;a} If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu .
dlxnf k'?ifsf] ;dfg Hofnfsf] Joj:yf ug{ .

kf7 M 5
cGt/f{li6«o JolStTTj
!= ljifoj:t'
ljZjsf ;a} dflg;x¿sf nflu g} dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] JolStx¿nfO{{ cGt/f{li6«o JolStTTjsf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . pgLx¿sf] of]ubfg dflg;sf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 . s;}n] ljleGg k|ljlwsf] If]qdf,
s;}n] ljsf;sf] If]qdf, s;}n] ljleGg :t/sf dflg;x¿sf nflu hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xof]u k'¥ofO{
dfgjLo hLjgnfO{{ ;'vdo agfpg] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\\ . xfdLx¿n] pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{{ ;Ddfg
ug]{, ltgLx¿sf sfo{x¿sf] cg'z/0f ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . oxfF b'O{hgf cGt/f{li6«o
JolStTTjx¿sf] af/]df kl/ro lbOPsf] 5 .
-!_ s}nfz ;TofyL{
gfd M s}nfz ;TofyL{
hGdldlt M ;g\ !(%$, hgj/L !!
/fli6«otf M ef/tLo
of]Uotf M ljB't OlGhlgol/ª-;d|f6 czf]s
k|fb\of}lus ;+:yfgaf6_
of]ubfg M afn clwsf/ / lzIffsf nflu
;ls|otf
k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg M ;g\ @)!$ sf] gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/,
xfj8{ ljZjljBfnosf] jif{ JolStTTj -
@)!%_, nf]stGq /Ifs k'/:sf/ @))(
-cd]l/sf_ ;'gsf] em08f k'/:sf/
!((* -g]b/NofG8_, b cfr]g/ cGt/f{li6«o zflGt k'/:sf/ !(($ -hd{gL_
cflb .
s}nfz ;TofyL{ afnaflnsfsf nflu dfofn' ;dfh ;]jLsf] gfd xf] . !! hgj/L !(%$ df hGdg'
ePsf s}nfz ;TofyL{ afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ lbnfpg sl6a4 Ps ef/tLo d"nsf gful/s
x'g'x'G5 . pxfF ;+;f/s} nflu afn clwsf/sdL{ Pjd\ afn >d lj?4 nflu/x]sf sfo{stf{ x'g'x'G5 .
pxfFn] ‘arkg arfcf}“ afNosfn arfcf}“ cfGbf]ng’ dfkm{t !(*) af6 !$$ b]zsf *#,))) eGbf
a9L afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ /Iffsf nflu sfd ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;TofyL{sf] of] sfd / ;lj|motfn]
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf] sGe];g g+ !*@ sf] afn>d lgif]wsf] gf/fnfO{{ rl/qfy{ u/L
;+;f/el/sf ;/sf/sf nflu lbzf lgb]{z klg u/]sf] 5 . ;TofyL{n] blIf0f Pl;ofdf afn>dsf]
k|of]uljgf lgld{t un}Frfx¿sf] klxnf] :j]lR5s n]an u'8 lje (Good Weave) :yfkgf ug'{eof] .
;fy} To;sf] cg'udg / k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft klg ug'{eof] .
pkef]Stf hfu?stf k|j4{g ug{ / ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo tyf cGt/f{li6«o cleofgsf] k|rf/ ug{ o'/f]k
/ ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf] e|d0f ug'{eof] . o;af6 ;TofyL{ dfgj clwsf/, afn>d, afn sNof0f
/ k/f]ksf/ cflb d'b\bfdf emg\ bl/nf] aGg'eof] . o;afx]s pxfFn] ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, lg/If/tf,
hg;ªV\of jb[l\w / cGo ;fdflhs ;d:of phfu/ ub}{ oL lj?4\ n8g cfxj\fg ug'{eof] . afn>d
lj?4sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;as}f nflu lzIffsf] kxF'r k¥'ofpgsf nflu pxfFn] og':]sf], kmf:6 6\ofs
kxn, cGt/f{li6«o >d clwsf/ sf]if / cGt/f{li6«o sf]sf] kmfpG8];g cflb ;:+yfsf af]8{ /
;ldltdf /xL sfd ug'{eof] . pxfFn] clxn] afn >d / bf;Tjsf] cGTosf nflu sfd ul//xg'
ePsf] 5 .
-@_ 8f= dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\u
gfd M 8f= dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\u
hGd ldlt M ;g\ !(@( hgj/L !%
b]z M cd]l/sfsf] P6nfG6f
of]Uotf M kL=Pr=8L - af]:6g ljZjljBfno_
of]ubfg M j0f{e]b lj/f]wL ;+3if{, gful/s clwsf/
cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[TTj
k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg M gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/-;g\ !(^$_
d[To' M ;g\ !(^* clk|n # -uf]/fx¿åf/f xTof_
dfl6{g gful/s clwsf/ sdL{ g]tf x'g\ . pgn] cd]l/sfsf] :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / ;Ddfgsf nflu
;ª\3if{ u/] . ;g\ !(@( hgj/L !% df P6nfG6fdf hGd]sf pgn] df]/ xfp; sn]h / sf]h/
lyof]nf]lhsn ;]ldg/L Pjd\ af]:6g ljZjljBfnoaf6 kL=Pr=8L=sf] cf}krfl/s l8u|L lnPsf lyP .
cWoogs} j|mddf pgL j0f{e]b lj/f]wL ;ª\3if{df klg ;xefuL x'g yfn]sf lyP . sfnf] / uf]/f]
/ªsf cfwf/df ;a} s'/fdf e]befj ul/g] cd]l/sfdf Toltv]/ /ªsf cfwf/df lzIffdf klg e]befj
ul/GYof] . j0f{e]b lj/f]wL ;ª\3if{sf] sf/0fn] kl5 ToxfFsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs lzIffdf of]
j0f{e]bsf] cGTo ug]{ km};nf ;'gfof] . cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k6s k6ssf] lu/ˆtf/L, h]ng]n /
oftgfnfO{{ em]Nb} pgn] cu:6 @*, !(^# df jfl;ª\6gdf Pp6f P]ltxfl;s lj/f]w k|bz{gsf]
cfof]hgf u/] . ;g\ !(^$ df gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]kl5 pgL ljZje/ g} rlr{t eP .
o;} j|mddf pgn] cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] k|of]u ul//x]sf x/]s vfnsf lx+;fx¿sf] lj/f]w ug{ yfn] .
pgn] cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] Toltv]/ leotgfdL hgtfdfly yf]k/]sf] Ps b;seGbf nfdf] o'4sf]
lj/f]wdf ;g\ !(^& b]lv cfjfh p7fpg yfn] . ;fy;fy} ul/a / dhb'/x¿sf] kIfdf pgn] cfjfh
a'nGb kfb}{ uP . pgn] ;Dk"0f{ ul/a hgtfnfO{{ ufF;, af;, skf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo / lhpgsf nflu
cfjZos sfd / sfdsf] plrt /sd kfpg] g}lts clwsf/ 5 egL pb\3f]if;d]t u/] . cd]l/sfdf
dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\usf] ;xfbtkl5 klg pgsf] ;kgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5}g eGg] 7flgG5 .

8f= dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\un] ;fdflhs j|mflGtsf] ;kgf b]v]sf lyP . pgn] hftLo ljefhg /
e]befjsf] cGt, pTkLl8t sfnfx¿n] klg uf]/fx¿n] hlts} ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / ;Ddfg kfpg]
Joj:yfsf] l;h{gf / lx+;|s o'4af6 d'lStsf nflu cfjfh p7fP . pgn] clx+;fTds 9ª\un] Pp6f
gofF ;fdflhs j|mflGtsf] lau'n km's] . ;f/f ljZjn] clxn] klg pgsf] sfdsf] k|z+;f ul//x]sf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o JolStTTjx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg ug{ ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿
cGt/f{li6«o JolStTTj xf];\ jf /fli6«o JolStTTj xf];\ To:tf JolStx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg ug{sf nflu
xfdLx¿n] lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{x¿ ug'{ pko'St x'G5 .
pgLx¿n] u/]sf of]ubfg h:t} cfk"mn] klg ug{ k|of; ug]{ .
pgLx¿nfO{{ ;xof]u x'g] jftfj/0f ldnfO{lbg] .
JolStTTjx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{{ k|rf/k|;f/ u/L ;d'bfonfO{{ klg ;f]xL dfu{df

8f]¥ofpg] .
@= cEof;
-s_ …s}nfz ;TofyL{ ef/tsf gful/s eP klg pgsf] of]ubfg ljZjs} nflu cg'kd 5 .Ú o;
egfOnfO{{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\
-v_ s}nfz ;TofyL{;Fu} gf]an zflGt k'/:sf/ ljh]tf dnfnf o';'kmhO{sf] hLjgL ljleGg ;Gbe{
;fdu|Laf6 vf]hL u/L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf dfgj ;d'bfosf] lxtdf sfd u/]sf sf]xL pbfx/0fLo JolStTTj x'g'x'G5
eg] pxfFn] u/]sf of]ubfg pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ dfl6g n'y/ lsªsf] hLjgLaf6 tkfO{n] s] lzIff kfpg'eof] < n]Vg'xf]; .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] pTt/ n]lv;s]kl5 o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'sf] s}nfz ;TofyL{
;DaGwL ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] hjfkm n]lv;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ cWoog u/L o:t} n]Vg
;Sg'x'G5 .
dnfnf o';'kmhO{ kfls:tfgL :s'n] ljBfyL{ x'g . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !((&
h'nfO{{ !@ df pTt/ klZrd kfls:tfgsf] ldªuf]/fdf ePsf] lyof] . logL
d'l:nd ;d'bfosL x'g . o; ;d'bfodf ljz]if u/L dlxnfx¿nfO{{ v'n]/
aflx/ lg:sg lbOb}g . dnfnfn] dlxnfx¿sf] lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/sf
af/]df cfjfh p7fOg . pgn] tflnjfg ljb|f]xLx¿sf] klg cfnf]rgf ul/g
h;n] ubf{ pgn] uf]nL ;d]t vfg' k/\of] . t/ pgL xf/ gdfgL Pp6f ljBfyL{, Pp6f lzIfs /
Pp6f sndn] ljZj kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 eGg] gf/fsf ;fy k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] lzIff kfpg]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ nflu/x]ls5g\\ . pgn] y'k|} zflGt k'/:sf/ / ;g\ @)!$ df gf]a]n zflGt
k'/:sf/ k|fKt ul/g . pgn] y'k|} k':tsx¿ klg n]v]sL 5g\\ .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] cfk"mn] b]v]sf], ;'g]sf] / k9]sf] cfwf/df hf] s;}sf] af/]df klg
n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 .
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
dfl6{g n'y/ lsªh:tf cGt/f{li6«o JolStTTjsf] hLjgL k9\bf xfdLn] ljleGg s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;S5f}F .
tLdWo] s]xL lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\\ M
s'g} klg sfo{ ug{sf nflu nugzLntf, k|lta4tf / b[9 OR5fsf] cfjZostf kbf]{ /x]5 .
;kmntfsf] nflu 3/ kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;fyLx¿sf] /fd|f] ;xof]u cfjZos kbf]{ /x]5 .
;dfhsf nflu of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] JolStnfO{{ xfdLn] ;Ddfg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
$= yk ;'emfj
-s_ sIff !) sf] ;fdflhs cWoogsf] kf7\ok':ts cWoog ug'{xf];\ . cWoog ubf{ cfOk/]sf
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Dks{ sIffdf ;xhstf{;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M ;ft
ljZjaGw'TTj
!= ljifoj:t'
of] ;+;f/ Pp6f kl/jf/ xf] . k[YjLdf /x]sf ;a} dflg; Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;b:o xf}F . of] wf/0ff g}
ljZjaGw'TTj xf] . h;/L kl/jf/df Ps hgfn] b'Mv lbPdf jf gf]S;fg k'¥ofPdf kl/jf/sf ;a}
JolStn] b'Mv jf gf]S;fg a]xf]g'{k5{ . To;} u/L s'g} Ps 7fpFsf dflg;n] k[YjLsf] gf]S;fg k'¥ofP
eg] ;a} 7fpFsf dflg;n] Tof] gf]S;fg Joxf]g'{k5{ . h}ljs b[li6n] t emg\ dflg; dfq xf]Og,
k[YjLsf ;a} hLj k/:k/df cGt/;DalGwt ePsf] dflgG5 . To;}n] ljZjsf] ;j{>]i7 k|f0fL dflg;n]
cfˆgf ultljlw ;~rfng ubf{ cGo hLjx¿sf] hLjg k4ltnfO{{ c;/ k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . cfˆgf
cfjZostf / rfxgf k"/f ubf{ c¿sf] cl:tTTjnfO{{ la;{g' x'Fb}g . o;df cfWoflTds d"No klg 5 .
xfd|f] j}lbs k/Dk/fdf …j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Ú sf] ;"lSt 5 . o;n] ;f/f dflg;x¿ Ps csf{sf gft]bf/
x'g\ / Pscsf{df ;DalGwt 5g\\ eGg] tYo phfu/ u5{ . To;}n] ;a} ldn]/ a:g'k5{, b'Mv;'v
afF8\g'k5{ / ldn]/ afFRg'k5{ .
a;fOF ;/fO, /f]huf/L, ko{6g, j}b]lzs Jofkf/, k/:k/ ;xof]u cflb sf/0fn] ljb]lzg' dflg;sf]
afWotf xf] . dflg;x¿ Pp6} :yfgdf v'lDrP/ a:g rfxFb}gg\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ b'Mv / sl7gfO
5Ng k'/fgf] 7fpF 5f]8]/ gofF 7fpFdf k'u]sf 5g\\ . Pp6} ;x/df klg ljleGg b]zsf gful/s /x]sf
5g\\ . To;}n] ljZjaGw'TTj efjgfsf] dxTTj a9]sf] 5 .
@ cEof;
-s_ ljZjaGw'TTj eg]sf] s] xf] < ljZjaGw'TTj sfod ug{ xfdLn] s] ug'{k5{ <
-v_ …ljZjdf zflGt sfod ug{ ljZjaGw'TTj ckl/xfo{ 5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf] nflu o;}kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf] nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
‘ljZjdf zflGt sfod ug{ ljZjaGw'TTj ckl/xfo{ 5 .’
of] ;+;f/ Pp6f kl/jf/ xf] . To;}n] k[YjLdf /x]sf ;a} dflg; Pp6} kl/jf/sf ;b:o xf}F . To;}n]
s'g} Ps 7fpFsf dflg;n] k[YjLsf] gf]S;fg k'¥ofP eg] ;a} 7fpFsf dflg;n] Tof] gf]S;fg
Joxf]g'{k5{ . cfhsf] o'udf ljZjsf] Ps s'gfaf6 s]xL 306fsf] ofqfdf csf]{ s'gfdf k'Ug ;lsG5 .
;a} wd{, hft, If]q, cf:yf cflbnfO{{ pRr ;DDffg k|bz{g ug'{ ljZjjGw'Tjsf] ;f/ xf] . x/]s
JolStn] hflt, wd{, efiff / /fi6«sf] ;LdfeGbf dfly p7\g'k5{ . ;a} wd{n] zflGtsf] cfb/ ug{
l;sfpF5g\\ / lzIffsf] p2]Zo klg ToxL xf] . . dfgj hfltdf kg]{ kL8f, eo, dxfdf/L, ul/aL
cflbaf6 pGd'lSt kfpg ;+;f/sf dflg;df ;dfg'e"lt / ;xof]u x'g'k5{ . oxL ;dfg'e"lt /
;xof]uaf6 ljZjaGw'TTj a9\5 . . To;}n] JolStn] cxd\jfbnfO{{ TofuL dfgj hfltsf] ;d[l4 /
;'vL hLjgsf nflu sfd ug'{k5{ . o;}af6 zflGt 5fpF5 . ctM ljZjdf zflGt sfod ug{
ljZjaGw'TTj ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;af6 g} ljZj Pstf alnof] x'G5 . æoxfF ljZjaGw'TTjsf] efjgf
x'G5, ToxfF åGå x'Fb}g, zflGt x'G5 .Æ
kf7–cf7
h]i7 gful/sk|ltsf] bfloTTj
!= ljifoj:t'
h]i7 gful/sx¿ xfd|f] ;dfh lgdf{0f stf{ dfq geO{ ;fdflhs tyf ;+f:s[lts 1fg, d"No dfGotf
/ k/Dk/fsf w/f]x/ x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx¿n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf k|z:t ptf/ r9fj ef]lu;Sg'ePsf] 5 .
pxfFx¿;Fu cyfx cg'ej / 1fgsf] e08f/ 5 . xfdLn] H]i7 gful/sdf /x]sf 1fg / cg'ejsf]
e08f/nfO{{ ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . H]i7 gful/ssf] ljz]if x]/rfx ug'{ /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . o:tf]
sfo{ /fHosf] ;fdflhs / g}lts lhDd]jf/Lleq k5{ . ;dfhn] klg cfˆgf h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{
;xfg'e"lt / cfb/k"j{s ;]jf lbg'k5{ . z/L/df an sd x'g], cN5L nfUg], ;/;kmfOdf sd rf;f]
jf hfFu/ x'g], c;Gt'li6 JoSt ug]{ :jefj x'g] cflb sf/0fn] j[4 dflg;x¿nfO{{ s;}s;}n] x]nf
u5{g\ . klZrdf hLjg z}nLsf] k|efj, Jo:ttf, cfly{s cefj, k':t]gL b'/L, Psn kl/jf/sf] rfxgf
cflb sf/0fn] sltko h]i7 gful/s 3/ kl/jf/af6} ckx]lnt eO/x]sf 5g\\ . kl/0ffdtM sltkon]
/fHon] pknAw u/fPsf]] ;]jf ;'ljwf klg lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ h]i7 gful/snfO{{ s] s:tf 5'6 / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ …h]i7 gful/sdf 1fg / cg'ejsf] e08f/ /x]sf] x'G5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ljut s]xL jif{otf h]i7 gful/s kl/jf/af6} ckx]lnt eO/x]sf 36gfx¿ ;'Gg / k9\g
kfOG5 < o;sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < o;sf ;dfwfgsf pkfo;d]t pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_sf] nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
h]i7 gful/snfO{{ lgDg cg';f/sf] 5'6 / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
h]i7 gful/s;DaGwL 5'6\6} P]gsf] Joj:yf,
dfl;s eTtfsf] Joj:yf,
;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgdf sDtLdf b'O{ cf]6f l;6 ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{,
ef8fb/df sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt 5'6 lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf,
:jf:Yo ;]jfdf 5'6 / lgMz'Ns pkrf/sf] Joj:yf, cflb .

-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfnsf] k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd &) -;Q/L_ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ul/;s]sf] gful/snfO{{ h]i7 gful/s
elgG5 . h]i7 gful/sx¿n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf y'k|} ptf/ r9fj ef]lu;Sg' ePsf] x'G5 . cg'ejn] g}
JolStnfO{{ kl/kSj agfp5 . cfkm"n] ef]u]sf, cg'ej u/]sf, b]v]sf s'/fx¿ a9L oyfy{ / ;To
x'G5g\\ . h]i7 gful/sx¿ xfd|f] ;dfh lgdf{0fstf{ dfq geO{ ;fdflhs tyf ;f“:s[lts 1fg, d"No
dfGotf / k/Dk/fsf w/f]x/ x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] h]i7 gful/sx¿df 1fg / cg'ejsf] e08f/ x'G5 .
xfdLn] h]i7 gful/sdf /x]sf 1fg / cg'ejsf] e08f/nfO{{ ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

PsfO M $
;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg
!= kl/ro
;dfhdf ljljw vfnsf lqmofsnfkx¿ x'g] ub{5g\\ . dfgj ;d'bfon] d"No, dfGotf, k/Dk/f, cGw
ljZjf; / cfw'lgstfsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ u5{g\ . tLdWo] s]xL ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds vfnsf
x'G5g\\ eg] s]xL ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nflu gsf/fTds x'G5g\\ . dfgj ;dfhdf k|rngdf /x]sf
ljs[t Jojxf/x¿ g} ;fdflhs ;d:of x'g\ . ;fdflhs ;d:ofn] ubf{ dfgj ;dfhdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ uO{ ;dfhsf] a[xTt/ ljsf;df cj/f]w k'U5 . kl/0ffdtM dfgj ;Eotfdfly g} k|Zg
jfrs lrXg v8f x'G5 . o; PsfOdf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿;DaGwL ljljw ljifoj:t'
tyf o;sf] ;dfwfgdf ;+nUg ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfndf u/]sf k|of;x¿sf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf]
5.
@= p2]Zo
o; PsfOsf] cWoogkl5 tkfO{{F lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'g]5 M
-s_ ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ug{,
-v_ ;d'bfodf x'g] ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{,
-u_ ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg unt k|yfx¿sf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kQf nufpg,
-3_ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu sfo{/t ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n]
u/]sf k|of;x¿ pNn]v ug{ .
kf7 M Ps
;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf dfgj a]rlavg
!= ljifoj:t'
!= dfgj a]rlavg
dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g @)^$ n] lbPsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ s'g} klg p2]Zon]
dflg; lsga]r ug]{, >d zf]if0f ug]{, j]Zofj[lTtdf nufpg] / sfg'gL k|fjwfg ljk/Lt dflg;sf]
cª\u lemSg] sfd dfgj a]rlavg xf] . /f]huf/L / 3'dlkm/ tyf cfly{s k|nf]eg b]vfO{ dfgj
a]rlavg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; j|mddf ;f]emf tyf cfly{s ;d:ofdf k/]sfx¿ a]rlavgdf kg]{
u/]sf 5g\\ . ljz]if u/L >d zf]if0f, of}g zf]if0f, aFw'jf dhb'/, afn dhb'/ / wd{ ;Gtfgsf nflu
dfgj a]rlavg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . e]befj / bafaaf6 k|efljt dlxnf Pjd\ afnaflnsf, 3/]n' tyf
;fdflhs lx+;faf6 kLl8t JolSt a]rlavgsf] hf]lvddf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\\ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]
dflg;x¿, afn ljjfx, ax' ljjfx, anfTsf/ cflbaf6 kLl8t JolStx¿ dfgj a]rlavgsf] l;sf/
x'g ;S5g\\ . dfgj a]rlavg cGt{ut r]lna]6L a]rlavg, >ldsx¿sf] a]rlavg, afnaflnsf
a]rlavg / dfgj c+u a]rlavg kb{5g\\ h;sf] af/]df oxfF rrf{ ul/G5 .
-s_ r]nLa]6L a]rlavg
r]nLa]6L a]rlavg Pp6f ;fdflhs ;d:of xf] . jif]{gL xhf/f}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnL r]nLx¿
ljb]zdf a]rlavg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfh b]zsf k|foM;a}h;f] e"–efu af6 ef/t, c/a /fi6«
tyf cGo d'n'sx¿df a]lrG5g\\ . sltko g]kfnL r]nLx¿nfO{{ b]xJofkf/ tyf >dzf]if0fh:tf
sfo{df ;+nUg u/fOPsf] kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ cfh xfdL ;a}sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'u]sf] 5 . o;
sfo{df bnfnx¿ ;lqmo /x]sf x'G5g\\ . ufpF3/df ul/a tyf clzlIft cleefjsnfO{{ kmsfOk'mNofO{
cg]s k|nf]eg b]vfP/ pgLx¿sf r]nLa]6Lsf] j]rlavg ePsf 5g\\ . To;}n] of] ;fdflhs ck/fw
xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] ef/t;Fusf] l;dfgf v'nf ePsfn] bnfnx¿n] ;lhn} r]nLa]6LnfO{{ ef/tsf
7'nf7'nf ;x/df k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\\ . ToxfF k'u]sf r]nLa]6LnfO{{ j]Zofj[lQdf nfUg afWo
agfOG5 . pgLx¿nfO{{ To;af6 x'g] cfosf] cToGt Go"g c+z dfq lbOG5 .
pgLx¿sf] hLjg gf/sLo ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L b]zdf k|To]s jif{ xhf/f}F r]nLa]6L a]rlavg
eO/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;/L a]lrg] r]nLx¿dWo] clwsf+z r]nLx¿ k|f0f3fts /f]u nfu]kl5
ToxfFaf6 kms{g afWo agfOG5 . To;kl5 pgLx¿ :jb]zdf kms{G5g\\ . To;/L kms{g] r]nLx¿nfO{{
;dfhn] lt/:sf/ ug]{ ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] hLjg b'MvbfoL x'G5 . o;/L kms{g] r]nLx¿sf] p4f/
sfo{df ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\\ .
r]nLa]6L a]rlavgsf sf/0fx¿
xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df r]nLa]6Lsf] a]rlavg x'gfsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿ 5g\\ . tLdWo] d'Vo
sf/0fx¿df hgr]tgfsf] sdL, 5f]/Lk|lt ;dfhn] ug]{ Jojxf/, 5f]/f / 5f]/Lk|lt x'g] km/s Jojxf/,
ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, v'nf l;dfgf, sfg'gsf]] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjodf sdL, 3/]n' lx+;f, klZrdL
;dfhsf] gSsn, ;x/d'vL hLjgz}nL, l56f]l56f] k};f sdfpg] nf]eh:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ r]nLa]6L
a]rlavgn] k|>o kfPsf] 5 . 8/, wfs, wDsL tyf zlStsf] b'¿kof]u u/]/, gSsnL ljjfx u/]/,
e'm7f] k|nf]eg b]vfP/ >dzf]if0f u/]/, nfu"kbfy{ ;]jg u/fP/, rl/q xTof u/]/ r]nLa]6L j]rlavg
ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
/f]syfdsf pkfo
r]nLa]6L a]rlavg Pp6f ;fdflhs ;d:of ePsfn] o;sf] /f]syfd ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o:tf]
ljs[ltsf] lj?4 ;a} gful/snfO{{ ;r]t u/fpg'k5{ . ufpF ;d'bfodf ;ef, h'n';, ;8s gf6s,
kDKn]6dfk{mt hghfu/0f ug'{kb{5 . kqklqsf, /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgdfk{mt r]nLa]6L a]rlavg
s;/L eO/x]sf] 5, s;/L o:tf 36gfsf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5, To;af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{
ug'{kb{5 . ;d'bfodf /x]sf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿dfk{mt k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{
ug'{kb{5 . l;kd"ns tflndx¿ k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . a]rlavgdf ;+nUg JolStnfO{{ s8f
sf/jfxL ug'{kb{5 . ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/
sDkgL / ltgsf bnfnx¿sf] lgu/fgL ug'{k5{ .

/f]syfdsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿
;/sf/n] r]nLa]6L a]rljvg /f]syfdsf nflu sfg'g lgdf{0f u/]sf], r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md
;~rfng u/]sf], ljleGg lhNnfx¿df k|x/Lx¿nfO{{ ;lqmo agfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L l;kd"ns
cfocfh{g sfo{j|md ;~rfng tyf ;a}sf nflu lzIffh:tf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L r]nLa]6L a]rlavgsf lj?4 sfo{ ug{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;lqmo 5g\\ . dfOtL g]kfn,
zflGt ;d"x, lbbLalxgL nufot ;+3;+:yfx¿ / g]kfn k|x/L, dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf dGqfno,
/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt nufotsf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lj|moflzn 5g\\ .
a]lrPsf r]nLx¿nfO{{ b]x Jofkf/ tyf cGo zf]if0faf6 d'St ug{ ljleGg ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ ;lqmo
¿kdf nfu]sf 5g\\ . s}of}F r]nLx¿nfO{{ ef/tsf k|d'v ;x/af6 lkmtf{ NofO{ u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿df l;kd"ns tflnd k|bfg u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;xof]u ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx¿n]
;d'bfoaf6 /fd|f] ;xof]u kfpg ;s"g\ egL ;d'bfodf ;d]t pTk|]/0ff lbg] sfo{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
:jod\ r]nLa]6Lx¿sf] dgf]an a9fpg lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / ;fy lbO/x]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L
/f]huf/d"ns tflnd k|bfg ul/Psfn] r]nLx¿sf] hLjgofkg ug]{ dfWod ;xh ag]sf] 5 .
dflysf] ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L tnsf] lqmofsnfk ug'{xf];\ .

-s_ xfd|f] b]zdf r]nLa]6L a]rlavg x'gfsf] s'g} b'O{cf]6f sf/0f pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-!_ -@_
-v_ r]nLa]6L a]rlavg /f]uyfdsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿dWo] ========= klg Ps xf] .
-v_ afnaflnsf a]rlavg
ljleGg :jfy{ k"lt{ ug{ kl/jf/sf] ;xdlt jf ljdltdf afnaflnsfnfO{{ laj|mL ljt/0f ug'{
afnaflnsf a]rlavg xf] . o;/L afnaflnsfnfO{{ kl/jf/af6 6f9f k'¥ofO{ hf]lvd o'St, 3/]n',
lgs[i6 tyf ;s{;df sfd ug{ nufpg], cª\u lemSg], dfUg nufpg] h:tf sfo{df nufOG5 . o;}n]
afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iffy{ ;d'bfo, cleefjs, kl/jf/ / afnaflnsf :jod\ klg rgfvf] /xg'k5{ .
ljz]if u/L ;x/L If]q / t/fO{{sf lhNnfx¿af6 afnaflnsfx¿ a9L x/fpg] u/]sf 5g\\ . ul/aL,
cleefjssf] a]jf:tf, t:s/sf ultljlw, 3/sf] tgfj, dxTTjfsfª\IfL :jefj cflb sf/0fx¿n]
afnaflnsfx¿ axlsG5g\\ / x/fpg k'U5g\\ . afnaflnsfnfO{{ a]rlavg x'gaf6 arfpg pgLx¿sf]
;'/Iffdf ljz]if ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . lzIffsf] cj;/, cleefjsnfO{{ ;r]tgf j[l4, xf]6n tyf
pBf]ux¿df lgu/fgL, ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;lj|motf, ;d:ofdf k/]sf
afnaflnsfnfO{{ p4f/ tyf k'gM:yfkgfn] o:tf ;d:ofsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu
afnaflnsf cfkm}F klg ;r]t x'g h?/L 5 . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf dGqfno, g]kfn k|x/L, l;ljg,
l;lj;, afn ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿ nufotsf ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ o; lj?4 ;lj|mo 5g\\ .
-u_ dfgj cª\u a]rlavg
lxhf]cfh dfgj z/L/sf sltko cª\un] sfd gug]{ cj:yfdf tL cª\u k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o:tf la/fdLsf nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf cGo JolStnfO{{ bftf agfO{ dfgj cª\u k|lt:yfkg ug{
;3fp k'¥ofOG5 . t/ kl/jf/sf ;b:o gePdf jf pgLx¿n] hf]lvd df]Ng tof/ gePdf ltgsf
nflu cGo JolStaf6 cª\u lsga]r x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu bnfndfkm{t lsga]rsf] sfo{
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|lt:yflkt dfgj cª\udWo] sl/a $@ k|ltzt cj}wflgs dfgj cª\u Jofkf/af6
x'g] u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] j|md g]kfn / ef/tdf pNn]Vo ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;df klg
ul/aL, clzIff, dxTTjfsfª\Iff nufotsf kIfn] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf 5g\\ . o:tf] ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{nfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], :jf:Yo ;r]tgf a9fpg] / pkrf/sf
gfddf cª\u lgsfNg ;Sg] unt cfzok|lt ;r]t x'g] h:tf sfo{ ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L la/fdL
s'?jfsf] Joj:yf ug]{, hf]lvddf kg]{ / kfg]{nfO{{ lgu/fgL ug]{ cflb sfo{af6 dfgj cª\usf]
a]rlavgnfO{{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . wgsf] nf]edf dfgjtf lal;{P/ ul/g] o:tf sfo{x¿af6 hf]lvddf
k/]sfnfO{{ hf]ufpg' xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTTj xf] .
@= cEof;
-s_ ;fdflhs ;d:of eg]sf] s] xf] < tkfO{Fsf] cfˆgf] :yfgLo ;d'bfo jf lhNnf jf c~rndf
ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;d:of jf s'/Lltx¿dWo] s'g} rf/cf]6fsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ / ltgsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu s] ug'{knf{ < ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf dfgj a]rlavg ug]{ sfo{ lsg a9]sf] xf]nf < dfgj a]rlavg /f]Sg
ckgfpg'kg]{ pkfox¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfndf r]nLa]6L a]rlavg x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ / r]nLa]6L a]rlavg /f]syfdsf
nflu s] ug'{knf{, ;'emfj k]; ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfndf r]nLa]6L a]rlavgsf] jt{dfg cj:yf vf]hL ug'{xf];\ / Pp6f ;Gb]zd"ns uLt
tof/ ug'{xf];\ <
-ª_ tnsf] sljtf cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lbg'xf];\ .
æ;'vL sfd, cfgGbL hLjg / d]/f] b'MvL kl/jf/sf] p4f/ ug]{ cfzfdf
;x/L hLjg / /ª\uLrª\uL sNkgfdf 8'Ab} k/]F d b'i6sf] kf;fdf
cGwsf/ kL8f, cf;' / lg;fl;Fbf ;+;f/df b'Mv vfO{
km;]F klg cfF6 / ;fx; lnO{ arfpg' 5 d]/f alxgLx¿nfO{{
-!_ sljtfdf s'g ;fdflhs ;d:of cf}FNofOPsf] 5 <
-@_ pSt ;fdflhs ;d:of l;h{gf x'g'sf s'g} ltgcf]6f sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\
-#_ pSt ;fdflhs ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug'{kg]{ kfFrcf]6f pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ r]nLa]6L a]rlavg /f]Sg'eGbf klxnf y'k|} uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ;fdfwfg vf]Hg k|Zg ug'{k5{ .
tnsf egfO x]g'{xf];\ M
k};f gx'Fbf xfdL Hofb} b'MvL 5f}F . ;x/df 5f]/LnfO{{ sfd ug{ k7fpFbf s]xL /fxt

ldNYof] ls <
5f]/LnfO{{ :s'n k9fOFb}g . pgLx¿n] 3/wGbf u/]/ a:g'k5{ .
dlxnfx¿n] vf; s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gg\ t/ ljb]zdf uP/ k};f sdfpg ;S5g\\ .
ljb]z uP/ /f]huf/L ug{ kfP w]/} k};f sdfOG5
xfdL t lzlIft dflg;, xfdLnfO{{ s] x'G5 / < dnfO{{ o;sf] s]xL k/jfx 5}g .
Pslbg k/fO{sf] 3/ hfg] g} xf] . xfdL ;w}F al;/xg] xf]Og Sof/] .
uf/d]G6 sf/vfgfsf] si6k|b hLjgaf6 d'lSt kfpg o:t} ug'{kg]{ /x]5 .
-c_ oL s'/fx¿ s;n] lsg eGg ;S5 <

-cf_ r]nLa]6L a]rlavg /f]Sgsf lglDt bL3{sfnLg p2]Zox¿s]f ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-O_ r]nLa]6L a]rlavg /f]Sg xfn b]zdf ePu/]sf ljleGg sfo{x¿ tyf k|of;x¿ s] s]
5g\\ < cg';Gwfg u/L pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ dfgj a]rljvgaf6 ;dfhdf kg]{ d'Vo c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf nflu
xfd|f] ;dfhdf cg]sf}+F ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . dfgj ;d'bfon] d"No, dfGotf, k/Dk/f,
cGw ljZjf; / cfw'lgstfsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ u5{g\ . tLdWo] s]xL ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds
vfnsf x'G5g\\ eg] s]xL ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nflu gsf/fTds x'G5g\\ . dfgj ;dfhdf k|rngdf
/x]sf ljs[t Jojxf/x¿ g} ;fdflhs ;d:of x'g\ . cyjf ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofpg]
tTTjx¿ g} ;fdflhs ;d:of x'g\ . rf]/L, 8s}tL, e|i6frf/, dfgj tyf dfgj cª\u a]rljvg,
s'/Llt h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;fdflhs ;d:of x'g\ . o;}u/L k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf ljleGg
k|yfx¿ / cGwljZjf;nfO{{ ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . xfd|f] ;d'bfodf ePsf
rf/cf]6f ;d:ofx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\\ M
nfu"kbfy{sf] k|of]u a]/f]huf/L
r]nLa]6L a]rlavg e|i6frf/
pk/f]St ljs[ltx¿sf] JofVofsf nflu ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] dfgj a]rlavg eGg] kf7 cWoog ug'xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] r]nLa]6L a]rlavgsf sf/0f / /f]syfdsf pkfo cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu tn lbOPsf] a'Fbfx¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfndf r]nLa]6L a]rlavgsf] ljBdfg cj:yf M
• g]kfndf jflif{s ¿kdf xhf/f}F hgf r]nLa]6L a]rlavg eO/x]sf] .
• g]kfnsf r]nLa]6L ef/tsf k|d'v ;x/df a]rlavg x'g] u/]sf] .
• clzIff, ul/aLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ r]nLa]6L a]rlavg eO/x]sf] .
• a]lrPsf r]nLa]6Lx¿nfO{{ d'lSt lbnfpg ljleGg ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ ;lqmo /x]sf 5g\\ . tL
;+:yfx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{{ cfocfh{g x'g] l;kd"ns tflnd lbg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .
;Gb]zd"ns uLt
bnfnn] n}hfG5 e'msfP/ a]RgnfO{{
glauf/ Vofn Vofn}df lhUbuLnfO{{
ub{5g\\ kmsfpg] / k"mnfpg]
ljb]zdf uPkl5 ;5{ /f]u dl/g]
a]lrPkl5 x'g]5 s'6\g] / n'5\g]
j]Zof egL gs{df kmfNg]
;'v kfpF5' egL ghfg' x} ljb]z
P8\; /f]u ;5{ x} lbG5f}F ;Gb]z
-ª_ k|Zg -ª_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ r]lna]6L a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of xf] .
-v_ r]lna]6L a]rlavg x'g] sf/0fx¿df ul/aL, r]tgfsf] sdL, ;x/d'vL hLjgz}nL
cflb .
-u_ lg/fs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿sf nflu o;} kf7sf] r]nLa]6L a]rlavg /f]syfdsf
pkfocGtu{t cg'R5]b cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ k|Zg -r_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ klg n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 M
-s_ oL s'/fx¿ s;n] lsg eGg ;S5 <
pk/f]St s'/fx¿ r]lna]6L a]rlavg a9L x'g] If]qsf cleefjs / b]x Jofkf/df nfu]sf
r]nLx¿n] eg]sf x'g\ . r]tgf / lzIffsf] cefjn] cfocfh{gsf] cefj, laxfg a]n'sf
xftd'v hf]8\g sl7gfO cflbn] ubf{ pgLx¿ o:tf] s'/f eGg] ub{5g\\ . ;fy} 5f]/LnfO{{
ljBfno k7fpFbf / gk7fpFbfsf] dxTTj a'em\ g g;s]sf] sf/0f / bnfnx¿n] k};fsf] nf]e
b]vfpgfn] klg pgLx¿ o;f] eGg k'U5g\\ .
-v_ r]lna]6L a]rlavg /f]Sgsf nflu bL3{sfnLg p2]Zox¿M
• ;a} 5fqfx¿nfO{{ lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ lzIff pknAw u/fpg],
• dlxnfx¿nfO{{ cfocfh{gd"ns sfo{j|md;lxtsf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff pknAw
u/fpg' / r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
• dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ l;k tyf /f]huf/d"ns tflnd k|bfg ug]{ .
-u_ r]lna]6L a]rlavg /f]Sg xfn ePsf k|of;x¿sf ;DaGwdf o;} kf7sf] r]lna]6L
a]rlavg /f]syfd;DaGwL zLif{s cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ k|Zg g+= -5_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu lgDg cg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
;dfhdf ljs[lt km}nfpF5
/f]u ;5{
cfly{s cefj x'G5
zf]if0f / cGofo x'G5
dfgj clwsf/ xgg x'G5
åGå / lx+;f lgDTofpF5
kf7–b'O{
3/]n' lx+;f / 5'jf5't
!= ljifoj:t'
clxn]sf] ;dfh cfw'lgstftkm{ cu|;/ 5 . t/ klg k'/ftg ;f]r / Jojxf/ cem} klg k|rngdf
5g\\ . To:tf Jojxf/n] JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«df gsf/fTds c;/ kfl//x]sf 5g\\ . cfbz{
dfgj ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu k'/ftg ;f]r / ;ª\sL0f{ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ x'g h?/L 5 . To:tf
Jojxf/dWo] 3/]n' lx+;f / 5'jf5'tsf] af/]df oxf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ 3/]n' lx+;f
3/ kl/jf/leq kl/jf/sf ;b:odfly x'g] gsf/fTds Jojxf/, bafa, s'6lk6 cflbnfO{{ 3/]n' lx+;f
elgG5 . bfOhf], rn crn ;DklTt n]gb]g, cj}w ;DaGw, b'Jo{;g, ul/aL / clzIff h:tf sf/0f
dlxnfdfly 3/]n' lx+;f eO/x]sf] 5 . dlxnfnfO{{ nf]Ug] ;f;', ;;'/f, b]j/, h]7fh', cflbaf6 ckzAb
af]Ng], ufnL a]Ohlt ug]{, s'6lk6 ug]{, oftgf xTof ug]{ h:tf 36gf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 36gf x'g\ .
lxhf]cfh k'?ifx¿ dfly klg dlxnfaf6 3/]n' lx+;f x'g yfn]sf] 5 . dlxnfn] dfbskfy{ ;]jg u/]/
ufnL a]Ohlt ug]{, nf]Ug]nfO{{ s'6lk6 ug]{ jf u/fpg], oftgf lbg] h:tf k'?ifdflysf] 3/]n' lx+;f
x'g\ .
3/]n' lx+;fsf c;/x¿
!= JolSt tgfjdf x'g], dfgl;s ljrng x'g], 8/fpg] / lg/fz x'g],
@= sfd ug]{ pT;fx, hf]; / hfFu/df sdL cfpg],
#= nfu" kbfy{ ;]jg, cfTdxTof h:tf unt lg0f{o lng ;Sg],
$= kfl/jfl/s a]d]n x'g] tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw 6'6\g],
%= ;fdflhs snx l;h{gf x'g], ;dfhdf dfg, dof{bf / OHhtdf sdL cfpg],
^= kl/jf/sf h]i7 gful/s tyf afnaflnsfdf gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ .
-v_ 5'jf5't
hft, wd{, k];f, If]q, lnª\u, ckfª\utf, zf/Ll/s k|0ffnL cflbsf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befjnfO{{
5'jf5't elgG5 . s'g} JolSt, hflt jf ;d"xn] 5f]Psf] gvfg', ;fdfGo Jojxf/df k|ltaGw ug'{,
5'jf5't xf] . g]kfnsf] ;x/L If]qsf] t'ngfdf u|fdL0f If]qdf 5'jf5't k|yf cem} Jofks¿kdf
rln/x]sf] e]l6G5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)@) ;fndf g} 5'jf5't k|yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
ePklg xfn;Dd of] k|yf sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
sltko :yfgx¿df blntx¿dfly 5f]Ol56f] ug]{, dlGb/ k|j]zdf /f]s nufpg] h:tf Jojxf/
eO/x]sf 5g\\ . o:tf Jojxf/ xfd|f ;dfhsf ;d:of x'g\ . k/Dk/fut ;f]rdf cfwfl/t o:tf
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lzIff / ;r]tgf a9fpg' h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] 5'jf5't tyf
hftLo e]befj lj?4sf] xsnfO{{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/L 5'jf5't k|yfnfO{{ ;+j}wflgs
¿kdf g} u}/sfg'gL agfPsf] 5 .
5'jf5't k|yfn] kf/]sf] k|efj -c;/_ 5'jf5't k|yf cGTo ug{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{
• dflg; dflg;lar lje]b sfod • ;d'bfodf ;r]tgf;DaGwL sfo{j|md ;~rfng
u/]sf], ug]{,
• ;dfhdf ljb|f]xn] hGd lnPsf], • Joj:yfkgdf jx; / k}/jL ug]{, krf{ kDKn]6
• dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf], tyf /]l8of], 6]lnlehgaf6 lgoldt sfo{qmd
• ;fdflhs Gofo x'g g;s]sf], ;~rfng ug]{,
• blntx¿ /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf cfpg • dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],
g;s]sf], • blnt hfltnfO{{ lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ ug],{
• ;fdflhs cfly{s / /fhgLlts ¿kn] • ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{,
blnt hflt k5fl8 k/]sf], • sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog u/L
• JolStdf lxgtf af]w / cfTdUnflg sfg'g pnª\3g ug]{nfO{{ bl08t ug]{,
x'g], • blnt hfltx¿df klg Psn] csf]{nfO{{ x]g]{
• ;fdflhs ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] kIf b[li6sf]0f kl/jt{g ug]{,
sdhf]/ /xg] . • blntnfO{{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf dfWodaf6
/fHosf] x/]s cª\udf ;xefuL u/fpg] .
@= cEof;
-s_ tkfO{Fsf] If]qdf s'g} g s'g} vfnsf] 3/]n' lx+;f ePsf] jf eO/x]sf] xf]nf . To:tf ;d:of
x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ / ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfox¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf klg g]kfnL ;dfhaf6 5'jf5't x6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;d:ofaf6
g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{{ d'St u/fpg s] s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfpFbf k|efjsf/L xf]nf < cfˆgf]
;'emfjx¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ 5'jf5't tyf cGo ljs[ltsf lj?4 r]tgf hfu[t ug]{ vfnsf] Pp6f kDKn]6 jf krf{ gd'gf
tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] 3/]n' lx+;f eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ / lgDgcg';f/
ug'{xf];\ .
3/]n' lx+;f x'g'sf d'Vo sf/0fx¿ M
• bfOhf]
• rn crn ;DklTtsf] n]gb]g
• cj}w ;DaGw
• b'Jo{;g
• clzIff
• ul/aL
3/]n' lx+;f lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿
• r]tgf hfu/0f / ;r]tgf j[l4 ug]{,
• ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{,
• ;DklTtdf ;dfg :jfldTj :yflkt ug]{,
• kl/jf/sf x/]s JolStsf ljrf/x¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg ug]{,
• ;fd'lxs lg0f{oaf6 sfd cl3 a9fpg],
• ;Eo aGg] / cg'zf;gdf /xg],
• lx+;f ePdf t'?Gt} k|x/L rf}sL jf ;DalGwt lgsfodf va/ ug]{,
• lx+;f lj?4 Pstfa4 k|ltsf/ ug]{ .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] 5'jf5't eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] s'g} Pp6f kDKn]6 / krf{sf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ . oxfF
5'jf5'tlj?4 hgr]tgf a9fpg ;xof]u ug{ Pp6f gd'gf klg k|:t't ul/Psfn] o:t} cGo
klg tof/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
cg'/f]w Û cg'/f]w Û cg'/f]w Û
cfhsf] PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf klg dflg; dflg;lar 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/n] xfd|f] ;dfhnfO{{
w]/} k5fl8 kf/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ufpF, ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf] ljsf;df o:tf Jojxf/n] ;xof]u
ub}{g . 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ /x]df ;dfhdf åGå l;h{gf x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ;du| ;dfhnfO{{
c;/ ug]{ ePsfn] xfdL ;a} ldnL 5'jf5't lj?4 ;a} ;d'bfonfO{{ ;fydf lnP/cufl8
a9\g'kb{5 . blntn] agfPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ xfdLn] k|of]u ug{ x'g] t/ pgLx¿nfO{{ 3/leq
cfpg glbg], 5f]Psf] gvfg]h:tf Jojxf/ cfhsf] ;dodf sNkgf klg ug{ g;lsg]
ePsfn] xfdL ;a}n] o:tf Jojxf/ ug]{nfO{{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf alx:sf/ u/f}F . dfgj
dfgjlardf s'g} e]befj g/x]sf] s'/f ;a}nfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fcf}F . o;af6 g} dfgj
clwsf/sf] 5'jf5'tlj?4sf] cleofgnfO{{ ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
e]befj ug'{ ;fdflhs ck/fw xf] . 5'jf5't gu/f}F, ;Eo agf}F .
kf7 M ltg
s]xL unt k|yfx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
;dfhdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf w]/} lsl;dsf k|yfx¿n] h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] kfOG5g\\ . tLdWo] s'g}
k|yfx¿n] ;d'bfosf] ;f“:s[lts kIfnfO{{ k|ltlglwTTj u/]sf] x'G5 eg] s'g}n] pSt ;d'bfosf]
ljsf;sf nflu afwf k'¥ofPsf x'G5g\\ . o;/L ;dfhsf] ljsf;nfO{{ c;/ kfg]{ k|yfx¿nfO{{ unt
k|yfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . tLdWo] s]xL k|d'v unt k|yfx¿sf] af/]df lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf]
5M
-s_ 3'D6f] k|yf
ljjflxt dlxnfx¿n] dfGohg / k'?ifx¿sf] cufl8 3'D6f]n] cg'xf/ 5f]Kg'kg]{ k|rngnfO{{ 3'D6f] k|yf
elgG5 . o:tf] k|yf g]kfnsf] k"jL{ / dWo t/fO{df k|rngdf 5 . o:tf] cGwljZjf;L ?l9jfbL
k|yfsf sf/0f 3'D6f]leq n'Sg'kbf{ dlxnfx¿sf] JolStTTj ljsf;df afwf eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|yfn]
dlxnf / k'?iflarsf] lje]b a9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . 3'D6f]sf sf/0f ljjfxkZrft\ k|foM ;a}
dlxnfx¿ cufl8 a9\gaf6 jl~rt 5g\\ . lzIff / cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g' k/]sf] sf/0f 3/]n' lx+;f
a9\g ;S5 . lzIff, ;fdflhs hfu/0f, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs bafadfkm{t o:tf sfo{x¿df ;'wf/
Nofpg ;lsG5 .
-v_ bfOhf] k|yf
ljjfx ubf{ b'nxLsf] 3/af6 b'nxfnfO{{ lbOg] ;DklQ -¿k}ofF, ;'g / cGo ;fdu|L_ nfO{{ bfOhf]sf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . of] k|yfn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf g/fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . 5f]/L hGdbf afa' cfdf lg/fz
x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf s]6Lsf] kIfaf6 eg] hltsf] ;DklQ glbPdf
ljjfx gug]{, ljjfx ug]{ lgwf] u/]kl5 klg bfOhf] eg] hlt glbPdf ljjfx gug]{ egL s]6L kIfnfO{{
dfgl;s tgfj lbg] h:tf sfo{n] ubf{ bfOhf] k|yf xfd|f] ;dfhsf nflu Psk|sf/sf] snª\ssf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljjfx ul/;s]kl5 klg s]6fkIfsf] 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s
oftgf lbPsf 36gfx¿ xfdLn] lbg k|ltlbg ;'Gb} cfPsf 5f}F . of] k|yfn] vf; u/]/ t/fO{ If]qnfO{{
a9L k|efljt u/]sf] 5 eg] cGo If]qdf klg o;sf] c;/ k/]sf] 5 .
bfOhf] k|yfsf] c;/ bfOhf] k|yfnfO{{ lg/fs/0fsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿
• dlxnfn] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s • r]tgfd"ns sfo{ ;~rfng u/L ;a}nfO{{ bfOhf]
oftgfaf6 kLl8t x'g'kg]{, k|yflj?4 ;ª\ul7t ug]{,
• cleefjsnfO{{ dfgl;s tgfj, • bfOhf] lng lbg gkfpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L k|efjsf/L
• ;Ddflgt hLjg lhpg gkfpg] sfof{Gjog ug]{,
• cgfjZos Hofg hfg] cj:yf / • 5fqfnfO{{ clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns lzIff lbO{ ;Ifd /
cfTdxTof;d]t ug]{, cfTdlge{/ agfpg],
• r]lna]6Lsf] ljjfx ug{ sl7gfO, • l;kd"ns tyf /f]huf/d"ns tflnd lbO{ dlxnfx¿nfO{{
• ;dfhdf åGån] k|>o kfpg], :jfjnDaL agfpg ;xof]u ug]{,
• dlxnflj?4 lx+;fn] k|>o • dlxnfx¿ g} ;ª\ul7t eO{ ;zSt ¿kdf k|ltsf/ ug]{,
kfPsf] . • bfOhf] vf]Hg]x¿nfO{{ ;fdflhs alx:sf/ ug]{ .
-u_ b]psL k|yf

cfˆg} 5f]/L jf wgL dflg;n] ul/asf 5f]/L lsg]/ ;fg} pd]/df b]jtfnfO{{ r9fpg] k|yf b]psL k|yf
xf] . To:tf] dlxnfn] ljjfx ug{ gx'g] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . of] k|yf g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf]
kxf8L If]qdf k|rlnt /x]sf] lyof] . t/ xfn of] k|yf k|rngdf g/x]sf] kfOG5 . xfn w]/} klxn]
dlxnfnfO{{ b]jtfsf] gfddf r9fpg] cdfgjLo sfo{n] ubf{ ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df c;/ u/]sf] 5 .
c;/ /f]syfd ug'{kg]{ pkfox¿
afn clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] Jofks ¿kdf hgr]tgf
dlxnfsf] cfˆgf] OR5f cg';f/ ljjfx u/L afFRg kfpg] hufpg] vfnsf sfo{j|mdx¿
clwsf/ xgg ePsf], ;~rfng ug]{,
;dfhdf ljs[lt k}mlnPsf] 5f]/Lx¿nfO{{ b]jtfsf] gfddf
dlxnfx¿sf] k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ xgg ePsf], r9fpgfn] 5f]/Lx¿n] b'Mv
kfpg] s'/fsf] af]w
dfgj eP/ dfgjLo hLjg latfpg gkfpg] cj:yfsf]
cleefjsnfO{{ u/fpg] .
;[hgf .
-3_ e'mdf k|yf
3/sL dflxnL 5f]/LnfO{{ u'Dafdf r9fOg] k|yfnfO{{ e'mdf k|yf elgG5 . of] g]kfnsf] lxdfnL
If]qdf k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . u'Dafdf r9fPsf] JolStn] cfˆgf] k'/} hLjg u'Dafsf] /]vb]v /
;/kmfOdf latfpg'kb{5 . pgLx¿n] ljjfx ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . o;n] klg ;fdflhs ljs[lt
a9fPsf] dflgG5 .
o; k|yfsf] c;/ / o;sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿sf] af/]df b]psL k|yfdf pNn]v
ul/Psf s'/fx¿ Ps} k|sf/sf x'g] ePsfn] b]psL k|yf x]g'{xf]nf .
b]psL k|yf / e'mdf k|yflarsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿
;dfgtf leGgtf
b'j} k|yfdf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{{ b]jtfsf] b]psL k|yfdf 5f]/Lx¿dWo] s'g} klg 5f]/L
gfddf r9fpg] cj:yf, ePklg x'g] t/ e'mdf k|yfdf dflxnL 5f]/L g}
b]jtfsf] gfddf r9fPsf] dlxnfx¿n] r9fpg'kg]{,
ljjfx ug{ gkfpg], b]psL ;'b"/klZrdf~rnsf] kxf8L lhNnfdf
b'j}df dlxnfx¿sf] clwsf/ xgg k|Voft 5 eg] e'mdf lxdfnL If]qdf a9L
x'g], k|rlnt 5 .
b'j}n] ;dfhdf ljs[lt k}mnfpg], b]psL k|yfdf ul/asf] 5f]/L lsg]/ klg r9fpg
b'j} la:tf/} sd x'Fb} uPsf] . ;lsg] t/ e'mdf k|yfdf To:tf] gePsf] .
-ª_ 5fpk8L
dlxnfx¿n] dlxgfjf/L x'Fbf 3/eGbf PsfGt :yfgsf] 5fp -uf]7_ df a;L si6k"0f{ ¿kn] ;do
latfpg'kg]{ ;fdflhs lgod ePsf] k|yf 5fpk8L xf] . of] k|yf g]kfnsf ;'b"/ / dWoklZrdf~rn
If]qsf s]xL u|fdL0f If]qdf k|rngdf 5 .
dlxnfx¿sf] dfl;s wd{sf] k|lj|mofnfO{{
unt 9ª\uaf6 JofVof u/L c;'/Iff /
hf]lvdsf] cj:yfaf6 dlxnfx¿nfO{{
u'h|g afWo kfg]{ o; k|yfnfO{{ unt
;fdflhs k|of]usf ¿kdf lnOPsf] xf] .
lgoldt zf/Ll/s k|lj|mofnfO{{ unt
JofVof u/L cGw ljZjf;df rNg' o;sf]
csf]{ 7'nf] sdhf]/L xf] . o:tf] k|yfaf6 u|l;t dlxnfx¿ zf/Ll/s kL8f, ;k{sf] 8;fO, ck/fwLsf]
l;sf/ / hª\unL hLjhGt'sf] cfj|md0faf6 k|efljt eO/x]sf 5g\\ . ;fdflhs ;r]tgf j[l4, ;dfg
;fdflhs Jojxf/ / n}ª\lus ;dtf sfod ug{ ;s]df o; k|yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ bfOhf] k|yf lj?4sf] lgDgfg';f/sf] 3f]if0ffkq cWoog u/L tn lbOPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] hjfkm
lbg'xf];\ .
bfOhf] k|yflj?4 hgsk'/wfd 3f]if0ffkq hf/L
hgsk'/wfd, h]7 @) ut]
afnljjfx / bfOhf] k|yf pGd"ng ;Dd]ng ;fta'Fb] hgsk'/wfd 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ub}{ cfh
;DkGg eof] . 3f]if0ffkqdf bfOhf] glng] / afnljjfx gu/fpg]nfO{{ /fHoåf/f ljz]if
k|f]T;fxg lbg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ / ;/sf/n] bfOhf] lnO{ afnljjfx u/fpg]nfO{{ ;fdflhs
alxisf/ ul/g], bfOhf] lnO{ ljjfx ug]{nfO{{ s8f ;hfo lbg] vfnsf] gofF P]g lgdf{0f
ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ljBfno kf7\oqmddf bfOhf] / afnljjfx lj?4sf]
;fdu|L;d]t ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] dfWodn] klg cfd;d'bfonfO{{
r]tgzLn agfpg'kg]{ 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v 5 . /fhgLlts bnn] bfOhf] / afnljjfx
lg?T;flxt ug{ 3f]if0ffkqdf sfo{qmd pNn]v u/L o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfd
hg;d'bfo / ;/sf/n] cfjZos kxn ug{ dfu ul/Psf] 5 .
-!_ bfOhf] k|yflj?4 s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{ s'/f cf}FNofOPsf] kfpg'eof] <
-@_ tkfO{FnfO{{ afnljjfxn] s] s:tf] c;/ kfb{5 h:tf] nfU5 < l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf ePsf] s'g} ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf af/]df Pp6f ;dfrf/ agfO{ :yfgLo
klqsfnfO{{ k7fpg'xf];\ .
-u_ …bfOhf] lng' / lbg' ;fdflhs ck/fw xf]Ú o; egfOnfO{{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ …5fpmk8L cGw ljZjf;sf] kl/0ffd xf]Ú . pbfx/0f;lxt o; egfOnfO{{ k|:6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ …3'D6f] k|yfn] dlxnfsf] JolStTTj ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofpF5Ú eGg] zLif{sdf Pp6f lgaGw
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-r_ s] k'?ifdfly klg 3/]n' lx+;f x'G5 < s;/L <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
-!_ afnljjfx tyf bfOhf]k|yf pGd"ngsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ M
bfOhf] glng] / afn ljjfx gu/fpg]nfO{{ ;/sf/åf/f ljz]if k|f]T;fxg lbg],
bfOhf] lng] / afnljjfx ug]{nfO{{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug]{ / sfg'gL ¿kdf s8f
sf/jfxL ug]{,
ljBfnosf] kf7\oj|mddf afnljjfx lj?4sf] ;fdu|L ;dfj]z u/L cWoog ug]{,
r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;a}nfO{{ ;r]t agfpg] .
-@_ afnljjfxaf6 x'g] c;/

afnaflnsfx¿n] cfˆgf] 1fg, l;k, Ifdtf tyf JolStTTj ljsf; ug{ cj/f]w
x'g],
afn clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'g],
cWoog sfo{sf nflu sl7gfO{ cfpg ;Sg],
cfk"mn] OR5fPsf] JolSt;Fu ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] h;af6 p;sf] dfgj clwsf/
xgg x'g] .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ePsf] d'Vo ;d:of ;DaGwdf lqmofsnfk Psdf
h:t} ;dfrf/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog u/]/ hjfkm n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf a'Fbf / kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
dlxgfjf/L ePsf dlxnf 3/df a:bf b]ptf l/;fpF5g\\ eGg] cGwljZjf;
dlxgfjf/L ePsf dlxnf 3/df a:bf clgi7 x'G5 eGg] cGwljZjf;
-ª_ k|Zg -ª_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ k|Zg -r_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M rf/
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf
!= ljifoj:t'
;d'bfosf] ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofpg] tTTjx¿ g} ;fdflhs ;d:of x'g\ . tL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
ljleGg ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ sfo{/t /xL cfPsf 5g\\ . :yfgLo ;ª\3;+:yfb]lv cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3
;+:yfx¿;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] ePklg ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf 5}gg\ .
dflg;nfO{{ afFRg p;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f x'g h?/L x'G5 . ufF;, af;, skf;, lzIff,
:jf:Yo ;'/Iffh:tf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;/sf/ tyf cGo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 ljleGg
k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . dflg;n] ljsf; ug{ 8/, qf;, c;'/Iffaf6 d'St x'g'kb{5 . pm ;w}F lrGtf
lnP/ afFRg ;Sb}g cyf{t\ p;n] cfk"m ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;'; klg ug'{kb{5 . dflg; kl/jf/,
;dfh;Fu} ldn]/ a:g rfxG5 . o;n]] ubf{ s'g} klg JolStdf cfTdljZjf;sf] efjgf klg j[l4
x'G5 . p;df ;dfh, /fi6«nfO{{ s]xL ug'{kb{5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] s]xL cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿
-s_ /]8j|m;
l:j; gful/s x]g/L hfF 8\o'gfsf] kxndf dfgj ;]jfsf nflu ;g\ !*^# df l:j6\h/NofG8df
:yflkt of] ;+:yf ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lj|mofzLn 5 . ;]tf] k[i7e"lddf /ftf] hf]8 -j|m;_ lrXg o'St
emG8fn] ljZje/ /]8j|m;sf] ultljlwnfO{{ k|ltljlDat u5{ . ;+;f/e/ /]8j|m;sf] gfdn] k|rf/ eP
klg O:nfd afx'No d'n'sx¿df o;nfO{{ /ftf] cw{rGb| / Oh/fondf /]8:6f/ gfdaf6 lrlgG5 .

/]8j|m;sf ultljlwx¿df o'4sf] ;dodf 3fOt]sf] p4f/, pkrf/ / o'4/t kIfx¿lar dWo:ytf
Pjd\ o'4 lj/fdsf] cg'udg, k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf ljklTtdf :jf:Yo ;]jf, cfkt\sfnLg jf;:yfg,
ef8fs'F8f / vfB ;xof]u, /St ;~rf/ ;]jf, cfwf/e"t :jf:y ;]jf / :jR5 vfg]kfgL ;]jf cflb
pNn]Vo 5g\\ .
hf“ x]g/L 8\o"gf / /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf
x]g/L 8\o"gf /]8 j|m;/ /]8 j|m];]G6 /]8 :6f/

cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; cleofgsf ;+:yfks hfF x]g/L 8\o'gfsf] hGd ;g\ !*@* sf] d] * tfl/vsf
lbg :jL6\h/Nof08sf] h]g]efdf ePsf] lyof] . pgL Jofkf/sf] l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !*%( sf] h'g
dlxgfdf O6fnLsf] ;]Nk]ml/gf] k'u]sf a]nf O6fnL, k|mfG; / cli6«oflar n8fOF eO/x]sf] lyof] . To;
n8fOFdf rfln; xhf/eGbf a9L ;}lgsx¿ 3fOt] ePsf jf d/]sf lyP . o'4sf] eofgs b[Zo b]vL
8\o"gfn] 3fOt]x¿nfO{{ tTsfn} ;xof]u k'¥ofP . ;Nk]ml/gf]sf] o; b'Mvb\ b[Zoaf6 k|efljt eP/
pgn] ;g\ !*^@ df k|]m~r efiffdf æ;Nk]ml/gf]sf] ;DemgfÆ gfds k':ts n]v], h;df pgn]
/0fe"ldsf] oyfy{ j0f{g ug'{sf cltl/St o'4sf] ;dodf ;]gfnfO{{ lrlsT;f ;]jf ckof{Kt x'g]
ePsfn] 3fOt]x¿sf] p4f/sf nflu x/]s b]zdf :jod\;]jL p4f/ ;+:yf :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ / o;sf
nflu Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbP . k':tsn] w]/} dflg;sf] dgdf /fd|f] k|efj
kf¥of] . pgsf] ljrf/;Fu ;xdt x'g] :jL6\h/Nof08sf c¿ rf/hgf u':tfkm df]lgP/, hg/n
hL=Pr= 8\o"kmf], 8f= n'O{ clKkof / 8f= lyof]8f]/h:tf ;xof]uL;Fu ldn]/ 8\o"gfn] ;g\ !*^# df
æ3fOt]x¿sf] ;xof]usf lglDt cGt/f{li6«o ;ldltÆ (International Committee for relief to the
wounded) :yfkgf u/] . ;g\ !*&% b]lv oxL ;ldltnfO{{ g} /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;ldlt
gfdfs/0f ul/of] .
o;sf] em08fdf ;]tf] k[i7e"lddf /ftf] qm; lrXg x'G5 . O:nfd /fi6«x¿df /]8qm;
;f];fO6LnfO{{ /ftf] cw{rGb| / Oh/fOndf /ftf] tf/f dflgG5 .
O=;+ !*^$ df h]g]efdf !@ b]zsf dflg;x¿ e]nf eP/ Ps ;Demf}tf u/] . h'g
;Demf}tf h]g]ef ;Demf}tfsf] gfdn] k|Voft 5 . h]g]ef ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 3fOt] kmf}h /
/]8qm;sf :jod\ ;]jsdfly cfj|md0f gug]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfP .
o:tf] dxfg sfd u/]jfkt hfF x]g/L 8\o"gfnfO{{ !()! O{ df gf]j]n zflGt k'/:sf/af6
;Ddflgt ul/of] . logsf] b]xfGt O=;+ !(!) df eof] .
bof, k|]d, dfof, ddtf, :g]x, s?0ff, ;xfg'e"lt, ;dj]bgf h:tf ;'Gb/ efjgfx¿ klg
dfG5]s} dgleq 5g\\ / l/;/fu å]if, Oiof{, :jfy{, c;lxi0f'tf h:tf b'u'{0fx¿ klg
dfgjs} dgleq 5g\\ . /]8qm;sf] ;DaGw ;'Gb/ efjgf, c;n u'0fx¿ / b}jL k|j[lQ;Fu
5 t/ dflg;sf] dgleqsf cju'0fx¿;Fu eg] o;sf] slQ klg ;DaGw 5}g .
dflg;sf] dgdf c¿sf] enfO{ ug]{ /x/ km/s km/s ;dodf / km/s km/s 7fpFdf
p7\5g\\ . km/s km/s ;do / km/s km/s 7fpFdf p7]sf o:tf /x/x¿n] c¿sf] enfO{{
ug]{ ;fgfltgf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ Ps y'sL ;'sL ;o y'sL gbL eg] h:t} o:tf
/x/x¿nfO{{ Ps} 7fpFdf ;ª\ufn]/ vf]nf] agfpg ;Sg] xf] eg] 7'nf÷7'nf sfdx¿ ug{
;lsG5 . x]g/L 8\o"gfn] oxL sfd u/]sf lyP . logn] /]8qm; h:tf] ;+:yfnfO{{ hGd
lbP/ dfG5]leqsf c;n efjgfnfO{{ Ps} 7fpF k|s6 x'g ;Sg] ;+:yfut af6f] lbPsf
x'g\ .
/]8qm;n] dfgjsf dgleq /x]sf c;n efjgfx¿sf] ;+:yfut cleJolStnfO{
k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
/]8qm;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-!_ dfgjtf -@_ lgikIftf -#_ t6:ytf -$_ :jtGqtf
-%_ P]lR5s ;]jf -^_ Pstf -&_ ljZj Jofkstf
g]kfndf /]8qm; ;f];fO6L
ljZjdf /]8qm; cleofg k|f/De ePsf] Ps;o jif{kl5 lj=;+= @)@) ;fn ebf} !( ut]
tb\cg'g';f/ ;g\ !(^# ;]K6]Da/ $ tfl/vsf lbg g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6Lsf]
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . s'g} klg /fi6«df ;f];fO6L :yfkgf x'g'cl3 To; b]zsf]
;/sf/n] ;g\ !($( sf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . lj=;+=
@)@) ;fn df3 @$ ut] g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿ cg'df]bg
u/]kZrft\ @)@! ;fn c;f]hdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6LnfO{{ cfO{=l;=cf/=l;=tyf
k]m8/];gn] j|mdzM dfGotf / ;b:otf k|bfg u/] .
/]8qm; cleofgsf] Ps cª\usf] ¿kdf g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6Ln] klg cleofgsf ;ft cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtx¿nfO{{ cfwf/ agfP/ lgDglnlvt p2]Zoadf]lhd b]ze/L dfgjLo ;]jfsf ultljlwx¿
;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
p2]Zo
wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, ju{, hfthflt, efiff, /fli6«otf jf /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj
gu/L dfgjLo ljklQnfO{{ /f]Sg jf sd ug{ k|of; ug]{ g]kfn /]8qm;sf] p2]Zo x'g]5 .
k|d'v sfo{j|mdx¿ tyf ultljlwx¿
k|f/Dedf ltAatL z/0ffyL{x¿sf nflu /fxtsfo{af6 cfˆgf] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] g]kfn /]8qm;
;f];fO6Ln] rf/cf]6f d'Vo sfo{If]qx¿df nlIft sfo{j|md tyf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .

tL x'g\ M
-c_ /]8qm;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gsf] k|rf/k|;f/ Pjd\ dfgjLo
d"Nosf] k|j4{g, h:t}– ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ /]8qm; cleofg, cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / cGt/f{li6«o
dfgjLo sfg'gsf] k|rf/k|;f/, dfgjLo d"Nosf] k|j4{g .
-cf_ k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, h:t}– k|sf]k k"j{tof/L / Go"gLs/0f, k|sf]k p4f/÷/fxt ;]jf, k'gM:yfkg
sfo{j|md, vf]hva/ (Tracking) ;]jf, ;z:q åGå k|efljtx¿sf nflu /fxt sfo{j|md .
-O_ :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;, h:t}– /St ;~rf/ ;]jf, PDa'n]G; ;]jf, cfFvf pkrf/
sfo{j|md÷lzlj/, PrcfO{eL ÷P8\; tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo ;fd'bflos ljsf; kl/of]hgf,
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO, k|fylds pkrf/ cflb .
-O{_ ;ª\u7g ljsf; h:t}– ;ª\u7g ljsf;, lj:tf/ tyf j}wflgs sfo{x¿, :jod\;]js
Joj:yfkg, h'lgo/ o'jf ;ª\u7g tyf ljsf;, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{j|md / dfgjLo tyf
cfly{s ;|f]t ljsf; Pjd\ kl/rfng .
-v_ :sfp6
hGdbftf M jf8]g kfj]n
:sfp6sf] :yfkgf M ;g\ !(&) h'nfO{{ @(
g]kfndf M lj=;+= @))( cfiff9 % df :yfkgf
k];f M a]nfotL ;}lgs
;ª\u7g M cGt/f{li6«o
a]nfotL gful/s j]8]g kfj]nn] :jo+;]jL ;}lgs b:tfsf ¿kdf :sfp6 u7g u/]sf x'g\ . dfgj
lxtdf v6\g klxnf] ljZjdf ;g\ !()& df a]nfotdf :sfp6 u7g ul/Psf] xf] . o'4 df]rf{df
v6fOaf6 kl/kSj j]8]g kfj]nn] a]/f]huf/ o'jf hdftnfO{{ lalu|gaf6 arfO{ ;Tdfu{df nufpg o;
k|sf/sf] ;f]r agfPsf lyP . pSt ;f]rcg';f/ ;dfh ;]jfdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg pgn] @) hgf
o'jfx¿nfO{{ ;ª\ul7t u/L :sfp6sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . :sfp6sf ultljlwdf k|sf]k jf
ljklTtsf cj:yfdf p4f/ ug]{, le8 Joj:yfkgdf v6\g], o'jfx¿df cg'zf;g, snf, l;k / bIftf
sfod u/fpg], j[Iff/f]k0f tyf ;/;kmfO ug{], vfg]kfgL of]hgf h:tf jftfj/0fLo ultljlwx¿
;~rfng ug]{ cflb k|d'v 5g\\ .
:sfp6 :jod\;]jL ;+:yf xf] . of] u}/ /fhgLlts ;+:yf xf] . o;n] ;a} hfthflt, efiffefifL /
wdf{jnDaLx¿nfO{{ ;d]6\g ;Sb5 . O{Zj/k|lt st{Jo, c¿k|lt st{Jo / cfk"mk|lt st{Jo :sfp6sf
l;4fGtx¿ x'g\ .
:sfp6sf ltg k|lt1f x'G5g\\ . h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
-!_ /fi6« / ;To ÷lgi7f÷O{Zj/÷wd{k|lt cfˆgf] st{Jo kfng ub{5',
-@_ ;w}F k/f]ksf/ ub{5',
-#_ ;w}F :sfp6 lgod kfng ub{5' .
g]kfndf :sfp6
g]kfndf lj=;+=@))( ;fn cfiff9 % ut] :sfp6sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . g]kfn :sfp6sf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no sf7df8fF}sf] n}grf}/df /x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%) df tTsfnLg ;+;bn] :sfp6 lgod
agfP/ :sfp6nfO{{ ;'b[9 / Jojl:yt agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .
g]kfn :sfp6sf] nf]uf] g]kfn :sfp6sf s]6fn] s]6Ln] nufpg] kf]zfs

nufpg] kf]zfs
g]kfndf :sfp6sf] p2]Zo
g]kfn :sfp6sf] &% cf]6} lhNnfdf zfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ eg] w]/} ljBfnox¿df :sfp6sf] :yfkgf
ePsf] 5 . s]6f :sfp6n] xNsf v/fgL /ªsf] sldh / uf9f v/fgL /ªsf] k]G6 nufpF5g\\ eg]
s]6Lx¿n] xl/of] k|ms jf ;f8L nufpF5g\\ . b'j}n] 3fF6Ldf a]Unfa]Un} vfnfsf ?dfn afWg] ub{5g\\ .
:sfp6sf ;b:ox¿sf] /fi6« / hgtfk|lt cfˆgf] st{Jo ;DemL c¿nfO{{ ;w}F dbt ug]{ / :sfp6
lgodsf] kfng ug]{ s'/fsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/]sf x'G5g\\ . :sfp6sf ljleGg r/0fx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\\ .
;f]xLcg';f/ Aofh k|bfg ul/G5 .
g]kfn :sfp6 / o;sf] of]ubfg
g]kfn :sfp6n] :sfp6x¿nfO{{ tflnd lbO{ 1fg tyf l;k pknAw u/fpg] ub{5 . To;}u/L
;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{x¿df ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{cGtu{t
lj?jfx¿ /f]Kg], vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;xof]u ug]{, lzIff tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
l;k tyf /f]huf/d"ns tflnd k|bfg u/L JolStnfO{{ :jfjnDaL agfpg ;xof]u ug]{, l;nfO a'gfO,
dT:okfng, tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{j|md ;~rfngh:tf sfo{x¿ g]kfn :sfp6dfk{mt x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5 . o;}u/L :sfp6x¿n] tflnddfk{mt gofF 7fpF kQf nufpg], cfTdlge{/ JolSt aGg],
hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ug]{ / ;d'bfonfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf l;kx¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf x'G5g\\ . :sfp6sf]
tflnddf v]n v]Ng] 7fpF kQf nufpg] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ / ;]jfd"ns sfo{j|mdh:tf
lqmofsnfkx¿ x'g] ub{5g\\ .
-u_ P;=cf]=P;=
P;=cf]=P;=sf] k"/f cy{ "Save Our Soul" xfd|f] cfTdfsf] /Iff u/f}F xf] . o;sf ;~rfns
cli6«ofsf xd{g dfOg/ x'g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !($( df ePsf] xf] . pgn] cli6«ofsf] OD:6df
P;=cf]=P;=sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . xfn !## eGbf a9L b]zx¿df of] ;+:yf sfo{/t 5 . g]kfndf
lj=;++= @)!* ;fndf eStk'/ lhNnfsf] ;fgf]l7dLdf P;cf]P; afnu|fdsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
xfn ;'g;/Lsf] O6x/L, sfe|]sf] ag]kf, eStk'/sf] ;fgf]l7dL, sf7df8fF}sf] hf]/kf6L, sf:sLsf]
kf]v/f, lrtjg / ;'v]{tdf of] ;+:yf vf]lnPsf] 5 . P;cf]P; afnu|fdsf cfdf, bfh'efO,
lbbLalxgL 3/ / afnu|fd u/L rf/cf]6f l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 .
P;cf]P; afnu|fddf afnaflnsf SOS sf] nf]uf]

o;n] vf;u/L c;xfo, cgfy, 6x'/f / 3/af/ljxLg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{{ lzIff / cfjf;sf] Joj:yf
ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfdfafa' gePsf / cfdfafa'sf] dfof / ddtf kfpg
g;s]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu 3/s} jftfj/0f dfof k|]d / ;'/Iff lbO{ ljBfnodf k9fpg]
Joj:yf u/L pgLx¿sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; ug'{ xf] .
g]kfndf P;cf]P;n] cgfy / c;xfo afnaflnsfnfO{{ cj;/ / lzIffsf] Joj:yf u/L ;jf{ª\uL0f
ljsf; tyf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ljleGg :yfgdf dft[lzz' :jf:Yo s]Gb| / Jofj;flos
tflnd s]Gb|sf] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . h;af6 afnaflnsf nufot cGon] kmfObf lng ;s]sf
5g\\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ g]kfn :sfp6sf] nf]uf] tof/ ug'{xf];\ . o;sf] cfsf/ ltgkft] lsg x'G5 < cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lsg o'jfx¿ ;w}F tof/ /xg' /fd|f] dflgG5 < g]kfn :sfp6sf] nIonfO{{ Wofgdf /fvL sf/0f
vf]Hg'xf];\ .
-u_ lgDg zAbx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ :sfp6sf] ljifodf kfFr jfSox¿ tof/ ug'{xf];\ . pRr:t/,
xfFso'St, $ b]lv @% jif{, k|lt1f, hgtf / /fi6« ;xof]u, cfgGb ljZjJofkL, zflGt .
-3_ :sfp6sf] dxTTjnfO{{ ;d]6\b} lzIfs / ljBfyL{larsf] Pp6f ;+jfb tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ /]8qm;sf] :yfkgfdf hfF x]g/L 8\o"gfsf] of]ubfg s:tf] lyof] < h]g]ef ;Demf}tfdf ;xL ug]{
/fi6«x¿n] s] s] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfPsf lyP < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ olb tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnodf klg h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] eP ufpF ;d'bfodf s]
s:tf] dbt ug{ ;Sg'x'GYof] < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ g]kfn /]8j|m; ;f];fO6Ln] lj=;+= @)&@ sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkdf s] s:tf] ;xof]u u/]sf]
lyof] <
-5_ P;=cf]=P;= n] vf; u/]/ s;nfO{{ s] s:tf] ;xof]u ub{5 < g]kfndf o;n] k'¥ofPsf]
of]ubfgsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf] pTt/sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
:sfp6sf] nf]uf]sf] cfsf/df ltgkft x'g'sf] cy{ o;k|sf/ 5 M o;df
rl/ cldnf]sf] kftnfO{{ k|tLssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . h'g ltgkft]
x'G5 . x/]s kftn] :sfp6sf k|lt1fx¿nfO{{ k|ltlglwTTj u5{g\ .
:sfp6sf] k|lt1f æO{Zj/ k|ltsf] cf:yf, :sfp6 lgodsf] kfngf / ;]jf
nf]uf]
xf] .Æ
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfn :sfp6sf] nIo o'jfx¿ ;w}F tof/ /xg' xf] . ;dfhdf lbgk|ltlbg cg]sf}F 36gf x'g]
ub{5g\\ . s;}nfO{{ k|fylds pkrf/ ug'{kb{5 . s;}nfO{{ cndn k/]df ;DalGwt :yfgdf k'¥ofpg'kg]{
x'G5 . dflg;sf] Hofg klg aRg ;Sg] vfnsf b'3{6gfx¿ klg x'g ;Sb5g\\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf s'g}
va/ jf ;dfrf/ cfOxfn]df cfk"mn] k"0f{ ;xof]u u/L dfgjLo tyf wghgsf] Iflt x'g glbgsf
nflu o'jfx¿ ;w}F tof/Lsf] ¿kdf a:g'kb{5 . lsgeg] of] b]z ljsf; ug]{ / ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0f
ug]{ k|d'v zlSt eg]sf] g} o'jfx¿ g} x'g\ . j[4 / afnaflnsfx¿nfO{{ tL sfo{x¿ ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] jfSo agfpg'xf];\ .
!= :sfp6x¿n] pRr:t/sf] cg'zf;g kfngf u5{g\ .
@= pgLx¿ xfFso'St -r'gf}tLk"0f{_ sfo{ ug{kl5 kb}{gg\ .
#= $ b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsf / o'jfx¿ o;sf ;b:o aGg ;S5g\\ .
$= logLx¿n] ltgcf]6f k|lt1f u5{g\ h'g ;w}F kfngf u5{g\ .
%= hgtf / /fi6«sf] ;]jf ug'{ pgLx¿sf] d'Vo sfo{ xf] .
^= pgLx¿ ;w}F cfglGbt x'G5g\\ . lk/ lrGtf lnb}gg\ .
&= /]8qm; ljZjJofkL ;+:yf xf] . o;sf zfvfx¿ ljZje/ 5l/Psf 5g\\ .
*= /]8qm;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljZjdf eft[TTjsf] ljsf; u/L zflGt :yfkgf ug'{ xf] .
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu ;+jfbsf] Pp6f gd'gf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
sNkgf M gd:sf/, ;/ Û
rf}w/L ;/ M gd:sf/ . cfhsf] 5nkmn :sfp6sf] dxTTj;DaGwL x}g <
sNkgf M xf] ;/ . g]kfn :sfp6n] s]s:tf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;af/]df k|:6 kfl/lbg'xf];\
g.
rf}w/L M /fd|f] lh1f;f /fVof} . x'g t ljZje/df g} :sfp6sf lqmofsnfkx¿ p:t} vfnsf
x'G5g\\ . t/ klg b]zcg';f/ s]xL lqmofsnfk km/s klg x'g] ub{5g\\ . g]kfn
:sfp6n] ;fd'bflos ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .
sNkgf M ;fd'bflos ljsf; eGgfn] s:tf] sfo{ xf] ;/ <
rf}w/L M ;fd'bflos ljsf;cGtu{t vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf, ;fIf/tf sfo{j|md ;~rfng,
;/;kmfO, j[Iff/f]0f, dT:okfng tyf ;f}o{ r'Nxf] h:tf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
sNkgf M ;/, l;nfO{ a'gfOh:tf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ klg u/]sf] 5 x}g <
rf}w/L M xf] . To;}u/L ljleGg d]nf / kj{x¿df :jod\;]jssf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{
:sfp6x¿nfO{{ tflnd lbg] h:tf sfo{ klg g]kfn :sfp6n] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
sNkgf M log} sfo{x¿n] ubf{ g} :sfp6sf] dxTTj a9]sf] xf] ;/ .
rf}w/L M xf], jf:tjdf :sfp6n] ce}m cGo sfo{ klg ug{ ;Sb5 . of] :jod\;]jL u}/
/fhgLlts ;+:yf ePsfn] ;a} hfthflt / efiffefifLnfO{{ Ps} 7fpFdf ;d]6\g
;Sb5 . o;n] ubf{ o;sf] dxTTj a9L;s]sf] 5 .
-ª_ k|Zg -ª_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t /]8qm; zLif{scGtu{t cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ k|Zg -r_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 .
olb d]/f] ljBfnodf h'lgo/ /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] eP ufpF÷;d'bfodf lgDgfg';f/
;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sy]F .
;/;kmfO u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
k|fylds pkrf/df ;xof]u,
r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md ;~rfng -Pr=cfO=le=÷ P8\; lj?4_,
ljleGg lzlj/x¿df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
-5_ k|Zg -5_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 .

tTsfn vf]h p4f/ / k|fylds pkrf/df ;xof]u
/fxt ljt/0fdf ;xof]u
tTsfn kfgL, nQfsk8f / cf}ifwL ljt/0fdf ;xof]u
-h_ k|Zg -h_sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'sf] P;=cf]=P;= zLif{scGtu{t cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7– kf“r
cGo s]xL cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿
cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lj|mo 5g\\ .
logLx¿n] cfly{s / k|fljlws ¿kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\\ . ul/aL, clzIff, s'/Llt / cGw
ljZjf;df o:tf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ g]kfndf lj|mofzLn ;+:yfx¿sf] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf
dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|rlnt cGwljZjf; / s';+:sf/ lj?4 lzIff, r]tgf / ;fdflhs
hfu/0fdf oL ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf ;sf/fTds /xg' h?/L x'G5 .
g]kfndf Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ª\s, ljZj a}ª\s, o'/f]lkog o'lgog, ljZj vfB sfo{j|md, ;+o'St /fi6«
;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{j|md, 8]lg8f, lkmlg8f, h]l;h, lnof] / nfOG; Sna h:tf ;+:yfx¿ klg
lj|mofzLn 5g\\ . g]kfnsf] ef}lts, cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;df
ljleGg 9ª\uaf6 ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfO/x]sf 5g\
xfd|f] b]zdf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿n] 7'nf] ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\\ . tLdWo] s]xL ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿
/ ltgsf] of]ubfg lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ cGt/f{li6«o g]kfn k]mnf]l;k M nfu"kbfy{ ;]jg ug]{x¿nfO{{ k'gM:yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u .
-@_ Knfg g]kfn M ljBfno ejgsf] lgdf{0f, kf7\ok':ts / z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx¿sf]
ljt/0f, k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng, :jf:Yo / k|ltef
k|jw{gsf nflu ;xof]u .
-#_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g M afndhb'/ /f]Sg] k|of;df ;+nUg, dhb'/x¿sf] ljsf;sf
nflu ljleGg sfo{ ;~rfng / dhb'/ xslxtsf nflu
sfo{/t .
-$_ /f]6/L OG6/g];gn M ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg If]qdf ;xof]u -:jf:Yo
lzlj/, :jR5 lkpg] kfgL, ljBfno ejg lgdf{0f,
k':tsfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng, l;k ljsf; tyf
g]t[TTj ljsf;sf tflndx¿_
-%_ cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu gj]{lhog ;+:yf M dlxnfx¿sf nflu lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;]jf
k|bfg .
-^_ cGt/f{li6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f ;ª\3 (IUCN) M jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+nUg, k|fs[lts tyf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df s]lGb|t .
-&_ 8]lg; cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+:yf M alx/f dflg;x¿nfO{{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb}
cfPsf], tflnd ;]jf k|bfg, cfly{s ;xof]u
-*_ 8]lg; cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; lgof]u M 8]gdfs{ ;/sf/sf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf
g]kfnsf ckfª\ux¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu
;xof]u .
cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf gsf/fTds kIf
cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿n] xfd|f] b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] eP klg xfd|f]
cfjZostfcg'¿k ;xof]u x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] gsf/fTds

kIf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
xfd|f] cfjZostfcg'¿k ;xof]u gu/L pgLx¿sf] OR5fadf]lhd ;xof]u ug]{ k|j[lQ
/x]sf],
;+:yfx¿n] lbg] /sdsf] kf/blz{tf gePsf],
jf:tljs nlIft ;d"xdf sfo{j|md k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\,
;ª\3 ;+:yfn] lbg] ;xof]udf lg/Gt/tf x'g g;s]sf] .
@= cEof;
-s_ g]kfndf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿dWo] s'g} @ cf]6fsf] gfd / ltgn] k'¥ofPsf]
;xof]usf] If]q pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] nf]uf] x]/L JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg -s_ sf nflu hjfkm n]lv;s]kl5 o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L s'g}
b'O{cf]6fsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ n]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 .
k/f]ksf/
of] nf]uf] k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf] xf] . ;fdflhs ;]jf g} wd{ xf] eGg] efjgfn] k/f]ksf/
;~rfngdf ePsf] xf] .
P;=cf]=P;= / cfO=o'=l;=Pg\ sf af/]df ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7– 5
;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] l;k
!= ljifoj:t''
;dfhdf cg]sf}+F ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\\ . rf]/L, 8s}tL, e|i6frf/, a]/f]huf/L, afn>d
zf]if0f, afn ljjfx, ax'ljjfx, dfgj a]rljvg, 5'jf5't, hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ pRr /xg', lbgk|ltlbg
jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf lau|b} hfg'h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;fdflhs ;d:of x'g\ . o;}u/L k/Dk/fut ¿kdf
rNb} cfPsf ljleGg k|yfx¿ / cGwljZjf;nfO{{ ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
;d'bfosf] ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofpg] tTTjx¿ g} ;fdflhs ;d:of x'g\ . ;dfhdf ePsf o:tf
;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lt/ ;a} nfUg' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o;df
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xefuLtf cem k|efjsf/L / dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ /df ev{/ !$ jif{sL eOg\ . kNnf] ufpFsf] /fd|f] kl/jf/af6 pgsf] ljjfxsf] k|:tfj cfPsfn]
pgsf] kl/jf/ 5nkmndf h'6\g yfn]sf] 5 . t/ /df eg] cfˆgf] k9fOnfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
rflx/x]sL 5g\\ . eljiodf ;Ifd of]Uo gful/s eO{ b]zsf] ;]jf ug]{ cfˆgf] wf]sf]nfO{{
ljjfxsf] s'/fn] cK7\of/fdf kfg{ ;Sg] s'/fn] /dfsf] lrGtf a9]sf] 5 .
dflysf] 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of klxrfg u/L lgDgcg';f/sf a'Fbfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;d:of
;dfwfgsf] nflu vfsf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
!= dflysf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ <
@= o; 36gfdf k|:t't ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf ;DefJo ljsNkx¿ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
#= k|To]s ljsNksf] kmfObf a]kmfObfsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
$= tof/ kfl/Psf ljsNkdWo] s'g ljsNk pko'St xf]nf / lsg <
%= pko'St ljsNksf] sfof{Gjog s;/L ug'{knf{ <
-v_ …jt{dfg cj:yfdf klg g]kfnL afnaflnsfx¿ >d ug{ afWo 5g\\ .Ú o; ;Gbe{sf sf/0fx¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ dflg;x¿df /fd|f] s] xf] < v/fa s] xf] < eGg] ;f]Rg ;Sg] agfpg s] s:tf pkfox¿
ckgfpg'knf{ < pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ afn ljjfxsf gsf/fTds kIfx¿ s] s] x'g\ < n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
k|Zg -s_ sf] nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
!= 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of M afn ljjfx
@= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;DefJo ljsNkx¿ M OGsf/ ug]{, k|:tfj :jLsf/ ug]{, 6fg]{
#= ljsNkx¿sf] kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿
ljsNk -s_ OGsf/ ug]{ / kl/jf/nfO{{ ;Demfpg]
kmfObf M afn ljjfxaf6 aRg], k9fOnfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg], :jf:Yodf ;d:of gcfpg], ;Ifd
gful/s x'g ;lsg]
a]kmfObf M kl/jf/ l/;fpg], kl/jf/;Fu ;DaGw 6'6\g ;Sg]
ljsNk -v_ k|:tfj :jLsf/ ug]{
kmfObf M kl/jf/ v'zL x'g], kl/jf/sf] af]em sd x'g]
a]kmfOb M :jf:Yo lau|g], k9fO lau|g], cfˆgf] nIo / rfxgf k"/f gx'g],
ljsNk -u_ 6fg]{
kmfObf M tTsfnnfO{{ ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g], kl/jf/nfO{{ cfˆgf] s'/f a'emfpg ;do ldNg]
a]kmfObf M kl/jf/nfO{{ ;Demfpg ufx|f] x'g], kl/jf/n] km]l/ s/ ug{ ;Sg]
$= OGsf/ ug]{ / kl/jf/nfO{{ ;Demfpg] ljsNk g} pko'St x'G5, lsgeg] o;sf w]/} kmfObfx¿
5g\\ . of] ljsNkdf g} /dfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] / nIo k"/f x'g] b]lvG5 .
%= pk{o'St ljsNksf] sfof{GJogsf] nflu /dfsf] kl/jf/nfO{{ afnljjfx ubf{ x'g] a]kmfObfsf
af/]df atfpg], ;dfhdf ePsf o:tf pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ug]{, kl9n]lv cfkm' :jfjnDaL
eP/ pd]/ k'u]/ ljjfx ubf{ x'g] kmObfsf af/]df atfpg] / cfkm"n] o;sf] kfngf ug]{ u/]df
/dfsf] p2]Zo k"/f x'g] b]lvG5 .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf nflu cfkm'n] pTt/ n]lv ;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfnL afnaflnsfx¿ >d ug{ afWox'g'sf sf/0fx¿ M
ul/aL
lzIff / r]tgfsf] sld
cleefjssf] a]jf:tf,
3/sf] tgfj,
dxTTjfsfª\IfL :jefj
afnaflnsf ;DaGwL ;/sf/L sfo{s|dx¿ k|efjsf/L gx'g'
k9]/ klg sfd kfOg] Uof/]G6L gePsf] -a]/f]huf/L ;d:of_
s'g} klg 36gfnfO{{ xtf/df lg0f{o gu/L ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ lg0f{o ug]{ afgL a;fpg]
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf nflu cfkm'n] pTt/ n]lv ;s]kl5 lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
dflg;nfO{{ /fd|f] s] xf] g/fd|f] s] xf] eg]/ ;f]Rg] agfpgsf] nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5M
lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{
clwsf/ ;Fu} cfˆgf] st{Jo tyf pTt/bfloTTj af]w u/fpg]
ljleGg r]tgfd"ns sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug]{
cfWoflTds lrGtg tyf of]u Wofg ug]{
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

afnljjfxsf gs/fTds c;/x¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\\ .
afnaflnsfx¿n] cfˆgf] JolStTTj ljsf; ug{ cj/f]w x'g],
cWoog sfo{sf nflu sl7gfO{ cfpg ;Sg],
cfk"mn] OR5fPsf] JolSt;Fu ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] h;af6 p;sf] dfgj clwsf/ xgg x'g],
ckl/kSj pd]/df u/]sf] ljjfxn] kl5 ;DaGw /fd|f] geO{ 6'6\g ;Sg]
k|hgg\ :jf:Yodf gs/fTds c;/ kg]{,
afn d[To'b/ / dft[ d[To'b/ a9g],
hg;+Vof j[l4 x'g] .
PsfO M %
gful/s r]tgf
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf /fHosf ltg cª\ux¿ sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] af/]df cWoog
ug]{5f}F . To;}u/L /fHosf dxTTjk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs cª\ux¿ / lgsfox¿sf af/]df 5nkmn ul/g]5 .
/fli6«o lgjf{rg k|lqmof, lgjf{rgdf k|To]s gful/sn] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf, /fhgLlts bn, ax'bnLo
Joj:yf, nf]stGqsf] ;Djfxssf] ¿kdf /fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf tyf dfgj clwsf/ / gful/s
klxrfg Pjd\ gful/stfsf af/]df 5nkmn ul/g]5 .
@= p2]Zo
o; PsfOsf] cWoog kl5 tkfO{F lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'g]5 M
-s_ /fHosf ltg cª\ux¿sf] kl/ro lbg,
-v_ zlSt ;Gt'ngsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg,
-u_ ;+j}wflgs cª\ux¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbg,
-3_ lgjf{rg k|lj|mof atfpg,
-ª_ lgjf{rgdf k|To]s gful/sn] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L atfpg,
-r_ g]kfnsf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf /fhgLlts bnsf] kl/ro / e"ldsf atfpg,
-5_ dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff;Fu kl/lrt x'g,
-h_ dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug{
-em_ dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfosf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug{
-`_ gful/ssf] x}l;otn] cfˆgf] klxrfg sfod /fVb} gful/stf k|flKtsf] tl/sf atfpg
kf7 M !
Joj:yflksf
!= ljifoj:t'
/fHosf d'Vo ltg cª\ux¿ x'G5g\\ . h;/L dfgj z/L/nfO{{ hLjGt /fVg dl:tis, x[bo / kfrg
k|0ffnL cflb dfgj c+usf] cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5, Psljgf csf{sf] cl:tTTj /xg ;sb}g,
To;}u/L /fHo ;~rfng ug{ sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf /fHosf d'Vo cª\ux¿ /x]sf
x'G5g\\ .
/fHosf ltgcf]6f cª\ux¿
Joj:yflksf sfo{kflnsf Gofokflnsf

/fHosf ltg c+ux¿ Pscsf{df kl/k'/s klg 5g\\ cyf{t\ s'g} Pssf] cefjdf /fHo ;~rfng
;Dej 5}g . tL c+ux¿dWo] Joj:yflksf Ps dxTTjk"0f{ c+u xf] . h;sf] k|d'v sfo{ /fHosf]
sfg'g agfpg' xf] . To;}u/L pSt sfg'gnfO{{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd sfo{kflnsfn] u5{ eg]
Gofokflnsfn] sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f, kfngf tyf sfg'gL pkrf/sf] sfo{ ub{5 .
Joj:yflksf (Legislature)
b]znfO{{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf sfg'gx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . tL
sfg'gx¿ agfpg hgtfaf6 cg'df]lbt zlStzfnL ;+:yfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ToxL ;+:yf g}
Joj:yflksf xf] . Joj:yflksf /fHosf] sfg'g agfpg] ;jf]{Rr cª\u xf] . Joj:yflksfn] lgdf{0f
u/]sf sfg'gsf] cfwf/df /fHo ;~rfng x'G5 . Joj:yflksf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwx¿sf] ynf]
xf] . nf]stGqdf hgtfsf] zf;g eg]sf] g} hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿n] Joj:yflksfdf
k|ltlglwTTj u/L hgtfsf] lxtdf sfg'g lgdf{0f / ;/sf/sf] u7g ug]{h:tf dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{df efu
lng' xf] .
Joj:yflksf klg Ps ;bgfTds (Unicameral) / lå;bgfTds (Bicameral)
x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
@)!( / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# Ps;bgfTds Joj:yflksf ePsf ;+ljwfg
x'g\ .
j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ df ef/bf/L -dflyNnf] ;bg_ / /fi6«;ef -tNnf];bg_, g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% df dxf;ef -dflyNnf]_ / k|ltlglw ;ef
-tNnf] ;bg_, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df /fli6«o ;ef -dflyNnf] ;bg_ /
k|ltlglw ;ef -tNnf] ;bg_sf] Joj:yf lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df klg ;+3Lo
Joj:yflksfdf /fli6«o ;ef -dflyNnf] ;bg_ / k|ltlglw ;ef -tNnf] ;bg_sf] Joj:yf
ePsf] lå;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
k|ltlglw ;efsf] k|d'vnfO{{ ;efd'v elgG5 . g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;efd'v s[i0fk|;fb
e6\6/fO{ lyP eg] k|hftGq k'gM k|flKt kl5sf] klxnf] ;efd'v bdggfy 9'ª\ufgf lyP .
u0ftGq g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;efd'v ;'jf;rGb| g]Djfª x'g\ eg] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg
ag]kl5sf] u0ftGq g]kfnsf] klxnf] dlxnf ;efd'v cf]g;/L 3tL{ x'g\ . /fli6«o ;efsf]
k|d'vnfO{{ cWoIf elgG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ g]kfndf ltg txsf] Joj:yflksf /xg] 5 . s]Gb|df ;+3Lo
Joj:yflksf, k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z Joj:yflksf / k|To]s ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf :yfgLo
Joj:yflksf /xg]5g\\ .
-s_ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] u7g k|ls|of M
;+3Lo Joj:yflksfdf /fli6«o ;ef gfdsf] dflyNnf] ;bg / k|ltlglw ;ef gfdsf] tNnf] ;bg x'g]
Joj:yf 5 .
k|ltlglw ;efsf] u7g k|ls|of M
;+3Lo k|ltlglw ;efdf lgDgfg';f/ 5gf}6 x'g] hDdf b'O{ ;o krxQ/ ;b:o /xg]5g\\ .
k|ltlglw;efdf Ps ltxfO{ dlxnf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-!_ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4ltcg';f/ M
-s_ g]kfnnfO{{ e"uf]n / hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df Ps ;o k}+;¶L lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L k|To]s
lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Ps hgf /xg] u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL -h;n] w]/}
dt NofpF5 p;n] lhTg] k|0ffnL_ adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] Ps ;o k}+;¶L ;b:o,
-v_ ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnL adf]lhd Ps ;o b; ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'G5g\\ .
-@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ x'g] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhgLlts bnn]
pDd]bjf/L lb+bf hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, v; cfo{, dw];L, yf¿,
d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q, ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt ;d]taf6 aGb ;"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTTj
u/fpg] Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g]5 . To;/L pDd]bjf/L lb+bf e"uf]n / k|fb]lzs
;Gt'ngnfO{{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' kg{]5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æv; cfo{Æ
eGgfn] If]qL, a|fDx0f, 7s'/L, ;+Gof;L -b;gfdL_ ;d'bfo ;Demg' k5{ . Joj:yflksfnfO{{ ;+;b klg
elgG5 .
/fli6«o ;efsf] u7g k|lj|mof
/fli6«o ;efdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf 5gf}6 x'g] pgfG;f7L ;b:o /xg]5g\\ .
-s_ k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o, ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v
/x]sf] lgjf{rs d08nåf/f ;+3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o, ufpFkflnsfsf
cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'vsf] dtsf] ef/ km/s x'g] u/L k|To]s
k|b]zaf6 sDtLdf ltg hgf dlxnf, Ps hgf blnt / Ps hgf ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt jf
cNk;+Vos ;lxt cf7 hgf u/L lgjf{lrt 5kGg hgf,
-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 dgf]gLt sDtLdf Ps hgf dlxnf ;lxt ltg
hgf .
/fli6«o ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . /fli6«o ;efsf Ps ltxfO ;b:osf] kbfjlw
k|To]s b'O{ jif{df ;dfKt x'g]5 .
;+;bsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu lgDg lnlvt of]Uotf x'g'k5{
-s_ g]kfnsf] gful/s,
-v_ k|ltlglw ;efsf nflu kRrL; jif{ / /fli6«o ;efsf nflu k}+tL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],

-u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;hfo gkfPsf],
-3_ s'g} ;+3Lo sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf], /
-ª_ s'g} nfesf] kbdf axfn g/x]sf] . - ænfesf] kbÆ eGgfn] lgjf{rg jf dgf]gogåf/f k"lt{
ul/g] /fhgLlts kb afx]s ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 kfl/>lds jf cfly{s ;'ljwf kfpg] cGo kb
;Demg' k5{ ._
k|ltlglw ;efdf k|d'v / pkk|d'vdf ;efd'v / pk;efd'v /xG5g\\ . /fli6«o ;efdf cWoIf /
pkfWoIf /xG5g\\ .
;+;bdf sfg'g agfpgsf] nflu k]z ul/g] d:of}bfnfO{{ ljw]os elgG5 . o:tf] ljw]os 5nkmnsf
nflu k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o ;ef b'j}df k]z ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ cy{ ljw]]os eg] k|ltlglw;efdf
dfq k]z ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6f ;bgdf k]z eP/ 5nkmn u/L kfl/t ePkl5 ljw]osnfO{{ csf]{
;bgdf 5nkmnsf nflu k7fOG5 . b'a} ;bgn] kfl/t u/]kl5 k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu /fi6«klt ;dIf
k]z ul/G5 . /fi6«kltaf6 !% lbg leq k|dfl0fs/0f u/L b'j} ;bgnfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fPkl5 pSt
ljw]os P]g jf sfg'g aGg k'Ub5 .
-v_ k|b]z Joj:yflksf M
k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf /xG5 . h;nfO{{ k|b]z ;ef elgG5 . k|b]z ;efdf ^)
k|ltzt ;b:o w]/} dt Nofpg]n] lhTg] k|0ffnLaf6 / $) k|ltzt ;b:o ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg
k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf 5 . k|b]z k|b]zdf ;b:o ;ª\Vof b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 .
;ª\3Lo k|ltlglw;efdf To; k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglwTTj ug]{ ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] bf]Aa/ ;+Vof a/fa/
;+VofnfO{{ ;f7L k|ltzt dfgL af“sL rfln; k|ltzt ;b:o ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 5flgP/
cfpF5g\\ . h:t}, s'g} k|b]zdf ;+3Lo k|ltlglw ;efdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{rg k|0fnLaf6 #) hgf
lgjf{lrt ePsf /x]5g\\ eg] k|b]z ;efdf To;sf] b]Aa/ ;+Vof ^) hgf k|b]z ;ef ;b:o klxnf] x'g]
lgjf{lrt x'g] k4ltaf6 lgjf{lrt x'G5g\\ . of] ;+Vof s"n ;b:osf] ;f7L k|ltzt dfq} xf] . af“sL $)
k|ltzt ;b:o cyf{t rfln; hgf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'G5g\\ . o;/L pSt
k|b]zsf] k|b]z ;efdf hDdf Ps;o hgf ;b:o /xG5g\\ .
k|b]z ;ef ;b:osf nflu lgDgfg';f/ of]Uotf k'u]sf] x'g' kb{5 .
-s_ g]kfnL gful/s,
-v_ ;DalGwt k|b]zsf] dtbftf /x]sf],
-u_ kRrL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-3_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;"/df ;hfo gkfPsf],
-ª_ s'g} sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf], /
-r_ s'g} nfesf] kbdf axfn g/x]sf] .
-u_ :yfgLo Joj:yflksf
ufpFkflnsfdf ufpF;ef / gu/kflnsfdf gu/;ef gfdsf] :yfgLo Joj:yflksf /xg] Joj:yg 5 .
o;sf] u7g lgDgfg';f/ cWoIf / ;b:o /xg] u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6
x'g]5 .
ufpF ;efdf eP cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/ ;efdf eP k|d'v / pkk|d'v /xG5g\\ .
k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt j8f cWoIf /xG5g\\ .
k|To]s j8faf6 rf/ hgfsf b/n] lgjf{lrt j8f ;b:o /xG5g\\ .
blnt jf cNk ;ª\Vos ;d'bfoaf6 ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] lgjf{lrt u/L k7fPsf
ufpFklnsfdf eP b'O{hgf / gu/kflnsfdf eP ltg hgf dlxnf ;b:o .
Joj:yflksfsf] sfd
-!_ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd
Joj:yflksfsf] d'Vo sfo{ P]g sfg'g agfpg] xf] . ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfdf sfg'g
agfgpg] sfo{ ;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf /x]/ k|ltlglw ;ef / /fli6«o ;efn] ub{5 . k|b]zdf
k|b]z ;ef / :yfgLo lgsfodf ufpF;ef / gu/ ;efn] ub{5 .
Joj:yflksfdf k|ltlglwTTj ug]{ k|ltlglwx¿ hgtfsf] dtsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglwTTj
u5{g\ . To;}n] hgtfsf] OR5f, efjgf / b]zsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{
sfo{ ljwfos -Joj:yflksfsf ;b:on]_ u5{g\ .
sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ Joj:yflksfdf ljw]os k]; ug{ ;lsG5 . Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:ox¿n]
5nkmn u/]/ ;efd'vn] k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 pSt ljw]os /fi6«klt ;dIf k|df0fLs/0fsf
nflu k7fpF5g\\ . /fi6«kltn] k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 sfg'g aG5 . ljw]os eg]sf] sfg'g
agfpgsf nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf] d:of}bf xf] . pSt d:of}bf kf; ul/;s]kl5 sfg'g
aGb5 .
-@_ cfly{s lgoGq0f
;/sf/ -sfo{kflnsf_ n] jif{el/ ug]{ cfoJoo ljj/0f vr{ Joj:yf Joj:yflksfn]
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] P]g, lgod / ljlwsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ u5{ .
hgtfdf s/ nufpg], nufOPsf] s/ s6f}tL ug]{ jf j[l4 ug]{h:tf sfo{ klg
Joj:yflksfsf] :jLs[ltaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;sf nflu k|To]s jif{ ;/sf/n] ;+3Lo ;+;bdf gLlt tyf sfo{j|md ;lxt ah]6, / cy{
ljw]os k]z ub{5 . pSt cy{ ljw]os / ah]6 ;+;baf6 kfl/t eP kl5 dfq ;/sf/n]
cfDbfgL / vr{ ug{ kfpF5 .
-#_ k|zf;lgs sfo{
;+3Lo sfo{kflnsf / k|b]z sfo{kflnsfsf] lgdf{0f Jo:yflksfaf6 g} x'G5 . sfo{kflnsf
Joj:yflksfk|lt pTt/bfoL x'G5 . Joj:yflksfn] kfl/t u/]sf] gLlt tyf sfo{j|md /
ah]6 cg';f/ sfo{kflnsfn] b]zdf k|zf;lgs, ;'/Iff / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿
ub{5 .
Joj:yflksfdf ;/sf/sf sfo{x¿ af/] k|Zg ;f]w]/, Wofgfsif{0f k|:tfj /fv]/, cfnf]rgf
u/]/ / cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fv]/ sfo{kflnsfdfly lgoGq0f ul/G5 .
-$_ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg;DaGwL sfo{
w]/}h;f] b]zsf ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yflksfnfO{{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf]
x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfdf klg Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 ;+ljwfg
;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ Joj:yflksfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ Joj:yflksfsf d'Vo rf/cf]6f sfo{x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] k|ltlglw ;efdf xfnsf ;efd'vsf] gfd / ;DalGwt bnsf] gfd klg
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] u7g s;/L x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 <
u7g k|lqmof n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ ænf]stGqdf ax'dtsf] lg0f{o dfGo ePklg cNkdtsf] plrt sb/ ug'{k5{ .Æ
ts{;lxt k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ ljw]os s]nfO{{ elgG5 < ljw]os / sfg'gdf s] km/s 5 <
-5_ ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu cfjZos of]Uotfsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ lqmofsnfk -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] pTt/ n]lv;s]kl5 o; kf7df lbOPsf]
ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ lqmofsnfk -ª_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ x]g'{xf];\ .
nf]stGqdf ;a} dflg;x¿sf] ljrf/nfO{{ ;Ddfg ul/G5 . ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpF5g\\ .
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfosf nflu /fHon] ljz]if sfo{j|mdx¿ NofO{ pgLx¿nfO{{ /fli6«o d"n wf/df
Nofpg'kb{5 . n]fstGq eg]sf] hgtfsf] zf;g ug]{ k4lt xf], sfg'gL zf;g nfu" ug'{ xf] .
nf]stflGqs cEof;sf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ kIf a'x'dt xf] . Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg bnLo cfwf/df
x'G5 . ;+;bdf ax'dt k|fKt ug]{ bnn] ;/sf/ agfpF5 . s;}sf] klg ax'dt gk'u]df b'O{ jf b'O{
eGbf a9L bnn] ax'dt k'¥ofP/ ;/sf/ agfpF5g\\ . afFsL bn cNkdtdf /xG5g\\ / k|ltkIfLsf]
e"ldsfdf /xG5g\\ . t;y{ ;/sf/df /xg]x¿n] ax'dtdf 5f}F eg]/ cfˆgf s'/f dfq nfb\g vf]Hg'
x'Fb}g . k|ltkIfL bnx¿n] p7fPsf hfoh s'/fx¿nfO{{ klg :jLsf/ ub}{, pgLx¿n] ;r]t u/fPsf
s'/fdf Wofg lbFb} / pgLx¿sf s'/f klg ;'Gb} ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug'{k5{ . nf]stGqdf ;a}n] cf–
cfˆgf] ljrf/ :jtGq ¿kdf /fVg kfpg] ePsfn] cNkdtsf] sb/ ug'{kb{5 eGg] ul/Psf] xf] .
-3_ lqmofsnfk -r_ / -5_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M @
sfo{kflnsf (Executive)
!= ljifoj:t'
sfo{kflnsf jf sfo{sfl/0fL eg]sf] /fHodf sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ cª\u xf] . dGqLkl/ifb\ / o;
cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] k|zf;lgs Pjd\ ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ h:t} lghfdtL, k|x/L, ;}Go zlSt ;a}
sfo{kflnsfsf] cª\usf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\\ . o;n] Jofks If]q ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . /fHosf] k|zf;g
;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/ sfo{kflnsfnfO{{ x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt 5 . ;+ljwfg /
sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{
cleef/f dlGqkl/ifbdf /xG5 . g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfdx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ sfo{kflnsf klg ltg txsf] x'g] Joj;yf /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g
;+3Lo dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g lgDgfg';f/ x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
/fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{{ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL lgo'St
ug]{5g\\ . ;f] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g x'g]5 .
olb k|ltlglw ;efdf s'g} klg bnn] :ki6 ax'dt Nofpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglw ;efdf
k|ltlglwTTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|ltlglw
;efsf] ;b:onfO{{ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'St ug]{5g\\ . o:tf] k|wfgdGqLn] #) lbg leq
k|ltlglw ;efaf6 ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug'{ kb{5 .
pSt k|wfgdGqLn] #) lbgleq ljZjf;sf] dt k|Kt ug{ g;s]df k|ltlglw ;efsf] s'g} ;b:on]
k|ltlglw ;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/ k|:t't u/]df /fi6«kltn] To:tf] ;b:onfO{
k|wfgdGqL lgo'St ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . pgn] klg #) lbg leq ;+;baf6 ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug'{
kg]{5 .
pSt k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L
;b:ox¿ ePsf] bnsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'St ug]{5g\\ . o;/L lgo'St
k|wfgdGqLn] klg lgo'St ePsf] ldltn] lt; lbgleq k|ltlglw ;efaf6 ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt
ug'{ kg]{5 .
o;/L lgo'St k|wfgdGqLn] klg ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df jf k|wfgdGqL lgo'St x'g
g;s]df ;f]xL k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36g u/L 5 dlxgfleq
csf]{ k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] u/L lgjf{rgsf] ldlt tf]Sg]5g\\ .
;+ljwfg adf]lhd ePsf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] jf
k|wfgdGqLsf] kb l/St ePsf] ldltn] k}+lt; lbgleq dfly elgP cg';f/ k|wfgdGqL lgo'lSt
;DaGwL k|lqmof ;DkGg ug'{ kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ b]zdf nfdf]
;do;Dd k|wfgdGqL vfnL x'g] cj:yf /xFb}g .
/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd
k|wfgdGqL ;lxt a9Ldf kRrL; hgf dGqL /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb u7g ug]{5g\\ .
ljåfg jfOG;sfcg';f/ æsfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ To:tf] clwsf/ xf] h;n] sfg'gsf] k|zf;g u5{,
;/sf/sf] sfo{ sfof{Gjog u5{ / /fHoleq / aflx/af6 x'g] cfs|d0f lj?4 ;'/Iff :yflkt u5{Æ .
-v_ k|b]z sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g
k|b]z sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g klg ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf u7g ug]{ k|lj|mof cg';f/ g} x'G5 . t/ ;+3Lo
sfo{kflnsf u7gdf /fi6«kltn] v]Ng] e"ldsf k|b]zdf k|b]z k|d'vn] v]Nb5g\\ . k|b]z dGqLd08ndf
a9Ldf k|b]z ;ef ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] la; k|ltztsf] ;ª\Vofdf dfq dGqL, /fHo dGqL / ;xfos
dGqL /xg] u/L u7g ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf M
:yfgLo sfo{kflnsf km/s tl/sfaf6 u7g x'G5 .
k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf Ps cWoIf / Ps pkfWoIfsf] rog hgtfsf] k|ToIf dtbfgaf6 x'G5 .
To;}u/L k|To]s gu/kflnsfdf gu/ k|d'v / pkk|d'vsf] rog klg o;}u/L x'G5 .
k|To]s j8faf6 hgtfn] k|ToIf dtbfg u/L k7fPsf j8f cWoIfx¿ ufpFkflnsf /
gu/kflnsfsf] ;b:o x'G5g\\ .
o; afx]s gu/ ;ef / ufpF ;efn] cfkm" dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/L k7fPsf ufpF kflnsfdf eP
rf/ hgf / gu/kflnsfdf eP kfFr hgf dlxnf ;b:o
blnt jf cNk ;ª\Vos ;d'bfoaf6 ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn] lgjf{lrt u/L k7fPsf
ufpFkflnsfdf eP b'O{hgf / gu/kflnsfdf eP ltg hgf ;b:o .
sfo{kflnsfsf] sfd
-!_ k|zf;lgs sfo{
sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v sfo{ b]zdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg',
/fHo ;~rfng ;DaGwL gLlt tof/ kfg'{, k|zf;g ;~rfng / lgoGq0f ug'{,
sfo{kflnsf cGtu{t ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{nox¿ kb{5g\\ ltgn] k|zf;lgs sfo{
ub{5g\\ .
sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ j|mddf ljleGg 3f]if0ff, ;Gb]z, cfb]z / lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{ sfo{x¿
u5{ .
;/sf/sf ultljlwnfO{{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGq dfkm{t tNnf] lgsfo ;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ub{5 .
;'zf;g sfod /fVg'
-@_ ljwfg;DaGwL sfo{ (Legisative function)
sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v sfo{ eg]sf] Joj:yflksfn] agfPsf] sfg'gnfO{{ nfu" ug'{ xf] t/ o;n]
sfg'g;DaGwL sfo{x¿ klg u5{ . ljleGg P]gcGtu{t /x]/ lgodfjnL, gLlt / lgb]{lzsf
agfP/ hf/L ub{5 h;n] sfg'g ;/x g} sfo{ u5{g\ .
Joj:yflksfsf] a}7s af]nfpg], cGt ug]{, a}7s ga;]sf] ;dodf s'g} sfg'g agfpg cfjZos
ePdf cWofb]z /fi6«klt dfkm{t hf/L u/fpg ;S5 h'g cWofb]z sfg'g ;/x nfu" x'G5 .
Joj:yflksf a}7s ga;]sf] jf a:g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] cTofjZos 7fg]sf] sfg'g
agfP/ nfu" ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{{ cWofb]z elgG5 . cWofb]z ag]kl5 a;]sf] ;+;bsf] a}7sn]
kfl/t gu/]df ;f] cWofb]z :jtM vf/]h x'G5 .
-#_ s'6gLlts / k//fi6«;DaGwL sfo{
sfo{kflnsfsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ eg]sf] ljb]z gLltsf] lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] . ljleGg
/fi6«x¿;Fu s'6gLlts ;DaGw sfod ug]{ /fhb"t / dxfjfl0fHo b"tx¿sf] lgo'lSt ug]{,
ljb]zL;Fu ;lGw, ;Demf}tf ug]{, cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿df k|ltlglwTTj ug]{, /fhb"t lgo'lSt ug]{,
cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;3fpg] h:tf sfo{ sfo{kflnsfn] g} ub{5 .
-$_ cfly{s kl/rfng ;DaGwL sfo{
d'n'ssf] cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL sfd klg sfo{kflnsfn] ub{5 .
jflif{s ah]6 tof/ u/L Joj:yflksfaf6 kf; u/fP/ sfof{Gjog ub{5 .
s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{, s/ c;'nL ug]{, C0f lng], C0f ltg]{ OToflb ljifosf] k|:tfj klg u5{ .
-%_ ;]gf;DaGwL sfo{
d'n'ssf] zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug]{ / afx\o cfs|d0faf6 arfpg] sfo{ sfo{kflnsfsf] xf] .
sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v g} ;]gfsf] ;~rfng ug]{ k|d'v cyf{t\ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|d'v x'G5g\\ .
o;n] ;]gfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lSt / jvf{:t ug]{ sfo{ klg u5{ .
cGo d'n'sn] cfs|d0f u/]sf] a]nf b]zsf] /Iff ug]{, ;}lgs ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ klg o;n] u5{ .
o;sf nflu sfo{kflnsf cGtu{t 5'§} /Iff dGqfnosf] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
-^_ cGo sfo{
/fHo ;~rfngdf cfpg] cGo sfo{ cGtu{t b]z ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf agfpg],
sfof{Gjog u/fpg], ;fwg ;|f]t n]vfhf]vf u/L /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL /
nf]ssNof0fsf/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ klg sfo{kflnsfn] ub{5 .

@= cEof;
-s_ sfo{kflnsfsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ cg';f/ u7g x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
sfo{kflnsfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ sfo{kflnsfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ s] s] x'g\ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ æ/fHosf] dxTTjk"0f{ cª\u sfo{kflnsf xf] .Æ o; egfOsf] k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ @)$^ ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf k|wfgdGqLx¿sf] gfd vf]hL u/]/ lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf
n]Vg'xf];\ .
qm=;+= k|wfgdGqLsf] gfd s'g /fhgLlts bn < k|wfgdGqL ePsf] cjlw
-ª_ s]lGb|o ;/sf/ / k|fGtLo ;/sf/lar leGgtf 5'§ofpg'xf];\ .

-r_ tkfOFn] JolStut ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{{ s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <
-5_ tkfO{+ k|wfgdGqL x'g'eof] eg] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L s;/L lgjf{x ug'{x'G5 <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ / -v_ sf nflu sfo{kflnsf / o;sf sfo{x¿ ;DaGwL o;} kf7sf] cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu kf7 cWoog u/L cfˆgf ts{x¿ lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
/fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfo sfo{kflnsf xf], sfo{kflnsf ljgf /fHo ;~rfng ;Dej 5}g,
@)$^ ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf k|wfgdGqLx¿sf] ljj/0f M
qm=;+= k|wfgdGqLsf] gfd /fhgLlts bn k|wfgdGqL ePsf] cjlw
!= s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ! jif{
@= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; # jif{ ^ dlxgf
#= dgdf]xg clwsf/L g]skf Pdfn] ( dlxgf
$= z]/axfb'/ b]pjf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ! jif{
%= nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ ^ dlxgf
^= ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ & dlxgf
&= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; $ dlxgf
*= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; $ dlxgf
(= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; % dlxgf
!)= s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ g]kfnL sfª\u|]; !) dlxgf
!!= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ! jif{ $ dlxgf
!@= z]/axfb'/ b]pjf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ! jif{ @ dlxgf
!#= nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ !) dlxgf
!$= ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ ! jif{
!%= z]/axb'/ b]pjf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; -k|_ * dlxgf
!^= /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;g !$ dlxgf
-/fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] cWoIftfdf_
!&= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ! jif{
!*= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ! jif{ % dlxgf
!( k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL ( dlxgf
@) dfwjs'df/ g]kfn Pdfn] ! jif{ ( dlxgf
@! emngfy vgfn Pdfn] & dlxgf
@@ Affa'/fd e6\6/fO{ Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL ! jif{ & dlxgf
@# lvn/fh /]UdL k|wfg Gofolwz !! dlxgf
@$ z'l;n sf]O/fnf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ! jif{ ( dlxgf
@% v8\uk|;fb cf]nL Pdfn] ( dlxgf
@^ k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL !) dlxgf
@& z]/axfb'/ b]pjf g]kfnL sf+u|];
\-3_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf k|b]z sfo{kflnsf
k|d'vnfO{{ k|wfgdGqL elgG5 k|d'vnfO{{ d'VodGqL elgG5 .
b]zel/sf] ljsf; sfo{ ug]{ k|b]z leqsf] ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ug{]
b]z el/sf] zflGt ;'/Iff / ;Ldf cfˆgf] k|b]z leq zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{
;'/Iff ug]{
k//fi6« ;DaGw sfod ug]{ k|b]zleq k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{
-3_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
d JolStut ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{{ o;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' .
lgod sfg'g dfg]/
;/sf/sf /fd|f sfdsf af/]df c¿nfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fP/
kl/jf/df s/ ltg'{ k5{ egL hfgsf/L u/fP/
dtbfg ug]{ tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf k|rf/ u/]/
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;xof]u u/]/ tyf ;xefuL eP/
-3_ cEof; -5_ sf nflu cfˆg} ljrf/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

kf7 M #
Gofokflnsf (Judiciary)
!= ljifoj:t'
æs'g} ;/sf/sf] ;jf]{Ts[i6tfsf] ;'Gb/td\ s;L ToxfFsf] Goflos k|0ffnLsf] sfo{s'zntf
g} xf] .Æ – Lord Bryce.
æGofo k|zf;g ;/sf/sf] ;aeGbf alnof] vDaf xf] .Æ -George Washington
Joj:yflksfn] agfPsf] sfg'g ;xL ¿kdf sfof{Gjog eof] ePg eg]/ kx/]bf/ ug]{, ;+ljwfgsf]
JofVof, ;+ljwfgc'g;f/ Joj:yflksfn] sfg'g agfof] jf agfPg x]g]{, hgtfsf] df}lns xs
clwsf/sf] /Iff u/L sfg'gsf] ;+/Ifssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ sfo{ Gofokflnsfn] u5{ . /fHosf] Pp6}
cª\un] sfg'g lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / Gofo lg¿k0f ug]{ sfo{ ePdf ToxfF hgtfsf xs clwsf/
;'lglZrt x'Fb}gg\ . To;}n] ;/sf/sf ltgcf]6} cª\u cnucnu x'G5g\\ . Gofokflnsf :jtGq
x'g'k5{ . olb Gofokflnsf :jtGq / lgikIf 5}g eg] To; b]zsf] hgtfx¿n] Gofo kfpg ;Sb}gg\ .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf] t];|f] cª\usf] ¿kdf Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df pNn]v
ePcg';f/ g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / d"NodfGotfnfO{{
cg';/0f u/L nf]stGq / hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{{ cfTd;ft ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgcg';f/
g]kfndf ltg txsf] cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\\ M
g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf txx¿
;jf]{Rr cbfnt -s]Gb|df_
pRr cbfnt -k|To]s

k|b]zdf Ps Ps j6f_
lhNnf cbfnt
-k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps Ps j6f_
-s_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
of] Gofokflnsfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] tx xf] . o;nfO{{ clen]v cbfnt klg elgG5 . o;n] u/]sf
lg0f{ox¿ eljiodf glh/sf ¿kdf sfg'g ;/x dfGo x'G5g\\ . ;+ljwfg ;ef;DaGwL cbfntafx]s
cGo ;a} cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf dftxtdf /xG5g\\ . g]kfndf o;
cbfntdf k|wfgGofofwLzsf] cltl/St a9Ldf @) hgf;Dd cGo GofofwLzx¿ /xg] 5g\\ . logsf]
lgo'lSt ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 x'G5 . k|wfg GofofwLzsf] sfo{sfn lgo'St
ePsf] ldltn] a9Ldf ^ jif{sf] x'G5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf slDtdf ltg jif{ sfd u/]sf] JolSt
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|wfgGofofwLz kbdf lgo'St x'g ;Sg] 5g\\ . sfg'gdf :gfts pkflw k|fKt u/L
pRr cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz jf GofofwLzsf] kbdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf sfg'gdf
:gfts pkflw k|fKt u/L jl/i7 clwjStf jf clwjStfsf] x}l;otdf sDtLdf kGw| jif{ lg/Gt/
jsfnt u/]sf] jf sDtLdf kGw| jif{;Dd Gofo jf sfg'gsf] If]qdf lg/Gt/ sfd u/L ljlzi6
sfg'gljbsf] ¿kdf Voflt k|fKt u/]sf] jf Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fL jf ;f]eGbf
dflyNnf] kbdf sDtLdf afx| jif{ sfd u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf]
kbdf lgo'lStsf nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 .
-v_ pRr cbfnt
k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps pRr cbfnt x'G5 . o;df Ps d'Vo GofowLz / GofowLzx¿ /xG5g\\ . pRr
cbfntsf k|wfgGofowLz / GofowLzx¿sf] lgo'lSt Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzn]
ub{5g\\ .
d'Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLz x'g lgDglnlvt of]Uotf k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ M
sfg'gdf :gfts pkflw k|fKt u/L lhNnf GofofwLzsf] kbdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{ sfd u/]sf] jf
sfg'gdf :gfts pkflw k|fKt u/L jl/i7 clwjStf jf clwjStfsf] ¿kdf sDtLdf b; jif{ lg/Gt/
jsfnt u/]sf] jf sDtLdf b; jif{ sfg'gsf] cWofkg, cGj]if0f jf sfg'g jf Gofo;DaGwL cGo
s'g} If]qdf lg/Gt/ sfd u/]sf] jf Gofo ;]jfsf] sDtLdf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf
kfFr jif{ sfd u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s pRr cbfntsf] d'Vo GofofwLz tyf GofofwLzsf] kbdf
lgo'lStsf nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 .
-u_ lhNnf cbfnt
g]kfndf ;a} lhNnfdf Ps Psj6f lhNnf cbfnt /x]sf] 5 . lhNnf cbfntsf GofofwLzsf]
lgo'lSt Gofo kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgGofofwLzaf6 x'g]5 . lhNnf leqsf ;a} Goflos
lgsfox¿ lhNnf cbfnt cGtu{t /xg]5g\\ . tL lgsfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f / lgb]{zg ug]{
sfo{ lhNnf cbfntn] ug]{5 .
Gofokflnsfsf] sfd
-!_ Goflos sfo{
o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ hgtfnfO{{ Gofo lbg' cyf{t\ Gofo ;Dkfbg ug'{ xf] . Joj:yflksfn] agfPsf]
sfg'gsf] cfwf/df Gofokflnsfn] gful/snfO{{ Gofo lbnfpg] / ck/fwLnfO{{ b08 lbg] ub{5 .
o;n] b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L b'j} lsl;dsf] d'2fx¿sf] k}m;nf ub{5 . o;n] ck/fwnfO{{ lgoGq0f
ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . cGofodf k/]sf JolStn] Gofo kfpg ;S5 .
-@_ sfg'gsf] JofVof / glh/ lgdf{0f
b]zdf k|rlnt ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx¿sf] JofVof ug'{ k|d'v sfo{ xf] .
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] d'2f k}m;nf ug]{ j|mddf sfg'gsf] cy{ :ki6 kf5{ / JofVof klg u5{ . cGo

d'2f k}m;nf ubf{ / dftxtsf cbfntsf nflu of] glh/ aG5, h'g kl5sf d'2fsf nflu cfwf/
aG5 . o:tf glh/nfO{{ GofofwLz lgld{t sfg'g elgG5 .
c:ki6 ePsf sfg'gsf] JofVof ug]{ sfd klg Gofofnon] u5{ .
-#_ hgtfsf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/Ifs
;+ljwfgn] hgtfsf xs clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . To:tf df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f ug]{
sfo{ Gofokflnsfn] u5{ . To;sf nflu ;+ljwfgn] g} o;nfO{{ ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs k|bfg
u/]sf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu Gofokflnsfn] hgtfsf df}lns xs, clwsf/ /Iffsf nflu aGbL–
k|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, k|ltif]w, pTk|]if0f / clwsf/ k[R5fh:tf l/6 tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf
cfb]z k"FhL{ hf/L u5{ . s'g} gful/sn] d]/f] kmnfgf] df}lns xs xgg\ eof] egL ;jf]{Rr
cbfntdf ph'/L ug{ ;S5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] 5fgljg u/L xs lbnfO{{ lbG5 .
-$_ k/fdz{;DaGwL sfo{
sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksfn] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ s'g} sfg'gL ;d:of cfPdf To;sf nflu
dfu]sf] sfg'gL k/fdz{ lbg] sfo{ klg Gofokflnsfn] u5{ .
@= cEof;
-s_ Gofokflnsf ;/sf/sf] dxTTjk"0f{ cª\u xf], s;/L < k'i6\ofO lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfndf cbfnt slt txsf 5g\\ < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ hgtfsf] df}lns xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf Gofokflnsfn] s] s] sfo{ u5{, ltgsf] ;"rL
lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ hgtfn] kfpg] GofonfO{{ ;j{;'ne / l56f]5l/tf] agfpg GofofnonfO{{ lbOg] ;'emfj s] s]
x'g ;S5g\\ < s'g} kfFrcf]6f ;'emfj l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ tkfO{Fsf] ufpF, 5/l5d]sdf b'O{hgfsf lar cbfntdf s'g} d'2f k/]sf] x'g ;S5 . tkfO{F s'g
kIfnfO{{ l7s 7fGg'x'G5 < cfwf/;lxt cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_, -v_ / -u_ sf nflu Gofokflnsf / To;sf sfo{x¿sf]] cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{x¿cGtu{t t];|f] sfo{ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
hgtfn] kfpg] GofonfO{{ ;j{;'ne / l56f]5l/tf] agfpg ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿
hgtfnfO{{ r]tgf hfu[t x'g] vfnsf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
Gofofnodf d'2fsf] rfkcg';f/ hgzlStsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
hgtfn] kfpg] Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿ k|fyldstf lbO{ l56f] k}m;nf ug]{,
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{,

d'2fsf] k|s[lt x]/L lhNnftxaf6 g} clGtd k}m;nfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
-3_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\, h:t} M
d]/f] ;d'bfodf lhDaf tfdfª / ;'vLdfof lnDa"lar hUufsf] ;fFw;DaGwL emu8f k/]sf] lyof] .
;'vLdfof gS;fcg';f/ gfk]/ lnpF elG5g\\ . t/ lhDaf cfˆgf] hUuf ;'vLdfofn] b'O{xft ldr]sf] 5
egL cf/f]k nufO/x]sL l5g\\ . d]/f] ljrf/df ;'vLdfof l7s l5g\\ . lsgeg] pgL gfkLgS;f /
nfnk'hf{h:tf k|df0fsf cfwf/df hUufsf] 6'ª\uf] nufpg vf]lh/x]sL l5g\\ . lhDaf;Fu s'g} k|df0f
5}g .
kf7 M $
;+j}wflgs lgsfo
!= ljifoj:t'
/fHo ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{df lgikIftf, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf ePdf dfq /fHo ;'rf? 9ª\un]
;~rfng x'g ;S5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu u7g ePsf sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf /
Gofokflnsfafx]s klg cGo yk lgsfox¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{ b]zdf ;+ljwfg, P]g,
sfg'gx¿df oL ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f
#)^ sf] pkwf/f ! sf] æ7Æ df JofVof ul/Pcg';f/ ;+j}wflgs lgsfo eGgfn] o; ;+ljwfg
adf]lhd u7g ul/Psf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s;]jf cfof]u,
lgjf{rg cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u, /fli6«o
dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u, cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u, dw]zL
cfof]u, yf¿ cfof]u / d'l:nd cfof]u ;Demg' k5{ .
g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\\ M
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu @! df_
s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kbdf jf cf]xf]bfdf a;]sf JolStn] cg'lrt sfo{ u/]/ cyjf e|i6frf/ u/]/
cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]df clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cg';Gwfg / hfFra'em
ug{ jf u/fpg ;S5 . olb ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolStn] s'g} cg'lrt sfo{ u/L cfˆgf]
clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]df To:tf JolStnfO{{ ;r]t u/fpg] tyf ljefuLo jf cGo cfjZos
sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} o:tf JolStx¿nfO{{ cbfntdf d'2f rnfpg ;Sb5 .
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf Pshgf k|d'v cfo'St / rf/ hgf cfo'St /xG5g\\ . k|d'v
cfo'St / cfo'Stx¿sf] kbfjlw 5 jif{sf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf cWoIf / ;b:osf] of]Uotf
dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts pkflw k|fKt u/]sf],
lgo'lSt x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],

n]vf, /fh:j, OlGhlgol/ª, sfg'g, ljsf; jf cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf sDtLdf la; jif{ sfd u/L
cg'ej / Voflt k|fKt u/]sf],
k}+tfln; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] / pRr g}lts rl/q ePsf] .
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] sfd
o;n] s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolStn] e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf]
;DaGwdf sfg'g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg ug]{ .
cg';Gwfgaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolStn] sfg'gadf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g}
sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf To:tf] JolSt / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo JolSt pk/ sfg'g adf]lhd
clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
dxfn]vfk/LIfs -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu @@_
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
u7g k|lqmof M dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lSt ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ug]{
Joj:yf 5 . %) k|ltzt jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;/sf/sf] ;]o/ ePsf] s'g} ;ª\ul7t ;+:yf ePdf
To:tf] ;+:yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ dxfn]vf k/LIfs;Fu k/fdz{ u/L n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lSt ug]{
sfg'gL dfGotf 5 .
sfd M cbfnt, ;+;b\, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s;]jf
cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, g]kfnL ;]gf / k|x/L nufot ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] n]vfk/LIf0f
ug]{ sfd u5{ .
o;/L n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ lgoldttf, sfo{ bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTo ;d]tnfO{{ ljrf/
ul/G5 .
nf]s;]jf cfof]u -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu @#_
nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf eg]sf] g} sfg'gL zf;g xf] . sfg'gL zf;g
sfod ug{ ;Ifd / of]Uo sd{rf/Lsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . ;/sf/nfO{{ cfjZos lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
k/LIff lnP/ of]Uo pd]bjf/ l;kmfl/; ub{5 . sfg'gåf/f of]Uotf k'u]sf ;Ifd JolStx¿af6
b]zdf k|zf;g ;~rfng ul/g' nf]stGqsf] k|d'v ljz]iftf xf] . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg
txsf sd{rf/L lgo'lStsf nflu pko'St pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnlvt, df}lvs / cfjZos
ePdf k|of]ufTds k/LIff ;~rfng ub{5 . 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{{ lgo'lStsf nflu g]kfn
;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ub{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf]
k/fdz{ lnP/ dfq lgo'lSt ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfdf
lgo'lSt, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf k/fdz{ lbG5 .
nf]s ;]jf cof]udf Ps hgf cWoIf / rf/ hgf ;b:o /xG5g\\ . o;df slDtdf %) k|ltzt
;b:ox¿ @) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf JolStx¿ dWo]af6 5gf}6
ul/G5 . afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg'g, hgk|zf;g, ;dfhzf:q, jf
/fli6«o hLjgsf cGo If]qdf ;f]w, cg';Gwfg, cWofkg jf cGo dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ u/L Voflt
k|fKt u/]sf JolStx¿ dWo]af6 lgo'lSt x'G5g\\ . o; cfof]usf] cWoIf Pjd\ ;b:ox¿sf]
kbfjlw ^ jif{sf] x'G5 .
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] sfd
lghfdlt ;]jfdf pko'St sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ .
lghfdlt ;]jfdf lgj[lQe/0f -k]G;g_ kfpg] kbdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{df dfq lgo'lSt
ul/g] .
lghfdlt ;]jfdf lgo'lSt, a9'jf / ljefuLo sfo{jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf
/fo lbg] .
lgjf{rg cfof]u efu – @$
b]zsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ :yfgLo txb]lv /fi6«klt ;Ddsf lgjf{lrt x'g]
kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgjf{rg ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ub{5 .
lgjf{rg cfof]udf Pshgf k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'St / rf/ hgf cfo'St /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k|d'v
lgjf{rg cfo'St / cfo'Stsf] kbfjlw ^ jif{sf] x'g]5 . ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{{
cfˆgf] sfd k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg{] sd{rf/L / cGo ;xof]u g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo
;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 .
k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'St / lgjf{rg cfo'Stsf] nflu of]Uotf
-s_ dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts pkflw k|fKt u/]sf],
-v_ lgo'lSt x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],
-u_ k}+tfln; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], /
-3_ pRr g}lts rl/q ePsf] .
lgjf{rg cfof]usf d'Vo sfdx¿
b]zsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL /fi6«kltb]lv :yfgLo lgsfo;Ddsf] ;a} lgsfosf]
lgjf{rg ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug]{,
lgjf{rgdf p7]sf pDd]bjf/sf] cof]Uotf ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{,
dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ kfg]{ .
/fli6«o dxTTjsf ljifodf cfjZos k/]df hgdt ;ª\u|x u/fpg] .
/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u efu – @%

b]zdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrt
ug{] p2]Zon] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df Ps hgf k|d'v
cfo'St / rf/ hgf cfo'Stx¿ /xG5g\\ . k|d'v cfo'St / cfo'Stsf] kbfjlw ^ jif{sf] x'G5 .
o;sf sfo{x¿ M
s'g} dfgj clwsf/sf] pNnª\3g jf b'?T;fxg ePsf]df kLl8t ckm}F jf p;sf] tkm{af6
k7fOPsf] ph'/L cfPdf jf cfof]usf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] ljifodf 5fgljg tyf cg';Gwfg u/L
bf]ifL pk/ sfjf{lxsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ug{] JolSt jf ;+:yfsf lj?4 d'2f rnfpg' kg{] cfjZostf ePdf
sfg'g adf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{],
dfgj clwsf/sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{],
dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3gstf{nfO{{ ljefuLo sf/afxL tyf ;hfo ug{ sf/0f / cfwf/ v'nfO{{
;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{,
dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] cfjlws ¿kdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] tyf To;df ug'{ kg{]
;'wf/ tyf ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{],
dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] g]kfn kIf aGg' kg{] ePdf
To;sf] sf/0f;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ l;kmfl/; ug{] / g]kfn kIf alg;s]sf ;lGw jf
;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] cg'udg u/L sfof{Gjog gePsf] kfOPdf To;sf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{],
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u -efu – @^_
g]kfndf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ ;f];Fu ;DalGwt jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwdf
cfjZos cWoog / cg';Gwfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ l;kmfl/; ug{ Ps /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t
tyf ljQ cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]udf cWoIf / a9Ldf rf/hgf
;b:o /xg]5g\\ . o; cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lStsf nflu of]Uotf M
dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DalGwt ljifodf :gfts pkflw xfl;n u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]t jf
ljQ Joj:yfkg, cy{zf:q, sfg'g, Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf sDtLdf la; jif{ lqmofzLn /xL
ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf],
lgo'lSt x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],
k}+tfln; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
pRr g}lts rl/q ePsf] .
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M

;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/lar /fh:jsf]
afF8kmfF8 ug]{ lj:t[t cfwf/ / 9fFrf lgwf{/0f ug]{,
;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{{ k|bfg ul/g] ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg ;DaGwdf
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
/fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, dfgs, k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf cg';f/ k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{{
k|bfg ul/g] ;zt{ cg'bfgsf] ;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L cfwf/ tof/ ug]{,
k|b]z ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/lar /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ lj:t[t cfwf/ /
9fFrf lgwf{/0f ug]{,
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] vr{ lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{] / /fh:j c;'nLdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{
pkfox¿sf] l;kmfl/; ug]{,
;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rsx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lng ;Sg]
cfGtl/s C0fsf] ;Ldf l;kmfl/; ug]{,
;+3 / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] /fh:j afF8kmfF8 cfwf/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L kl/dfh{gsf] l;kmfl/; ug]{,
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txsf] nufgL tyf
k|ltkmnsf] lx:;f lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/ to u/L l;kmfl/; ug{],
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8;DaGwL ljifodf ;+3 / k|b]z, k|b]z / k|b]z, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx
tyf :yfgLo txx¿lar p7\g ;Sg] ;+efljt ljjfbsf] ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L
To;sf] lgjf/0f ug{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;'emfj lbg] .
kf7– kf“r
cGo ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿
/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u -efu– @&, wf/f– @%@_
g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u/xg]5, h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lSt
ug]{5g\\ . /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf]
x'g]5 .
/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lSt x'gsf nflu sDtLdf b; jif{ dlxnfsf]
xs, lxt jf n}+lus Gofo jf dlxnf ljsf; jf dfgj clwsf/ / sfg'gsf] If]qdf dxTTjk"0f{
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] dlxnf of]Uo dflgg]5 . cWoIfsf] xsdf dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts
pkflw xfl;n u/]sf] JolSt x'g' k5{ .
/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]un] lgDgfg';f/ sfo{ ub{5
dlxnfsf] xslxt;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug]{,
dlxnfsf] xs lxt;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g jf g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf
cGtu{tsf] bfloTTj sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] ljifodf cg'udg u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L
kfng jf sfof{Gjogsf] pkfo ;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ ;'emfj lbg],
dlxnfnfO{{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ tyf /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf
;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ df}h'bf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff,
cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
n}+lus ;dfgtf, dlxnf ;zStLs/0f tyf dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog,
cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf sfg'gdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{{ l;kmfl/; ug]{
/ ;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{,
dlxnf clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfdf ePsf]
Joj:yf adf]lhd g]kfnn] k7fpg' kg]{ k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ ;'emfj
lbg],
dlxnf lx+;f jf ;fdflhs s'/Lltaf6 kLl8t ePsf] jf dlxnf clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ glbPsf] jf
jl~rt u/]sf] ljifodf s'g} JolSt jf ;+:yf lj?4 d'2f bfo/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPdf
sfg'g adf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
/fli6«o blnt cfof]u -efu– @&, wf/f– @%%_
g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o blnt cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/ hgf ;b:o /xg]5g\\ .
/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lSt
ug]{5 . /fli6«o blnt cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf]
x'g]5 .
/fli6«o blnt cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lStsf nflu sDtLdf b; jif{ blnt
;d'bfosf] xs lxt jf dfgj clwsf/ / sfg'gsf] If]qdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] JolSt x'g'
kb{5 . cWoIfsf] xsdf dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 sDtLdf :gfts pkflw k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'
kb{5 .
/fli6«o blnt cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M–
blnt ;d'bfosf] ;du| l:yltsf] cWoog tyf cGj]if0f u/L tt\;DaGwdf ug{' kg{] gLltut,
sfg'gL / ;+:Yffut ;'wf/sf ljifo klxrfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ l;kmfl/; ug{],
hftLo 5'jf5"t, pTkL8g / lje]bsf] cGTo u/L blnt pTyfg / ljsf;sf nflu blnt lxt;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/
;dIf k]z ug{],
blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg tyf lxtdf ePsf ljz]if Joj:yf nufot blnt lxt;Fu ;DjlGwt
sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kfngf eP jf gePsf] ljifodf cg'udg u/L kfngf jf
sfof{Gjog gePsf] eP ;f]sf] kfngf jf sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf ;'emfa lbg],
blnt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfdf
ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd g]kfnn] k7fpg' kg]{ k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{
;'emfj lbg], blnt ;d'bfonfO{{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ tyf /fHosf ;a}
c+ux¿df ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ df}h'bf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff,
cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{
l;kmfl/; ug]{,
hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5't jf ;fdflhs s'/Lltaf6 kLl8t ePsf] jf blntsf] xs k|of]u
ug{ glbPsf] jf jl~rt u/]sf] ljifodf s'g} JolSt jf ;+:yf lj?4 d'2f bfo/ ug{' kg{]
cfjZostf b]lvPdf sfg'g adf]lhd cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf
l;kmfl/; ug{] .
/fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u -efu– @&, wf/f– @%*_
g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/ hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg]5g\\ .
/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lSt
ug]{]5 . /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf]
x'g]5 .
cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lSt x'gsf] nflu sDtLdf b; jif{ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f,
ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt, cNk;+Vos Pj+ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf lk5l8Psf] If]q / ju{sf] xs,
lxt, ljsf; jf dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] JolSt x'g' kb{5 . cWoIfsf]
xsdf dfGotf k|fKt ljZj ljBfnoaf6 :gfts pkflw xfl;n u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
/fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
v; cfo{, lk58f ju{, ckfª\utf ePsf JolSt, h]i7 gful/s, >lds, ls;fg, cNk;+Vos Pj+
;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf lk5l8Psf] ju{ / s0ff{nL tyf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg ju{ nufotsf
;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug{], pSt ;d'bfo, ju{ /
If]qsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] gLlt tyf sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog
cj:yfsf] cWoog u/L ;'wf/sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ ;'emfj lbg],
pSt ;d'bfo, ju{ / If]qsf] /fHo ;+oGqdf plrt k|ltlglwTTj eP gePsf] cWoog u/L To:tf]
;d'bfo, ju{ / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTTjsf nflu ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{{ ;'emfj lbg], pSt ;d'bfo, ju{ / If]qsf] ;+/If0f, ;zStLs/0f / ljsf;
;Gtf]ifhgs eP gePsf] cWoog u/L eljiodf cjnDag ug{' kg{] gLltsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn
;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug{],
s0ff{nL / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu canDag ug'{ kg]{ gLlt / sfo{qmdsf]
;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ ;'emfj lbg],
cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo;DaGwL sfg'gdf ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{gsf nflu l;kmfl/;
ug{],

cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nflu k|Tofe"t xs clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt
cg'udg u/L cfjlws ¿kdf x'g] /fli6«o hgu0fgf tyf dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s;DaGwL
k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df cfjZos k'g/fjnf]sg u/L kl/dfh{gsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{] .
cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u -efu– @&, wf/f @^!_
g]kfndf Ps cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/ hgf;Dd ;b:o
/xg]5g\\ .
/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf]
lgo'lSt ug]{5 .
cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] ^ jif{sf]
x'g]5 .
cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] of]Uotf, kb l/St x'g] cj:yf, kfl/>lds
/ ;]jfsf zt{x¿ / cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;+3Lo sfg'g
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
dw]zL cfof]u -efu– @&, wf/f– @^@_
g]kfndf Ps dw]zL cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/ hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg]5g\\ . /fi6«kltn]
;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df dw]zL cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lSt ug]{]5g\\ . dw]zL
cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
yf¿ cfof]u -efu– @&, wf/f– @^#_
g]kfndf Ps yf¿ cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/ hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg]5g\\ . /fi6«kltn]
;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df yf¿ cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lSt ug]{]5g\\ . yf?
cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
d'l:nd cfof]u -efu– @&, wf/f– @^$_
g]kfndf Ps d'l:nd cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/ hgf;Dd ;b:o /xg]5g\\ .
/fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df d'l:nd cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lSt ug]{]5 .
d'l:nd cfof]usf cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lSt ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .
dw]zL cfof]u, yf? cfof]u, d'l:nd cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] of]Uotf / sfd, st{Jo, sfg'gdf
tf]lsP cg';f/ x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o; efu @& cGtu{tsf cof]ux¿sf] efu adf]lhd u7g ePsf
cfof]ux¿sf] ;+3Lo ;+;bn] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] b; jif{ kl5 k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{5 .
@= lqmofsnfk
-s_ tn lbPsf] tflnsfdf eg'{xf];\ .
;+j}wflgs cª\usf] gfd u7g ljlw of]Uotf sfo{x¿
!=
@=
#=
pSt tflnsf ebf{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cWoog u/]/ / o;} ljifodf hfGg] JolSt;Fu ;f]wk'5
u/]/ eg{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
-v_ ;+j}wflgs cª\usf] dxTTj lsg /x]5 < tkfO{Fn] cWoog u/]sf cfwf/df ;fyLnfO{{
Pp6f lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ jf ;DkfbsnfO{{ lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf s'g} $ sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ /fHosf dxTTjk"0f{ cª\ux¿cGtu{t k|To]s cª\usf] u7g cyf{t\ lgdf{0f k|lqmof s;/L ePsf]
5, k|To]s ;+j}wflgs cª\usf k|d'v / kbflwsf/Lsf] of]Uotf / ltgn] ug]{ sfo{x¿ tflnsfdf
b]vfO{ o;} kf7df cWoog u/L ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;+j}wflgs cª\usf] dxTTjsf af/]df kf7df lbOPsf ;+j}wflgs cª\ux¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] sfo{sf] af/]df kf7 cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M ^
/fhgLlts bnx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
/fhgLlts bn M hgtfnfO{{ hfu[t, ;ª\ul7t / ;/sf/nfO{{ ;r]t u/fpg] Pjd\ hgdt cleJolSt
ug{ ;zSt / ckl/xfo{ dfWod /fhgLlts bn xf] . ax'bnLo Joj:yf ePsf] b]zdf bnx¿lardf
k|lt:kwf{ eP/ /fHo ;~rfngsf ljleGg cª\udf hgk|ltlglwx¿ k'Ug] ub{5g\\ . /fhgLlts bn
eg]sf] hgtfsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yf xf] . o;n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf hgtfsf kIfdf sfo{j|md ;~rfng
ul//xG5 . o;n] b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{, b]zsf] sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{, hgtfdf
/fhgLlts / ;fdflhs r]tgf hufpg, ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{, ;/sf/nfO{{ va/bf/L ug{ ;d]t
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
/fhgLlts bnsf sfo{x¿ cWoog ug'{eGbf klxn] tkfO{Fn] ufpF, 6f]n, lhNnfdf /fhgLlts bnn] s]
s] sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\\ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ / To;kl5 tnsf] sfo{x¿;Fu cfˆgf] pTt/ bfFHg'xf];\ .
/fhgLlts bnsf sfo{x¿
hgtfnfO{{ /fhgLlts r]tgf e/L lzlIft agfpg',
;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] g]t[TTj k|bfg ug'{,
;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f / lgoGq0f,
;/sf/ / hgtflar ;Dks{ dfWod,

hgtfsf efjgf, cfsfª\Iff Pslqt ug]{ sfd,
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ;fwg,
kl/jt{gsf] jfxs .
/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsf
nf]s tGqsf] :yfkgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f
dfgj clwsf/ / ;fdflhs Gofo k|j4{g
nf]s sNof0fsf/L sfo{df ;+nUgtf
;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt lj?4df r]tgf hfu/0f
;'zf;gdf hf]8
ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xhLs/0f
/fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf nflu cu|0fL e"ldsf
ljutdf g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf

qmflGtåf/f PstGqLo /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo u/L @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g Nofpg
/fhgLlts bnn] ;lqmo e"ldsf v]n]sf lyP .
@))& ;fnkl5 klg @)!% ;fnsf] lgjf{rg ;fy} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf / @)!&
;fnkl5 k|ltalGwt cj:yfdf klg hgtfsf] r]tgf:t/ j[l4 ub}{ hgtfsf] ;xeflutf
j[l4 u/]/ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdf Jofks hg;xeflutf h'6fpg ;kmn eP .
@)^@÷)^# sf] k"0f{nf]stGq k|flKtsf] cfGbf]ngdf klg b]zdf ePsf ;a}h;f]
/fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu @( sf] wf/f @^( n] /fhgLlts bnx¿;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . o;cg';f/ wf/f @^( sf] pkwf/f -!_ df ;dfg /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmddf
k|lta4 JolStx¿n] wf/f !& sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL
/fhgLlts bn u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] bnx¿n] ljljw /fhgLlts sfo{j|md
;~rfng ug{ / bnsf] ljrf/wf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmdk|lt hg;fwf/0fsf] ;dy{g / ;xof]u k|fKt
ug{sf nflu To;sf] k|rf/ / k|;f/ ug{, u/fpg jf ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu cGo cfjZos sfd ug{
;Sg]5g\\ . s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] gfd, p2]Zo, lrXg jf em08f b]zsf] wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos
Pstfdf vnn kfg{] jf b]znfO{{ ljvl08t ug{] k|s[ltsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] /fhgLlts bn btf{ x'g]
5}g .
/fhgLlts bn vf]Ngsf nflu lgDglnlvt ;t{ k"/f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ M
-s_ /fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfg / lgodfjnL nf]stflGqs x'g'k5{ .
-v_ /fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfg jf lgodfjnLdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{df Psk6s ;f] bnsf k|To]s
txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
-u_ ljleGg :t/sf sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltdf dlxnf, blntnufot pk]lIft / pTkLl8t If]qsf
;b:ox¿;d]t /xg] ;dfj]zL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
-3_ bnsf] ljwfgdf bnsf ;b:ox¿nfO{{ cg'zfl;t t'Nofpg] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{ .
lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dfGotf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] k|To]s /fhgLlts bnn]
lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ u/fpg'kg]{5 .
lgj]bg ubf{ / /fhgLlts bnsf] ljwfg, 3f]if0ffkq / lgodfjnLsf ;fy} lgDglnlvt ljj/0f klg
v'nfpg'kg]{ 5 M
bnn] lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f dfGotf k|fKt ug{ lgDg k|fjwfgx¿ klg k"/f ug'{k5{ .
/fhgLlts bnsf] gfd / To;sf] sfof{no /xg] 7]ufgf,
bnsf sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd, 7]ufgf
bnsf] cfo;|f]t, sf]if / ;f] h'6fpg] ;|f]t .
-s_ /fhgLlts bnsf] gfd / To;sf] k|wfg sfof{no /xg] 7]ufgf

-v_ /fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt jf ;f] ;/xsf] ;ldltsf ;b:o tyf cGo
kbflwsf/Lsf] gfd / 7]ufgf
-u_ /fhgLlts bnsf] cfo;|f]tsf] sf]if / ;f] h'6fpg] ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnnfO{{ k|ltaGw nufpg aGb]h u/]sf] 5}g t/ wfld{s jf
;fDk|bflos PstfnfO{{ vnn kfg]{, d'n'snfO{{ ljv08g ug]{ k|s[ltsf] bnnfO{{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] btf{
ug]{ 5}g .
@= cEof;
-s_ /fhgLlts bn eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ nf]stGq k|flKtsf] cfGbf]ngdf /fhgLlts bnn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfdfly ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ bnLo Joj:yfnfO{{ juL{s/0f ubf{ slt k|sf/af6 ug{ ;lsG5 <
-ª_ s:tf] Joj:yfnfO{{ ax'bnLo Joj:yf elgG5 <
-r_ låbnLo Joj:yf s:tf] Joj:yfnfO{{ elgG5 <
-5_ /fhgLlts bnsf k|d'v kfFrcf]6f sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-h_ /fhgLlts bnx¿ nf]stGqsf vDaf x'g\ o; egfOnfO{{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-em_dfgf}F tkfO{+ s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] g]tf x'g'x'G5 . cfˆgf] bnaf/] r'gfjdf lhtfpg s:tf]
3f]if0ff kq tof/ ug'{x'G5 <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf] pTt/sf nflu kf7sf] /fhgLlts bnsf] pTklQ / /fhgLlts bn s] xf] <’
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu /fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf’ cWoog ug'{xf];\ / hgcfGbf]ng @)^@.)^#
df g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]skf Pdfn], g]=sf= k|hftflGqs, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{, g]kfn
;b\efjgf kf6L{, ;+o'St hgdf]rf{ / g]skf dfn] u/L ;ft bn / g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] efu
lnPsf lyP . of] cfGbf]ng !( lbg rn]sf] lyof] .
cfGbf]ngsf k|d'v pknlAwx¿
b]zdf nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf,
;+;b k'g/:yfkgf,
g]skf dfcf]jfbL;Fusf] zflGt ;Demf}tf / hgo'4sf] cGTo,
/fhfsf zlStx¿ vf]l;g',
/fli6«o ufg / lgzfgf 5fk kl/jt{g,
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# lgdf{0f / @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgsf] vf/]hL,
;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff
;+ljwfg ;efåf/f g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ lgdf{0f .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu kf7sf] bnLo Joj:yfsf] juL{s/0fsf cfwf/’ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu kf7sf] ax'bnLo Joj:yf s:tf] Joj:yf xf] t <’ eGg] zLif{s cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu låbnLo Joj:yf s:tf] Joj:yfnfO{{ eGg]’ zLif{s cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ cEof; -5_ sf nflu /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{x¿’ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-h_ cEof; -h_ / -`_ sf lglDt lgDg cg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
========== kf6L{sf] r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkq
cfb/0fLo hg;d'bfo,
cfufdL lgjf{rgdf xfd|f] bnn] lht]df b]z lgdf{0fsf lglDt lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug]{ k|lta4tf
hfx]/ ub{5f}F .
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] lgldQ cfocfh{gsf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
;fIf/tf k|ltzt j[l4 u/L *) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] .
;8s oftfoftnfO{{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbO{ ufpFufpF;Dd ;8s k'¥ofpg] .
b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ .
pk/f]St k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ug{ xfd|f] bnnfO{{ cTolws ax'dtn] ljho u/fpg'xf];\ .
s]Gb|Lo cWoIf
========= kf6L{
-em_ /fhgLlts bnx¿ nf]stGqsf vDaf x'g\ . lsgsL,
/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|lt:kwf{af6 g} ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
/fhgLlts bnx¿n] hgtfdf /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs r]tgf hflu|t ub{5g\\ .
/fhgLlts bnx¿n] b]z ljsf;sf nflu cfˆgf] 3f]if0ff kq dfkm{t k|ltj4tf hfx]/
u/]sf x'G5g\\ .
hgtfsf cfjh /fhgLlts bn dfkm{t g} hfx]/ x'G5g\\ .
zf]l;t, kLl8t / cGofodf k/]sf hgtfsf kIfdf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] jsfnt

ub{5g\\ .
kf7 M &
lgjf{rg k|lqmof
!= ljifoj:t'
g]kfn ax'bnLo Joj:yf ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfF
zf;gsf] x/]s If]qdf :yfgLo txsf] j8fb]lv /fli6«o
txdf /fi6«klt kb ;d]tsf] lgo'lSt nf]stflGqs
k4ltcg';f/ ax'dtsf cfwf/df x'g] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu Ps clwsf/
;DkGg :jtGq lgsfoaf6 lgjf{rg ug'{ cfjZos
x'G5 . o;}sf nflu ;+ljwfgdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . lgjf{rg cfof]u cGtu{t
dtbftf gfdbtf{ clwsf/L, lgjf{rg clws[t, d'Vo dtbfg ug]{ k|lqmof
lgjf{rg clws[t, dtbfg clws[t cflbsf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿sf] kl/ro lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ lgjf{rg cfof]u
ljleGg txsf lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs cª\usf] ¿kdf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L /
cGo ;|f]t pknAw u/fpF5 .
-v_ dtbftf gfdbtf{ clwsf/L
lgjf{rg cfof]un] k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug{ dtbftf gfdbtf{ clwsf/L

lgo'St ug{ jf tf]Sg ;S5 .
-u_ lgjf{rg clws[t
lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff eO;s]kl5 cfof]un] lhNnfdf d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[t / k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf
lgjf{rg clws[t lgo'lSt u5{ .
-3_ d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[t
lhNnfleqsf] lgjf{rg If]qx¿sf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL ;a} sfdsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f lgoGq0f, lgb]{zg /
;dGjo ug]{ sfd d'Vo lgjf{rg clws[tsf] xf] .
-ª_ dtbfg clws[t
lhNnf lgjf{rg clws[tn] v6fPsf] dtbfg s]Gb| tyf pkdtbfg s]Gb|df :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kdf
dtbfg u/fpg] sfo{ dtbfg clws[tsf] x'G5 .
dtbfg s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
k|To]s dtbftfn] lge{osf ;fy dtbfg ug]{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{ .
dtbfg sfo{ ;DkGg u/fpg] .
s'g} hl6n ;d:of eP dtbfg :ylut u/fpg] .
dtbfg k|lqmofaf/] k/]sf ph'/L jf ;d:ofx¿af/] tTsfn 5fglag u/L lg0f{o lbg] sfo{
klg dtbfg clws[tn] u5{ .
-r_ dtbftf gfdfjnL / dtbftf kl/ro–kq
lgjf{rg cfof]un] k|To]s jif{ sfg'gdf tf]lsPadf]lhd !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf JolStx¿sf] kmf]6f]
;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng u/L kl/ro kq tof/ u5{ . of] sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un]
lgoldt ¿kdf u5{ . g]kfnL gful/sn] gful/stfsf] k|df0f–kq lng] ;dodf g} ;Fu;Fu} kmf]6f]
lvrfO{ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
dtbfg s]Gb| tyf pks]Gb|
lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf cfof]un] g]kfn /fHoe/L dtbftfnfO{{ kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf dtbfg s]Gb| tyf
pks]Gb|x¿ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpF5g\\ .
dtbftf gfdfjnL kmf/fdsf] gd'gf
lgjf{rg cfof]u
lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no ====================== .
dtbftfsf] ljj/0f M ldlt =============================
uf=lj=;============ j8f g+==============
j|m=;+= dtbftfsf] afa'sf] afh]sf] pd]/ lnª\u ufp“ 3/
gfd gfd gfd dlxnf k'?if 6f]n gDa/
dtbfg ul/Psf] cj:yf M Ps emns

-5_ pDd]bjf/sf] of]Uotf
ljleGg k|sf/sf / txsf lgjf{rgsf lglDt pDd]bjf/ x'g sfg'gn] pd]/sf] Go"gtd xb tf]s]sf]
x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] pd]/ / of]Uotf k'u]sf JolStx¿n] dfq pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpF5g\\ . ljleGg txsf]
pDd]bjf/ x'g pDd]bjf/sf] pd]/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'G5 .
-s_ /fi6«klt÷pk/fi6«klt ≠ $% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],

-v_ ;ª\3Lo ;+;b\sf] ;b:o ≠ k|ltlglw ;efsf nflu @% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] / /fli6«o ;efsf
nflu #% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-u_ k|b]z ;efsf] ;b:o ≠ @% jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-3_ ufpF÷gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] cWoIf, pkfWoIf jf ;b:o ≠ @! jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],
-ª_ ufpF÷gu/ ;ef ;b:o ≠ @! jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] .
;+ljwfg cg';f/ lgDgfg';f/sf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolSt ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] ;b:osf] pd]bjf/ x'g kfpF5
-s_ g]kfnsf] gful/s,
-v_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L s;''/df ;hfo gkfPsf],
-u_ sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf],
-3_ s'g} nfesf] kbdf jxfn g/x]sf] .
#= cEof;
-s_ dtbftf gfdfjnL eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ lgjf{rgnfO{{ :jtGq, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L agfpg s] s] ug'{knf{ < s'g} rf/cf]6f ;'emfj
lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lgjf{rgdf efu lnFbf s] s] ug'{k5{, klxn] efu lnO;s]sf
cleefjsnfO{{ ;f]wL l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ dtbfg clws[tsf] e"ldsf ;d]6L 5f]6f] ;+jfb tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ ljsl;t b]zdf dtkqdf gfd / kmf]6f] /fVg] rng 5 . t/ g]kfndf eg] dtkqdf lrXgsf]
k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5 . lsg xf]nf <
-r_ xfd|f] b]zdf x'g] lgjf{rgdf s]xL k|ltzt dtkq ab/ x'G5g\\ . o;/L dtkqx¿ ab/ x'g]
sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ ufpF;ef b]lv /li6«o ;ef;Ddsf] Joj:yflksfsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu cfjZos of]Uotf
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-h_ dtbfgdf lrXgsf] ;6\6fdf ljB'tLo ef]l6ª d]l;gsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ cfO
kg]{ ;xhtf / hl6ntfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
-em_ r'gfjL 3f]if0ff kqsf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
$= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf lglDt kf7sf] a'Fbf g+= -r_ x]g'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/sf a'Fbfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!= lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] lgjf{rg cfrf/;+lxtf ;a} bn / pDd]bjf/n] k"0f{
¿kdf kfngf ug]{
@= c¿sf] 8/, wDsLdf gkm;L :jljj]sn] dtbfg ug]{ .
#= dtbfg s]Gb|df zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug]{ .
$= lgjf{rg / dtbfg ;DaGwdf kof{Kt hgr]tgf hufpg] / k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu lgDg gd'gf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
dtbfg clws[t M cfb/0fLo dtbftf bfh'efO lbbLalxgLx¿, xfdL dtbfg sfo{sf nflu
tkfO{Fsf] ufpF÷ 6f]ndf cfPsf 5f}F . tkfO{F dtbftfx¿sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u ljgf xfdL dtbfg sfo{
/fd|/L u/fpg ;Sb}gf}F . To;}n] ;j{k|yd xfdL tkfO{Fx¿sf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5f}F . To;}u/L
dtbfg;DaGwL s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ 5g\\ hf] tkfO{Fx¿nfO{{ d}n] eGg} k5{ .
dtbftf M To:tf dxTTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ s] s] x'g\ t dtbfg clws[tHo" <
dtbfg clws[t M lgjf{rg sfof{non] tkfO{Fx¿ ;a}nfO{{ kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf dtbfg s]Gb| /fv]sf]
5 . ToxfF ;a}hgf dtbfg ;'? x'g] lbg laxfg &=)) ah] g} pkl:yt eP/ cfk"mn] /f]h]sf]
bnsf] k|ltlglwnfO{{ dtbfg ug'{k5{ .
dtbftf M gfd x]g{ sxfF kfOG5 t <
dtbfg clws[t M dtbftf gfdfjnL oxL leQfdf klg 6fFl;Psf] x'G5 / xfd|f sd{rf/L
;fyLx¿n] gfdfjnLsf] ;"rL lnP/ a:g'x'G5 . a? cf–cfˆgf] nfO{g vf]h]/ nfda4 eP/ kfnf]
kv{g ge'Ng'xf]nf lg . lbpF;f]sf] % ah]leq tf]lsPsf] If]qdf k|j]z eO;Sg'k5{, gla;{g'xf]nf .
wGojfb Û
-ª_ cEof; --ª_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
g]kfndf clzIffsf sf/0f em08} cfwfh;f] dtbftf snd ;dfpg / n]Vg hfGb}gg\ .
lrXgx¿ ;Demg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
5fk nufpg ;lhnf] / l56f] x'G5 .
-r_ cEof; --r_ sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

hgr]tgfsf] sdL
clzIff
dtkq k6\ofpg] 1fg gx'Fbf
w]/} pDd]bjf/sf] lrXgdf 5fk nufpgfn]
xftsf] NofKr] 5fk nfUgfn]÷nufOlbgfn]
sf]7fleq 5fk nufpg] lgod 5}g
-5_ cEof; -5_ sf nflu kf7sf] kl5Nnf] cg'R5]b x]g'{xf];\ .

-h_ cEof; -h_ sf nflu tnsf h:t} a'Fbfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
;xhtf hl6ntf
dtbfg ug{ ;xh x'G5 . hgtfdf d]l;gåf/f dtbfg ug]{ afgL
hf];'s}n] efu lng ;Sg] . gx'g' .
dt u0fgf tTsfn x'G5 . ;a} 7fpFdf lah'nL pknAw gx'g' .
;dosf] art x'G5 . ;ˆ6j]o/df ;d:of cfPdf ;a} sfd
yf]/} hgzlStn] w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . v]/ hfg ;Sg] cj:yf x'g' .
sd vlr{nf] x'G5 . ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] sdhf]/ dflgg' .
-em_ cEof; -em_ sf] nflu lgDgcg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5 M
xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df NOTA eGg] k|fjwfg pko'St 5 lsgeg] o; k|fjwfgn] e|i6
Pjd\ cof]Uo pDd]bjf/ Reject ug{ tyf ljsf; ug]{ of]Uo, OdfGbf/ pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6
ug{ dbt k'U5 .
kf7 M *
lgjf{rgdf gful/ssf] e"ldsf
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
cfdlgjf{rgdf ljleGg lgsfox¿n] cf–cfˆg} lsl;dsf e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf x'G5g\\ eg] k|To]s
dtbftf jf gful/sn] klg cf–cfˆgf 7fpFaf6 dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . oxfF lhNnf
lgjf{rg clws[t / dtbftfx¿lardf ePsf] lgjf{rgdf gful/sn] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf
;Djfb pNn]v 5 .
dtbftf M lgjf{rg clws[tHo", lgjf{rgdf xfdL k|To]s gful/sn] klg dxTTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ eg]/ /]l8of]df eg]sf] ;'lgG5 . s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{,
atfOlbg'xf];\ g .
lgjf{rg clws[t M ;fx|} /fd|f] k|Zg ug'{eof] . tkfO{Fx¿sf] klxnf] st{Jo eg]sf] lgjf{rgdf dt
v;fNg' xf] . o;sf nflu tkfO{Fx¿n] cfˆgf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf
n]vfpg'k5{ .
dtbftf M dtbftf gfdfjnL ;ª\sng ug]{ sfd t lgjf{rg cfof]usf] x}g / <
lgjf{rg clws[t M xf] . o;sf nflu k|To]s lhNnfdf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no /x]sf] x'G5 .
o;n] ;d'bfodf g} uP/ 5'6]sf dtbftfsf] kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL
;ª\sng ug{] sfd ub{5 . ;f] ;dodf k|To]s aflnu gful/sn] cfˆgf] gfd
;dfj]z u/fpg], uNtL ePsf] eP ;Rofpg nufpg] / x6fpg'kg]{ eP
x6fpg nufpg] ug'{k5{ .
dtbftf M ;Rofpg] / ;dfj]z ug]{ s'/f t l7s} xf] . t/ x6fpg] r} lsg ug'{k¥of] lg
;/ <
lgjf{rg clws[t M s;}sf cfkmGtsf] gfd cl3Nnf] lgjf{rgdf ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 t/ xfn
jxfFsf] lgwg eO;s]sf] x'g ;S5, To:t} sf]xL ToxfFaf6 cGo If]qdf a;fO
;/]/ hfg'ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf JolStx¿sf] gfd ToxfFsf] dtbftf
gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpg' k5{ . tL JolStx¿sf] gfddf c¿n] hyfefjL dtbfg
ug{ ;S5g\\ . To:t} lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{{ tof/L ug{ klg ;lhnf] k5{ .
dtbftf M dtbftf gfdfjnL slxn] ;ª\sng x'G5, To;sf] klg hfgsf/L dtbftfnfO{{
x'g'k5{ x}g ;/ <
lgjf{rg clws[t M /fd|f] lh1f;f /fVg' ef] . dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{ jif{e/L
hlxn] klg ;lsG5 . cfˆgf] lhNnfdf /x]sf] lgjf{rg sfof{nodf o:tf]
;'ljwf lbOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L k|To]s gful/sn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng]
lbg ToxLF /x]sf] lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nosf] 6]andf uO{ kmf]6f] lvrfP/
dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z u/fpg kfpF5 t/ p;n] c7f/ jif{ pd]/
k'u]kl5 dfq dtbfg ug{ kfpF5 . To:t} dtbftf x'g tf]lsPsf] pd]/ k'u]kl5
cfk"mnufot cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] gfd ;dfj]z u/fpg' k5{ .
dtbftf M uPsf] lgjf{rgdf t xfdLn] xfd|f ufpF3/sf dflg;x¿nfO{{ dtbftf
gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z u/f}F eg]/ 3/3/df uP/ ;DemfPsf lyof}F .
lgjf{rg clws[t M Pp6f c;n / ;r]t gful/sn] ufpF3/, 6f]n l5d]sdf lgjf{rgsf] af/]df
ghfg]sf JolStx¿nfO{{ lgjf{rg k|lqmof / gful/ssf] st{Jo af/]df a'emfpg'
k|d'v st{Jo g} xf] . o:tf JolStx¿nfO{{ c;n gful/s elgG5 .
dtbftf M lgjf{rgdf dtbfg
ug{ hfg'eGbf cl3
k|To]s /fhgLlts
bn / lgjf{rgdf
pDd]bjf/ ePsf
JolStx¿sf]
lgjf{rg lrXg
yfxf kfpg klg
TolQs} h?/L x'g]
/x]5 .
lgjf{rgdf gful/sn] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf
lgjf{rg clws[t M d}n] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f tkfO{Fn] ;Demfpg' eof] . k|To]s bn / pDd]bjf/sf]
lrXg yfxf ePg eg] cfk"mn] dgk/fPsf], b]zsf] enf] ug]{, b]z ljsf; ug]{
bn / pDd]bjf/nfO{{ dt lbg afwf k5{ .
dtbftf M gful/sn] v]Ng'kg]{ cGo e"ldsf s] s] x'g ;S5g\\ ;/ <
lgjf{rg clws[t M dtbfg ubf{ tf]lsPsf] ;dod} dtbfg s]Gb|df k'u]/ nfO{g nfu]/ kfnf] kv{g],
uf]Ko ¿kdf cfk"mn] /fh]sf] bnsf] jf pDd]bjf/ ePsf JolStsf] lgjf{rg
lrXgsf] lardf 5fk nufO{{ dtk]l6sfdf v;fNg] ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L dtbfg
ug'{eGbf klxnf /fhgLlts bnsf 3f]if0ff kq /fd|/L cWoog ug]{ / c¿nfO{{
;Demfpg] a'emfpg] ug'{k5{ .
dtbftf M lgjf{rgdf ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lng' t gful/ssf] k|d'v st{Jo g} /x]5 lg ∕
lgjf{rg clws[t M t/ Pp6f s'/fdf eg] Wofg lbg'k5{ . s;}n] 8/, wDsL b]vfP/ jf k};f lbP/
tkfO{Fsf] dt lsGg k|of; ug{ ;S5g\\ To:tf lqmofsnfksf] 86]/ lj/f]w
ug'{k5{ / ufpF6f]ndf klg ;a}nfO{{ ;Demfpg'k5{ . cem dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f csf]{
5.
dtbftf M To:tf] dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] ;/ <
lgjf{rg clws[t M dtbfg ug'{ ;Dk"0f{ aflnu dtbftfsf] st{Jo xf] To;}u/L tf]lsPsf] pd]/
k'u]sf / ;dfhnfO{{ s]xL ug{ ;S5' ;dfhsf] sNof0f ug{ ;S5' eGg] JolStn]
pDd]bjf/ aGg klg kl5 kg'{x'Fb}g .
dtbftf M of] sfo{ t ljBfnodf klg l;sfOPdf cem /fd|f] x'g] /x]5 .
lgjf{rg clws[t M /fd|f] s'/f ug'{eof] . ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ afnaflnsfn] klg dtbftf
gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z u/fpg, gfd, y/, 7]ufgf, hGd ldlt ;Rofpg,
lgjf{rgsf] ;dodf dt v;fNg h:tf sfdsf] nflu cfˆgf] 3/ kl/jf/ /
5/l5d]sdf ;Demfpg ;S5g\\ . ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf j8f
sfof{nox¿nfO{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\\ .
dtbftf M clg dt v;fNg hfFbf kl/rokq rflxG5 eG5g\\ lg Û
lgjf{rg clws[t M dtbfg ubf{ cglws[t ¿kdf hyfefjL dtbfg gxf];\, ;xL JolStn] dfq
dtbfg ug{ ;s"g\ eg]/ dtbftf kl/ro kq ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 h;n]
q'l6/lxt dtbfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 / ljjfb klg pTkGg x'Fb}g .
dtbftf M lgjf{rgdf xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ w]/} sfdx¿ /x]5g\\, ;/nfO{{ wGojfb Û ca d klg
;a}nfO{{ oL s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpF5' .
@= cEof;
-s_ lgDglnlvt k|Zg tkfO{Fsf !) hgf l5d]sLnfO{{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .
-!_ dtbftf gfdfjnL eg]sf] s] xf] < kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] dtbftf kl/ro kq agfpg' eof] <
-@_ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd, y/, 7]ufgf, pd]/ ;Rofpg sxfF hfg'k5{ <
-#_ tkfO{F sxfF dt (Vote) dfUg s'gs'g /fhgLlts bnsf pDd]bjf/ cfP <
-$_ tkfO{Fn] dt (Vote) v;fNg'clw s] s] ug'{ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ lgjf{rgdf gful/sn] v]Ng'kg]{ s'g} cf7cf]6f e"ldsfsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ <
-u_ dtbfgdf cfk"mn] dt lbPsf] pDd]bjf/n] ljho u/]sf] cj:yfsf] j0f{g ub}{ Ps cg'R5]b
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ tkfO{F dtbfg ug]{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] ljBfyL{sf] x}l;otn] lgjf{rgdf tkfO{Fsf] e"ldsf s:tf]
x'g]5 <
-ª_ dtbfgdf efu lnGg eGg] cledfjsnfO{{ s;/L ;Demfpg' x'G5 <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ;Djfbsf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df tof/ u/L s] s] ug'{kg]{
/x]5 l5d]sLnfO{{ ;f]w]sf] cfwf/df ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ <
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu ;+jfb cWoog u/L ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu cfˆgf] cleefjs jf ufpFsf /fhgLltdf ;lqmo JolSt;Fu ;xof]u
lnO{ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu o;/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
d dtbfg ug]{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] ljBfyL{ ePklg lgjf{rgdf lgDg sfo{x¿ u/]/ ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{ ;S5' .
-!_ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z u/fpg, ;Rofpg / lemSg cfˆgf kl/jf/ /
5/l5d]snfO{{ hgr]tgf hufpg] / ;xof]u ug]{ .
-@_ dtbfg ug]{ sfo{ nf]e, nfnr / 8/ wDsLdf k/]/ ug]{ xf]Og, cfˆgf] :jljj]sn] uf]Ko
¿kdf ug'{k5{ egL hgr]tgf hufpF5' . cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{{ klg
;DemfpF5' .
-#_ cfˆgf 5/l5d]sdf dtbfg s]Gb|;Dd hfg sl7g x'g] czSt, j[4 / ckfª\ux¿nfO{{
dtbfg s]Gb|;Dd k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u5'{ .
-$_ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf dtbftfsf] gfd, qmd ;ª\Vof, 3/w'/L gDa/ cflb vf]h]/ ;xof]u
u5'{ .
-%_ :jod\;]jssf] ¿kdf dtbfg s]Gb|df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5' .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 .
dtbfg xfd|f] df}lns clwsf/ xf] . o;sf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ .

xfdLn] dtbfg u/]gf}F eg] unt JolStn] lhTg ;S5 / c;n JolStn] xfg{ ;S5 .
b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos k|ltlglwx¿sf]] cfjZostf kb{5 h;sf]
5gf}6 dtbfgaf6 g} x'G5 .
kf7 M (
dfgj clwsf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿
!= ljifoj:t'
dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf dgf]h / ;lngfsflar ePsf] ;+jfb o;k|sf/ 5 M
dgf]h M ;lngf Û dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljrf/ ;aeGbf klxn] s;n] cufl8 ;f/]sf] xf] <
;lngf M e"tk"j{ cd]l/sL /fi6«klt k|mofª\slng ?hj]N6sL kTgL On]gf]/ ?hj]N6 (Eleanor
Roosevelt) sf] cys k|of;af6 !) l8;]Da/ !($* df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf]
;fwf/0f ;efn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJoflk 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u¥of] .
dgf]h M On]gf]/ ?hj]N6 s:tL lyOg\ t <
;lngf M ltgsf] ljrf/ pRr lyof] . pgL cfbz{ gf/L lyOg\ . pgn] kf]lnof]af6 ckfª\utf
ePsf cfˆgf klt ô|fª\slng ?hj]N6nfO{{ cg]s k|]/0ffbfoL jrgx¿åf/f /fi6«klt
kbdf pDd]bjf/ x'g / lgjf{rgdf lhtfpg 7'nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsL lyOg\ . ltgs}
k|of;af6 k|mofª\slng ?hj]N6 ltg k6s;Dd cd]l/sfsf /fi6«klt eP .
dgf]h M ;lngf, cfhsn dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf lgs} rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj
clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
;lngf M s'g} klg JolStn] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] afx\o cj/f]wljgf cfˆgf] JolStTTjsf] ljsf;
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . o;sf cg]s kl/efiffx¿ x'g ;S5g\\ .
t/ oL ;a} kl/efiffx¿ dfgjlxt;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\\ . jf:tjdf dflg; ePsf
sf/0fn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] .
dgf]h M dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns clwsf/lardf s] km/s 5 t <
;lngf M dfgj clwsf/ Jofks cy{df x'G5 eg] df}lns clwsf/sf] bfo/f ;fgf] x'G5 .
dfgj clwsf/ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g cGtu{t kb{5 eg] df}lns clwsf/ b]zsf]
;+ljwfg / sfg'g cGtu{t kb{5 . df}lns clwsf/nfO{{ gful/s clwsf/, d"ne"t
clwsf/, ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ klg elgG5 . of] /fi6« cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 .
dgf]h M P To;f] eP ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf
af/]df atfOlbg'xf];\ g .
;lngf M o; 3f]if0ff–kqdf #) cf]6f wf/fx¿ (Articles) 5g\\ . o;sf ;a} wf/fx¿ plQs}
dxTTjk"0f{ 5g\\ . o; 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f ! df ;a} dflg;x¿ :jtGq eP/ hGd]sf
5g\\ / ;a}sf] OHht / clwsf/x¿ ;dfg 5g\\ . ;a}n] Pscsf{;Fu d}qLefjsf ;fy
Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/f n]lvPsf] 5 . afFsL s'/f of] kmf]6f]skLdf 5 . o;}df k9
x} .
dgf]h M x'G5 d o;}df x]/f}Fnf .
dflysf] ;Djfb kl9;s]kl5 ca dfgj clwsf/ eg]sf] s] /x]5 t < ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ t .
jf:tjdf dfgj clwsf/ eg]sf] dflg;sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . dflg;sf] ;fdflhs ljsf;
;Fu;Fu} clwsf/ klg km/s km/s ¿kdf b]vf k/] . tL clwsf/cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ M
;a} dflg; :jtGq eP/ hGdG5g\\ / ;a}sf] OHht / clwsf/x¿ ;dfg 5g\\ .
;a}n] Pscsf{df d}qLefjsf ;fy Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5
cfˆgf] hLjgsf] ;'/Iff / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ ;a}nfO{{ 5 .
;a} JolStnfO{{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfgf, dgf]/~hgh:tf clwsf/x¿ 5g\\ .
dfgj clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ csf{sf] clwsf/sf] klg ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqdf /x]sf k|d'v s'/fx¿ o;
k|sf/sf 5g\\ M
wf/f != ;a} JolStx¿ hGdhft :jtGq x'G5g\\ . tL ;a}sf] ;dfg clwsf/ / k|lti7f x'G5g\\ .
To;}n] pgLx¿sf] cl:tTTj jf clwsf/ ;dfg 5g\\ . ;a} JolSt ljj]s, zlSt / cGtM:s/0fn] o'St
ePsfn] k|To]sn] k/:k/df eft[TTjsf] efjgf lnP/ Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 .
wf/f @= s'g} klg dflg;nfO{{ p;sf] hft, wd{, efiff, lnª\u, /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f, ljk/Lt ljrf/,
/fli6«otf, ;Dklt, ;fdflhs k[i7e"ld jf dof{bfsf cfwf/df leGgtf ug{ kfOFb}g .
wf/f #= k|To]s JolStnfO{{ j}olSts :jtGqtf / cfTd ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
wf/f $= aFw'jf jf bf; agfO{ s;}nfO{{ klg /flvg] 5}g . bf;TTj / bf;bf;Lsf] Jofkf/ k"0f{ ¿kdf
lgif]w ul/g]5 . hyfefjL ¿kdf y'Gg gkfOg] .
wf/f !%= k|To]s JolStnfO{{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . s;}nfO{{ klg dgf]dfgL 9ª\uaf6 p;sf]
/fli6«otf kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/af6 lgif]w ul/g] 5}g .
wf/f !^= hflt, /fli6«otf jf wd{sf] e]befj ljgf pd]/ k'u]sf dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{{ ck;df ljjfx
ug]{ tyf kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/ 5 . ljjfxsf] ljifodf j}jflxs hLjg tyf ljjfx ljR5]bdf
ltgLx¿nfO{{ ;dfg clwsf/ x'g]5 .
wf/f @^= slDtdf k|f/lDes jf cfwf/e"t lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ x'g]5 . k|fljlws /
Jofj;flos lzIff ;j{;'ne x'g]5 . pRr :t/sf] lzIff of]Uotfsf cfwf/df ;a}nfO{{ ;dfg¿kn]
x'g] 5 . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{{ lbOg] lzIff /f]Hg] clwsf/ cfdf afa'nfO{{ x'g] 5 .

wf/f @(= cfˆgf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ubf{ k|To]s JolStn] c¿sf] clwsf/ /
:jtGqtfsf] klg cfb/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .
oL wf/fx¿sf ;fy} cGo wf/fx¿n] hf]8 lbPsf s'/fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\\ .
clgoldt ¿kdf s;}nfO{{ y'Gg gkfOg] .
;a} JolStnfO{{ gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ / j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /fVg] clwsf/ 5g\\ .
af]Ng], ljrf/ /fVg] :jtGqtf / ;DklQsf] ef]urng ug]{ clwsf/ 5 .
x/]s JolStn] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ 5 .
cgfjZos b08, ;hfPF / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] .
s;}nfO{{ klg e]befjk"0f{ 9ª\uaf6 sfg'gn] ;+/If0f lbg jf sfg'gaf6 al~rt ug{ kfOFb}g .
dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{{ cfkm"v';L j}jflxs hLjg ljtfpg] clwsf/ x'g] .
x/]s gful/snfO{{ cfˆgf] ;DklTtsf] k|of]u ug{] clwsf/ x'g] .
k|To]s JolStnfO{{ cfˆgf] wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ls|ofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/
x'g] .
k|To]s JolStnfO{{ /fHosf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] .
k|To]s JolStnfO{{ zflGtk"0f{ e]nf x'g] / ljrf/ /fVg] :jtGqtf /xg] .
k|To]s JolStnfO{{ ;fdflhs ;]jf pkof]u ug]{ :jtGqtf x'g] .
-v_ dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;ª\3 ;ª\u7gn] u/]sf sfo{x¿
g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf ljleGg cGt//fli6«o / /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ .
oL ;+:yfx¿ dfgj clwsf/sf d"No dfGotfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{, dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf
36gfsf] 5fgljg / vj/bf/L ug]{ Pjd\ ;r]tgf clej[l4 u/fpg] sfo{ logLx¿n] ub{5g\\ .
/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u
o; cfof]usf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)%& df ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf dfgj
clwsf/sf] cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{, dfgj clwsf/sf
36gfx¿sf] 5fgljg ug{ / dfgj clwsf/ lj?4df sfd x'g glbg
Pjd\ 36gfsf] oyfy{ 5fgljg u/L bf]ifL dfly sfjf{xL ug{ dfgj
clwsf/ cfof]u gfdsf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}sf nflu uf}/j, ;dfgtf / Gofo o;
;+:yfsf] d"n gf/f xf] .
cgf}krfl/s ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_
;g\ !(** df :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;+:yfn] x/]s jif{
dfgj clwsf/ jif{ k':ts k|sflzt ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
o; k':tsdf Ps jif{ leqdf b]ze/ ePsf dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿sf ljj/0f k|:t't
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
Pdg]li6 OG6/g];gn
Pdg]li6 OG6/g];gnsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(^!
df a]nfotsf] n08gdf ePsf] xf] . of]
cGt//fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o;n]
dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfnfO{{
/f]Sg / dgj clwsf/af6 jl~rt
ePsfx¿nfO{{ Gofo k|bfg ug{ o; ;+:yfn]
cgj/t ¿kdf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;
;+:yfn] oftgf lj?4sf] cleofg
;~rfng u/]jfkt ;g\ !(&& df gf]a]n
zflGt k'/:sf/ / ;g\ !(&* df ;+o'St
/fi6« ;ª\3Lo dfgj clwsf/ k'/:sf/
k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
o:t} u/L cGo ljleGg ;+:yfn] klg dfgj
clwsf/sf ljleGg If]qdf /x]/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ . oL ;asf] p2]Zo g} g]kfndf / ljZjdf dfgj
clwsf/sf] k"0f{ ;Ddfg ub}{ zflGt, Gofo / ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{ xf] . o; If]qdf sfo{/t ljleGg
;+3 ;+:yfsf sfo{x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\\ .
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL lzIff lbg] . ;r]tgf Nofpg],
dfgj clwsf/sf] pnª\3g u/]sf 36gfnfO{{ phfu/ ul/lbg],
dfgj clwsf/ /Iffsf nflu kxn ug]{,
afnclwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fpg],
dlxnf clwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fpg],
hftLo lje]b lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg],
j]kQf, ckx/0f, wDsL, s'6lk6sf lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg],
u}/sfg'gL lu/ˆtf/L / oftgf lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg],
cdfgjLo Jojxf/, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf lglDt cfjfh p7fpg],
-u_ g]kfnL gful/sn] k|fKt u/]sf df}lns xs / ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dfgj clwsf/sf]
3f]if0ffdf /x]sf d]n vfg] s'/fx¿ o;k|sf/sf 5g\\ M
hfthflt, wd{ efiffsf gfddf s;}nfO{{ klg e]befj gul/g], cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{
kfpg] .
x/]s JolStdf afFRg kfpg], :jtGqk"j{s hLpg] / ;'/lIft x'g] clwsf/ x'G5 .
s'g} JolStnfO{{ cgfjZos bjfj, b08 tyf cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g .
;dfg ¿kdf sfg'gsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] / sfg'gsf] k|of]udf e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
s;}nfO{{ klg ljgfsf/0f y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g JolStut tyf kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf ljgfsf/0f
x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g .
/fHoleq lxF88'n ug]{, af]Ng], /fi6« / /fli6«otfk|lt sfd ug]{ clwsf/ x/]s gful/snfO{{ 5 .
;Dkltsf] k|of]u ug], ljrf/ /fVg], wd{ dfGg] tyf kl/jt{g ug]{, zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g], cfˆgf]
/fHosf] ;/sf/L lj|mofsnfkdf efu lng] / k|ltlglwTTj ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .
/fHosf] ;]jf ;'ljwf pkef]u, ;fdflhs ;b:osf ¿kdf sfd ug], cfk"mv'zL sfd / /f]huf/L
ug]{ .
vfgf vfg], hLjg:t/ psf:g, plrt :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;fdflhs ;]jf pkef]u ug]{
lzIff k|fKt ug]{ .
cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt tyf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] .
@= cEof; M
-s_ dfgj clwsf/ eGgfn] s] a'em\ g'x'G5 <
-v_ ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dfgj clwsf/;daGwL 3f]if0ff kqdf pNn]v ePsf % cf]6f k|d'v
s'/fx¿ s] s] x'g\ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfndf dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+:yfn] s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\\ ltgsf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL
3f]if0fflar d]n gvfg] s'/fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg ;DaGwL k|sflzt ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng u/L cWoog ug'{xf];\ . Pp6f
;dfrf/ oxfF lbOPsf] 5 .
æh'Dnfsf] uHof{ªsf]6 uf=lj=;= # sf * jifL{o ¿k]z h}zLnfO{{ @)^# c;f/ !! ut] afnss} k'mk"
lzjnIdL Gof}kfg] -b]jsf]6f_, nfnaxfb'/ du/ / u0f]z kl08tn] 3/af6 ckx/0f u/L ;f]xL
uf=lj=;=sf] ljxf/] ufpF glhssf] ltnf gbLdf s'6]/ df/] . afnssf] nf; ;f]xL gbLsf] lsgf/df
uf8]sf] cj:yfdf 3/kl/jf/n] cf7 lbg kl5 k]mnf kf/] . Æ
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf] pTt/sf nflu ljifoj:t' -s_ df lbOPsf] ;+jfb / ljifoj:t' -v_ / -u_ df
lbOPsf clwsf/x¿ k9\g'xf];\ . glhs sf]xL dfgj clwsf/jfbLx¿ x'g ;S5g\\ pgLx¿;Fu
;f]Wg'xf];\ jf k':tsfnodf dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt k':ts klqsf vf]hL u/L ;f]Wg'xf];\
tyf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf]
kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] pTt/sf nflu ljifoj:t'sf] -u_ cWoog ug'{xf];\ / tkfO{Fsf] lhNnfdf jf
ufpFdf u/]sf dfgj clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{x¿ eP tL klg l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ xfd|f] df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqdf d]n gvfg]
s'/fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\\ M
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqdf j}jflxs hLjg latfpg], cf/fd ug]{,
k'm;{bsf] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug{ kfpg], lglZrt ;dodf sfd ug]{, labfdf a:g],
JolStut tyf kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf x:tIf]k ug{ gkfOg] h:tf clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf 5
h'g xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xsdf Joj:yf 5}g .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf] pTt/ lqmofsnfkdf lbOPsf] h:t} ;dfrf/x¿ ljleGg kqklqsfdf
e]l6G5g\\ . ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 !)
dlxnf / cflbjf;L tyf hghflt ;DaGwL clwsf/
g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+VofdWo] cfwf eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof dlxnfsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ k5fl8 kg'{ eg]sf]
cfwf b]z k5fl8 kg'{ xf] . tyflk xfd|f] b]z k'?if k|wfg ;dfh ePsf] b]z xf] . To;}n] oxfFsf
dlxnf ;fdfGotof cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ¿kdf k'?ifsf] a/fa/Ldf 5}gg\ . To;}n]
dlxnfnfO{{ ljz]if cf/If0f / yk ;'wf/sf sfo{j|mdx¿af6 d"n wf/df NofO{ k'?if ;/x agfpgsf
nflu g]kfndf dfq xf]Og ljZjJofkL ¿kdf g} dlxnf clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .
g]kfn ljljwtfdf Pstf ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfF ljleGg hflt, efiff, wd{, j0f{ / If]qsf JolStx¿
a;f]af; ub{5g\\ . oxfF !@% eGbf a9L hfltx¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . tLdWo] %( cf]6f hfltnfO{{
cflbjf;L hghfltleq /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf nfdf] ;do b]lv a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf hfltx¿nfO{{
cflbjf;L elgG5 . cflbjf;L pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b ! wf/f @ sf
cg';f/ cfˆgf] dft[efiff, 5'6\6} k/Dk/fut /Llt l/jfh, ;fF:s[lts klxrfg, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf /
lnlvt jf clnlvt Oltxf; ePsf] hflt jf ;d'bfonfO{{ cflbjf;L hghflt elgG5 .
g]kfndf dlxnf;“u ;DalGwt dfgj clwsf/sf kIfx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\\ .
dlxnf / k'?iflar /x]sf lje]b cGTo,
k];fut c;dfgtf x6fpg'kg]{,
;DklQsf] :jfldTjdflysf] c;dfgtf x6fpg'kg]{,
afnclwsf/sf] /Iff,
dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ k|flKt / ;+/If0f,
lx+;fkLl8t afnaflnsf / dlxnfsf] clwsf/ /Iff,

lzIff k|fKt ug{af6 kl5 k/]sf JolStsf] lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{,
3/]n' lx+;f lgoGq0f u/L clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
dlxnf clwsf/ /Iff / dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g / gLltx¿df
lgDgfg';f/sf Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf] 5 .
/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u u7g ePsf] .
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf dGqfno u7g ePsf]
dlxnf;DaGwL df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ePsf]
;dfg'kflts / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGt ckgfOPsf] / cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
n}ª\lus lje]bx¿ cGTo ug]{ sfg'gx¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
cfdfsf] gfdaf6 klg gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf]
dlxnf ePsf cfwf/df sg'gn] s'g} e]befj ug{ gx'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf]
k}lqs ;DklQdf ;dfg xs ePsf]
;'/lIft dft[Tj / k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf] xs x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]
dlxnfnfO{{ wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts, k/Dk/f jf k|rngsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, of}ghGo jf lx+;fhGo sfo{ jf zf]if0f ug{ gkfOg] . To:tf] sfo{ b08gLo x'g] /
kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .
/fHosf ;a} lgsfodf dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;xeflutf /xg]
kfl/jfl/s tyf ;DklQsf] dfldnfdf bDklQsf] ;dfg xs /x]sf] .
ljkGg, j[4 / c;xfo Psn dlxnfnfO{{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ePsf] .
cflbjf;L hghfltsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ .

g]kfndf cflbjf;L, hghflt ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/sf xssf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-s_ cfwf/e"t lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ ¿kdf kfpg'kg]{
-v_ ljBfnodf afnd}qL jftfj/0fdf lzIff kfpg'kg]{
-u_ cfˆgf efiff, lnlk / ;Eotfsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;+jw{g ug{ kfpg'kg]{
-3_ cfˆgf If]qsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgk|ltsf] ;xh kx'Fr x'g' kg]{
-ª_ cfˆgf dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg]
-r_ pRr lzIff;Dd cWoog ug]{ ljz]if ;x'lnot k|fKt ug]{
-5_ /fHoaf6 k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf, cfjf; tyf /f]huf/Ldf ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg]
-h_ /fHosf ljleGg lgsfodf ;zSt pkl:ylt / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTTj ug{ kfpg]
cflbjf;L hghflt ;DaGwLclwsf/ :yflkt ug{ /fHon] u/]sf k|of;x¿
-s_ cflbjf;L tyf hghflt cfof]usf] :yfkgf,
-v_ cfwf/e"t tx;Ddsf] lzIff dft[efiffdf pknAw x'g] k|fjwfg,
-u_ /fHosf ljleGg lgsfodf ;dfg kx'Fr / cj;/sf nflu ;xeflutfsf] l;b\wfGt cg';f/
cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf
-3_ dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / lzIfs
Joj:yfkg,
-ª_ 5fqj[lTtsf] Joj:yf .
cEof; M
-s_ dlxnf clwsf/sf] cfjZostfsf] af/]df pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cflbjf;L hghfltsf] kl/ro lbO{ o; cGtu{t kg]{ clwsf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfndf dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu s] s:tf] Joj:y ul/Psf] 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfndf dlxnf clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu /fd|f sfg'g / k|fjwfg eP klg Jojxf/df eg]
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ b]lvG5 lsg xf]nf <
-ª_ tkfOFsf] ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ cflbjf;L hghfltsf] clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;cGtu{t s] s:tf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\\ <
-5_ tkfO{+sf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ / pgLx¿ s'g efiff
af]N5g\\ ;"rLdf b]vfpg'xf];\
-h_ dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg' ;a} cflbjf;L hghfltsf] clwsf/ xf] eGg] kIfdf
cfˆgf ljrf/ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ / -v_ sf] nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu kf7sf] dlxnf clwsf/ /Iff / dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg, sfg'g / gLltx¿df ePsf Joj:yfx¿ eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 .
dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfb/ sd x'g'
lkt[ ;QfTds ;dfh x'g' -lkt[ ;QfTds_
cGw ljZjf; / ?9LjfbL k/Dk/f sfod /xg'
dlxnfdf r]tgfsf] sdL x'g'
;fdflhs aGwg / k|lti7f 36\nf eGg] wf/0ff x'g'
ul/aL JofKt x'g'
cfl>t dfgl;stf
sfg'g sfof{Googsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /xg' .
-3_ cEof; -ª_ / -5_ sf nflu cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] cWoog u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu kf7\ok':tssf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ cEof; -h_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg ;lsG5 .

k|To]s JolStn] cfˆgf] cfdfn] af]Ng] efiff klxn] l;S5 . cfwf/e"t tx eg]sf] afnaflnsfsf] ;fgf]
/ slnnf] pd]/ xf] . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] 3/df af]lng] dft[ efiffdf k9\g a9L ?rfpF5g\\ . pgLx¿
l56\6f] l;S5g\\ . cfˆgf] efiffdf cleJolSt k|:t't ug{ ;xh x'G5 . o;n] pgLx¿sf] ljBfnoLo
lzIff ;xh / ;/n agfpF5 . lzIfsn] eg]sf] s'/fx¿ ;xh} a'‰g ;sb5g\\ . ;fgf] pd]/df
Ps}k6s w]/} efiffdf k9\g / n]Vg sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu dfq[efiffdf lzIff
lbg' pko'St x'G5 .
kf7 !!
gful/s klxrfg / gful/stf
s'g} klg b]zsf] :yfoL afl;GbfnfO{{ gful/s elgG5 . s'g} JolSt s'g b]zsf] xf] eGg] klxrfg g}
gful/stf xf] . k|To]s gful/snfO{{ /fHon] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkfq lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . of]
klxrfgsf] j}wflgs cfwf/ klg xf] . /fli6«otf / gful/stf cnu cnu s'/f x'g\ . gful/stfsf]
;DaGw 6'6\g ;S5 t/ /fli6«otfsf] ;DaGw 6'6\b}g . gful/stf kfpg] b'O{ k|sf/sf tl/sf 5g\\ .
j+zhsf] cfwf/df M afa' cfdf g]kfnL gul/s 5g\\ eg] ltgsf 5f]/f 5f]/L j+zhsf gftfn] g]kfnL
gful/s x'G5g\\ .
hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf M hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stfsf] k|flKt xf] . o;nfO{{ df6f] jf
hldg;Fusf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df gful/stf k|flKt klg elgG5 . s'g} afns h'g b]zdf hGdG5
;f]xL b]zsf] gful/stf kfpg] s]xL b]zx¿ ljZjdf 5g\\ . clwsf/ ;lxtsf] Joj:yf ePsf
d'n'sx¿df hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf kfpg ;lsG5 .
/fli6«otf / gful/stf lardf km/s
-s_ gful/stfsf] k|flKt /fHodf a;f]af; u/]afkt x'G5 eg] /fli6«otf ljb]zdf a;f]af; ubf{
klg /xG5 .
-v_ gful/stf Tofu ug{ ;lsg] c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] x'G5 eg] /fli6«otf Tofu ug{ g;lsg] :yfoL
k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
-u_ gful/stf ;Lldt cjwf/0ff xf] eg] /fli6«otf a[xt\ cjwf/0ff xf] .
-3_ gful/stf /fHo / sfg'glarsf] ;DaGw xf] eg] /fli6«otf efjgfTds ;DaGw klg xf] .
-ª_ gful/stfn] JolStut wf/0ffnfO{{ u|x0f u/]sf] x'G5 eg] /fli6«otfn] ;d"xut wf/0ffnfO{{
cFufn]sf] x'G5 .
gful/stf ;DaGwL dfGotf
ljZjdf gful/stfsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg dfGotfx¿ k|rngdf 5g\\ . h;dWo] e"uf]n;Fu ;DalGwt
/x]/ gful/stf lbg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . vf; u/L cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f / ci6«]lnof
nufotsf b]zx¿df o:tf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . j+zhsf cfwf/df gful/stf k|flKtn] cfdfafa'sf]
j+z;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ gful/stf k|flKtsf] cj:yfnfO{{ hgfpF5 . s'g} s'g} b]zdf bf]xf]/f]
gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg klg /flvPsf] x'G5 . gful/stf ljxLgtfsf] cj:yf /xg' klg gful/stf;Fu
;DalGwt csf]{ dfGotf xf] . To:t} s'g} d'n'sn] Voflt k|fKt cGo b]zsf gful/snfO{{ ;Ddfgfy{
gful/stf k|bfg u5{g\ . st} st} bf];|f] bhf{sf] gful/ssf] x}l;otdf klg gful/s klxrfg lbg]
sfd ul/G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf /fHon] k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 JolSt ljd'v /xg
;S5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf gful/stf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿
g]kfndf k|fb]lzs klxrfg;lxtsf] Psn ;ª\3Lo gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg 5 . k|To]s g]kfnL
gful/snfO{{ gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ xs 5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf lgDg lnlvt cfwf/x¿df gful/stf
k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ j+zhsf cfwf/df gful/stf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgadf]lhd lgDg lnlvt cfwf/df j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 M
-c_ s'g} JolStsf] hGd x'Fbfsf avt lghsf] afa' jf cfdf g]kfnsf] gful/s /x]5g\\ eg] To:tf]
JolStn] j+zhsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
-cf_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 hGdsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf]
gful/ssf] ;Gtfgn] afa' / cfdf b'j} g]kfnsf] gful/s /x]5g\\ eg] lgh aflnu ePkl5
j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 .
-O_ g]kfnleq k]mnf k/]sf] lkt[TTj / dft[TTjsf] 7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfafns lghsf] afa' jf
cfdf k]mnf gk/];Dd j+zhsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s 7x5{ .
-O{_ g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsL cfdfaf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] / afa'sf]
klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] JolStnfO{{ j+zhsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/G5 .
-v_ cª\uLs[t gful/stf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df cª\uLs[t gful/stf k|flKtsf cfwf/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ M
-c_ g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsL cfdfaf6 g]kfndf hGd eO{ g]kfndf g} a;f]af; u/]sf] / afa'sf]
gful/stf ljb]zL 7x/]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;Gtfgsf] gful/stf cª\uLs[t gful/stfdf
kl/0ft x'G5 .
-cf_ g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]sL ljb]zL dlxnfn] rfx]df lghn]
sfg'gadf]lhd g]kfnsf] cª\uLs[t gful/stf lng ;Sg] 5g\\ .
-O_ ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnf gful/saf6 hlGdPsf] JolStsf] xsdf lgh
g]kfndf g} :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf] / lghn] ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] /x]g5
eg] lghn] sfg'gadf]lhd g]kfnsf] cª\uLs[t gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5 .
-u_ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ cg';f/ ;/sf/n] rfx]df g]kfnsf] lxt, uf}/j, k|lti7f j[l4sf nflu
of]ubfg ug]{ s'g} klg ljb]zL gful/snfO{{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} M 8f= 6f]gL
x]ug, ;/ P8dG8 lxnf/LnufotnfO{{ g]kfnsf] ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
-3_ u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/stf
blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o /fi6« afx]ssf ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt
u/]sf / ToxL a;f]af; u/]sf] tyf ;fljsdf j+zhsf] jf hGdsf cfwf/df lgh jf lghsf] afa' jf
cfdf, afh] jf aHo} g]kfnsf] gful/s /xLkl5 ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] JolStnfO{{
u}/ cfjf;Lo gful/stf k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg 5 . o:tf] gful/stf k|fKt JolStnfO{{ c¿
gful/s ;/x ;a} vfnsf clwsf/ k|fKt geP klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 .
cEof; M
-s_ /fli6«otf / gful/stfdf s] km/s 5 <
-v_ u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{{ k|bfg ul/g] gful/stfn] pgLx¿nfO{{ ;a} clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{
g;Sg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] ;Gbe{df lghnfO{{ lbOg] clwsf/df ;Lldttf x'g h?/L 5 jf 5}g <
cfˆgf ts{ ;d"xdf /fVg'xf];\ / ;d"xut lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfnL gful/ssf] gful/stf k|df0f kq x]/L To;df s] s] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 < ;f]sf]
ljj/0f sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ gful/stf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ j+zhsf cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] gful/stf / cª\uLs[t gful/stfdf s] km/s 5 <
-r_ s:tf s:tf JolStTTjx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf lbg pko'St x'G5 < cfˆgf ljrf/ k|s6
ug'{xf];\ .
k[i7kf]if0f M
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu cˆgf] kl/jf/sf jf ;d'bfosf JolStx¿;Fu ePsf] gful/stf
k|df0fkfq x]/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
Jff:tjdf u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿ g]kfndf g} hGd]sf JolSt x'g\ . ljleGg axfgfdf ljb]zLP/
g]kfnsf] gful/stf 5f8]sfx¿nfO{{ km]/L g]kfnL gful/stf ;/x gful/stf lbOg' x'Fb}g . g]kfndf
g} a;]/ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df nflu/xg] JolStnfO{{ cGofo x'g hfG5 . To;}n] o;/L ljb]z hfg vf]Hg]
JolStnfO{{ k'g g]kfnL gful/stf lng' x'Fb}g .
-u_ cEof; -u_ b]lv -h_ ;Ddsf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
PsfO M ^
xfd|f] k[YjL
!= kl/ro
;fdflhs cWoog ljifo cGtu{t of] PsfO ;a}eGbf a9L kf7\oef/ ePsf] PsfO
xf] . o;df ef}lts e'uf]n cGtu{t k[YjLsf] ljleGg If]qdf kfOg] xfjfkfgL / To;n] hghLjg /
jg:kltdf kfg]{ k|efjx¿ Pjd\ g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL / jg:klt ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/g]5 . dfgj
tyf cfly{s e"uf]ncGtu{t ljZjsf dxfb]zx¿ pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msfsf] af/]df
cWoog ug]{5f}F . To;}u/L gS;f sfo{cGtu{t g]kfnsf] gS;f ptf/]/ To;df ljleGg k|sf/sf
;ª\s]tx¿ eg]{ / dxfb]zx¿sf gS;fdf ljleGg tYox¿ eg]{ cEof; ug]{5f}F .
@= p2]Zo
-s_ xfjfkfgLsf] kl/ro lbg / xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kfg]{ tTTjx¿sf] klxrfg ug{,
-v_ ljZjsf xfjfkfgL k|sf/ Pj+ jg:klt / hLjhGt'sf] kl/ro lbg,
-u_ pi0f k|b]z, ;dzLtf]i0f k|b]z / lr;f] k|b]zdf kfOg] ljleGg xfjfkfgL, jg:klt, hghLjg /
cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] kl/ro lbg,
-3_ xfjfkfgL / jg:kltlarsf] ;DaGw atfpg, xfjfkfgLn] hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efj atfpg
-ª_ e"sDksf] / ;'gfdLsf] kl/ro lbg / o;sf] sf/0f / c;/ a'em]/ ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿
cjnDag ug{
-r_ gS;f cWoog ug{,
-5_ pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msfsf] gS;f ptf/]/ To;df ljleGg tYox¿ eg{,
-h_ ljZjsf] gS;fdf ljleGg ef}uf]lns tYox¿ eg{ .
-em_ gS;fsf cfw'lgs Pj+ Jojxfl/s k|ljlwx¿;Fu kl/lrt eO{ pkof]u ug{ .
-`_ pTt/ cd]l/sf Pjd\ blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msf dxfåLkx¿sf] k|fs[lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s
lj|mofsnfkaf/] j0f{g ug{ / g]kfn;Fu t'ngf ug{
kf7 M !
ljZjsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{{ k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
xfdL g]kfndf a:5f}F . s] xfdL a;]sf] 7fpFdf ;w}F Ps}gf;sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 t <
g]kfndf dfq xf]Og ljZjel/ g} 7fpF / ;docg';f/ km/s km/s k|sf/sf xfjfkfgL kfOG5g\\ .
ljZjsf ;a} efudf Ps} k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOb}g . sxLF w]/} hf8f] t sxLF w]/} udL{ x'G5 . sxLF
jiff{ x'G5 t sxLF jiff{ g} x'Fb}g . o;/L xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf x'g'sf k5fl8 ljleGg s'/fx¿n]
e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . tL tTTjx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\\ M
ljZjsf] xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kfg]{ tTTjx¿
-s_ e"dWo/]vfb]lvsf] b"/L cyjf cIff+zLo km}nfj6
k[YjLsf] pTt/L w'|j / blIf0fL w'|jsf] lardf kg]{ k"j{
klZrd km}lnPsf] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{{ e"dWo/]vf elgG5 .
e"dWo/]vfnfO{{ 00 -;"Go l8u|L_ dfgL pTt/ / blIf0ftk{m
cIff+z /]vfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\\ .
e"dWo/]vfdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f ;Lwf kb{5 eg] hlthlt e"dWo/]vfaf6 pTt/ jf blIf0ftk{m w'|jLo
k|b]zlt/ a9\b} uof] pltplt ;"o{sf] ls/0f 58\s] kb}{ hfG5 . k[YjLsf] ;tx uf]nfsf/ ePsfn] o:tf]
ePsf] xf] . k[YjL uf]nfsf/ ePsfn] ;"o{sf] ls/0f ;a} 7fpFdf Ps} lsl;dn] kb}{g . ;"o{sf] ls/0f
nDajt ¿kdf ;Lwf k/]sf] 7fpFdf o;sf] ttfpg] zlSt a9L x'G5 . 58\s] ls/0f kg]{ 7fpFdf
ls/0fx¿ 5l/G5g\\ / w]/} 7fpF cf]u6\g] x'gfn] ;tx sd ttfpF5
-v_ ;fd'lb|s b"/L M
kfgL l9nf] tfTg] / l9nf] ;]nfpg] x'G5 . hldg eg] l56f] tfTg] / l56f] ;]nfpg' :jefjsf] x'G5 .
lbpF;f] 3fdn] hldgsf] ;tx l56f] tfTg] x'Fbf ToxfF
xfjfsf] rfk sd x'G5 t/ ;d'b| l9nf] tfTg] x'Fbf
ToxfF xfjfsf] rfk a9L x'G5 . To;}n] lbpF;f] ;d'b|sf]
708f xfjf hldgtkm{ axG5 . o;n] ;d'b|L
lsgf/nfO{ 708f agfpF5 / jiff{ klg u/fpF5 .
/ftdf hldg l56f] ;]nfpF5 / ;d'b| l9nf] ;]nfpg]
x'Fbf ToxfFaf6 axg] Gofgf] jfo'n] ubf{ lsgf/fsf]
hldgdf w]/} lr;f] x'g kfpFb}g . ;d'b| lsgf/af6
hlthlt 6f9f x'Fb} uof] pltplt ;d'b|L k|efj sd x'Fb} hfG5 . To;}n] ;d'b|af6 6f9fsf] If]qx¿df
lbpF;f] w]/} udL{ / /flt w]/} lr;f] x'G5 . ;d'b|af6 cfPsf] hnjfiko'St jfo' oxfF;Dd gk'Ug] x'gfn]
jiff{ x'Fb}g . ;+;f/sf ;'Vvf d?e"ldx¿ ;d'b|af6 6f9fsf] If]qdf g} cjl:yt 5g\\ . o;/L ;d'b|
glhssf] If]qdf w]/} hf8f] / w]/} udL{ gx'g] /Do xjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] 6f9fsf] If]qdf hf8f]df w]/}
hf8f] / udL{df w]/} udL{ x'g] ljifd xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
-u_ prfO / 9fn
hlthlt prfO a9\b} hfG5 pltplt tfkj|md 36\b}
hfG5 . lsgls k[YjLsf] ;txdf afSnf] xfjf x'G5 .
prfO a9\b} hfFbf xfjfsf] dfqf sd x'Fb} hfG5 .
To;}n] xf]rf] w/ftndf a9L tfTg] / prfOdf sd
tfTg] x'G5 . prfO / 9fnsf] k|efj / kj{tsf]
pkl:yltsf] k|efj b]vfpg] lrq
prfO a9\bf tfkj|md 36\5, prfO 36\bf tfkj|md a9\5 .
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ k|b]z sd prfOdf ePsf] x'gfn] ToxfF udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] lxdfnL k|b]zdf
a9L prfOsf sf/0f lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
;d'b|L;txaf6 hldgtk{m jfkmo'St jfo' jxFbf dfu{df s'g} kxf8 jf pRr;d:ynLn] cj/f]w
k'¥ofPdf jfkmo'St jfo' dfly p7L lrl;G5 / jiff{ x'G5 . o;/L jiff{ x'Fbf pSt kxf8 jf
pRr;d:ynLsf] jfo' ;Dd'v le/fnf] -9fn_ df a9L jiff{ x'G5 eg] jfo'ljd'v efudf ;'Vvf x'G5 .
-ª_ kj{tsf] pkl:ylt
jfo' axg] dfu{df 7'nf kj{t ePdf pSt kj{tn] jfo'nfO{{ cufl8 hfgaf6 /f]Sb5 . To;}n] jfo'
kj{tnfO{{ gf3]/ hfg dflytkm{ a9\b5 . olb pSt jfo'n] afbn af]s]/ cfPsf] ePdf afbn klg
jfo';Fu} a9L prfOdf k'U5 . a9L prfOdf k'u]kl5 afbn w]/} lr;f] eP/ kfgLdf kl/0ft x'G5 /
jiff{sf] ¿kdf tn em5{ . o;/L jfo'sf] ;Dd'v ePsf] kxf8L efudf jiff{ x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zdf c;f/
;fpg dlxgfdf jiff{ x'g'sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . To; a]nf blIf0fdf aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 cfPsf] afbn
af]s]sf] -hnjfiko'St jfo'nfO{{ lxdfno kj{t / cUnf kxf8x¿n] 5]s]kl5 cufl8 hfg ;Sb}g .
kl/0ffd :j¿k afbn a9L prfOtkm{ hfG5 / ef/L jiff{ u/fpF5 . jfo'df ePsf] afbn klxn] g}
jiff{sf] ¿kdf eml/;Sg] x'gfn] lxdfn eGbf k5fl8sf] efudf ;'Vvf jfo' dfq k'Ub5 h;n] jiff{
u/fpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] g]kfnsf] lxdfn kl/sf lhNnfx¿ dgfª, d':tfª h:tf lhNnfdf cToGt
sd jiff{ x'G5 .
-3_ ;d'b|L wf/
;d'b|sf] kfgL lsgf/fdf gbLe}+m alu/x]sf] x'G5 .
To;nfO{{ ;d'b|L wf/ elgG5 . e"dWo/]vLo If]qaf6
pTt/ jf blIf0ftk{m aUg] wf/ Gofgf] x'G5 . Gofgf]
wf/ aUg] lsgf/fdf xfjfkfgL klg Gofgf] / cf]l;nf]
x'G5 . pTt/L / blIf0fL w'|jLo k|b]zaf6 e"dWo]
/]vftk{m aUg] wf/ lr;f] x'G5 . lr;f] wf/ aUg]
lsgf/fdf lr;f] / ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
-r_ jfo'sf] :jefj
ljZjsf] ljleGg :yfgdf :yfoL¿kdf jfo' Ps}
lbzftkm{ axG5g\\ . h;nfO{{ :yfoL jfo' elgG5 . dg;'gL jfo'' u|Liddf ;d'b|af6 hldgtkm{ /
lxpFbdf hldgaf6 ;d'b|tkm{ axG5 . jfo' axg] af6f]df ;d'b| ePdf jf ;d'b|af6 cfPsf] jfo'df
To;n] afbn klg af]s]/ cfpF5 / jiff{ u/fpF5 . hldgaf6 cfPsf] jfo'df afbnsf] dfqf gx'g]
x'gfn] Tof] jfo' ;'Vvf x'G5 . To;}n] To;n] jiff{ u/fpFb}g . To;}n] ;d'b|af6 hldgtkm{ jfo' ax]sf]
If]qdf /fd|f] jiff{ x'G5 . hldgaf6 ;d'b|tkm{ jfo' ax]sf] /x]5 eg] ToxfF ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .

-5_ jg:klt
jg:klt ePsf] If]q cf]l;nf] x'G5 . o;sf b'O{ sf/0f x'G5g\\ . jg:kltn] :jf; k|:jf; k|ls|of ubf{
/ kftaf6 cfˆgf] vfgf agfpg] j|mddf xfjfdf kfgLsf] jfkm 5f]l8/x]sf] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ jiff{
u/fpg klg ;xof]u ub{5 . To;}u/L jg:klt ePsf] 7fpFdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f l;w} hldgdf kg{
gkfpg] x'gfn] ToxfF hldg tft]/ w]/} ;'Vvf x'g kfpFb}g . jftfj/0fdf cf]l;nf]kgf sfod
eO/xG5 . jg:klt gePsf] 7fpFdf udL{df w]/} udL{ / hf8f]df w]/} hf8f] x'G5 .
-h_ df6f] M
df6f] cg';f/ klg xfjfkfgLdf c;/ kb{5 . sfnf] df6f] ePsf] Tof] If]qsf] xfjfkfgL Gofgf] / ;]tf]
df6f] ePsf] If]fqsf] xfjfkfgL zLtn x'G5 . To;} u/L afn'jf ePsf] df6f] ePsf] If]qdf xfjfkfgL
;'Vvf x'G5 . lrD6fOnf] / h}ljs kbfy{ a9L ePsf] df6f]df sd udL{ / ;fdfGo xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
@= cEof; M
-s_ xfjfkfgLnfO{{ k|efj kfg]{ tTTjx¿sf] gfd n]vL s'g} Pssf] aofg ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;fd'lb|s b"/tfn] xfjfkfgLdf s;/L k|efj kf5{ < lrq;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ dxfb]zx¿sf] leqL efux¿df lsg ljifd xfjfkfgL x'G5 <
-3_ ;d'b|Lwf/n] xfjfkfgLdf s;/L k|efj kfb{5 <
-ª_ s] hldgsf] ;txdf ePsf] df6f]n] klg xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kfb{5 < s;/L <
-r_ g]kfn pi0f xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf k/]/ klg t/fO{ k|b]zafx]ssf If]qdf 708f xfjfkfgL kfOG5,
lsg <
-5_ jfo' ;Dd'v le/fnf]sf] xfjfkfgL cf]l;nf] x'G5 . o; egfOnfO{{ pbfx/0f ;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-h_ cIff+z cg';f/ xfjfkfgLsf k|b]zx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\\ . tnsf] lrqdf xfjfkfgLsf
k|b]zx¿sf] gfd n]vL o;n] xfjfkfgLdf s;/L k|efj kfb{5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg g+= -s_ sf] pTt/ ljZjsf xfjfkfgLdf
k|efj kfg]{ tTTj cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg -v_ sf] nflu o;}sf] …vÚ a'Fbf ;fd'lb|s b"/L
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg -u_ sf] nflu o;}sf] …vÚ a'Fbf ;fd'lb|s b"/L
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ k|Zg -3_ sf] nflu o;}sf] …vÚ a'Fbf ;fd'lb|s b"/L
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ k|Zg -ª_ sf nflu o; kf7sf] xfjfkfgLnfO{{ k|efj
kfg]{ tTTjx¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ k|Zg -r_ sf nflu sf/0f prfOsf] k|efj xf] .
-5_ k|=g+=-5_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
;d'b|af6 ax]sf] jfo'nfO{{ kj{tn] 5]sL jfo';Dd'v efudf kj{tLo jiff{ x'G5 . kxf8sf]
k5fl8sf] efu jfo'ljd'v lbzfdf kg]{ x'Fbf jiff{ x'g ;Q}mg / xfjfkfgL ;'Vvf x'G5 .
-h_ k|=g++= -h_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]vL a'Fbf …sÚ sf] cIff+zsf] km}nfj6 eGg] a'Fbf cWoog u/]/
j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
lrqdf s / ª zLt d08n, v / 3 ;dzLtf]i0f d08n / -u_ pi0f d08n
kf7 M @
ljZjsf] xfjfkfgL
!= ljifoj:t'
ljZjsf ;a} efudf ;dfg xfjfkfgL kfOb}g . xfjfkfgLcg';f/ jg:klt klg km/s km/s kfOG5 .
xfjfkfgLsf k|d'v tTTjx¿ tfkj|md / jiff{ x'g\ . tfkj|md / jiff{sf cfwf/df ljZjsf] xfjfkfgL
s:tf] 5 eg]/ j0f{g ul/G5 . xfjfkfgL lr;f] jf tftf] jf ;fdfGo 5 eg]/ elgG5 eg] jiff{ x'G5
ls ;'Vvf eg]/ klg x]l/G5 .
ljZjsf xfjfkfgLsf k|d'v k|b]zx¿
k[YjLsf xfjfkfgLsf If]qx¿nfO{{ ltgcf]6f k|d'v k|b]zx¿ (Climatic Zones) df ljefhg ul/Psf]
5 . pSt k|b]zx¿cGtu{t xfjfkfgLsf af/ j6f If]qx¿ ljZje/ 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\\ . ;fdfGotof
Pp6} cIff+z /]vfsf] cf;kf;df Ps} k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . jfo'sf] :jefj, kj{tsf] pkl:ylt,
;fd'lb|s wf/, jfo' axg] lbzf cflbsf sf/0fn] Pp6} cIff+z /]vf leq k/]/ klg km/s km/s 7fpFdf
km/s km/s xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
ljZjsf xfjfkfgLsf k|b]zx¿nfO{{ lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf x]g{ ;lsG5 M
zLt w'|jLo xfjfkfgL 70°-90°
d08n pkw'|jLo xfjfkfgL 60°-70°
;d 708f ;dzLtf]i0f ;dzLtf]i0f t[0fe"ld ;]G6 n/]G; jf d~r'l/ofsf]
zLtf]i0f ;fd'lb|s xfjfkfgL xfjfkfgL 45°-60°
d08n e"dWo;fu/Lo ;dzLtf]i0f d?:ynLo ;dzLtf]i0f df};dL xfjfkfgL 30°-45°
xfjfkfgL xfjfkfgL -lrlgof k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL_

pi0f pi0f d?e"ld jf pi0f d?:ynLo xfjfkfgL pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgL 20°-30°
d08n pi0f t[0fe"ld jf ;'8fgsf] xfjfkfgL sf]
xfjfkfgL jf ;efgf k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL 5°-20°
e"dWo/]vLo xfjfkfgL 0°-5°

ljZjsf] xfjfkfgL
-s_ pi0f k|b]zLo xfjfkfgL

e"dWo/]vfb]lv #)) pTt/ / #)) blIf0f cIff+zlardf of] xfjfkfgLsf] If]q k}mlnPsf] 5 . of] If]q
e"dWo] /]vfsf] cf;fk;df ePsf] x'gfn] oxfF ;w}F udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . jfo' jxg] lbzf, kj{tsf]
pkl:ylt . ;d'b|b]lvsf] b"/L cfltsf] sf/0fn] pi0f k|b]z cGtu{t klg rf/ k|sf/sf xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 .
-!_ e"dWo/]vLo If]q
xfjfkfgLsf] ljz]iftf M
of] xfjfkfgL e"dWo/]vfb]lv %) pTt/L / %) blIf0fL cIff+zsf] lardf kfOG5 . oxfF ;"o{sf] ls/0f
;w}F ;Lwf kg]{ x'Fbf jif}{el/ Hofb} udL{ x'G5 . To;}n] oxfF Ct' kl/jt{g x'Fb}g . k|foM x/]s lbg
ck/fGxdf ef/L jiff{ x'G5 . o:tf] jiff{nfO{{ ;+jfxlgs jiff{ elgG5 . o; If]]qdf lbg / /ftsf]
nDafO{ a/fa/ x'g'sf] ;fy} jif{ el/df Ct' kl/jt{g x'Fb}g . jif}{ e/L udL{ x'G5 . cTolws jiff{{ /
cf]l;nf] udL{ xfjfkfgL ePsf] x'gfn] jg:klt /
hLjhGt'sf lglDt lgs} /fd|f] xfjfkfgL xf] . To;}n] o;
If]qdf 3gf hªun /x]sf] 5 . oxfF] ljleGg k|hfltsf
kz'k~IfL / ls/fx¿ kfOG5gkfOG5g\\ ljZjs} () k|ltzt
h}ljs ljljwtf o;}
o;} If]qdf kfOG5 .
oxfF cUnf, 7'nf,f, 6'Kkfdf e\mofDd
mofDd k/]sf, 7'nf]] kft
ePsf, ;'l/nf, s8f sf7 x'g] ;bfaxf/ jg:klt
kfOG \ . oxfF gl/jn, /a/, l6s cflb jg:kltx¿sf
kfOG5g\
3gf hª\
hªun 5g\
5g\ . o:tf] hª\hªunnfO{{ pi0f ;bfaxf/
hª\un
un (Tropical rain forest) klg elgG5 .
hghLjg M
o; If]qdf hg3gTj cToGt kftnf] 5 . cTolws udL{ / jiff{sf sf/0f of] If]q a:gsf lglDt
Tolt :j:ys/ dflgb}g . cd]hg a];L
F;L / sª\
sªuf]a];Ldf
;
F Ldf cfly{s ¿k
¿kn]
n] / ljsf;sf b[li6n] lgs}
lk5l8Psf dflg;x¿
a;f]af; ub{5g\ 5g\ .
lzsf/ v]Ng], sf7
sf6\g], sGbd"n vf]Hg]
k];f ePsf lk5l8Psf
dflg;x¿sf] a;f]jf;
5 . blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofsf]
dn]l;of, l;+ufk'/,
OG8f]g]l;ofnufotsf
k"jL{åLk ;d"xdf eg]

;fd'lb|s k|efjn] ubf{ s]xL zLnt xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] ToxfF ko{6g pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] /fd|f]
ljsf; ePsfn] hghLjg pRr 5 . cd]hg a]F;L / sª\uf] a]F;Ldf k|f/lDes tyf k/Dk/fut
k|sf/sf] hghLjg 5 eg] k"jL{ bLk ;d"xdf o'/f]k]nL k|efj k/]sfn] ljsf;df cufl8 5g\\ .
-@_ pi0f t[0fe"ld xfjfkfgL -;efgf k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL _
e"dWo] /]vfb]lv %)–@)) pTt/L÷blIf0fL cIff+z of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF klg jif}{ e/L udL{
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oL
If]qx¿ dxfb]zsf] leqL
efux¿ x'g\ . o; If]qdf
%) b]lv !%) ;]dL;Dd
jflif{s jiff{ x'G5 . lu|iddf
Hofb} udL{ / lxpFbdf s]xL
Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
oxfF jiff{ Hofb} sd x'g]
x'gfn] 7'nf ¿vx¿ pd|g
;Sb}gg\ . oxfF cUnf 3fF;sf ljzfn kmfF6x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . larlardf kmf6k'm6 ¿kdf df]6f 8fF7 /
6'Kkfdf e\mofDd k/]sf 5ftf cfsf/sf ¿vx¿ x'G5g\\ . o:tf ¿vx¿n] 8fF7df kfgL hDdf kf/]/
/fVb5g\\ . lsgls oxfF u|Liddf dfq yf]/} jiff{ x'G5 . o; If]qdf u}F8f, xfQL, lh/fkm, h]a|f, af3,
l;+x, d[uh:tf y'k|} hª\unL hgfj/x¿ kfOg] x'gfn] o;nfO{{ ;+;f/s} lrl8ofvfgf klg elgG5 .
o; xfjfkfgLsf] d'Vo If]q clk|msfsf] ;efgf If]q ePsfn] o:tf] xfjfkfgLnfO{{ ;efgf k|sf/sf]
xfjfkfgL klg elgG5 .
clk|msfsf] o; If]qdf d;fO / xf};f hftsf dflg;x¿ lkm/Gt] hLjg latfpF5g\\ . cfˆgf]
ufO{{j:t'sf lglDt 3fF;sf] vf]hLdf a;fO ;l//xG5g\\ . kz'kfng ug'{ / l;sf/ v]Ng' oxfFsf]
k/Dk/fut k];f xf] . cfhsn logLx¿ v]tL ug{ klg yfn]sf 5g\\ . oxfFsf 3fF;]e"lddf gub]
afnLx¿ nufpg yflnPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ko{6g, aflx/L ;Dks{, lzIff, k|rf/ k|;f/ cflbsf
sf/0f ToxfFsf dflg;x¿df cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] k|efj kg{ yfn]sf] 5 . ToxfF 7'nf 7'nf /fli6«o
lgs'~hx¿ v'n]sf] x'gfn] cfly{s ljsf;n] ult lnPsf] 5 . o; If]qnfO{{ ljZjs} lrl8ofvfgf klg
elgG5 . lxhf] cfh of] If]q ko{6g / lkmNd ;'l6ª\sf] If]q ag]sf] 5 . o:tf cfly{s lqmofsnfkn]
clk|msL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g dbt k'u]sf] 5 .
-#_ pi0f d?e"ldsf] xfjfkfgL
dxfåLksf leqL efux¿ / jfo'sf] ljk/Lt lbzftk{m k/]sf If]qx¿df of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oL
If]qx¿ ljZjsf cToGt ;'Vvf If]qx¿ x'g\ . oxfF k|foM kfgL kb}{g . sxLFsxLF kfgL pknAw x'g]
7fpFx¿df dflg;sf] a;f]jf; / jg:kltx¿ kfOG5 . kfgL pknAw x'g] 7fpFx¿nfO{{ d?Bfg -
cf]Pl;;_ elgG5 . To:tf d?Bfgx¿df s]xL v]tL klg ul/G5 . clk|msfsf] ;xf/f, yf/, c/asf]
d?e"ld, ci6«]lnofsf] d?e"ld, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] c6fsfdf / pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] ;f]gf]/fg /
d]lS;sf]sf] d?e"ldx¿ o:tf] xfjfkfgL kfOg] d'Vo If]qx¿ x'g\ . oxfF lbgdf lgs} udL{ / /ftdf
lgs} lr;f] xfjfkfgL x'G5 . oxfF sfF9]bf/ -SofS6;_ d'Vo jg:klt xf] eg] pFm6 d'Vo hgfj/ xf] .
pFm6n] SofS6; h:tf] jg:klt vfg;S5 eg] cGo hgfj/ lxF8\g g;Sg] afn'jf / s8f r§fgL
efudf klg pFm6 lxF8\g ;S5 . Ps k6s vfgf / kfgL vfPkl5 s]xL lbg;Dd gvfOsg ef/L
af]s]/ lxF8\g ;Sg] x'gfn] pFm6x¿ d?e"ldsf lglDt j/bfg g} ;fljt ePsf 5g\\ . pFm6af6 b'w,
df;', pmg, 5fnf / xf8 k|fKt x'G5 . ToxfF cGo oftfoftsf] ;fwg k|of]u ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf ;fdfg
/ dflg; cf];f/k;f/ ug{ pFm6sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . To;}n] pFm6nfO{{ d?e"ldsf] hxfh klg elgG5 .
oxfF zfsfxf/L hgfj/n] jg:kltsf 8fF7af6 / df+;fxf/L hgfj/n] ltg} ;fgf hgfj/x¿sf]
/utaf6 t/n kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ ub{5g\\ . oxfFsf] w]/}h;f] If]q k|fo afn'jfn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . oxfF
xfjfsf] rfkdf c;Gt'ng cfO/xg] x'gfn] x'/Latf; rNb5 .
d?e"lddf ;xn, SofS6;, pFm6
oxfFsf dflg;x¿ pFm6df ;fdfg /fv]/ Jofkf/ ub{5g\\ . afn'jfsf] cfFwL rNg] x'Fbf kfn 6fFu]/
a:5g\\ . kfgL, 3fF; / vfg]s'/fsf] vf]hLdf oxfFsf dflg;x¿ lkm/Gt] hLjg ljtpF5g\\ . clk|msfsf]
o; If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] hghLjg cToGt k|f/lDes k|sf/sf] 5 . oxfF /x]sf d'n'sx¿df Hofb}
ul/aL, ef]sd/L / clgsfn JofKt 5 . u[xo'4 / Pr cfO le P8\;sf] dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f hghLjg
si6k|b 5 .
OlhK6 / Plzofsf] c/asf] d?e"ld If]qdf k|frLg ;Eotfs]f ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . c/asf] d?e"ld
If]qdf t]n pTkfbgsf sf/0f hghLjg pRr 5 . clxn] w]/}h;f] e"ld If]qdf lzIff, ;~rf/,
oftfoft, ljb]zL ko{6s / cg';Gwfgstf{sf] cfjthfjt Pjd\ cG/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
ljljw sfo{j|mdx¿sf sf/0f oL If]qx¿df lj:tf/} hghLjg cfw'lgstf tkm{ a9L/x]sf] 5 . c/asf]
d?e"lddf k]6«f]n / clk|msfdf d?e"ldsf] s]xL :yfgdf ;'g tyf ax'd"No wft'sf] vfgLx¿ /x]sf
5g\\ .
-$_ pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgL
blIf0f–k"jL{ Pl;ofsf] % l8u|L b]lv #) l8u|L pTt/;Dd km}lnPsf] o; pi0f df};dL If]qdf u|Lid
udL{ / jiff{ tyf lxpFb Gofgf] / ;'Vvf x'G5 . of] If]qdf ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L jiff{ x'G5 . ef/tsf]
r]/fk'~hL klg o;} If]qdf kb{5 . jiff{ x'G5 . of] xfjfkfgL vf;u/L blIf0f / blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofdf
kfOG5 . pTt/ k"jL{
ci6«]lnof, blIf0f k"jL{
clk|msf blIf0f k"jL{
a|flhn / Sof/]ljog
If]qdf of] xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . oxfF d}bfgL
If]qdf pi0f ;bfaxf/
jg:klt / kj{tLo
If]qdf ktem/ -
lxpFbdf kft emg]{_
jg:klt kfOG5g\\ . of]
k|b]z s[lifsf lglDt Hofb} pkof]uL 5 . oxfF l;Gw', uª\uf, a|Dxk'q, O/fjbL, x\jfª\xf], nufotsf 7'nf
gbLx¿n] agfPsf ljzfn dlnnf d}bfgx¿ 5g\\ . of] k|b]z wfg v]tLsf lglDt k|l;4 5 . oxfF
ljleGg k|sf/sf vfB / gub] afnL pTkfbg ul/G5 . lrof, pv', ;'tL{, skf;, kmnk"mn -cfFk, s]/f,
lnrL cflb_, h'6nufotsf gub] afnLx¿ klg pTkfbg ul/G5 . s[lifs} sf/0fn] ubf{ oxfF ljZjsf]
em08} cfwf hg;ª\Vof a;f]jf; u5{g\ . t/ oxfFsf] ;Dk"0f{ vfB pTkfbg vfP/ g} ;lsG5 .
ljZjahf/df sd} dfq hfG5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf] t'ngfdf k"jL{ Pl;ofdf pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] ljsf;
tLa| ultdf ePsf] kfOG5 . oxfF s[lifsf] ;fy;fy} kz'kª\IfLx¿ klg kfng ul/G5 .
l;Gw'3fF6L, Xjfª\xf] 3fF6L ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] of] If]q ;fF:s[lts ¿kn] lgs} ;DkGg dflgG5 .
hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f / ul/aL lgjf/0f o; If]qsf 7'nf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .
@= cEof; M
-s_ pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf hgcfjfbL afSnf] x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ clk|msfsf] ;efgf If]qdf cfly{s ljsf;sf k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\\ egL pbfx/0f;lxt
k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ljZjsf] /]vfª\lst gS;fdf pi0f d?e"ldx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ e"dWo/]vLo jg:kltsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ e"dWo/]vLo / ;efgf xfjfkfgLdf km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-r_ g]kfn df};dL xfjfkfgL kfOg] If]qsf] b]z xf] . t/ lxdfnL efu / t/fO{sf] jg:kltdf 7'nf]
cGt/ 5 lsg <
-5_ pi0f d?:ynLo If]q pj{/ gePtf klg cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfn] v]tLkftL pGgt v]hL
ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . o;af6 lzIff lnFb} tkfO{Fsf] cfˆgf] If]qdf cfw'lgs k|ljlw ckgfO{ s[lifsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pNn]v ub}{ :yfgLo s[ifs ;d"xnfO{{ kq n]Vg'xf];\ .
-h_ pFm6nfO{{ lsg d?e"ldsf] hxfh elgPsf] xf]nf <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf cfjfbL afSnf] x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\\ .
-!_ udL{{ / jiff{ w]/} x'g] x'Fbf afnLgfnL w]/} l;k|G5g\\ .
-@_ o; If]qdf s[lifhGo /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ kof{Kt 5g\\ .
-#_ dlnnf] df6f]n] ag]sf gbLsf 7'nf d}bfgx¿ 5g\\ .
-$_ 3gf hg;ª\Vo ePsf] x'gfn] sfd ug]{ dflg;sf] sdL 5}g .
-v_ ;efgf If]qdf k|z:t hª\unL hgfj/x¿ kfOg] x'gfn] /fli6«o lgs'~h ;~rfng u/]/ ko{6g
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ko{6sx¿nfO{{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg xf]6n, nh, /]i6'/]G6, 6«fen
Ph]G;Lh:tf Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]/ cfocfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF kz'kfng Joj;fo
;~rfng u/]/ cfly{s pkfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'Vvf k|b]zdf x'g] afnLx¿sf] Jofj;flos
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ k|Zg g+= -u_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ x]g'{xf];\ .
-3_ k|Zg g+= -3_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] e"dWo/]vLo xfjfkfgL x]g'{xf];\ .
-ª_ k|Zg g+= -ª_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] e"dWo/]vLo / pi0f t[0fe"ldsf] If]q x]g'{xf];\ .
-r_ k|Zg g+= -r_ sf lglDt g]kfnsf] kxf8L / lxdfnL k|b]zdf prfO a9\b} uPsfn] tfkj|md
36\b} uPsf] 5 . t/fO{df udL{ ePsfn] ;bfaxf/, kxf8df lxpFb 708f / ;'Vvf ePsfn]
ktem/ / lxdfnL k|b]zdf lr;f] ePsfn] sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5g\\ . olb g]kfndf kxf8L /
lxfdfnL k|b]z geP/ ;dy/ hldg dfq ePsf] eP g]kfnsf ;a} :yfgdf udL{ xfjfkfgL
kfOGYof] .
-5_ k|Zg g+= 5 sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ kqsf] gd'gf n]Vg] .

>L cWoIf Ho",
ls;fg ;d"x, sf“j|mfaf/L
ljifo M ;'emfj ;DaGwdf
tkfOFx¿n] ls;fg ;d"x u7g u/L Jofj;flos v]tLsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] b]v]/ dnfO{{ klg lgs}
xf};nf a9\sf] 5 . eljiodf d klg 7'nf] ePkl5 tkfOFx¿s} ls;fg ;d"xdf ;dfj]z eP/
cfw'lgs / Joj;flos v]tL ug]{ sfo{df of]ubfg lbg] ljrf/ u/]sf] 5' . lxhf] cfh tkfOFx¿n]
nufPsf] afnL /fd|f] ePg eg]/ lrlGtt x'g'x'G5 /] eGg] ;'g]F . cflTtg' kb}{g . tkfO{¿n] v]tL ug]{
sfo{df s]xL thaLh gldn]sf] x'g ;S5 . To;nfO{{ ;RrfP/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . d}n] ;fdflhs
cWoog ljifodf k9]sf], cd]l/sf nfufot ljZjsf sltko d?e"lddf ;d]t gofF / cfw'lgs
k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf afnLx¿sf] ;kmn pTkfbg eO/x]sf] /x]5 . xfd|f] 7fpFdf t
kfgL, df6f], xfjfkfgL ;a} s'/fn] ;fy lbPsf] 5 . xfdLn] v]tL ug]{ ljlw / k|ljlwnfO{{ ;'wf/ u/]/
cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ ;s] eg] oxfF t w]/} eGbf w]/} pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu tkfOFx¿n]
lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
ToxfFsf] df6f] hFrfP/ ToxfFsf] xfjfkfgLcg';f/ s'g afnL pko'St x'G5 egL k|fljlws;Fu
;xof]u lng] .
/f]u ls/fsf] cfj|md0faf6 arfpg sDkf]i6, h}ljs / cfjZos dfqfdf /f;folgs dn tyf
cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
;a} hgfn] s]xL cfly{s ;+sng u/]/ nufgL a9fpg] / ;Dej eP;Dd d]l;gsf] pkof]u ug]{ .
ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/sf afnLgfnL nufpg] .
pko'St e08f/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
/fd|f] ljpsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
k|:t't pkfox¿ ckgfPdf tkfOFx¿n] s[lifaf6 g} w]/} cfDbfgL lng ;Sg' x'G5 .
wGojfb .
>L hgfb{g l/hfn
>L ;/:jtL dflj, sIff !)
-h_ k|Zg g+= -h_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf a'Fbfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
d?e"lddf htft} afn'jf g} afn'jf x'g] x'gfn] oftfoftsf cGo ;fwg k|of]u ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
To;}n] ToxfFsf dflg;n] pFm6nfO{{ ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/f ug{ k|of]u ub{} cfPsf 5g\\ . d?e"lddf kfgL
/ jg:kltsf] cefj x'G5 . pFm6 Ps k6s kfgL / 3fF; vfPkl5 w]/} lbg;Dd vfgf / kfgL gvfO
klg afFRg ;S5 . p;sf v'6\6f tftf] afn'jfdf lxF8\g ;Sg] u/L ag]sf] x'G5 . p;sf cfFvL ef}F
afSnf] / nfdf] ePsfn] afn'jfsf] cfFwL cfpFbf klg lxF8\g ;S5 . To;}n] d"e"lddf Ps dfq e/kbf]{
oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf pFm6nfO{{ k|of]u ul/g] x'gfn] o;nfO{{ d?e"ldsf] hxfh klg elgPsf]
xf] .
kf7 M #
;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgLsf] k|b]z
!= ljifoj:t'
;d eg]sf] a/fa/, zLt eg]sf] hf8f], pi0f eg]sf] udL{ xf] . oL ltg zAb ldnfP/ zd zLtf]i0f
eGg] zAb ag]sf] xf] . oxfF hf8f] / udL{ b'j} Ct'x¿ x'G5g\\ . g w]/} udL{ g w]/} hf8f] x'g] x'gfn] of]
k|b]z dflg; a:g pko'St 5 . o;nfO{{ cwf]{i0f -cfwf udL{ cfwf hf8f] x'g]_ k|b]z klg elgG5 .
#)) b]lv ^)) cIff+zleq b'j} uf]nf4{df ;dzLtf]i0f k|b]z kb{5 . ;+;f/sf 7'nf ;x/x¿ /
j:tLx¿ o;} k|b]zdf k}mlnPsf 5g\\ . oxfF pBf]u, Jofkf/nufot ko{6g Joj;fo, rnlrq
pBf]uh:tf Joj;fox¿ kmi6fPsf 5g\\ . oxfF ljZjsf 7'nf pBf]ux¿, ljZjljBfnox¿, cfly{s
Pjd\ Jofkfl/s s]Gb|x¿, rnlrq pBff]ux¿, ko{6sLo If]qx¿ ;d]t /x]sfn] cfly{s ultljlw lgs}
pRr :t/sf] /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf ;d'b|L lsgf/fx¿df df5f dfg]{ Joj;fo 7'nf] pBf]us} ¿kdf
ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgLsf] If]qnfO{{ klg ^ If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ e"dWo;fu/Lo If]q
of] If]q o'/f]k / clk|msf dxfåLksf] lardf /x]sf] e"dWo;fu/sf] jl/kl/ kb{5 . vf;u/L $))
cIff+zsf] cf;kf;sf] If]qdf dxfåLksf klZrdL lsgf/fx¿df of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o;
xfjfkfgLsf] d'Vo If]q blIf0f o'/f]ksf] e"dWo] ;fu/sf] jl/k/Lsf] If]q xf] . o;sf cnfjf blIf0f /
blIf0f klZlrd ci6«]lnof, cd]l/sfsf] Soflnkmf]lg{of, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] dWo lrnL, of] xfjfkfgL
kfOg] d'Vo If]q x'g\ .
xfjfkfgLsf] ljz]iftf M lxpFb 708f / jiff{ u|Lid Gofgf] / ;'Vvf x'G5 . cf};t tfkqmd @!) ;]=
/ jiff{ %) ;]=ld= b]lv !)) ;]=ld= ;Dd x'G5 .
jg:klt M oxfF emf8L cfsf/sf xf]rf ;bfaxf/ jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\\ . of] jg:kltsf] kft
;fgf / 6lNsg] x'G5g\\ h;n] ;'Vvf u|Lid ofddf ;"o{sf] ls/0fåf/f lj?jfnfO{{ jfikLs/0f
x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5 . oL jg:kltsf af]qmf afSnf] / h/f nfdf] x'G5 . oxfFh:t}– ;'Gtnf / cª\u'/,
clGh/ hftsf /l;nf kmnk"mn k|z:t pTkfbg x'g] x'Fbf o; If]qnfO{{ ;+;f/sf] au}Frf klg
elgG5 .
hghLjg M o; If]qdf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x¿ w]/} ePklg kmnk"mn v]tL klg d'Vo k];f xf] . o;
If]qdf afSnf] hg;ª\Vof kfOG5 . v]tLkftLnufot pBf]u, Jofkf/ / ;]jf If]qsf] /fd|f] ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . oxfF kmnkm"naf6 jfOg, h'; / kmnkm"naf6 aGg] kl/sf/sf 7'nf Joj;fox¿
kmi6fPsf] kfOG5 . of] If]q cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] d'Vo s]Gb| klg xf] . oxfFsf] hghLjg lgs}
pRr / ljsl;t 5 .
-v_ ;dzLtf]i0f t[0fe"ldsf] If]q
dxfb]zsf leqL efux¿df ;d'b|af6 p7\g] afbno'St jfo' k'Ug ;Sb}g . To;}n] ToxfF cToGt sd

jiff{ x'G5 . ;'Vvf ePsf sf/0f 7'nf ¿vx¿ pd|g ;Sb}gg\, 3fF;x¿ dfq x'G5g\\ . o:tf 3fF;sf
ljzfn d}bfgx¿ ;+;f/sf ;a} dxfb]zdf #) b]lv $) l8u|L cIff+z leq k}mlnPsf 5g\\ . ltgnfO{{
ljleGg gfdn] lrlgG5 .
dxfb]z gfd
Pl;of / o'/f]k :6]K;
clk|msf SofDkf];, e]N8
blIf0f cd]l/sf kDkf;
pTt/ cd]l/sf k|]l/h
ci6«]lnof 8fpG;
oxfF u|Lid Gofgf] / lxpFb clt hf8f] x'G5 . u|Lidsf] tfkqmd @%) ;]= / lxpFbdf )) ;]= eGbf sd
tfkqmd x'G5 . jiff{ 7fpF x]/L $) ;]=ld= b]lv &% ;]=ld= ;Dd x'G5 . s'lxPsf] 3fF; / emf/kftn]
ubf{ oxfFsf] df6f] cToGt pj{/ 5 . pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] k|]l/h k|b]zdf 7'nf] dfqfdf ux'F pTkfbg x'g]
x'gfn] o;nfO{{ ;;f/s} cGgsf] e08f/ klg elgG5 . ci6«]lnof / ch]{lG6gfdf e]8f / ufO{{kfng
km:6fPsf] 5 . cGo 3fF;]e"lddf ux'F pTkfbg / kz'kfng ldl>t ¿kdf u/]sf] kfOG5 . kz'x¿
df;', b'w / pmg pTkfbgsf lglDt 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'St Joj;fosf] ¿kdf kflnG5 .
pmg sf6\g] / b'w b'x'g] sfd ;d]t d]l;gaf6 x'G5 . k|]l/h / :6]lk; If]qdf kz'kfng u/]/ b'w /
b'waf6 ag]sf kl/sf/x¿ pTkfbg ul/g] x'gfn] o;nfO{{ b'Uw k]6L (milk belt ) klg elgG5 .
-u_ ;dzLtf]i0f ;fd'lb|s If]q
pTt/L uf]nfw{df $% b]lv ^) l8u|L cIff+z leq / blIf0L uf]nfw{df #) b]lv $) l8u|L cIff+z leq
;fd'lb|s xfjfkfgLsf] If]q elgG5 . of] If]qdf xfjfkfgL w]/} hf8f] klg gx'g] / w]/} udL{ klg gx'g]
/Do k|sf/sf] x'G5 . ;fd'lb|s k|efjn] ubf{ jif}{el/ rj|jftL jiff{ eP/ kfgL kl//xG5 . tfkfGt/
klg cToGt} sd 5 . oxfFsf] u|Lidsf] tfkqmd @)) l8u|L;Dd x'G5 . klZrdL o'/f]k, klZrdL
Sofgf8f, lrnL, k"jL{ sofgf8f, pTt/ k"jL{ Plzof, tfHd]lgof 6fk' nufotsf ljZjsf clwsf+z
;d'b|L lsgf/L efudf of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] ;]G6 n/]G; gbL lsgf/f / klZrd
o'/f]k o; xfjfkfgLsf d'Vo k|b]z x'g\ .
oxfF ktem/ / ldl>t jg:klt kfOG5 . o; If]qdf xfjfkfgL Hofb} cg's"n ePsfn] 3gfj:tL
kfOG5 . oxfFsf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg:t/ pRr 5 . oxfF 7'nf ;x/x¿ ljsf; ePsf 5g\\ . oftfoft
/ ;~rf/sf] /fd|f] ;'ljwf pknAw 5 . ;+;f/sf 7'nf cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿ oxfF cjl:yt 5g\\ . lj1fg
k|ljlw / pBf]u Jofkf/sf] ljsf; /fd|f] ePsf] sf/0f oxfF pRr :t/Lo hghLjg kfOG5 . a]nfot,
hd{g, k|mfG;, cd]l/sfsf 3gf cfjfbLsf If]qx¿ oxfF cjl:yt 5g\\ .
-3_ ;dzLtf]i0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL
pTt/L uf]nfw{df #) b]]lv $% l8u|L / blIf0fL uf]nfw{df #) b]]lv $) cIff+zdf ;d zLtf]i0f
dg;'gL xfjfkfgL km}lnPsf] 5 . k"jL{ Pl;ofsf hfkfg, pTt/k"jL{ rLg, sf]l/ofnufotsf /fi6«x¿df
of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; afx]s cd]l/sfsf] blIf0f k"jL{ v08 / ci6]«\lnofsf] blIf0f k"jL{ If]qdf klg
of xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF u|Lid Gofgf] / jiff{ tyf lxpFb lr;f] / ;'Vvf x'G5 . u|Lidsf] tfkqmd
@%)c / lxpFbdf !@)c x'G5 . jiff{ 7fpF x]/L &% ;]=ld= b]lv !%) ;]=ld= ;Dd x'G5 .
oxfF jiff{ w]/} x'g] If]qdf ktem/ jg:klt / sd x'g] If]qdf emf8Lx¿ kfOG5g\\ . o; If]qdf /];d
pTkfbgsf nflu pko'St jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfFsf] hghLjg klg pRr k|sf/sf] 5 . o; If]qdf
s[lifsf cnfjf pBf]u / Jofkf/ klg km:6fPsf] 5 . oxfFsf pTkfbgx¿n] ljZj ahf/df k|e"Tj
hdfPsf 5g\\ . bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 r/d ul/aLsf] ;fdgf u/]sf o; If]qsf dflg;x¿n] 5f]6f]
;dodf w]/} k|ult u/]sf 5g\\ .
-ª_ ;dzLtf]i0f d?:ynLo If]q
Pl;ofsf] dWo efudf dª\uf]lnof / klZrd ltAatLo If]qnfO{{ ;dzLtf]i0f e?e"ldsf] If]q elgG5 .
oxfF lxpFb lgs} 708f / lu|id Gofgf] x'G5 . dxfb]zxsf leqL efudf k/]sf x'gfn] oxfF klg pi0f
d?e"dL If]qdf h:t} ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF em8L / l;pF8L hftsf jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF
jiff{ gx'g] / w]/} hf8f] x'g] x'Fbf uf]nfsf/ / sd ‰ofn ePsf 3/x¿ kfOG5g\\ . oxfFsf] hghLjg
lgs} lgDg
k|sf/sf] cyf{t
cfly{s ¿kn]
lk5l8Psf] 5 .
cem} klg oxfFsf
sltko dflg;x¿
lkm/Gt] hLjg
latfpF5g\\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ k|]l/hnfO{{ ljZjs} cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5, lsg <
-v_ ;+;f/sf] au}Frf eGgfn] s'g k|b]znfO{{ hgfpF5 < o; If]qsf] xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf
ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ljZjsf 7'nf cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s ;x/x¿ ;dzLtf]i0f If]qdf g} ljsf; ePsf 5g\\,
lsg <
-3_ ;d zLtf]i0f k|b]zsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ;dzLtf]i0f t[i0fe"ld If]q x]g'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] e"dWo/]vLo k|b]z x]g'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= -u_ sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .
ljZjsf] 7'nf] hg;ª\Vof ;dzLtf]i0f If]qdf s]lGb|t 5 / ToxfF 7'nf cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s ;x/x¿
cjl:yt 5g\\ . zLtn xfjfkfgLn] a:g nfos agfPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿ hfFul/nf / ldlxg]tL
x'G5g\\ . o:tf xfjfkfgLdf dflg;x¿ lg/f]uL x'G5g\\ . o:tf d'n'sdf lzIff, snf, lj1fg, k|ljlwsf]
/fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ k|z:t ;~rfng x'g] x'gfn] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿
klg kof{Kt 5g\\ . oxfF ;fd'lb|s oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf pknAw 5 .
-3_ k|Zg g+= -3_ sf nflu ;dzLtf]i0f k|b]zsf ljleGg xfjfkfgLsf If]qsf] cWoog u/L cfly{s
lj|mofsnfksf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{ .
d'Vof cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
xfjfkfgLsf] If]q d'Vo cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
kf7 M $
zLt k|b]z
!= ljifoj:t'
pTt/df ;'d]? j[Q / blIf0fdf s'd]/ j[QeGbf aflx/ ;"o{sf] ls/0f ;w}F 58\s] kg]{ x'gfn] jif}{el/
hf8f] x'G5 . ^) b]lv () l8u|L cIff+z ;Ddsf] of] lr;f] k|b]znfO{{ zLt k|b]z elgG5 . oxfF jif}{
e/L hf8f] x'G5 . w|'jLo k|b]zdf jif{{} e/L tfkj|md lxdfª\seGbf (00c) Hofb} tn emg]{ x'gfn]
hldgsf] ;tx k|foM lxpFn] 9fsL /xG5 . oxfF k|fo ;'Vvf jfo' axg] / w]/} lr;f] x'g] x'gfn] jiff{
x'Fb}g . a? afbn l;w} lxpFdf kl/0ft eP/ lxdkft x'G5 . pTt/L w|'jsf] ;d'b|L efu / blIf0fL
w|'jsf] cG6fs{l6sf If]q of] xfjfkfgLsf d'Vo If]q x'g\ . o; k|b]znfO{{ ltg If]qdf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 M
-s_ ;fOja]l/og xfjfkfgLsf] If]q
of] If]q ;'d]? / s'd]? j[Qsf] cf;kf;sf] If]q xf] . k[YjLsf] pTt/L uf]nfw{sf] ^) b]lv &) l8u|L
cIff+z If]qdf of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . vf; u/L pTt/L ?;sf] ;fOa]l/of If]qdf kfOg] x'gfn] o;nfO{{
;fOa]l/og xfjfkfgL elgPsf] xf] . of] xfjfkfgL pTt/L Sofgf8fdf klg kfOG5 . oxfF u|Liddf lxpF
kUnG5 . of] If]qdf pTt/L uf]nf4{df ljzfn sf]0fwf/L jg:kltsf] If]q k}mlnPsf] 5 . Pl;ofdf
o;nfO{{ 6fouf elgG5 . oxfF w'kL, ;Nnf, b]jbf/ nufotsf g/d sf7 x'g] jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\\ .
pTt/ Sofgf8fdf kmlg{r/ / kNk pBf]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . kmlg{r/ / sfuh agfpgsf lglDt of]
jg:klt pkof]uL 5 . lxpFbdf #–$ dlxgf;Dd lxpF kb{5 .
%) jif{ klxn]sf OGo'6 clxn]sf OGo"6
pTt/L w'|jaf6 6f9fsf] If]qdf pTt/L Sofgf8f, cnf:sf, pTt/L ;fOj]l/of, pTt/L o'/f]k /
lu|gNof08df :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]jf; ug]{ hflt OGo'6 / Pl:sdf]x¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] lxpFaf6 ag]sf]
3/nfO{{ OUn' elgG5 . u|Liddf lxpF kUng] x'Fbf l;nsf] 5fnfaf6 ag]sf] kfndf a:5g\\ . pgLx¿
;d'b|df ePsf lxpFsf Kjfnaf6 efnf l5/fP/ l;nsf] l;sf/ u5{g\ . ToxfF s'g} k|sf/sf] v]tL
x'Fb}g . l;n df5f, lxpFefn'x¿sf] l;sf/ u/]/ lhljsf]kfh{g ub{5g\\ . pgLx¿ cfhsn
cfw'lgsLs/0f x'Fb}5g\\ . df5f dfg]{ Joj;fo ug]{, ko{6g Joj;fo ug]{, ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ug]{
Joj;fo / 3/]n' Joj;fo u/]/ cfw'lgs hLjg ljtfpg yfn]sf 5g\\ . o'/f]k / cd]l/sfaf6
vfg]s'/f, nTtfsk8f nufotsf cfjZos ;fdu|L NofP/ pkef]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\\ . pgLx¿ lxpFsf]
l9Ssfaf6 ag]sf] 3/ OUn'sf] ;6\6fdf sf7 / cGo kbfy{af6 ag]sf Gofgf] 3/df a:g yfn]sf
5g\\ . lxpF kUn]/ hd]sf] lxdgbLsf] kfgLaf6 lah'nL lgsfn]/ pkof]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\\ . xfjf /
;f}o{ phf{af6 klg ljh'nL lgsfn]/ pkof]u ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
Pl:sdf] / OGo'6sf] k/Dk/fut a:tL Pl:sdf] / OGo'6sf] cfw'lgs a:tL

o; If]qdf ;d'b|L ;tx hd]sf] x'G5 . ;d'b|sf lxpFsf l9sfx¿ k'm6]/ kfgLdf t}l/G5g\\ h;nfO{{
lxdzLnf elgG5 . l;n df5f / k]Gu'Og r/f oxfFsf d'Vo hLjhGt' x'g\ . logLx¿sf] afSnf] /
kfgLn] gleHg] e'Tnf x'G5 . z/L/df w]/} af];f] / afSnf] e"Tnf x'g] x'Fbf hf8f]af6 hf]lug dbt
ub{5 .

l;ndf5f k]Gu'Og
-v_ 6'08«f xfjfkfgLsf] If]q
o; If]qdf ;fdfGotof jif}{e/L lxpFn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . pTt/L uf]nfw{df &) b]lv () l8u|L
cIff+z;Dd 6'08«f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o;nfO{{ w|'jLo xfjfkfgL klg elgG5 . oxfFsf] tfkj|md lu|iddf
dfOg; @ b]lv % l8u|L ;Dd / lxpFbdf dfOg; #% b]lv $% l8u|L;Dd k'Ub5 . lu|idfdf lxpF
kUn]sf] ;dodf ToxfFsf r§fgdf sfO{, n]ph:tf jg:klt b]vfkb{5g\\ . h;nfO{{ 6'08«f jg:klt
elgG5 . l56f] pd]|/ k"mNg] k"mnx¿ sxLFsxLF kfOG5g\\ . of] If]qdf lxpFbdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f g} gkg]{
x'Fbf lxpFbel/sf] Pp6} /ft x'G5 . u|Liddf lIflthaf6 ;"o{ b]vfkg]{ x'Fbf ;"o{sf] ls/0f Hofb} 58\s]
kb{5 . lu|id Ct' el/sf] lbg x'G5 . pSt ls/0fn] ;tx ttfpg ;Sb}g . w'|jLo k|b]zsf] leqL
efudf Hofb} lr;f]sf sf/0f jg:klt / hLjhGt' afFRg ;Sb}gg\ .
-u_ c06fs{l6sf xfjfkfgLsf] If]q M
blIf0f uf]nfw{sf] c06fs{l6sf If]qdf ^^ b]lv () l8u|L;Dd of] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF jif}{e/L
cToGt lr;f] x'G5 . oxfFsf] tfkj|md dfOg; $% l8u|L eGbf klg tn em5{ . oxfF k]Gu'Og, lxpF
efn', lxd lrt'jf / lzn df5fx¿ kfOG5g\\ . oxfF dfgj a;f]af; 5}g . j}1flgs vf]h
cg';Gwfgsf nflu c:yfoL ¿kdf dflg;x¿ hfg] ub{5g\\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ w'|jLo k|b]zx¿df dflg;sf] a;f]jf; 5}g, lsg <
-v_ 6fouf eg]sf] s] xf] < of] s] sf lglDt pkof]uL 5 <
-u_ OGo'6 / Pl:sdf]x¿sf] klxn]sf] cj:yf / clxn]sf] cj:yflar km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g cfpg'sf] sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ w'|jLo k|b]zsf hLjhGt'x¿ hf8f]af6 s;/L hf]luG5g\\ <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] zLt k|b]z x]g'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg g+= -v_ o;} ;fOa]l/og xfjfkfgL eGg] ljifoj:t' x]g'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= -u_ sf] Pl:sdf] / OGo'6x¿sf] %) jif{ klxn] / clxn]sf] lar leGgtf lgDgfg';f/
x]g'{xf]; / pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g cfpg'sf] sf/0fx¿ ;DaGwdf kf7sf] ljifoj:t'
x]g'{xf];\ .
klxn] clxn]
l;n, k]Gu'Og, lxpFefn' cflbsf 5fnfaf6 5fnf tyf cGo kbfy{af6 ag]sf
ag]sf n'uf nufpg] / u|Liddf To;}af6 cfw'lgs hfs]6 klg nufpF5g\\ .
ag]sf kfndf a:g] uy]{ . cfw'lgs cf}hf/ / cfO;af]6 tyf
lxpFsf Kjfndf efnf l5/fP/ l;nsf] df]6/af]6sf] k|of]u u5{g\ .
l;sf/ uy]{ . cfw'lgs ljZj;Fu ;Dks{ a9]sf] 5 .
PsfGtdf k|f/lDes hLjg latfpFy] .
-3_ k|Zg g+= -3_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

w'|jLo k|b]zsf hLjhGt'x¿sf] z/L/df cToGt} afSnf] / kfgLn] gleHg] e'jfx¿ x'G5g\\ . tL e'jfn]
kfgLleq klg Gofgf] lbg ;S5 . tL hgfj/x¿sf] z/L/df k|z:t af];f] x'G5 . pSt af];f]n] z/L/
Gofgf] u/fO{ /fVg dbt u5{ . o;/L w'|jLo k|b]zsf hgfj/x¿ hf8f]af6 hf]luG5g\\ . l;n df5f /
k]Gu'Og r/f kfgL / lxpF b'j} 7fpFdf a:g ;S5g\\ .
kf7 M %
xfjfkfgL / jg:kltlarsf] ;DaGw
!= ljifoj:t'
xfjfkfgL / jg:kltlar k|ToIf ;DaGw x'G5 . xfjfkfgLn] jg:kltsf] :j¿k / :jefjdf lgoGq0f
ub{5 . ;fy} jg:kltn] klg h:tf] xfjfkfgL pknAw 5 ;f]xLcg'¿k cfˆgf] :j¿k, cfsf/k|sf/ /
ljz]iftfx¿ agfPsf] x'G5, h:t} e"dWo/]vLo xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf jif}{e/L jiff{ x'G5 . lj?jfsf h/fn]
cTolws dfqfdf kfgL zf]if0f ub{5 . pSt kfgLnfO{{ ;f]xL dfqfdf jfikLs/0f u/]/ kmfNg'kg]{ x'G5 .
lj?jfn] kftåf/f kfgLnfO{{ jf:kLs/0f u/]/ aflx/ kmfNb5 . Ps}k6s 7'nf] dfqfdf kfgL kmfNgsf
lglDt pi0f k|b]zsf lj?jfsf kftx¿ 7'nf x'g] / w]/} ;ª\Vofdf x'g] ub{5g\\ . jif}{el/ kfgL kl//xg]
x'gfn] oL jg:kltx¿ ;bfaxf/ -slxNo} kft vfnL gx'g]_ x'G5g\\ . cTolws udL{af6 h/f /
8fF7nfO{{ hf]ufpgsf lglDt 6'Kkfdf e\mofDd k/]sf x'G5g\\ .
d?e"ld If]qdf eg] jiff{ gx'g] x'Fbf cToGt ;'Vvf x'G5 . o;sf/0f ToxfF kfgLsf] cefj x'G5 .
jg:kltx¿n] w]/} 6f9faf6 yf]kfyf]kf kfgL hDdf ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] oL lj?jfsf 6f9f6f9f;Dd k}mlnPsf
nfdf h/f x'G5g\\ . oL jg:ktLsf h/f w]/} x'G5g\\ . o;/L w]/} sl7gfOsf ;fy hDdf kf/]sf] kfgL
v]/ ghfcf];\ eGgfsf lglDt lrKnf] ¥ofn jf b'wh:tf kbfy{sf ¿kdf 8fF7df kfgL ;~ro u/]/
/fVb5g\\ . oL lj?jfsf] jfikLs/0faf6 kfgL v]/ ghfcf];\ eg]/ kft gx'g] t/ e'm; / sfF8fx¿ x'g]
ub{5g\\ .
pRr kxf8L / w|'fjLo If]qdf w]/} lr;f] x'g] x'gfn] lxpF k5{ . lxdkftaf6 hf]lugsf lglDt sf]0fwf/L
jg:kltx¿ l;of]h:tf dl;gf kft, nrsbf/ xfFuf / afSnf af]qmf ePsf x'G5g\\ . lxpFbsf] ;'Vvf
;dodf kfgL v]/ ghfcf];\ eg]/ df};dL xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf kfOg] ktem/ jg:kltn] cfˆgf
kftx¿ kmfn]/ lxpFbdf gfª\u} x'G5g\\ . jiff{ x'g yfn]kl5 kfn'jf xfN5g\\ . o;/L tfkj|md / jiff{n]
jg:kltnfO{{ lgoGq0f ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . sltko xfjfkfgLsf] If]qnfO{{ jg:kltsf gfdaf6 klg
gfdfs/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .
xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf If]qx¿sf af/]df casf kf7x¿df cWoog ul/g]5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf k|b]zx¿ b]vfpg] tflnsf agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ xfjfkfgL / jg:kltlarsf] ;DaGw pi0f k|b]zsf] pbfx/0f lbO{ k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ sf]0fwf/L jg:kltx¿sf] xfFuf nrsbf/ x'G5, lsg <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ lqmofsnfk -s_ sf lglDt k5fl8sf kf7x¿, P6n; / kf7df lbOPsf] gS;f x]/L tnsf]
tflnsf eg'{xf];\ . h:t}M–
k|b]zsf] gfd jg:kltsf ;+;f/df sxf“ kfOG5 < jg:kltsf] ljz]iftf xfjfkfgLsf]
k|sf/ ljz]iftf
e"dWo/]vf ;bfaxf/ a|flhn, dWoklZrd ;w}F xl/of] x'g] 7'nf ;w}F udL{,
hª\un clk|msf, k"jL{åLk ;d"x kft, cUnf, 7'nf, ck/fGxdf ef/L
s8f sf7 ePsf jiff{
?vx¿
-v_ lqmofsnfk -v_ o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t xfjfkfgL / jg:kltlarsf] ;DaGw x]g'{xf];\ .
-u_ lqmofsnfk -u_ sf]0fwf/L jg:kltsf xfFuf nrsbf/ x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\\ M
o:tf jg:kltx¿ lr;f] If]qdf x'G5g\\ .
lxdkftaf6 aRg, nrsbf/ xfFuf x'G5g\\, h;df lxpF cl8P/ a:g

;Sb}g .
kf7 ^
ljZjdf jg:klt / hLjhGt'x¿
!= ljZjsf] jg:kltsf] k|sf/
ljZjsf] k|fs[lts jg:kltnfO{
jg:kltnfO{{ ;fdfGotof cf7 k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
e"dWo /]vLo If]qdf kfOg] jg:kltnfO{
jg:kltnfO{{ e"dWo/]vLo jf e"dWo/]
Wo/]vLo pi0f ;bfaxf/ jg:klt
elgG5 (Tropical Rain Forest) .
e"dWo/]/]vLo jiff{ hª\
hªunsf]
unsf] jl/k/Lsf] If]qdf jiff{ sdx'g] x'gfn] pi0f 3f
3fF;]
;] e"ld jf ;efgf
k|sf/sf] jg:klt
g:klt (Decidious woodland) kfOG5 . ToxfF Toxf cUnf cUnf 3f 3fF; / larlardf
larlar
5ftf cfsf/sf ?vx¿ x'G5g\\ . oxfF ljleGg k|sf/sf hª\hªuunL
nL hgfjf/x¿ xfTtL, u}F8f,
8f, lh/fkm,
cgf{, af3, lrt'jf, l;+x, d[u nufotsf hgfj/x¿ kfOG5g kfOG5g\\ . To;}n] o;nfO{
o; { ;+;f/sf]
lrl8ofvfgf (Zoo of the world) elgG5 .
d?:ynLo jg:klt d?e"ldx¿df kfOg] jg:klt xf] . d?e"ld If]qdf cToGt sd kfgL kg]{
x'gfn] nfdf h/f ePsf kft gePsf l;pF l;p8L
8L hftsf xf]rf jg:klt
jg:klt (desert shrubs) kfOG5 .
dg;'gL xfjfkfgL kfOg] If]qdf / ;fd'lb|s xfjfkfgL kfOg] If]qdf ktem/ ldl>ldl>tt k|sf/sf]
(mixed decidious) jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF oxf pi0f ;bfaxf/ / ktem
ktemf// jf ktem/
ktem/ ;fd'lb|s
jg:klt ldl;Psf] cj:yfdf kfOG5 . oxfF oxf sd prfOdf ;bfaxf/
;bfaxf/,, dWod prfOdf ktem/ /
a9L prfOdf sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 .
pkw|'jLo lr;f] If]qdf / pRr kj{tLo If]qdf sf]0fwf/L jg:klt (conIoerous)
erous) kfOG5 . of]
jg:klt lqsf]0f cfsf/sf / dl;gf] kft ePsf x'G5g\5g\ .
;dzLtf]
zLtf]i0f 3fF
3f;];] d}bfg dxfb]zsf] leqL efudf jiff{ cToGt sd x'g] x'gfn] ?v x'b}Fbg} g\g .

ljzfn 3fF;sf
;sf kmfF
km 6x¿
6x¿ (temperate grassland) km}lnPsf x'G5g\\ . ToxfF e]8f, ufO{ kfng
ug'{sf] ;fy} Jofj;flos ¿kdf
¿k ux'F v]tL ul/G5
ul/ .
w|'jLo If]qdf w]/} lr;f] x'g] x'gfn] lxpF
lxp kUn]sf ;dodf l56f] a9
a9]/ x's{g] ;–;fgf
;fgf km"n / sfO
tyf n]px¿ kfOG5g\
kfOG \ . o;nfO{
o; { 6'08«f (tundra vegetation) jg:klt elgG5 .
@= ljZjdf kfOg] jgx¿sf] k|sf/
o;/L ljZjdf w]/} k|sf/sf jg:klt kfOP klg hª\unsf unsf ¿kdf df eg] d'Vo u/L ltg k|sf/sf
jg:kltx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
-s_ pi0f ;bfaxf/ jgM jif{el/ g}
kfgL kg]{ / udL{ If]qdf of]
hª\un
un kfOG5 . oxfF
oxf ;fn l;;f},
vo/, l;dn, l6s, /f]h p8,
Paf]gL, cxf]h]gL, d;nf, /a/,
kfd, nufotsf cUnf, df]6f,
;'l/nf / 6'Kkfdf ‰of ofDd k/]sf
jg:kltsf hªun kfOG5g\ kfOG \ .
oxfF w]/} jiff{ x'g] x'gfn] e"OFdf
klg emf8L,8L, nx/f / a'6\ofgn]
9fs]sf] x'G5 . oxfFoxf 7'nf z/L/
ePsf / l;sf/L hGt'x¿ xfTtL,
af3, u}F8f, clhª\\u/ uf]xL,
lrDkfGhL,
DkfGhL, uf]l/Nnf kfOG5g\
kfOG \ .
To;}u/L ;f/;, cli6«r, do'/
nufotsf 7[nf hftsf r/fx¿
klg kfOG5g
5g\\ .
-v_ ktem/ jg M lxpFbdf bdf ;'Vvf /
lr;f] x'g] If]q vf; u/L dg;'gL
xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf of] hª\ hªun
kfOG5 . of] jg:kltsf] jgdf
cf]s, lar, Dofkn, plt;,
u'/fF;,
;, rfF
rfk,
k, s6';, l;dn
nufotsf jg:kltsf ?v
kfOG5g\\ . udL{ If]qdf d ;fn
l;;f} klg ldl;Psf] kfOG5 eg]
hf8f] If]qdf sf]0fwf/L jg:klt ldl;Psf] kfOG5 . ;fd'lb|s If]qdf ;fd'lb|s ;bfaxf/
jg:klt klg ldl;Psf x'G5g\\ . oxfF lrt'jf, afFb/, :ofn, ôfp/f], nufotsf hgfj/ /
sfu, sflnh, as'nf, ;f/f}F nufotsf r/fr'?ª\uL kfOG5g\\ .
-u_ sf]0fwf/L jg M o; jgdf lqsf]0f cfsf/sf ;bfaxf/ jg:klt kfOG5g\\ . jif}{el/ lr;f] x'g]
/ lxpFbdf lxdkft x'g] x'Fbf lqsf]0f cfsf/sf jg:klt kfOG5 . vf; u/L pTt/L ?;sf]
;fOj]l/of / pTt/L Sofgf8fdf of] hª\un kfOG5 .;Nnf, w'kL, b]jbf/ nufotsf /vx¿
oxfF kfOG5 . lxpF lrt'jf, lxd efn', nf]vs]{ o; If]qdf kfOg] hgfj/x¿ x'g\ . oxfF xfF;,
as'nf nufotsf r/f kfOG5g\\ . tL r/fx¿ hf8f] dlxgfdf hf8f] 5Ng w]/} 6f9f;Ddsf
udL{ :yfgdf hfG5g\\ .
#= xfjfkfgL / wf/ftnLo ljljwtfaf6 ljZjfsf] hghLjgdf kg]{ k|efj
ljZjsf] w/ftncg';f/ xfjfkfgLdf k|efj kb{5 . xfjfkfgL / w/ftnn] dfgjsf] hghLjgdf klg
k|efj kfb{5 . o;nfO{{ lgDg a'Fbfaf6 a'‰g ;lsG5 .
cUnf] w/ftndf lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOg] pRr kxf8L If]q / k[YjLsf]
pTt/L tyf blIf0fL w|'jLo If]qdf dflg;x¿ afSnf] n'uf nufpF5g\\ . pgLx¿ pmgaf6 ag]sf /
5fnfaf6 ag]sf e'jfbf/ n'uf nufP/ hf8f]af6 hf]luG5g\\ . s]6f dflg;n] klg skfn kfn]sf]
b]lvG5 . udL{ If]qdf a:g] dflg;x¿ kftnf] / sd n'uf nufpg] ub{5g\\ . pgLx¿ ;"o{sf]
k|sfz k/fjt{g ug]{ ;]tf] jf xNsf /ª\usf] n'uf nufpF5g\\ .
w|'jLo If]qdf a:g] OGo'6 / Pl:sdf] hfltsf dflg;n] lxpFsf] l9Ssfsf] 3/ agfP/ a:g'sf]
sf/0f pgLx¿sf] j:tL Hofb} b"u{d / jg:klt ljlxg lxd If]qdf ePsf]n] xf] hxfF sf7 / cGo
j:t' Hofb} b"n{e x'G5 . pgLx¿ df5f / lxpF efn'sf] l;sf/ ub{5g\\ . To:t} cd]hg a]F;Ldf
a;f]af; ug]{ /]8 Ol08og / lugL t6Lo If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ lkUdLh hfltsf dflg;x¿sf]
hLjg z}nL cem} klg k|f/lDes k|sf/sf] x'g'df ToxfF v]tLkfltsf] lglDt pko'St hldg /
xfjfkfgL gePsf] sf/0fn] xf] . pgLx¿ hª\undf l;sf/ v]n]/ vfg]s'/f h'6fpF5g\\ / lkm/Gt]
hLjg ljtfpF5g\\ .
;fdfGotof lr;f] xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ hfFul/nf, alnof, lg/f]uL /
l;h{gfTds ePsf] kfOG5 eg] udL{ xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿ clns cN5L /
/f]uL x'G5g\\ . o'/f]k, cd]l/sf / k"jL{ o'/f]ksf b]zx¿ cfly{s ljsf; / lj1fg k|ljlwdf cl3
x'g' / clk|msf, blIf0f Plzof / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf b]zx¿ k5fl8 kg'{sf ljljw sf/0fx¿ dWo]
xfjfkfgL klg Ps xf] . t/ cfhsf] cfw'lgs o'udf ljleGg lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0f /
ljZj dfgj ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;Dks{sf sf/0f o:tf] k|efj b]lvFb}g .
Hff8f] 7fpFsf dflg;x¿n] w]/} n'uf nufpg' kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] z/L/df yf]/} uxgf nufPsf
x'G5g\\ eg] udL{ 7fpFsf dflg;n] z/L/df sd n'uf nufpg] x'gfn] z/L/sf ljleGg efudf
ljleGg k|sf/sf uxgf nufPsf x'G5g\\ .
kxf8L If]qsf dflg;x¿ ;fx;L / kj{tf/f]x0f ug{ l;kfn' x'G5g\\ . d}bfgL If]qsf dflg;x¿
;fOsn rnfpg l;kfn' x'G5g\\ .
!= cEof; M
-s_ xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf k|b]zx¿ b]vfpg] tflnsf agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ xfjfkfgL / jg:kltlarsf] ;DaGw pi0f k|b]zsf] pbfx/0f lbO{ k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ sf]0fwf/L jg:kltx¿sf] xfFuf nrsbf/ x'G5, lsg <
-3_ Ogo'6 hfltx¿ /]8 Ol08og / lklUdh eGbf km/s 5g\\ s;/L <
-ª_ dfgjsf] hghLjgdf xfjfkfgLsf] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 < s;/L <
-r_ g]kfnsf] lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO If]qsf] hghLjg km/s kgf{sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
@= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; g+= -s_ sf lglDt k5fl8sf kf7x¿, P6n; / kf7df lbOPsf] gS;f x]/L tnsf]
h:t} tflnsf eg'{xf];\ . h:t} –
k|b]zsf] gfd jg:kltsf ;+;f/df sxf“ kfOG5 < jg:kltsf] ljz]iftf xfjfkfgLsf]
k|sf/ ljz]iftf
e"dWo/]vLo ;bfaxf/ a|flhn, dWoklZrd ;w}F xl/of] x'g] 7'nf ;w}F udL{,
xfjfkfgLsf] hª\un clk|msf, k"jL{åLk ;d"x kft, cUnf, 7'nf, ck/fGxdf ef/L
k|b]z s8f sf7 ePsf jiff{
?vx¿
-v_ cEof; g+= -v_ sf nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t xfjfkfgL / jg:kltlarsf] ;DaGw
x]g'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; g+= -u_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg] sf]0fwf/L jg:kltsf xfFuf nrsbf/ x'g'sf
sf/0fx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\\ M
o:tf jg:kltx¿ lr;f] If]qdf x'G5g\\ .
lxdkftaf6 aRg, nrsbf/ xfFuf x'G5g\\, h;df lxpF cl8P/ a:g ;Sb}g .
-3_ cEof; g+= -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ tflnsfdf km/s b]vfpg] .
OGo'6÷Pl:sdf] /]8 Ol08og÷lkUdLh
lxpFsf] l9Ssfaf6 ag]sf] 3/df a:g] :ofpnf / v/af6 ag]sf] 3/df a:g] .
lzn df5f / lxpF efn'sf] l;sf/ ug]{ hª\unL hfgj/sf] l;sf/ ug]{
cg'xf/ dfq b]vfpg] u/L z/L/ e/L cToGt sd n'uf nufpg] . k|fo gfª\uf]
afs\nf] / e"jfbf/ n'uf nufpg] . z/L/ x'g] .
k|fo Ps} :yfgdf a:g] lkm/Gt] hLjg ljtfpg] .
cToGt lr;f] xfjfkfgLdf a:g] cToGt udL{ xfjfkfgLdf a:g]
-ª_ cEof; g+= -ª_ sf nflu xfjfkfgL / wf/ftnLo ljljwtfaf6 ljZjfsf] hghLjgdf kg]{
k|efj eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug]{ .
-r_ cEof; g+= -r_ sf nflu prfO / xfjfkfgLsf] sf/0f egL sf/0f lbg] .
kf7 M &
pTt/ cd]l/sf dxfb]z
!= ljifoj:t'
ljZjdf ^ cf]6f dxfåLkx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . o'/f]k / Pl;of dxfb]zx¿ Pp6} dxfåLkdf kb{5g\\
h;nfO{{ o'/]l;of elgG5 . clk|msf, pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnof / cG6fs{l6sf
dxfåLkx¿ 5'§f5'§} /x]sf 5g\\ . Pl;of / clk|msfnfO{{ :j]h gx/n] 5'6\ofPsf] 5 eg] pTt/ cd]l/sf
/ blIf0f cd]l/sfnfO{{ kgfdf gx/n] 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . Pl;of ;a}eGbf 7'nf] dxfb]z xf] eg] ci6«]lnof
;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z xf] . cG6fs{l6sf blIf0f w'|jdf k}mlnPsf] cToGt} lr;f] dxfåLk xf] . o;sf]
;a} e"–efudf ;"o{sf] ls/0f jif}{el/ 58\s] kg]{ x'gfn] cToGt} lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfFsf] ;a}
hldg / ;d'b|L lsgf/f;d]t lxpFn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 .
clk|msf / blIf0f cd]l/sfnfO{{ e"dWo/]vfn] sf6]sf] x'Fbf logLx¿ pTt/L / blIf0fL b'j} uf]nf4{df
k}mlnPsf 5g\\ . ci6«]lnof k"/} blIf0fL uf]nf4{df kb{5 eg] o'/f]k, Pl;of / pTt/ cd]l/sf pTt/L
uf]nf4{df cjl:yt 5g\\ . oL dxfåLkx¿sf] larlardf dxf;fu/x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . ca xfdL pTt/
cd]l/sf, dxfb]zsf] k|fs[lts:j¿k jg:klt / hghLjgsf af/]df cWoog ub{5f}F .
-c_ k|fs[lts :j¿k xfjfkfgL / jg:klt
sf]nDa;n] cd]l/sf e]6]kl5 o'/f]k / Pl;ofaf6 dflg;x¿ ToxfF uP/ a:g yfn] . tL dflg;x¿
j|mdzM cd]l/sfe/L k}mlnP . pTt/ cd]l/sfdf Sofgf8f, ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf (USA) /
d]lS;sf]h:tf 7'nf b]zx¿ 5g\\ eg] blIf0fsf] ;fF3'/f] hldg / åLkx¿df y'k|} ;–;fgf /fHox¿
/x]sf 5g\\ . pTt/ cd]l/sfnfO{{ k|fs[lts ¿kdf ^ cf]6f If]qx¿df ljefhg u/]/ cWoog ug{
;lsG5 .
-s_ ;'b"/ pTt/L lr;f] If]q
of] If]q w'|jLo If]qdf kg]{ x'gfn] ToxfF Hofb} lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . pTt/L Sofgf8fsf] o; If]qdf
l;n df5f / k]Gu'Og r/fsf] Ps k|hflt (Galapagos Penguine only) r/f k|z:t kfOG5g\\ .
k]Gu'O{g r/f k|foMh;f] blIf0fL uf]nf4{df dfq kfOG5 . o; If]qdf hldg lxpFn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 eg]
;d'b| klg hd]sf] x'G5 . o; If]qdf Pl:sdf] / OGo'6 hftsf dflg;x¿ a;f]jf; u5{g\ . pgLx¿
lxpFsf] l9sfaf6 3/ lgdf{0f ub{5g\\ .
-v_ pTt/L Sofgf8fsf] sf]0fwf/L jg:kltsf] If]q
of] If]qdf ;Nnf], w'kL hftsf sf]0fwf/L jg:kltsf] 7'nf] hª\un /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{{ 6foUu klg
elgG5 . oxfF lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . jif{df #÷$ dlxgf lxpF k5{ . To;}n] Sofgf8fsf] o;
hª\unnfO{{ cfly{s ¿kn] lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o; hª\unaf6 kmlg{r/ / sf7sf nflu sRrf
kbfy{ k|fKt x'G5 . To;}n] kmlg{r/, kNk, sfuh pBf]ux¿ o; If]qdf /x]sf 5g\\ . oxfF hg3gTj
kftnf] 5 .

-u_ klZrdL If]qsf] /sL kj{t >]0fL
pTt/df cfn:sfb]lv blIf0fdf kgfdf gx/;Dd k}mlnPsf] /sL kj{t z[ª\vnf pTt/ cd]l/sfsf]
lgs} nfdf] kj{tLo efu xf] . oxfF DoflsGn], nf]ug, /fOlgo/, AjfO6\g] / Pnj6{ oxfFsf cUnf kj{t
6fs'/f x'g\ . o; kj{tsf] pTt/L If]qdf sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5 eg] dWo / blIf0fL If]qdf ktem/
jg:klt kfOG5 . o;} If]qdf
sf]nf]/f8f] gbLn] !*)) ld6/
ulx/f] uN5L agfPsf] 5 . oxfF
klg hg3gTj sd 5 . of] If]q
ko{6sLo b[li6n] dxTTjk"0f{
dflgG5 . oxfF 708f xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 .
-3_ k|]l/hsf] 3f“;] d}bfg
cd]l/sfsf] dWoefudf
Sofgf8fb]lv d]lS;sf];Dd
ljzfn d}bfg k}mlnPsf] 5 .
o;nfO{{ k|]l/hsf] 3fF;] d}bfg
elgG5 . oxfF jiff{ cToGt sd
x'g] x'gfn] 7'nf ¿vx¿ pd|g
;Sb}gg\ . o; d}bfgdf cfw'lgs
k|ljlwåf/f k|z:t dfqfdf ux'F
pTkfbg ul/G5 . o; If]qnfO{{
ljZjsf] cGgsf] e08f/ klg
elgG5 .
-ª_ u|]6 n]S; If]q
;'k]l/o/ ;+;f/s} z'4 kfgLsf] tfn dflgG5 . of] em08} g]kfnsf] cfwfhlt If]qkmndf k}mlnPsf] 5 .
P/L, cf]06fl/of], ldlrug, x'/g / ;'k]l/o/ u/L kfFrcf]6f tfnx¿ glhs glhs} 5g\\ / cfk;df
hf]l8Psf 5g\\ . oL tfnx¿sf] Ps lsgf/fdf sf]Onf / csf]{ lsgf/fdf kmnfd vfgLx¿ /x]sfn]
l:6n pBf]ux¿ lgs} km:6fPsf 5g\\ . o; If]qdf aª\u'/ / ufO{{j:t' kfNg] sfd x'G5 . cKn]lrog
If]q e6df;, skf;, r'sGb/, ds} cflb afnLsf] lgldQ k|l;4 5 . o;sf] k"j{tk{m lsgf/L
d}bfgx¿df 7"N7'nf cf}Bf]lus ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;]06 n/]G; If]qdf jif}{el/ kfgL k5{ /
vt/gfs cfFwLa]x]/Lsf] k|sf]k eO/xG5 .
-r_ Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] d?e"ld
pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] pTt/ klZrdL lsgf/fdf cToGt ;'Vvf d?e"ld /x]sf] 5 . oxfF d?:ynLo
jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF hg3gTj Hofb} kftnf] 5 . cfhsn e"dWo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgL kfOg] If]qsf]
glhsdf d?e"lddf ;d]t ;]q]md]G6f] gbLaf6 kfgL NofP/ ;'Gtnf v]tL ul/Psf] 5 .
-cf_ cfly{s / ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfk
s[lif M pTt/ cd]l/sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgn] wgL / cg's"n xfjfkfgL ePsfn] ;+;f/d} ljsl;t /
;DkGg dxfb]z ag]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;df cu|kª\lQmdf /x]sf] o; dxfb]zn]] k|fs[lts ;|f]t /
dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf]] clwstd\ pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfsf w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿
gf]s/L -;]jf_ If]qdf, To;kl5 pBf]u tyf Jofkf/df / kfFr k|ltzt eGbf klg sd hg;ª\Vof
s[lifdf k];fdf nfu]sf 5g\\ . To;}n] o;sf] cfly{s :t/ ljZjdf g} cu| :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . olt
yf]/} hg;ª\Vof s[lifdf nfu] klg oxfFsf] s[lif pTkfbgn] l;ª\u} pTt/ cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf] ;d]t
vfBfGgsf] dfunfO{{ wfg]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] d'Vof vfB afnL ux'F xf] . oxfF lgs} cfw'lgs k|ljlw
ckgfP/ Jofj;flos s[lif Joj;fo ckgfOPsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] sfo{ 7'nf d]l;gaf6 x'g] ub{5 .
cfw'lgs lsl;dn] kmnkm"n / t/sf/L v]tL ul/G5 .
pBf]u M pTt/
cd]l/sfn] cfkm";Fu
ePsf] k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/]sf]
5 . oxfF kof{Kt
dfqfdf bIf hgzlSt
pknAw ePsf] /
cfjZos hgzlSt
ljb]zaf6 ;d]t
cfoft u/]/ cfly{s
ultljlwnfO{{ cl3
a9fO/x]sf] 5 . oxfF
Sofgf8fdf k|fs[lts ;fwg
kmnfd / O:kftsf
7'nf 7'nf vfgLx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . To;}n] oxfF 7'nf xjfOhxfh, kfgLhxfh, sf/vfgfsf d]l;gx¿ /
uf8Lx¿sf sf/vfgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ .
vlgh M pTt/ cd]l/sfdf k|z:t dfqfdf lgs]n, h:tf, kmnfd, ;'g, o'/]lgod, Knfl6gd cflb
vlgh kbfy{x¿ kfOG5g\\ . oxfF k]6«f]n / Uof;sf vfgLx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\\ .
dT:o Joj;fo M Go"kmfp08Nof08sf] ;d'b|L If]qdf ef/tsf] nflu Kn]ª\6g gfds kf]l;nf] cfxf/f
kfOg] x'Fbf k|z:t df5f x'G5g\\ . oxfFaf6 df5f ;ª\sng ug]{ sfo{ klg cfw'lgs lsl;dn] ul/G5 .
kz'kfng M pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf ufO{{j:t' / aªu'/ kflnG5 . tL
ufO{{x¿ b'w / df;'sf nflu cnucnu kflnG5g\\ . b'w b'x'g] sfo{ d]l;gn] ul/G5 . b'w kfOksf]

dfWodaf6 hDdf u/L lrhnufotsf k|zf]wg sf/vfgfdf k'¥ofOG5 . df;'nfO{{ k|;f]wg u/L tof/L,
cw{ tof/L / sfFrf] ¿kdf a6\6fdf Koflsª u/L ljZjahf/df k'¥ofOG5 .
hgzlStsf] ljsf; M ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf / Sofgf8fn] cfˆgf] b]zdf hgzlStsf] cfk"lt{ ug{sf
lglDt jif]{gL Pl;ofnufotsf cGo dxfb]zx¿af6 xhf/f}F JolStnfO{{ a;f]jf;sf] cg'dlt
(Diversity Visa -DV) k|bfg ub{5 . g]kfnaf6 dfq x/]s jif{ sl/a b'O{xhf/ JolSt DV dfk{mt
cd]l/sfdf :yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu hfg] u5{g\ .
;]jf If]q M oxfF snf, ;flxTo, v]ns'b, lj1fg k|ljlwsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . oxfF ljZjs} pRr
:t/sf cWoog / cg';Gwfgx¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g\\ . lj1fg / cGt/LIf cWoog ug]{ ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
s]Gb| gf;f oxLF /x]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿ vfnL xft a:b}gg\ . ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L sfof{nodf
sd{rf/Lsf] ¿kdf sfdug]{sf] ;ª\Vof klg lgs} 7'nf] /x]sf] 5 . s'g} g s'g} sfddf Jo:t eO/xg]
pgLx¿sf] ;+:sf/ g} alg;s]sf] 5 . o:tf ultljlwsf sf/0f ;]jf If]qdf klg 7'nf] hg;ª\Vof
/x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ ;donfO{{ cToGt dxTTj lbG5g\\ .
ko{6g M ko{6g Joj;xfo cd]l/sfsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ cfly{s ultljlw xf] . oxfF k|z:t ko{6sLo
:yfgx¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . cd]l/sg / Sofg]l8ogx¿n] ;Ktfxsf] cTodf ljbf dgfpg'nfO{{
cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt g} agfO;s]sf 5g\\ .
sf7sf] Joj;fo M pTt/L Sofgf8df sf7 sf6\g], cf];fg]{ / sf7af6 ljleGg j:t' pTkfbg ug]{
Joj;fo lgs} pRr :t/df kmi6fPsf] 5 . oxfF sfuh, kmlg{r/, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L nufotsf j:t'
sf7af6 pTkfbg ul/G5 .
@= cEof; M
-s_ ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf / Sofgf8fsf] klZrdL If]q eGbf k"jL{ If]q a9L ljsl;t x'gfsf
sf/0fx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf cfly{s cj:yf ;d[4 x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] /]vfª\lst gS;fdf lgDglnlvt tYox¿ eg'{xf];\ .
lu|gNof08, cnf:sf, x8\;g vf8L, sf]0fwf/L hª\un If]q, ckn]lrog kj{t, k|]l/h 3fF;f]
e"ld, /ls kj{t >]0fL, Soflnkmf]lg{of vf8L, Soflnkmf]lg{of d?e"ld, d]lS;sf] vf8L, u|]6 n]S;
-r_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf af/]df 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
klZrdL If]qdf sd ljsf; x'gfsf sf/0fx¿
klZlrdL If]qdf /sL kj{t >]0L ePsf]n] oftfoft / s[lif If]qsf] sl7gfO
ToxfF d?e"ld If]q klg ePsf]
;d'b|sf] lsgf/L efu ;fF3'/f] ePsf]
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] sdL
k|lts"n xfjfkfgL / hldgsf] :j¿k
k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] 7'nf] If]q km}lnPsf]n] ;fd'lb|s Jofkf/ ug{ sl7gfO{
k"jL{ If]qdf a9L ljsf; x'gfsf sf/0fx¿
Gofgf] / /Do ;fd'lb|s xfjfkfgL ePsf]
k|z:t k|fs[lts ;|f]t pknAw ePsf]
o'/f]kaf6 glhs / cf]xf]/bf]x/ eO/xg]
Jofkf/sf nflu glhs} o'/f]k / Plo;fnL d'n'sx¿ ahf/sf] ¿kdf pknAw x'g'
km/flsnf] ;fd'lb|s If]q ePsf]
k|z:t vfBfGg pknAw x'g] x'gfn] hgzlStsf] kof{Kttf ePsf] .
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw ePsf] .
k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu o;}

kf7sf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk eGg]
c+z cWoog ug'{xf];\
k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu o;}
kf7sf] ef]uf]lns ljefhg,
xfjfkfgL / jg:klt eGg] v08
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -u_ sf nflu o;}
kf7sf] ef]uf]lns ljefhg,
xfjfkfgL / jg:klt eGg] v08
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -3_, -r_ / -5_ sf
nflu o;} kf7sf] cfly{s
lj|mofsnfk eGg] c+z cWoog
ug'{xf];\ ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -ª_ sf nflu pTt/
cd]l/sfsf] vfnL gS;fdf
P6n;sf] ;xfotf lnP/
lgDgfg';f/ eg'{xf];\ .

kf7 M *
blIf0f cd]l/sf
!= ljifoj:t'
kgfdf gx/b]lv blIf0ftk{m /x]sf] o; dxfb]znfO{{ cd]hg gbLsf] cf;kf; eP/ e"dWo/]vfn] sf6]sf]
x'Fbf o;sf] clwsf+z e"–efu udL{ If]qdf kb{5 . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] gbL cd]hg, ;a}eGbf
b'u{d 7fpF s]k xg{, ;a}eGbf ;'Vvf 7fpF c6fsfdf d?e"ld / ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] em/gf PGhn
em/gf oxLF kb{5g\\ . bIf0f cd]l/sf !@ l8u|L pTt/L cIff+z b]lv %% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+z;Dd
km}lnPsf] 5 .
-c_ ef}uf]lns cj:yf, xfjfkfgL / jg:klt
blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]znfO{{ lgDgfg';f/sf w/ftn / xfjfkfgLsf] If]qsf cfwf/df ljleGg k|b]zdf
ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ cd]hg a]“;L
cd]hg gbLsf] cf;kf;sf] ljzfn d}bfgnfO{{ cd]hg a]F;L elgG5 . oxLFaf6 e"dWo/]vf uPsf] 5 .
of] If]qdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f jif}{el/ ;Lwf kg]{ x'gfn] Hofb} udL{ x'G5 . oxfF x/]s lbg ck/fGxdf
;+jfxlgs jiff{ x'G5 . oxfF ljzfn e"dWo/]vLo jiff{ hª\un k}mlnPsf] 5 . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL
c:j:ys/ ePsfn] cfjfbL Hofb} kftnf] 5 . cfhsn oxfF s[lif / vlghsf lglDt tLa| ultdf jg
kFm8fgL a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf lgdf{0ffwLg /fhdfu{n] klg kof{j/0fdf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 .
-v_ Pl08h kj{t >]0fL
blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] klZrdL If]qdf pTt/b]lv blIf0f;Dd &))) ls=ld= nfdf] If]qdf of] kj{t >]0fL
k}mlnPsf] 5 . of] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{t z[ª\vnf xf] . oxfF dfp06 csfGsfu'jf nufotsf
kj{t >Lª\vnfx¿ / l6l6sfsf tfn klg /x]sf
5g\\ . oxfF 708f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF xfd|f]
lxdfno kj{tdf h:t} 5'§} hfltsf dflg;x¿
a;f]jf; u5{g\ . pgLx¿ nfdf eGg] hgfj/
kfNb5g\\, h'g rf}/L h:t} hf8f] 7fpFdf afFRg ;S5
/ dfn;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ug{sf] nflu k|of]u
ul/G5 . oxfF cfjfbL kftnf] 5 . o; If]qdf
ktem/ jg:klt kfOG5 . kj{tf/f]x0f /
kbofqfh:tf ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf sfo{n] cfly{s
ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . oxfF k|z:t
blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] k|fs[lts gS;f
Hjfnfd'vLx¿ 5g\\ . kfgLhxfh rnfpg ;lsg]
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf a9L prfOdf /x]sf] l6l6sfsf tfn oxL kj{t If]qdf 5 .
-u_ c6fsfdf d?:yn
blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] dWoklZrdL lsgf/fdf c6fsfdf d?e"ld kb{5 . oxfFsf] sfnfdf eGg] 7fpFdf #@
jif{kl5sf] cGt/fndf xNsf kfgL k/]sf] /]s8{ ul/Psf] 5 . lrnLsf] Pl/sf eGg] 7fpFdf !) jif{kl5
s]xL kfgL k/]sf] lyof] . kfgL pknAw x'g] 7fpFdf cGo d?e"lddf h:t} SofS6; -sfF9]bf/_ hftsf
jg:klt kfOG5 .
-3_ ;dzLtf]i0f 3f“;] d}bfg
ch]{lG6gfsf] k"jL{ If]qdf k}mlnPsf] ;dzLtf]i0f 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{{ kDkf; elgG5 . o; d}bfgdf jiff{
cToGt sd x'g] x'gfn] 5f]6f] 3fF; dfq kfOG5 . oxfF u|Lid Gofgf] / lxpFb lr;f] x'G5 . o; If]qdf
e]F8f / ufO{kfng ul/G5 . e]F8f pmgsf]] nflu kflnG5 eg] ufO{{ b'w / df;'sf lglDt kflnG5 . 7'nf]
/]lk|mh/]6/ ePsf hxfhdfk{mt o'/f]knufot d'n'sx¿df ufO{{sf] b'w / df;' lgof{t ul/G5 .
-ª_ a|flhnsf] pRre"ld
of] a|flhnsf] dgf]/d If]q xf] . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL zLtn 5 . skmL pTkfbgsf lglDt pko'St hldg
5 . oftfoftsf] klg /fd|f] ;'ljwf ePsfn] Hofb} ljsl;t 5 . o;sf] ;fF3'/f] lsgf/L d}bfgdf
aGb/ufxx¿ 5g\\ . hldg klg pAhfpzLn 5 . ko{6g pBf]u klg km:6fPsf] 5 . cfhsn
a|flhnsf ufpFx¿af6 dflg;x¿ k"j{tk{msf] lsgf/L If]qdf a;fO ;g]{ j|md tLa| ePsf] 5 . lsgls
lsgf/L If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ / ;'ljwfx¿ k|z:t 5g\\ . ;x/Ls/0f klg tLa| ¿kdf x'Fb}5 .
-cf_ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfk
blIf0f cd]l/sf w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿sf] pklgj]zsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . To;}n]
oxfFsf] w]/}h;f] cfly{s uljtljlwdf o'/f]k]nL k|efj kfOG5 . :k]lg; / kf]t'{ufnLx¿n] blIf0f
cd]l/sfdf pklgj]z lj:tf/ ug]{ j|mddf
ToxfFsf] cflbjf;Lx¿sf] OGsf ;Eotf nf]k
u/fP/ cfˆgf] ;Eotf :yflkt u/fPsf lyP .
o; dxfb]zsf ;a} b]zx¿ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«
x'g\ .
a|flhn oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] b]z xf] . oxfF
ljZjs} ;a} eGbf w]/} ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf
/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ljZjdf ;a} eGbf w]/} skmL /
sf]sf pTkfbg ub{5 . oxfFsf blIf0fL 3fF;] e"–
efudf ux'F v]tL ul/G5 . ToxfF df;' / b'wsf
nflu ufO{ kfng ul/G5 eg] pgsf nflu e]8f
kfng klg ul/G5 . ;fy} Jofj;flos ¿kdf
kfn]sf e]8fsf] df;' o'/f]kdf lgof{t ul/G5 . blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] k|fs[lts ;fwg / cfly{s
blIf0f cd]l/sfdf clwsf+z b]zx¿df d'Vo lj|mofsnfk
k];f s[lif g} xf] . skmL, e6\df;, ux'F, s]/f, sf]sf, skf; oxfFsf d'Vo s[lif k}bfjf/ x'g\ . ;d'b|L
lsgf/fx¿df df5f dfg]{ sfd klg x'G5 . a|flhnsf] Pp6f sDkgL sk/;'sf/n] pv'af6 cNsf]xn
lgsfN5 h'g uf8Ldf k]6«f]nsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] pBf]u xfd|f] d'n'sdf vf]Ng
;lsPdf ljb]zaf6 dxFuf] 8n/ lt/]/ k]6«f]n Nofpg' kb}{gYof] . ljb]zL d'b|f hf]luGYof] . k]6«f]nsf]
xfxfsf/ x'Fb}gYof] .
blIf0f cd]l/sf vlgh kbfy{df klg wgL 5 . e]g]Hjnfaf6 k]6«f]n lgof{t x'G5 . o; dxfb]zdf
tfdf, kmnfd, sf]Onf, ;'g, k]6«f]n, cfnd'lgod, cflb vlghx¿sf] pTkfdbg ul/G5 . of] dxfb]zdf
j}b]lzs nufgLdf 7'nf sf/vfgfx¿ v'n]sf 5g\\ t/ clwsf+z cfDbfgL ljb]lzG5 . j}b]lzs C0f
lnP/ v'n]sf 7'nf sf/vfgfx¿sf] C0f ltg{ g;s]/ a|flhndf
;ª\s6 pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
blIf0f cd]l/sfdf kfOg] k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿nfO{{ tnsf] gS;faf6
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|:t't lrq d/fs}jf] tfndf Uof; / k]6«f]n pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf]
xf] . hxfF kfgLleqaf6 d]l;gåf/f Uof; / k]6«f]lnog kbfy{
lgsflnG5 .
@= cEof; M
-s_ blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ blIf0f cf]l/sfsf] xfjfkfgL / k|fs[lts jg:kltsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ blIf0f cf]d]l/sfsf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] cfly{s cj:yf pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] eGbf sdhf]/ x'gfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s]
xf]nfg\ <
-ª_ blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] /]vfª\lst gS;fdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
Pl08h kj{t >]0fL, l/of] lb h]g]/f], cd]hgsf]] hª\un, s]kxg{, c6fsfdf d?e"ld,
-r_ blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] k|fs[lts ;fwgsf]] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, xfjfkfgL / jg:klt
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, xfjfkfgL / jg:klt
k|Zg g+= -u_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ;fdflhs tfyf cfly{s lj|mofsnfk cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf a'Fbf n]Vg'xf];\ .
w]/} jif{;Dd o'/f]k]nL pklgj]zsf ¿kdf /xg'
w]/} udL{ xfjfkfgLsf] If]q w]/} ePsf] x'gfn]
:yfgLo cflbjf;Lx¿ lgs} lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf /xg'
pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] ljsf; /fd|f];Fu x'g g;Sg'
ul/aL JofKt x'g'
k|Zg g+= -ª_ sf nflu P6n; x]b}{ blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] vfnL gS;fdf eg'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -ª_ sf nflu tnsf a'Fbf cWoog ug'{xf];\
blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿ M
jg hª\un
vlgh kbfy{
3fF;] d}bfg
gbL / tfnx¿
;d'b|
kf7 M (
clk|msf dxfb]z
!= kl/ro
clk|msf ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7'nf] dxfb]z xf] . o; dxfb]zdf ltgj6f d'Vo cIff+z /]vfx¿ pTt/sf]
ss{6/]vf, larsf] e"dWo/]vf / blIf0fsf]dx/ /]vf /x]sf 5g\\ . dxfb]zsf] clwsf+z efu pRr
;d:ynLn] 9fs]sf] 5 . pRr ;d:ynL eg]sf] jl/k/Laf6 x]bf{ cUnf] kxf8h:tf] b]lvg] t/ dfly
;dy/ k/]sf] d}bfg ePsf] e"–efu xf] . To;}n] clk|msf dxfb]zsf ;d'b|L lsgf/x¿df d}bfgL efu
cToGt} sd 5 . ;fy} clk|msfsf] lsgf/L efu l5ofl5of geO{ lgoldt 5 . log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{
clk|msfsf] w]/}h;f] lsgf/L efudf aGb/ufx
agfpg ldNb}g / hxfhx¿ c8\ofpg klg ldNb}g
. oxfFsf gbLx¿af6 kfgLhxfh leq l5g\{ ;Sb}gg\
. clk|msfnfO{{ dWo efuaf6 e"dWo/]vfn] pTt/tk{m
ss{6 /]vfn] / blIf0ftk{m ds/ /]vfn] sf6]sf] x'Fbf
o;sf] sl/a sl/a ;a} efu pi0f d08ndf k5{ .
oxfF ljZjs} 7'nf] d?e"ld ;xf/f /x]sf] 5 . oxfF
hfo/ -sª\uf]_, ;]g]un, hfDa]hL, c/]~h, gfOn,
gfOh/h:tf 7'nf gbLx¿ 5g\\ .
clk|msfsf] k"jL{ v08df #))) ld6/ ulx/f]
pkTosf 5 h;nfO{{ w;fg 3fF6L (Rift Valley) clk|msfsf] k|fs[lts gS;f

elgG5 . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL gfOn klg clk|msfdf 5 . o;sf] lsgf/fdf sl/a %,)))
jif{ klxn] g} dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . o; gbLn] d?e"lddf klg hLjg ;Dej
agfPsf] 5 . gfOn gbL ^,^&) ls=ld= nfdf] 5 / of] leS6f]l/of tfnaf6 pTklQ x'G5 . sl/a *)
jif{;Dd o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿sf] pklgj]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] clk|msf xfn ljleGg :jtGq /fi6«x¿df
ljeflht 5 .
-c_ ef}uf]lns cj:yf
clk|msfnfO{{ xfjfkfgL, w/ftn / jg:kltsf lx;fan] ;fdfGotof kfFr efudf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 .
-s_ pTt/ clk|msf
clk|msfsf] pTt/L If]qdf ;dzLtf]i0f e"dWo;fu/Lo xfjfkfgLsf] If]q /x]sf] 5 . oxfF P6n; kj{t
z[ª\vnf 5 h'g gofF df]8bf/ kj{t xf] . o'/f]ksf] k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf] sf/0f pTt/L clk|msfsf
d'n'sx¿ ljsf;df cufl8 5g\\ . lxpFbdf jiff{ x'g] x'Fbf o; If]qdf kmnk"mn v]tL klg km:6fPsf]
5 . o:t} xfjfkfgL blIf0f clk|msfsf] blIf0f–klZrd lsgf/fdf klg kfOG5 .
-v_ d?:ynLo If]q
ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7'nf] d?e"ld ;xf/f clk|msfsf] pTt/ v08df k}mlnPsf] 5 . s"n e"–efusf] em08}
% v08sf] Ps v08 cf]u6]sf] of] If]q Hofb} ;'Vvf If]q xf] . blIf0f klZrddf sfnfxf/L d?e"ld
cjl:yt 5 . oL b'j} d?e"lddf s[lifof]Uo hldg gePklg kfgL pknAw x'g] 7fpFx¿df dflg;x¿
v]tLkftL u/]/ yf]/} vfBfGg pAhfpF5g\\
/ hLljsf]kfh{g u5{g\ . oL If]qsf
d'n'sx¿df w]/}h;f] e"–efu afn'jfn]
9fs]sf] x'gfn] phf8 5 . oxfF ;w}F
vfBfGgsf]] cefj / ef]sd/L eO/xG5
. hg3gTj kftnf] 5 . o; If]qdf
SofS6; hftsf jg:klt kfOG5g\\ .
oxfF xfjfkfgL cToGt} ljifd 5 .
jif}{el/ udL{ ePklg /ftdf tfkj|md
tn em5{ . oxfF pFm6x¿åf/f ;fdfg
cf];f/k;f/ ul/G5 .
-u_ pi0f 3f“;] d}bfg -;efgf If]q_
%)–@)) cIf+zsf] lardf ljzfn
3fF;]e"ld k}mlnPsf] 5 . oxfF udL{ /
sd jiff{ x'g] x'Fbf 3fF;x¿ dfq
pd|G5g\\ . oxfF kmf6k'm6 ¿kdf 6'Kkfdf
e\mofDd k/]sf df]6f] 8fF7 ePsf jg:kltx¿ x'G5g\\ . tL jg:kltn] cfˆgf] df]6f] 8fF7df kfgL
;~ro u/]/ /fVb5g\\ . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ v]tLkftL u/]/ g} u'hf/f ub{5g\\ . t/ v]tLof]Uo hldgsf]]
cefjn] ubf{ oxfFsf sltko dflg;x¿ ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fn] ;tfOPsf 5g\\ . oxfF cToGt}
lk5l8Psf d;fO / xf};f hftsf dflg;x¿ a;f]jf; u5{g\ . pgLx¿ ufO{{j:t' kfNg] / r/0fsf
lglDt gofF 7fpFsf] vf]hLdf lxFl8/xg] u5{g\ . To;}n] logLx¿nfO{{ lkm/Gt] klg elgG5 . logLx¿
/ut lgof{t ug{sf nflu ufO{{j:t' kfNb5g\\ . hf];Fu w]/} ufO{{j:t' x'G5, pxL ToxfFsf] wgL JolSt
x'G5 . cfhsn oxfF /fli6«o lgs'~hx¿ :yfkgf u/]/ ko{6g ljsf; ul/Fb}5 . To; If]qdf x'g]
afnLsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ug{ 7'nf 7'nf kmfd{x¿ :yfkgf ePsf 5g\\ . s[lif, kz'kfng / ko{6g
Jofj;fosf sf/0f lbg k|ltlbg /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ j[l4 x'Fb}5g\\ .
-3_ sª\uf] a]“;L If]q
clk|msfnfO{{ e"dWo/]vfn] sl/a laraf6 sª\uf] -hfo/_ gbLsf] cf;kf;sf] If]q eP/ sf6]sf] 5 .
To;}n] of] If]qdf Hofb} udL{ / jiff{ x'G5 . sª\uf] a]F;L If]qdf 3gf hª\un 5 . e"dWo/]vLo jiff{
hª\undf ljleGg k|sf/sf hLjhGt'x¿ kfOG5g\\ . oxfF x/]s lbg ef/L jiff{ x'g] x'gfn] df6f]sf]
;tx IfoLs/0f x'Fb}5 . ;txsf] df6f] au]/ uPkl5 r§fg dfq afFsL /xG5 . oxfFsf] hª\un cfly{s
¿kn] pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
-ª_ kj{tLo If]q M
clk|msfsf] blIf0f k"jL{ efudf ;fdfGo prfO ePsf kj{t >]0fL /x]sf 5g\\ . oxfF dxfb]zs} cUnf]
kj{t dfp06 lsnLd~hf/f] /x]sf] 5 . o;} If]qdf pTt/ nfn ;fu/b]lv hfDa]hL gbL;Dd km}lnPsf]
ljzfn wf;fg 3fF6L -a]F;L_ /x]sf] 5 . oxfF sof}F tfn tn}ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . leS6f]l/of tfn o;
dxfb]zsf] 7'nf] / k|l;4 tfn xf] . o;} tfnaf6 lg:s]sf] gfOn gbL pTt/tkm{sf] ljzfn ;xf/f
d?e"dL kf/ ub}{ OlhK6af6 e"dWo;fu/df ldl;Psf] 5 . of] ljZjs} nfdf] gbL xf] . To;}u/L pTt/
klZrd If]qdf klg kj{tLo efu /x]sf] 5 .
-cf_ clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s lqmofsnfk
clk|msf dxfb]z cfly{s ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf] dxfb]z xf] . t/ oxfF kz:t} k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿
pknAw 5g\\ . oxfF ;'g, rfFbL, kmnfd, tfdf, o'/]lgodh:tf ax'd"No / pkof]uL vlgh kbfy{sf]
e08f/ 5 . To;nfO{{ pkof]u ug{ ToxfFsf d'n'sx¿sf] Ifdtf sd ePsfn] o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿n]
To;sf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\\ . clk|msLx¿n] To;af6 vf;} kmfObf lng kfPsf 5}gg\ . blIf0f
clk|msf, cNh]l/of, OlhK6h:tf d'n'sx¿n] eg] vlghaf6 cfly{s ljsf; u/]sf 5g\\ . oftfoftsf]
;'ljwf gePsf sf/0f klg oxfFsf vlghx¿ pkof]udf cfpg g;s]sf x'g\ . clk|msfsf] pTt/L
If]qdf k]6«f]n / Uof;sf] e08f/ 5 . clk|msf dxfb]z ;a}eGbf sd ;x/Ls/0f ePsf] dxfb]z xf] .
oxfFsf clwsf+z dflg;x¿ s[lif k];fdf nfu] klg of] hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ vfnsf] dfq 5 .
clk|msfdf cf7;o eGbf a9L k|sf/sf hflt / k|hfltsf dflg;x¿ af;f]af; ub{5g\\ . clk|msfnfO{{
ef]s, /f]u / zf]sn] ;tfPsf] 5 . Psftk{m clgsfn / s'kf]if0f JofKt 5 . r]tgfsf] ljsf; x'g

;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf{tk{m P8\;h:tf] k|f0f3fts /f]un] u|:t kf/]sf] 5 . ufpFsf o'jfo'jtLx¿
nfvf}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf P8\;af6 dl/;s]sf 5g\\ . pgLx¿sf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{{ xh'/af xh'/cfdfn]
:ofxfg'{k/]sf] 5 . tL s]6fs]6L klg P8\;u|:t cfdfafa'af6 hGd]sf x'gfn] ltgLx¿ klg w]/}h;f]
P8\;u|:t g} 5g\\ . s]xL jif{kl5 ToxfFsf] l:ylt s] xf]nf xfdL ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f}F .
clk|msfdf em08} Psbh{geGbf a9L d'n'sx¿ u[xo'4df km;]sf 5g\\ h;n] ltgLx¿sf] cfly{s
ljsf; 7Kk ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))^ df ;'8fgsf] ljb|f]xL ;d"xn] o'4 aGb u/] klg s}of}F ;d"xx¿
ce}m o'4df g} 5g\\ .
clk|msfsf] ;efgf If]qdf w]/} lgs'~hx¿ v'n]sf 5g\\ . oxfF ko{6g Joj;fosf] ljsf; lbg k|ltlbg
x'Fb}5 . oxfF hª\unL hgfj/nfO{{ glhsaf6 x]g{ nfvf}+ ko{6sx¿ cfpF5g\\ . of] If]qdf ko{6gsf
cnfjf gub] afnLsf] Jofj:fflos pTkfbg / kz'kfngh:tf Joj;fosf] ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\\ .
To;nfO{{ cl3 a9fpg ;s]df clk|msfsf] eljio pHHjn b]lvG5 . lgs'Ghx¿n] :yfgLo jfl;GbfnfO{{
kfg]{ gsf/fTds k|efj sd ug{ yk sfo{j|mdx¿ Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
cfhsn clk|msfdf wgL dflg;x¿n] s]/f, skmL, sf]sf, ;fo;n -h'6h:tf] /];fbf/ afnL_ sf]
Jofj;flos ¿kdf 7'nf kmfd{:6]6x¿df pTkfbg ug{ ;'? u/]sf 5g\\ . o:tf pTkfbgx¿ ljb]zdf
lgof{t ul/G5g\\ .
clk|msL /fi6«x¿ :jtGq ePkl5 ltgn] cfˆgf] cfly{s ljsf;sf lgldQ wgL /fi6«af6 ;g\ !(^)
sf] b;sdf 7'nf] dfqfdf C0f lnPsf lyP . tL /fi6«x¿ cfh of] C0fsf] ;fFjf / Jofh ltg{ ;Sg]
cj:yfdf 5}gg\ . a? pgLx¿nfO{{ yk cfly{s ;xfotfsf] vfFrf] 5 . To;}n] wgL /fi6«x¿n] tL
C0fx¿ ldgfxf u/L yk cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ dfu a9L/x]sf] 5 .
blIf0f clk|msf o; dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf wgL d'n's xf] . o;sf] xfjfkfgL pko'St lsl;dsf] 5 .
oxfF cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ePsf] 5 . oxfF bIf hgzlSt pknAw 5g\\ . o;n] cfˆgf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]
clwstd\ pkof]u u/]sf] 5 . pTkflbt j:t' lgsf;L ug{ ;kmn 5 . log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{
clk|msfsf cGo b]zeGbf of] km/s b]lvG5 . To:t} OlhK6 klg csf]{ ;DkGg b]z xf] . d?e"lddf
klg gfOn gbL / e"dWo;fu/sf sf/0f 7'nf ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; ePsf 5g\\ . zLtn xfjfkfgL,
pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ oxfF o:tf ;x/sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . k|frLg ld>sf] ;Eotf oxfF
ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] .
@= cEof; M
-s_ clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ clk|msf dxfb]zsf] xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf] cj:yf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cflk|msf dxfb]zsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ clk|msf dxfb]z cfly{s ¿kn] k5fl8 kg'{sf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ clk|msfsf] ;efgf If]qdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] 7'nf] ;Defjgf 5 k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ clk|msfsf] /]vfª\lst gS;fdf tnsf tYox¿ eg'{xf];\ .
sª\uf] a]“;L, gfOn gbL, leS6f]l/of tfn, sfo/f], dbfuf:s/ 6fk', lslnd~hf/f] kj{t,
sfnfxf/L d?e"ld .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] k|fs[lts :j¿k eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] k|fs[lts :j¿k eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -u_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s lj|mofsnfk eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
k|Zg g+= -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
k"FhLsf] cefj
bIf hgzlStsf] sdL
ul/aL
/f]u, ef]s / zf]s
ljifd k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL
u[x o'4
k|Zg g+= -ª_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

-s_ 3fF;] d}bfgdf lgs'~hx¿ :yfkgf u/]/ ko{6g pBf]usf] lgsf; ug]{ .
-v_ vlgh pBf]usf] kof{Kt ;Defjgf 5 .
-u_ kz'kfng Joj;fosf] ;Defjgf 5 .
-3_ Jofj;flos s[lifsf] ;Defjgf 5 .
k|Zg g+= -ª_ sf nflu P6n; x]/]/ vfnL gS;fdf lbOPsf tYox¿ eg'{xf];\ / tnsf] gS;f;Fu ?h'
ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M !)
pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf, clk|msf / g]kfn
!= ljifoj:t'
ljZjsf ^ cf]6f dxfåLkx¿dWo] g]kfn Pl;of dxfåLkdf kb{5 . ;~rf/ dfWod / oftfoftsf]
ljsf;sf sf/0f ljZj Pp6f ;femf 3/ h:t} e};s]sf] 5 . oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿ Pp6} 3/sf kl/jf/
h:t} 5g\\ . ljZjsf] Pp6f s'gfdf ePsf] s'g} 36gfn] csf]{ s'gfdf k|efj kfg{ yfn]sf] 5 . To;}n]
xfdLn] cWoog u/]sf dxfåLkx¿ pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msf dxfåLksf ljleGg
d'n'sx¿;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw x'g' :jefljs xf] . g]kfn ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ h}ljs b[li6n]
tL dxfb]zx¿;Fu w]/} s'/fx¿sf] ;fdfgtf af]s]sf] d'n's xf] . of] ;fgf] eP/ klg ljljwtfo'St
d'n's xf] .
-s_ pTt/ cd]l/sf / g]kfn
pTt/ cd]l/sf / g]kfnlar
jiff}{b]lvsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5
. ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf /
Sofgf8fn] g]kfnnfO{{ ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf sfo{df y'k|}
;xof]ux¿ lbPsf 5g\\ .
cd]l/sL :jod\;]jsx¿n]
g]kfndf w]/} jif{ ;]jf
lbPsf 5g\\ . y'k|} g]kfnL
ljBfyL{x¿ cd]l/sfdf
cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\\ eg]
sof}Fn] pRr lzIff xfl;n
u/]/ g]kfndf ;]jf lbO/x]sf
5g\\ . x/]s jif{ sl/a b'O{xhf/sf] ;ª\Vofdf DV sfo{qmdcGtu{t g]kfnLx¿ cd]l/sfdf a;f]jf;sf
lglDt uO/x]sf 5g\\ eg] sfdsf nflu hfg]sf] ;ª\Vof klg w]/} 5 . xfn Sofgf8fdf klg g]kfnLx¿
a;f]jf;sf lgldt hfg yfn]sf 5g\\ . dWo cd]l/sL b]z x}6Ldf g]kfnL zflGt ;]gfn] zflGt
:yfkgfy{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn / pTt/ cd]l/sf larsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿
;dfgtf leGgtf
!= p= cd]l/sfdf /sL kj{t z[ª\vnf / != pTt/ cd]l/sf ljsl;t 5 eg] g]kfn
g]kfndf lxdfno kj{t z[ª\vnf /x]sf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z xf] .
5g\\ .
@= b'j} 7fpFdf y'k|} hfthflt, ;+:s[lt / @= /sL kj{t pTt/ blIf0f k}mlnPsf 5 eg]
efiff eflifsf dflg; a:5g\\ . lxdfno kj{t k"j{ klZrd k}mlnPsf] 5 .
#= g]kfnsf] pTt/tk{m lxpFn] 9fs]sf] lr;f] @= pTt/ cd]l/sfdf 7'nf / ljsl;t ;x/x¿
lxdfnL If]q 5 To:t} pTt/ cd]l/sfsf] 5g\\ . g]kfn ufpF g} ufpFn] el/Psf] 5 .
pTt/df klg lxpFn] 9fs]sf] lr;f] w'|jLo
If]q /x]sf] 5 .
$= pTt/L cd]l/sfdf pi0f ;dzLtf]i0f / $= pTt/ cd]l/sfdf sl/a % k|ltzt dflg;
lr;f] If]q 5 eg] g]kfndf klg blIf0fdf v]tLkftLdf nfu]sf 5g\\ t/ o;n] 7'nf]
pi0f dWoefudf ;dzLtf]i0f / pTt/df dfqfdf vfBfGg lgof{t u5{ . g]kfnsf sl/a
lr;f] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . *) k|ltzt dflg;x¿ s[lifdf nfu]sf 5g\\
t/ g]kfndf vfBfGg cefjsf sf/0f
vfBfGg cfoft ug'{k5{ .
%= g]kfn / pTt/ cd]l/sf b'j}df %= p= cd]l/sfdf k|]l/hsf] d}bfg cGgsf] e08f/
lxdgbLx¿ 5g\\ . xf] eg] g]kfndf t/fO{sf] d}bfg cGgsf]
e08f/ xf] .
-v_ g]kfn / blIf0f cd]l/sf
g]kfn / blIf0f cd]l/sflar pTt/ cd]l/sfh:tf] glhssf] ;DaGw 5}g t/ klg g]kfn / blIf0f
cd]l/sL d'n'sx¿lar s'g} g s'g} ;DaGw eg] 5 . blIf0f cd]l/sL d'n's ch]{lG6gf, a|flhn, lrnL
nufotsf k'm6jnsf lglDt k|l;4 d'n'sx¿sf ôfg g]kfndf k|z:t 5g\\ . sof}F g]kfnLx¿ blIf0f
cd]l/sL d'n'sx¿df sfd u5{g\ . s}of}+F blIf0f cd]l/sL d'n'ssf dflg;x¿ g]kfn e|d0f ug{
cfpF5g\\ . pTt/ cd]l/sL d'n'sx¿h:tf] blIf0f cd]l/sL d'n'sx¿ wgL / ;DkGg 5}gg\ .
g]kfn / blIf0f cd]l/sflarsf] ;dfgtf / leGgtf
;dfgtf leGgtf
!= blIf0f cd]l/sL d'n'sx¿ ljsf;f]Gd'v != b= cd]l/sfdf a|flhn, ch]{lG6gf, lrnLh:tf
/fi6«x¿ x'g\ eg] g]kfn klg ljsf;df cl3 a9]sf d'n'sx¿ 5g\\ eg]
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6« xf] . g]kfnsf s}of}F hgtf ce}m ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf 5g\\ .
@= g]kfndf lxdfno kj{t >]0fL ePh:t} @= b= cd]l/sfdf l/of]lb h]g]/f], Jo'g; cfo;{
blIf0f cd]l/sfdf Pl08h kj{t >]0fL ;fcf]kf]nf], a|fl;lnofh:tf 7'nf ;x/x¿ ljsf;
/x]sf] 5 . ePsf 5g\\ t/ g]kfndf ce}m lk5l8Psf
ufpFx¿sf] afx'Notf 5 .
#= a|flhn ljZjs} ;a}eGbf w]/} skmL #= ToxfF Jofj;flos ¿kdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf]
pTkfbg ug]{ d'n's xf] eg] g]kfndf k|of]u u/]/ v]tL / kz'kfng ul/G5 eg]
klg skmL v]tLsf] ;Defjgf 5 / g]kfndf k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] ul/G5 . To:t}
pTkfbg eO/x]sf] klg 5 . ToxfF skmL pTkfbg ul/G5 eg] g]kfndf lrof
pTkfbg ul/G5 .
$= b'j} 7fpF ul/aLn] JofKt 5 . $= b=cd]l/sfdf ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf a9L prfOdf
/x]sf] kfgL hxfh rnfpg ldNg] tfn l6l6sfsf
/x]sf] 5 eg] ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf prfOdf /x]sf]
tfn ltlnrf] g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 .
%= b'j} 7fpFdf xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtf 5 . %= blIf0f cd]l/sf jl/kl/ ;d'b|n] 3]l/Psf] dxfåLk
xf] eg] g]kfn e"kl/j]li7t ;fgf] d'n's xf] .

^= Pl08h kj{t >]0fLdf nfdf elgg] ^= blIf0f cd]l/sf jiff}{;Dd o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿sf]
hgfj/ kflnG5 h;nfO{{ df;', b'w / pklgj]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] eg] g]kfn
ef/L af]sfpgsf lglDt k|of]u ul/G5 k|frLg sfnb]lv g} :jtGq d'n'ssf] ¿kdf
. g]kfnsf] lxdfnL k|b]zdf rf}/L / /x]sf] 5 .
Rofª\u|f gfdsf hgfj/x¿nfO{{ To:t}
k|of]hgsf lglDt k|of]u ul/G5 .
&= ch]{lG6gfsf] 3fF;] d]}bfg / g]kfnsf] &= b= cd]l/sfsf] pTt/L If]qdf pi0f xfjfkfgL
lxdfnL If]qsf] 3fF;] e"lddf 7'nf] kfOG5 eg] g]kfnsf] blIf0fL t/fO{ If]qdf pi0f
;ª\Vofdf e]8f kfng ul/G5 . xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
*= b= cd]l/sf / g]kfn b'j} hn;|f]tsf *= b= cd]l/sfdf c6fsfdf gfdsf] pi0f d?e"ld 5
wgL d'n's x'g\ . hnljB't Ifdtfsf eg] g]kfndf dgfªb]lv x'Dnf;Ddsf] ;dzLtf]i0f
b[li6n] a|flhn ljZjs} klxnf] d'n's d?e"ld 5 .
xf] eg] g]kfn bf];|f] d'n's xf] .
-u_ g]kfn / clk|msf
g]kfnsf] clk|msL d'n'sx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw Tolt k'/fgf] gePklg xfn cfP/ tL d'n'sx¿;Fu ;DaGw
lj:tf/ x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn / clk|msL d'n'sx¿ b'j} ljkGg d'n's x'g\ . clk|msL ko{6sx¿
g]kfn cfpF5g\\ eg] g]kfnLx¿n] ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 nufotsf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfdfk{mt clk|msfdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\\ . g]kfnLx¿ ;f]dflnof, sª\uf], a'?08L, ;'8fgnufotsf
d'n'sdf u[xo'4 cGTo ug{ zflGt ;]gfsf] ¿kdf vl6Psf 5g\\ .
g]kfn / clk|msflarsf] ;dfgtf / leGgtf
;dfgtf leGgtf
!= clwsf+z clk|msL d'n'sx¿ / g]kfn != clk|msf vlgh ;fwgn] ;DkGg dxfb]z xf]
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\\ . eg] g]kfn hn;|f]tn] ;DkGg dxfb]z xf] .
@= clk|msfdf w]/}h;f] d'n'sx¿, h:t}– @= clk|msfsf] clwsf+z e"–efu ;'vf / phf8
a'?08L ;f]dflnof, hfo/ -sª\uf]_ 5 eg] g]kfn x/fe/f d'n's xf] .
Olyof]lkof cflbdf u[xo'4 / åGå 5 eg]
g]kfn klg ljutdf !) jif{;Dd åGåsf]
l:yltdf /xg k'Uof] .
#= g]kfn / clk|msf b'j}df /fli6«o #= g]kfnsf] t/fO{df pi0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg]
lgs'~hx¿ 5g\\ . o; dxfb]zsf] ;a}7fpFdf pi0f xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 .
$= b'j} 7fpFdf s[lif / kz'kfng g} d'Vo $= clk|msfdf y'k|} 7fpF d?e"ldn] 9fs]sf] 5 eg]
cfly{s lqmofsnfk xf] . g]kfndf lxpFn] 9fs]sf] 5 .
%= g]kfn e"kl/j]li7t d'n's xf] eg] %= clk|msfdf sfnf hfltsf] afx'Notf 5 eg]
clk|msfdf klg y'k|} d'n'sx¿ e"kl/j]li7t g]kfndf cfo{g / dª\uf]n hfltsf] ;ld>0f
5g\\ . 5.
^= clk|msf / g]kfn b'j}df w]/} k|sf/sf ^= clk|msfsf] d?e"ld If]qdf dfn;fdfg cf];fg{
cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; 5 . pFm6sf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] g]kfnsf] lxdfnL
pgLx¿sf] ;+:s[lt ljljw k|sf/sf] 5 . k|b]zdf rf}/L, e]F8f / Rofª\u|f Pjd\ vr/nfO{{
;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
&= b'j}nfO{{ ef]s, /f]u / zf]sn] u|:t kf/]sf] &= clk|msfdf ;efgfsf] pi0f 3fF;]e"ld 5 eg]
5. g]kfndf n]sfnL lr;f] 3fF;] e"ld 5 .
*= cfly{s cefjn] ubf{ clk|msL d'n's / *= clk|msfdf ufO{nfO{{ /utsf nflu kflnG5 /
g]kfn b'j}n] ePsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] To;sf] jw ul/G5 eg] g]kfndf ufO{nfO{{
pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k"hf ug]{ / To;sf] aw ug{ alh{t 5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf, g]kfn / clk|msflardf lgDglnlvt a'Fbfsf cfwf/df t'ngf
ug'{xf];\ .
-s_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u
-v_ hghLjg
-u_ xfjfkfgL
-v_ pTt/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf / clk|msfsf af/]df 5'§f5'§} ljj/0fx¿ eg'{xf];\ . tL
ljj/0fsf cfwf/df ltgLx¿lar t'ngf ug'{xf];\, h:t} M
dxfb]z k|fs[lts If]q cjl:ylt xfjfkfgL k|fs[lts jg:klt hghLjg
clk|msf ;xf/f clk|msfsf] udL{ / SofS6;, l;pF8L lk5l8Psf,
d?:ynLo pTt/L ;'Vvf hftsf] jg:klt hg3gTj Hofb} sd,
If]q v08 vfBfGgsf]] cefj
-u_ a|flhn / g]kfn b'j} hnljB'tsf] ;Ifdtfsf b[li6n] wgL dflgG5g\\ . t/ b'j}n] To;
Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;sf ;+efljt sf/0fx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfn / p= cd]l/sf, b= cd]l/sf Pjd\ clk|msflarsf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ 5'6[f5'6[}
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-7_ clk|msfdf nueu &% k|ltzt dflg;x¿n] s[lif sfo{ u/L hLjg lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\\ eg]
Sofgf8fdf sl/a # k|ltzt dflg; s[lifdf 5g\\ . g]kfnsf] l:ylt;Fu t'ngf ub}{ o;sf
sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k| g+= -s_ nflu nflu kf7 ^ -s_, ^ -v_ / ^ -u_ x]g'{xf];\ / tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
pTt/ cd]l/sf b= cd]l/sf clk|msf g]kfn
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u
hghLjg xfjfkfgL
-v_ k| g+= -v_ sf nflu dflysf] kf7 cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ k| g+= -u_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
k"FhLsf] cefj
bIf hgzlStsf] sdL
pks/0fsf] sdL
ahf/sf] ;d:of
-3_ k| g+= -3_ sf nflu sf lglDt dflysf] kf7 cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

-ª_ k| g+= -ª_ sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ hjfkm n]Vg'xf];\ .
g]kfn s[lif k|wfg d'n's ePklg k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] v]tL ul/G5, Jofj;flos ¿kdf ul/Fb}g .
cfw'lgs k|ljlw, dn, aLpm, s[lif cf}hf/ cflbsf] k|of]u ul/Fb}g . t/ Sofgf8fdf Jofj;flos ¿kdf
7'nf kmfd{ :6]6x¿df pGgt / cfw'lgs tl/sfn] v]tL ul/G5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] eGbf pTkfbsTj
a9L 5 . clk|msfdf pAhfpzLn hldgsf sf/0f pTkfbsTj -k|ltPsfO hldgsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf_
g]kfnsf] eGbf klg sd 5 . To;}n] g]kfn / clk|msfdf a9L hg;ª\Vof s[lifdf cfl>t ePklg
vfgfsf] cefj 5 .
$= yk lgb]{zg
ljZjsf ljleGg dxfb]zx¿sf af/]df of] cWoog dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . x/]s lbg /]l8of] ;'Gg],
6]lnlehg x]g]{ jf kqklqsf k9\g] ug'{k5{ . P6n;åf/f ljleGg k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts tYox¿sf]
af/]df hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . ljZjsf dxfb]zx¿sf] /]vfª\lst gS;fdf ljleGg tYox¿ eg]{
cEof; ug'{k5{ .
kf7 !!=
e"sDk / ;'gfdL
!= ljifoj:t'
k[YjLsf] ;tx crfgs xNng] jf ys{g] k|fs[lts k|lqmofnfO{{ e"sDk jf e'OFrfnf] (Earth quake)
elgG5 . k[YjLsf] ;tx bfofFafofF eP/ xlNnPdf To;nfO{{ lIflthLo sDk (Horizontal quake)
elgG5 eg] tndfly xlNnPdf 7f8f] sDk (Vertical quake) elgG5 . 7f8f] sDkeGbf lIflthLo
sDk a9L vt/gfs x'G5 . lIflthLo sDkdf 3/x¿ eTsbf bfofFafofF 9Ng] jf uf/f]x¿
bfofFafFofFtk{
tk{m 9N5g\
9N \ . 7f8f] sDk s x'bfFbf 3/x¿ elTsP/
Ps}7fpF
fpdf y'k|f] nfU5 . k[YjLsf] leqL efudf ;a}eGbf klxnf
e"sDk pTklQ x'g] laGb'nfO{{ xfOkf];]G6/ (Hypo center)
elgG5 . pSt sDk ;Lwf dfly cfO{ k[YjLsf] ;txdf
cfOk'Ug] ljGb'nfO{
nfO{{ Olk;]G6/ (Epicenter) elgG5 . oxLF
oxLaf6
e"sDksf t/ª\ t/ªux¿
ux¿ rf/}tk{k{m k}mlnG5g\
lnG \ . e"sDksf] ult,
:yfg, tLj|tf, pTklQ, k}mnfj6 cflb gfKg] oGqnfO{ oGq {
l;:df]u|fkm (Seasmo graph) elgG5 . l;:df] u|fkm lrq -s_
e"sDk hfFhfbf
bf l;:df]u|fkm oGqdf h8fg ePsf] u|fkm k]k/df afª\afªuufl6ª\
fl6ªufuf /]vfx¿ cª\
cªlst x'G5g\
5g\ .
l;:df]u|fkmsf /]vfx¿sf]
vfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ e"sDksf] Ifdtf, lbzf, pTklQ :yfg cflbaf/] hfgsf hfgsf/L
lbOG5 . lrq -s_ -s_ df lIflthLo xnrn gfKg] oGq b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;df dl;gf] tf/df
e'm08\
08ofOPsf]
ofOPsf] ux|f}F kbfy{ cufl8 k5fl8 dfq rNg ;S5 . o;df h8fg ul/Psf] sndn] 3'Dg]
8«ddf a]l/Psf] u|fkm k]k/df /]vfx¿ lvR5 . To:t} lrq -v_ v_ df l:k|ª\df c8\ofOPsf]
ofOPsf] ux|f} kbfy{n]
tndfly
dfly xlNnP/ /]vf lvR5g\
lvR5g\\ . o;/L lvlrPsf] /]vfx¿
fx¿nfO{{ l;:df]u|fd elgG5 . lrqdf b]vfOPsf]
lIflthLo sDk gfKg] oGq xf] . rf/ /]S6/ :s]n ;Ddsf e"sDk dflg;n] ;lhn} dx;'; ug{
;sb \ . ;fdfGotof % /]S6/ :s]n;Ddsf] e"sDk sd vt/gfs x'G5 eg] & /]S6/ :s]neGbf
;sb5g\
dflysf] e"sDk eofgs Iflt ug]{ vfnsf] x'G5 .
-c_ e"sDksf] sf/0f
k[YjLdf e"sDk hfg] b'O{ sf/0fx¿ 5g\\ M
-s_ cfGtl/s xnrn
k[YjLsf] s]Gb| d08ndf tftf] n]bf] jf cw{ t/n kbfy{ 5 . To;dfly dxfåLksf l9Ssfx¿
(Tectonic plates) t}l/P/ /x]sf 5g\\ . tL l9Ssfx¿
l9Ssfx¿ k[YjLsf] s]Gb|d08ndf /x]sf] u'?Tjansf
sf/0f / DofUdfsf] xnrnsf
sf/0f l:y/ /xg ;Sb}gg\g .
ltgL
ltgLx¿ lj:tf/} Pscsf{k|lt
tflgb} jf 5'l6F6b}b} hfG5g\
hfG \ . o;
qmddf b'O{ l9Ssf Ps
csf{k|lt hf]l8F8b}b} jf 3'l;|b}Fb}
hfg] j|mddf
d (tectonic
tectonic plate)
plate)
larsf] efu Roflkg hfG5 .
larsf]
o;/L b'b'O{ l9Ssfx¿ cfk;df
hf]l8F8b} hfFbf
bf nfvf}F jif{df
hldg v'lDrP/ df]8bf/ kxf8x¿sf]
kxf8 sf] lgdf{0f x'g hfG5 . Plzofsf] lxdfno kj{t >]0fL, pTt/
cd]l/sfsf] /sL / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] Pl08h kj{t >]0fL o;/L g} lgdf{0f ePsf x'g\ . o;/L Pp6f
l9Ssf csf]{ l9Ssfleq 3':b} hfFbf hldg leqsf 7'nf r§fgx¿df c8\lsP/ a:g k'U5 . w]/}
jif{;Dd Psf]xf]/f] an kl//xFbf tL r§fgx¿ 6'lqmg k'U5g\\ . h;n] ubf{ hldg PSsf;L ;g{ k'Ub5 .
To;}n] e"sDk pTkGg x'G5 . Plzofsf] ltAatLo l9Ssfleq ef/tLo l9Ssf 3':g] qmd hf/L 5 .
g]kfn b'O{ l9Ssfsf] lardf k5{ . To;}n] oxfF e"sDk hfg] 7'nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L k[YjLleq ljleGg sf/0fn] 7'nf vf8nx¿ kb{5g\\ . tL vf8nx¿ k'l/Fbf dflysf] hldg
efl;G5 / yls{P/ e"sDk pTkGg x'G5 .
-v_ Hjfnfd'vL
k[YjLleqsf] n]bf] kbfy{nfO{{ Dofudf elgG5 . k[YjLleq s'g} l5b| jf sdhf]/ efu e]6]df pSt kbfy{
hf]8;Fu lj:kmf]6 eP/ aflx/ lg:s5 To;nfO{{ Hjfnfd'vL elgG5 . Hjfnfd'vL lg:sFbf klg hldg
yls{P/ e"sDk hfg] u5{ . t/ of] w]/} 6f9f;Dd k}mlnFb}g . o;/L b'O{ Kn]6 hf]l8g] 7fpFx¿ /
Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 x'g] 7fpFx¿df a9L e"sDk hfG5 .
-cf_ e"sDksf] If]q
dxfåLkLo l9Ssfx¿ hf]l8Psf 7fpF, kj{tLo z[ª\vnfx¿ / Hjfnfd'vLsf If]qx¿df a9L e"sDk
hfG5g\\ . ljZjsf lxdfno kj{t z[ª\vnf, /sL kj{t z[ª\vnf, Pl08h kj{t z[ª\vnf, lxGbs'z kj{t
z[ª\vnf, ;'n]dfg kj{t z[ª\vnf x'Fb} O/fg, 6sL{ / o'/f]ksf] cfNk; kj{t z[ª\vnf;Dd e"sDksf]
If]q k}mlnPsf] 5 .
bf];|f] If]q k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] lsgf/L efu / cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] k"jL{ / klZrdL lsgf/L efu
e"sDksf b[li6n] a9L hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 . hfkfgdf b}lgs ¿kdf ;fgfltgf e"sDkx¿ uO/xG5 . o;
If]qdf ;d'b|sf ulx/f lkFwx¿ sdhf]/ x'g] x'Fbf ;d'Gb|leq Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 eO/xG5 . h;n]
ubf{ e"sDk w]/} hfG5 . g]kfn klg e"sDksf] b[li6n] a9L hf]lvk"0f{ If]qdf kb{5 . lj=;+= @)&@
j}zfv !@ ut]sf lbg uf]/vf s]Gb| agfP/ 7'nf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] . of] lj= ;+= !(() kl5sf] 7'nf]
e"sDk xf]] . g]kfndf ;fdfGotof *) b]lv !)) jif{sf] cGt/fndf 7'nf e"sDkx¿ uPsf] Oltxf;n]
b]vfpF5 .
-O_ Iflt
e"sDkaf6 w]/} ljgfz x'g ;S5 . 3/x¿ eTsg], af6f], k'n Wj:t x'g], hldg lr/f kg]{, hldg
efl;g] jf p7\g], hldgd'lgaf6 kfgL / afn'jf lg:sg], lah'nLsf kf]nx¿ 9Ng], afFwx¿ eTs]/
af9L cfpg], ;d'b|sf] kfgL 55lNsP/ ;'gfdL cfpg], ;d'b|L lsgf/ efl;g] h:tf ljgf;sf/L
sfo{x¿ x'G5g\\ . o;af6 xhf/f} dflg;sf] Hofg hfg ;S5 . cfunfuL x'g ;S5 .
-O{_ e"sDkaf6 hf]lug] pkfo
e"sDksf sf/0fn] eGbf klg e"sDksf a]nf dflg;n] agfPsf ;+/rgfx¿ eTs]/ dflg;sf] Hofg
hfg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . o;af6 x'g] Iflt sd ug{ / aRg lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg'k5{ M
e"sDk cfpg' cl3
-s_ e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds 3/x¿ agfpg] .
-v_ e"sDkLo k"j{ tof/L of]hgf agfpg] / k"jf{Eof; ug]{
-u_ cfktsfnLg emf]nfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ e"sDk cfPdf sxfF hDdf x'g] s;/L ;'/lIft x'g] eGg]
;DaGwdf kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / ljBfnodf 5nkmn ug]{
-3_ 3/, ljBfno, sfof{no cflbdf ;'/lIft :yfgx¿sf] klxrfg .
-ª_ cfkt\sfnLg ;dosf] nflu cTofjZos j:t'x¿sf] hf]xf] .
-r_ e'O{+rfnf] kl5sf] ;Dks{ of]hgf .
-5_ e"sDk hfg] a]nfdf emg]{ u/L 6k, 5t, e\mofn, b/fhdfly, leQ / l;/fgLdf ;fdfg g/fVg] .
e"sDk uO/x]sf] a]nf
-s_ e"sDk uO/x]sf a]nf hyfefjL gbf}8g],
-v_ 3/ leq eP ;s];Dd l56f] aflx/ lg:sg] k|of; ug]{ . dflyNnf] tnf jf leqL sf]7fx¿df
eP TolxFsf] ;'/lIft :yfgdf z/L/ ;fgf] agfP/ a:g] .
-u_ 3/ aflx/ eP aflx/ s} ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g] . 3/ leq s'g} klg xfntdf ghfg] .
-3_ 3/, ljBfno, sfof{nodf eP / aflx/ lg:sg g;lsg] eP 6]jn jf vf6d'lg a:g], 6fpsf]
hf]ufpg], leqL uf/f] jf 9f]sfd'lg a:g] . 3'F8f 6]sL u'7'NsL z/L/ ;fgf] agfP/ 6fps] xftn]
5f]k]/ a:g] .
-ª_ aflx/L uf/f] 5]pdf ga:g], ?vd'lg ga:g], rf/}tk{m kms]{/ ;d"xdf a:g] ug'{k5{ .
e"sDk uO;s]kl5
-s_ e"sDk u};s]kl5 lah'nLsf tf/, l;;f eTs]sf ;+/rgf cflbaf6 hf]lug] .
-v_ cfktsfnLg emf]nf lnP/ ;s];Dd l56f] aflx/sf] v'nf jf ;'/lIft :yfgdf lg:sg] .
-u_ k"j{ tof/L of]hgf cg';f/ v'nf 7fpFdf hfg]

-3_ kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] vf]hL ug]{
-ª_ e"sDkaf6 Iflt ePsf] 7fpFdf cfk"mn] ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L
;ª\3;+:yfn] u/]sf p4f/ sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{k5{ .
-p_ ;'gfdL
;'gfdL zAb hfkfgL zAb xf] . ;'sf] cy{
aGbuf{x jf hxfh ;d'b|af6 ;''/lIft /fVg]
hldgsf] vf8L h:tf] efu xf] eg] gfdL sf]
cy{ 5fn jf kfgLsf]t/+u x'G5 . o;/L
;'gfdL eg]sf] aGbuf{xdf ;d'b|L lsgf/fdf
cfpg] kfgLsf] t/+u eGg] a'lemG5 . ;d'b|sf]
lkFwdf crfgs xnrn k}bf ePdf jf lkFwsf]
hldg tndfly ;/]df ;d'b|df ;'gfdL k}bf
x'G5 . ha k[YjLsf 7'nf l9Ssfx¿
(tectonic plates) cfk;df ;b{5g\\ ToxfF
zlSt k}bf x'G5 / e"sDk ;d]t hfG5 .
lrqdf dxfFåLksf l9sf ;bf{ pTkGg ansf sf/0f To;sf] l;wfdflysf] kfgLsf] ;tx dfly p7]sf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . To;/L p7]sf] kfgL PSsf;L cf]n{+bf ;'gfdL k}bf x'G5 / lsgf/ftkm{ 7'nf] nx/
cfpF5 . To;/L lkFwdf pTkGg ePsf] zlSt / xnrnsf] sf/0fn] ;d'b|sf] ;Gt'ng lju|G5 /
55lNsP/ kfgLsf] t/ª\u pTkGg x'G5 . o;/L c;Gt'lnt kfgLn] cfˆgf] ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ qmddf
o:tf ljzfn t/ª\u / nx/x¿ k}bf x'G5g\\ / lsgf/tkm{ a9\b5g\\ . o:tf nx/x¿ Ps kl5 csf}{
ub}{ >]0fLj4 ¿kdf pn{g] ub{5g\\ . o:tf t/ªux¿ b;f}F lkm6 cUnf ;d]t x'G5g\\ . h;/L Pp6f
kf]v/Ldf 9'ª\uf ôfSbf t/ª\u pTkGg x'G5 To;}u/L ;d'b|sf] lkFwdf sDk pTkGg x'Fbf jf
Hjfnfd'vL pTkGg x'Fbf jf klx/f] hfFbf jf cflGtl/s j:kmf]6 x'Fbf To;sf] l7s dflysf] kfgLsf]
;tx p7\g] jf efl;g] u5{ . h;n] c;Gt'ng k}bf u/L t/+u pTkGg u/fpF5 . oL t/+ux¿ ;fdfGo
/ lgoldt ¿kdf rNg] t/+ux¿ eGbf Hofb} eofgs cUnf, / tLa| ultsf x'G5g\\ . ;fdfGotof
;'gfdLsf] cf};t ult $%) dfOn k|lt306fsf] x'G5 . o;n] ;d'b|L lsgf/fdf ePsf] j:tLx¿ Wj:t
kfg'{sf] ;fy} wg hgsf] 7'nf] Iflt u5{ . hfkfg ;a}eGbf a9L ;'gfdL hfg] d'n's xf] .
xfd|f] h:tf] e"kl/j]lil7t d'n'sdf ;'gfdLsf] s'g} vt/f x'fb}g t/ xfnsf jif{x¿df g]kfnLx¿sf]
ljb]zLg] qmd Hofb} tLa| ePsf] x'gfn] tL ljb]lzPsf g]kfnLx¿n] ;d'b|L lsgf/L If]qdf /x]/ sfd
ubf{ ;'gfdLsf af/]df yfxfkfO /fv]sf] v08df ;+efljt vt/faf6 d'St x'g ;Sg] jf ;'/lIft x'g
;Sg] ;+efjgf x'G5 . To;}n] ;a}n] ;'gfdLaf6 aRg lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
;'gfdL cfpg' k"j{
;fydf k'/} kfj/ ePsf] Jofl6« ;lxtsf] /]l8of] /fVg] / /]l8of] ;'gL /xg] .
olb ;'gfdL cfOxfn]df stf efUg] eGg] af6f] / 7fpFsf] to ul//xg] . slDtdf klg krf;
lkm6 cUnf] 7fpFdf dfq ;'/lIf x'g ;lsG5 .
e'OFrfnf] hfg] ljlQs} /]l8of] vf]Ng] / ;'gfdL ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;'Gg] . sl/a @) b]lv #)
ldg]6leq pSt 7fpF 58]/ ;'/lIft cUnf] 7fpFtkm{ s'lbxfNg] .
r]tfjgL s'/]/ ga:g] . 7fpF 5fl8xfNg] .
;'gfdL cfO/x]sf] ;dodf
tkfOF 6f9f k'u]sf] ePklg ;'gfdL ;DaGwL
r]tfjgL ;'gL/xg'xf];\
tTsfn} cUnf] 7fpFdf u}xfNg'xf];\ . cUnf]
7fpF ge]l6Pdf cUnf] 3/sf] dflyNnf
tnfdf hfg'xf];\
;'gfdLsf] nx/ x]/]/ ga:g'xf];\ tkfOFnfO{{
To;}n] aufpg ;S5 . efluxfNg'xf];\
olb tkfOF 7'nf] 8'ª\ufdf x'g'x'G5 eg]
tTsfn ;d'b|sf] ulx/fO w]/}ePsf] efutkm{
a9\g'xf];\
olb ;fgf] 8'ª\ufdf lsgf/fsf] glhs
x'g'x'G5 eg] tTsfn lsgf/fdf uO{ cUnf]
7fpFtkm{ hfg'xf];\
c¿nfO{{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\
;"rgf ;'gL/xg'xf];\ .
;'gfdL u};s] kl5

:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] ;"rgf gkfP;Dd
;'gfdL k|efljt If]qdf gkms{g'xf];\ .
kfgLsf] ;tx sdhf]/ geP;Dd 3/
gkm{g'xf];\ .
ljh'nL, kfgL, cfuf]sf] hfFr u/]/ ;'/lIft ePdf dfq 3/ k|j]z ug'{xf];\ .
ltvf / km'6]sf l;;fn] g5]8\g] h'Qf nufpg'xf];\ .
;nfO{ jf nfO{6/ gsf]g'{xf];\ . Uof; lns ePsf] eP cfunfuL x'g;S5 .
;a} vfgf ;'gfdLsf] b'lift kfgLn] k|b'lift 5 eGg] dfg]/ tTsfn gvfg'xf];\ .
;k{, laR5L nufotsf ljifn' hLjn] 6f]Sg ;S5g\\ ;r]t x'g'xf];\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ e"sDk hfg] If]qx¿ b]vfOPsf] gS;f x]/L pSt If]qdf kg]{ b]z jf b]zsf efux¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\
xfOkf];]G6/ / Olk;]G6/
e"sDk / Hjfnfd'vL
l;:df]u|fkm / l;:df]u|fd
-u_ e"sDkaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ pNn]v ub}{ cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;Gbe{df Ps ;'/Iff of]hgf tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ e"sDksf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ ;'gfdL s] xf] / of] lsg cfpF5 <
-r_ ;'gfdLaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ e"sDk cfpg' cl3, cfO/x]sf] a]nf / cfO;s]kl5 ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu P6n; x]/]/ ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ / h:t} – g]kfn, hfkfg, ef/t /
kfls:tfgsf] pTt/ efu, O08f]g]lzof, lkmlnlkG;, cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f / d]lS;sf]sf] klZrdL
tyf k"jL{ lsgf/f cflb .
-v_ k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' x]g'{xf];\ .
-u_ k|Zg g+= -u_ sf nflu kf7 % sf] e"sDkaf6 hf]lug] pkfo x]g'{xf];\ / ;'/Iff of]hgf
agfpg'xf];\ h:t} xfd|f] ;d'bfodf e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf nflu lgDg sfo{x¿ ul/g]5 .
e"sDk;DaGwL hgr]tgf hufpg],
3/ agfpg] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{,
sf]7f, 6k, 5fgf cflbdf ;fdfgx¿ g/fVg],
e"sDksf a]nf jf e"sDk u};s]kl5 ;fjwfgL ckgfpg],
ljBfnodf 8]:s a]~r hf]8]/ gagfpg] .
e"sDkLo k"jf{Eof; ug]{
e"sDkLo :yfgfGt/0f gS;f agfpg]
-3_ k|Zg g+= -3_, -ª_, -r_ / -5_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' x]g'{xf];\ .
kf7 !@
gS;f sfo{
!= ljifoj:t'
-c_ gS;fsf] kl/ro
hldgsf] If]qkmnnfO{{ lglZrt gfkf]sf cfwf/df ;fgf] agfO sfuhdf ptfl/of] eg] To;nfO{{ gS;f
elgG5 . s'g} hldg jf j:t' jf ;+/rgfsf] l;wf dflyaf6 x]bf{ b]lvg] cfs[lt gS;f xf] . gS;fdf
nDafO / rf}8fO dfq b]vfpg ;lsG5 . lrq / gS;f km/s s'/f xf] . lrqdf prfO, nDafO /
rf}8fOnfO{{ sf]0fcg';f/ b]vfpg] k|of; ul/G5 . lrqdf x]/fOsf] sf]0fcg';f/ km/s cfs[lt b]lvG5 .
t/ gS;f ;w}F Pp6} sf]0f -dflyaf6_ x]l/g] x'Fbf Pp6} cfs[lt b]lvG5 . h:t} M
6]jnsf] gS;f 6]ansf] lrq

w/ftnsf] ;tx jf ToxfF ePsf k|fs[lts j:t'x¿, h:t}– kxf8, d}bfg, gbL, hª\un cflb
b]vfOPsf] gS;fnfO{{ ef}lts gS;f elgG5 . To;}u/L dflg;n] agfPsf j:t'x¿, lhNnf, c~rn,
;x/, ufpF cflb b]vfpg] gS;f ;f+:s[lts gS;f xf] . s]xL s'/f hfgsf/L u/fpg agfOPsf] gS;f
Themetic gS;f xf] . lglZrt gfkf] (Scale) sf cfwf/df sfuhdf ptfl/Psf] vfsfnfO{{ gS;f
elgG5 . gS;fdf pTt/ lbzf cª\lst x'G5 . gS;fdf ljleGg ;ª\s]t / /ªx¿åf/f ljljw tYox¿
b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . gS;f x]/]/ g} xfdL jf:tljs s'/fx¿sf] cg'dfg ug]{ jf b"/L kQf nufpg] ub{5f}F .
-cf_ gS;f cWoog / lgdf{0f
o; kf7df xfdL g]kfnsf] gS;f ptfg]{ / To;df ljleGg ;ª\s]tx¿ eg]{ cEof;
ug]{5f}F . gS;f ptfg]{ cEof; ug{ ljleGg ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t},
s= :jtGq gS;fª\sg ljlw M tof/L gS;f x]/L ;f]xL cg';f/ sfuhdf gS;f ptfg]{ sfo{nfO{{
:jtGq gS;fª\sg ljlw elgG5 . w]/} k6ssf] cEof;kl5 of] sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} ;Ifd, lhDd]jf/ / c;n gful/s agfpg] xf] . p;nfO{{
g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg l;sfpg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo sd;]sd Ps g]kfnL gful/sn] cfˆgf] /fi6«sf]
cfs[lt lbdfvdf /fVg ;sf];\ . eljiodf /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L p;sf] xftdf x'g]5 . To;
avt p;n] cfˆgf] /fi6«sf] j:t'l:ylt a'em]/ To;sf] pGglt / k|ultsf nflu lj|mofzLn xf]; eGg]
g} xf] . To;}n] g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] sfo{df of] uf/f] 5, h:tfsf] To:t} gS;f sf]g{ ;Sg' k5{
cGoyf ldNb}g eg]/ xtf]T;flxt gagL lg/Gt/ cEof; u/]/ l;Sg' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] gS;f ptfg{
;fdfGotof lgDgg';f/sf Go"gtd\ cfwf/x¿ a'‰g' kb{5 .
g]kfn cfotfsf/ 5 .
g]kfn klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ 9Ns]sf] 5 .
g]kfn klZrd tkm{ km/flsnf] / k"j{df ;fF3'/f] 5 .

g]kfn sl/j cw{ rGb|fsf/ h:tf] u/L
u afª\luPs]
luPs]f 5 .
l;dfgfdf :ki6
l;dfgf ki6 b]lvg] leq 3';]sf / aflx/ lg:s]sf s]xL efux¿ 5g\\ .
k]lG;nsf] ;xfotfn] ;fbf sfutdf klxn] tnsf] tnsf] h:t} cw{ rGb|fsf/ cfot agfpg] . To;df
klxn] pTt/ tkm{sf] dWoefusf] l;dfgfdf clns afofF tkm{ pN6f] o' cfsf/sf] g]kfnsf] e"ld
ltAat tkm{ 3';]sf] efu agfpg] . To:t} To;s]f l7s tn bfofF tkm{ Kn]6 3f]K6f] kf/] h:t} u/L
ef/tsf] e"ld g]kfn tkm{ 3';]sf] efu agfpg] . o;} u/L k"jL{ l;d l;dfgfdf
fgfdf df5fsf] k'R5/ h:tf]
cfs[lt
lt agfpg] . pTt/ klZrdsf] s'gfdf d]6]/ c+u|]hL h] h:t} cfsf/ agfpg] . o;/L pSt
cfotsf] l;dfgf d]6b}\b} P6n; x]b}{ l;dfgfsf d'Vo d'Vo cflj|mltx¿
ltx¿ agfpFb} hfg] . hyfefjL
lsl/dL/L gug]{ . ;fdfGo cfsf/ k|sf/ ldn]df x'G5 .
o;/L v'nf xftn]
xftn] ptfl/Psf] gS;f h:tfsf] To:t} ptfg} eg] ;lsFb}g . ;fdfGo cfsf/ k|sf/ ldn]
k'U5 . x/]s gS;f k"0f{ x'g slDtdf ltg cfwf/e"t s'/f x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . pTt/ lbzf, ;+s]t /
:s]n jf gfkf] . t/ xfdLn] v'nf
xftn] sf]g]{ gS;fx¿df pTt/
lbzf / ;+s]t dfq b]vfpg
;S5f}F . gfkf]sf] k|of]u ug{
;Sb}gf}F . sltko lzIfsn]
k|j]lzsf k/LIffdf lbOg]
cfotsf] gfkf]nfO{
nfO{{ g} :s]n xf]
eGg] unt a'em]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
cfotsf] gfkf] lbg'sf] p2]Zo
g]kfnsf] gS;fsf] :s]n lgwf{/0f
ug'{ geP/ ;a} ljBfyL{
ljBfyL{sf] gS;fsf] cfsf/df Ps¿ktf
Ps tf xf];\ / d"Nofª
ofª\sgdf
df ;xhtf xf];\ eg]/ xf] .
-v_ 6«]; ug]{ ljlw M g]kfnsf] Pp6f /]vfª\lst gS;fdfly kftnf] sfuh /fv]/ dflyaf6 k]lG;nn]
sf]g'{xf];\ . of] cEof; k6sk6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ . gS;f sf]bf{ To;sf] l;dfgfsf
afª\uf]l6ª\uf] cfsf/x¿ / 9NsfOx¿ ofb ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . o;/L k6sk6ssf] cEof;kl5
tkfO{Fn] v'nf xftn] gS;f agfpg ;Sg'x'g]5 . g]kfnsf] /]vfª\lst gS;fnfO{{ e\mofnsf]
P]gfdf 6fF;]/ To;dfly ;fbf sfuhsf] kfgf 6fF:bf klg gS;f /fd|f];Fu b]lvG5 . To;dfly
sf]/]/ gS;f ptfbf{ cem :ki6;Fu 6«]l;ª x'G5 .
-u_ sfj{g k]k/ /fv]/ 5fKg] ljlw M ;fbf sfuh dfly sfj{g k]k/ / To; dfly gS;f /fv]/
gS;df sf]b}{ hfFbf ;fbf sfuhdf gS;f 5flkFb} hfG5 .
-3_ 6]DKn]6 ljlw M o;sf nflu gS;fnfO{{ afSnf] jf s8f sfuh jf Knfl:6s jf sf7sf]
kmNofsdf 6fF;]/ To;nfO{{ gS;fsf] cfsf/df sf6\g] . o;nfO{{ 6]Dn]6 elgG5 . ;f] 6]DKn]6nfO{{
;fbf sfuhdf /fvL jl/kl/ sndn] sf]/]df gS;f ptfg{ ;lsG5 .
-ª_ kmf]6f]skL ljlw M o; ljlw cg';f/ gS;fsf] kmf]6f]skL lgsflnG5 .
-r_ ju{ ljlw M tof/L s'g} gS;fdf k]lG;n / ?n/sf]] ;xfotfn] Ps} cfsf/sf ju{ x'g] u/L
u|fkm lvRg] . csf]{ ;fbf sfuhdf klg ;f]xL cfsf/sf u|fkm lvRg] . To;kl5 gS;fsf]
ju{x¿df s] s:tf] cfsf/sf] l;dfgf k/]sf] 5 ;f]xL cg';f/ ;fbf sfuhsf] ju{df ;f]xL
cfsf/ j|mdz agfpFb} hfg] . o;/L b'?:t} gS;f ptfg{ ;lsG5 .

-5_ GIS ljlw M of] sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . h;sf ;xfotfn] ljleGg k|sf/sf gS;f agfpg /
ptfg{ Pjd\ k|;f]wg ug{ ;d]t ;lsG5 .
o;/L ptfl/Psf gS;fdf cfˆgf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ljleGg ef}uf]lns tYox¿nfO{{ ;ª\s]tsf
dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . gS;fdf ;fdfGotof pTt/ lbzf, ;+s]t / gfkf]sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
h;sf ;xfotfn] gS;f cWoog ug]{ JolStn] ;f]xL gS;fsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] af6f] kQf nufpg],
uGtJodf k'Ug] / ljleGg :yfg / b"/L kQf nufpg] ul/G5 .
-O_ gS;fdf ;ª\s]tx¿sf] k|of]u
gS;fdf jf:tljs j:t'nfO{{ h:tfsf] To:t}
b]vfpg ;ls+Fb}g, To;}n] To:tf s'/fx¿
;ª\s]tsf dfWodaf6 b]vfpg'kb{5 .
;fdfGotof gS;fdf lgDg cg';f/sf
;ª\s]tx¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\\ . o;sf cnfjf
gS;fsf] s'g} 5]p jf vfnL 7fpFdf ;ª\s]t
(Index) egL gS;fdf k|of]u ePsf
;ª\s]tx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}
;ª\s]tx¿sf cfwf/df gS;fsf] cWoog u/]/
jf:tljs tYox¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 .
/ª\uLg gS;fx¿df ljleGg /ªx¿nfO{{ ;ª\s]tsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
cfsfz] lgnf] /ª\un] kfgLsf] efu, xl/of] /ª\un] xf]rf] / d}bfgL efu, kx]nf] / ;'Gtnf /ª\un]
kxf8L jf pRr efu / v}/f] jf KofhL /ª\un] w]/} pRr kxf8L efusf] ;ª\s]t ub{5g\\ . ;ª\s]t /
/ª\usf] cw{ s] xf] eGg] a'‰g
;f]xL gS;fsf] tNnf] efudf
lbOPsf] ;+s]tnfO{{ x]g'{ kb{5 .
xfdLn] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf]
gS;f agfpg] cEof; klg
ug'{kb{5 . s'g} JolStn]
tkfO{Fsf] 3/ sxfF 5 egL
;f]w]df ;fdfGo gS;f sf]/]/
cfˆgf] 3/sf] cjl:ylt
atfpg ;lsG5 . cfhsn /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If0f b]vfOPsf] gS;f
lgdGq0ff sf8{x¿df sfo{j|md
cfof]hgf :yn b]vfpg gS;f /fVg] rng cfPsf] 5 . lrq / gS;f km/s s'/fx¿ x'g\ . j:t' jf
7fpFnfO{{ x]g]{ x]/fOsf] sf]0fcg';f/ To;sf] lrq jf cfs[lt km/s km/s x'g ;S5 . gS;f eg]
dflyaf6 dfq x]l/g] x'Fbf Pp6} cfs[lt x'G5 / lglZrt gfkf]sf] x'G5 . gS;fdf nDafO / rf}8fO
dfq b]vfOG5 eg] lrqdf nDafO, rf}8fO / prfO b]vfOG5 . gS;fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lstfanfO{{
P6n; elgG5 . P6n;af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf gS;fx¿ ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
o:tf ef}uf]lns gS;f;DaGwL sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{{ sf6f]{ u|fkm/ elgG5 eg] gS;f;DaGwL sfd ug]{
ljBfnfO{{ sf6f]{ u|fkmL elgG5 .
-O{_ cfw'lgs / Jojxfl/s gS;f k|ljlwx¿
lxhf] cfh ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ gS;fx¿ df]afOn PK; / sDKo'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/sf ¿kdf
klg pknAw 5g\\ . tL gS;fnfO{{ sfuhdf ptf/L /xg' kb}{g . ltgLx¿ ultzLn klg x'G5g\\ .
cyf{t sxfF k'luof] slt lsnf]ld6/ kf/ ul/of], slt pFrfOdf k'luof], s'g cIff+z / b]zfGt/df
k'luPsf] 5 eGg] h:tf ;"rgf tTsfn To:tf gS;fn] atfpg ;Sb5g\\ . o:tf cfw'lgs /
Jojxfl/s gS;fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\\ .
-s_ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL (Geographical Inforrmation System-GIS):
lhcfOP; ;ˆ6j]o/sf] dfWodaf6 :of6]nfO{6af6 k|fKt gS;f jf klxn] g} tof/ kf/]sf] gS;fnfO{{
:Sofg u/]/ GPS af6 k|fKt ;"rgf / tYofªnfO{{ k|;f]wg u/L tof/ kfl/g] k|ljlwnfO{{ lhcfOP;
k|0ffnL elgG5 . o; ;ˆ6j]o/n] auNtL sd x'g] u/L cfˆgf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] gS;f tof/
kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] kmfObf eg]s} gS;fdf tYofª\s / ljj/0fx¿ ;d]t lnª\s u/]/ /fVg
;lsG5 . s'g} 7fpFdf lSns ug]{ ljlQs} To; 7fpFsf af/]df ljleGg ljj/0fx¿ ;d]t b]vfpF5 h'g
gS;fdf /fVg ;lsFb}g .
-v_ ljZj cjl:ylt k|0ffnL (Global Posining System- GPS)
cfsfzdf /x]sf] e' pku|xsf] ;xfotfn] k[YjLsf] s'g :yfg slt cIff+z, slt b]zfGt/ / slt
prfOdf /x]sf] 5 eGg] kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu df]afOn kmf]g ;]6 h:t} b]lvg]
lhlkP; l8efO;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;af6 k|fKt ;"rgfnfO{{ lhcfOP; k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/L
gS;fdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
-u_ u'un cy{ (Google Earth)
of] sDKo'6/ / df]afOn kmf]g ;]6df k|of]u ug{ ldNg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] ljZjsf gS;f xf] .
h;nfO{{ 7'nf] kfb}{ x]b}{ uPdf cfˆg} 3/ klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . of] :of6]nfO{6af6 lvltPsf] kmf]6f] xf]
h;df lhcfOP; kb\ltaf6 ljZje/sf gS;f ufFl;Psf] 5 . OG6/g]6 ePsf] 7fpFdf xfdLn] ;lhn}
To;nfO{{ vf]n]/ x]g{, ;Sb5f}F . c¿ gS;fdf ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] o;df cfsfzaf6
b]lvg] hldgsf] kmf]6f] ;lxt g} b]lvG5 . of] To:tf] k|0ffnL xf] h;df ljZjsf] s'g} klg :yfg t'?Gt
x]g{ ;lsG5 .
-3_ u'un Dofk (Google Map)
df]afOn kmf]g ;]6x¿df k|of]u eO/x]sf] of] gS;f u'un cy{s} kl/dflh{t ¿k xf] . o;nfO{{
df]afOn kmf]gsf] l:j|mgdf x]/]/ tTsfn k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 . sxLF af6f] kTtf
gnfu]/ x/fPdf u'un Dofksf] ;xof]un] 7fpF kQf nfupg ;lsG5 . lxhf]cfh cfw'lgs ;jf/L
;fwg, kfgLhxfh, xjfOhxfh, uf8L, /]ndf ;d]t o:t} k|s[ltsf gS;fsf] k|of]u ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ g]kfnsf] /]vfª\lst gS;f
lvRg'xf];\ / tnsf tYox¿
eg'{xf];\ .
wf}nflu/L lxdfn, l;4fy{ /fhdfu{,
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h, w/fg,
s0ff{nL gbL, lrof pTkfbg If]q .
-v_ cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] gS;f
ptfg'{xf];\ .
pSt gS;fdf pTt/ lbzf b]vfP/ ;d'bfosf d'Vod'Vo tYox¿nfO{{ ;ª\s]tåf/f b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ cfˆgf] 3/b]lv ljBfno;Ddsf] af6f]sf] gS;f sf]g'{xf];\ . af6f]sf] bfofFafofF /x]sf d'Vo
s'/fx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ gS;fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-ª_ cfw'lgs gS;f k|ljlw / To;sf] k|of]usf af/]df j0f{g ub}{ cfkm"n] To:tf] gS;f k|of]u ug]{
cj;/ kfPsf] eP cfˆgf] cg'ej k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ k|Zg g+= -s_ sf nflu g]kfnsf] s'g} Ps ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L g]kfnsf gS;f ptfg'{xf];\ /
P6n;sf] ;xfotf lnP/ lgDg cg';f/ gS;f eg]{ sfo{ ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k|Zg g+= -v_ sf nflu cfˆgf]
;d'bfosf] ;fdfGo gS;f
ptfg]{ . gS;fdf pTt/ lbzf /
dxTTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ b]vfpg] .
-u_ k|Zg g+= -u_ sf nflu 3/b]lv
ljBfno;Ddsf] gS;f sf]/]/
;xhstf{;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ k|Zg g+= -3_ sf nflu kf7sf]
ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ k|Zg g+= -ª_ sf nflu cfw'lgs / Jojxfl/s gS;f k|ljlwx¿ eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog
ug'{xf];\ . olb cfkm"n] tL dWo] s'g} k|ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] c¿n] k|of]u u/]sf] b]v]sf] eP cfˆgf]
cg'efj k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
PsfO M &
xfd|f] ljut
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf g]kfn / ljZjsf] Oltxf; ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/g]5 . o;cGtu{t lj ; @))& ;fn
b]lv xfn;Dd g]kfndf ePsf k|d'v /fhgLlts 36gfj|md / To;n] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qdf
kf/]sf] k|efjsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/g]5 . k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'4sf sf/0f, kl/ro, k|efj /
g]kfnLx¿sf] e"ldsf;DaGwL ljifoj:t';d]t oxfF /xg]5g\\ . o;sf ;fy} P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd
:df/sx¿sf] vf]hL klxrfg ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g;DaGwL kf7 ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@ p2]Zo
o; PsfOsf] cWoogkZrft\ tkfO{F lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'g]5 M
-s_ @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt / lbNnL ;Demf}tf x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ j0f{g ug{,
-v_ @))&–@)!& ;fn;Ddsf k|d'v /fhgLlts ultljlwx¿ j0f{g ug{,
-u_ @)!&–@)#^ ;fn;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfj|md pNn]v ug{,
-3_ hgdt ;ª\u|xb]lv hgcfGbf]ng -lj=;+=@)#^–@)$^_ ;Ddsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf j0f{g ug{,
-ª_ @)$^–@)^@ ;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfj|md tyf ;fdflhs, cfly{s /fhgLlts cj:yfaf/]
j0f{g ug{,
-r_ k|yd ljZjo'4sf sf/0f / kl/0ffd j0f{g ug{,
-5_ låtLo ljZjo'4sf sf/0f / kl/0ffd pNn]v ug{ .
h_ P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd :df/sx¿sf] vf]hL klxrfg ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug{ .
kf7 M !
@))& ;fnsf] qmflGt / lbNnL ;Demf}tf
!= ljifoj:t'
k[i7e"ld
@))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] b]zdf PstGqLo lg/ª\s'z /f0ff zf;g ;dfKt eO{ k|hftflGqs zf;g
k4lt :yflkt eof] . o;nfO{{ Oltxf;df @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt elgG5 . o; qmflGtsf nflu
k|hfkl/ifb\, g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ tyf cGo /fhgLlts JolStTTjx¿sf] dxTTjk"0f{
of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf Pp6f 5f]6f] ;+jfb tn lbOPsf] 5 .
lzjzª\s/ M @))& ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] cfGbf]ngdf s;sf] ljz]if of]ubfg lyof] <
x]dntf M o;df d'Vo of]ubfg g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] /x]sf] lyof] . t/ To;a]nfsf kf6L{x¿
k|hfkl/ifb\, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ tyf ljleGg JolStx¿sf] klg of]ubfg
dxTTjk"0f{ /x]sf] lyof] .
lzjzª\s/ M @))& ;fndf o;/L qmflGt ug'{kg]{ sf/0f rflxF s] s] lyof] lg <
x]dntf M g]kfndf lj=;+= !()# ;fn c;f]h @ ut]af6 h+uaxfb'/n] k|wfgdGqL tyf >L #
sf] pkflw lnPkl5 PstGqLo, lg/ª\s'z, hxflgofF zf;g ;'? u/] . !)$ jif{;Dd
/f0ff zf;g rn]sf] s'/f t ltdLn] yfxf kfPs} 5f} . To; zf;gn] g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ljsf;af6 al~rt u/]sf] lyof] . To;}n]
g]kfnL hgtf /f0ff zf;gaf6 d'St x'g rfxGy] . To;a]nf qmflGt ug'{kg]{
sf/0fx¿ o:tf lyP .
-s_ /fhgLlts sf/0f M /f0ffx¿n] b]zsf] zf;g cfˆgf] kl/jf/leq dfq ;Lldt /fv]sf lyP .
hgtfnfO{{ s'g} clwsf/ lbPsf lyPgg\ . /f0ff / /f0ffsf dflg;sf] h:tf];'s} cGofo /
cTofrf/ klg ;x]/ a:g' kb{Yof] . pgLx¿sf] lj?4 af]n]df b]z lgsfnf, h]n ;hfo jf
d[To'b08 lbOGYof] . /f0ffx¿ hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{{ bf;h:tf] Jojxf/ uy]{ . lg/ª\s'z /
x's'dL zf;g uy]{ .
-v_ cfly{s sf/0f M /f0ffsfndf ;fdGtL Joj:yf sfod lyof] . ;dfhdf 7'nf] cfly{s
c;dfgtf lyof] . b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ / hUuf hldg /f0ff / pgLx¿sf dflg;x¿sf]
sAhfdf lyof] . b]zsf] ;DklQnfO{{ pgLx¿ lghL ;DklQ 7fg]/ ef]uljnf; / df]hd:tLdf
p8fpFy] . b]z ljsf;sf sfd gu/]/ lghL b/af/ agfpg] / ljb]zdf k};f yGsfpg] sfo{
ul/GYof] . jL/ zDz]/n] o;sf] ;'?cft u/]sf lyP . hgtf cToGt ul/a lyP . of] ul/aLsf]
vf8nn] ubf{ hgtf cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt p7\g afWo eP .
-u_ ;fdflhs sf/0f M ;dfhdf hftLo, juL{o, lnª\uLo e]befj sfod lyof] . 5'jf5'tsf]
efjgf r/d ljGb'df k'u]sf] lyof] . hftcg';f/ b08 ;hfo ul/GYof] . hgtfnfO{{ lzIffsf]
pHofnf] 3fdaf6 al~rt ul/Psf] lyof] . ;dfh zf;s / /}tL u/L b'O{ ju{df ljeflht
lyof] . zf;s ju{df /f0ffx¿ hldgbf/, åf/], s6'afn, lhDdfafn, j8fxflsd, dlh:6«]6 /
;]gfsf clkm;/x¿ kb{y] eg] /}tLdf ls;fg / ul/a ju{ kb{y] . /}tLx¿n] zf;s ju{sf]
;]jf ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{{ dof{bf ug'{kb{Yof] . Tolt ubf{ klg zf;s ju{ /}tLdfly cem zf]if0f
/ oftgf lbg 5f8\b}gy] . h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;+od 6'l6;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] /f0ff lj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngdf Hofgsf] alnbfg lbg klg kl5 k/]gg\ .
-3_ bf];|f] ljZj o'4 / ljZjJofkL k|hftGqsf] c;/ -ljb]zL k|efj_ M bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5
pklgj]zjfb / ;fdGtjfbsf] cGTo x'g yfNof] . ljZjdf :jtGqtfsf] nx/ rNof] . ef/t
:jtGq eof] . j]nfotsf] zlSt 36\of] . j]nfotLx¿sf] ;+/If0f kfPsf /f0ffx¿ j]nfotn]
ef/t 5f8]kl5 6'x'/f eP, ;xf/f ljxLg eP . ljZjJofkL k|hftflGqs nx/nfO{{ g]kfnLx¿n]
klg cfTd;ft\ u/] . ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf y'k|} k|jf;L Pjd\ ljBfyL{ g]kfnLx¿n]
;3fPsfn] ef/tsf] :jtGqtfkl5 ef/tLo g]tfx¿n] klg la|l6; cjz]ifsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
/f0ff zf;gnfO{{ cGTo ug{ g]kfnL cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{{ ;xof]u u/] .
-ª_ tfTsflns sf/0f M lj=;+= !((# b]lv g} /f0ff lj/f]wL lqmofsnfkx¿ ePsf lyP . !((&
df k|hfkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿nfO{{ bdg u/]kl5 cfGbf]ng bafpg ;lsG5 eGg] /f0ffsf] ;f]r
lyof] . t/ To;sf] ljk/Lt b]z lgsfnf ePsf g]kfnLx¿, ef/tdf a;]sf o'jfx¿ /
c;Gt'i6 /f0ffx¿n] ef/tdf g]kfnL /fli6«o sfª\u|];, g]kfnL k|hftGq sfª\u|];, g]kfn
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{h:tf /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gx¿ vf]n]/ ;ª\ul7t x'g yfn] . @))^ ;fndf
g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / g]kfnL k|hftGq sfª\u|];sf] ;+o'St ;Dd]ng snsQfdf eP/ g]kfnL
sfª\u|]; gfdsf] kf6L{ u7g eof] . pSt kf6L{n] d'lSt;]gf u7g u/L ;;:q ;ª\3if{sf]
;'?cft u¥of] . g]kfndf ePsf o'jfx¿n] dhb'/ cfGbf]ng / ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng ;~rfng
u/] . o; 36gfn] cfdhgtfdf /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dgf]an / cfTdan
a9]/ cfof] / cfGbf]ngn] b]zJofkL ¿kdf pu|¿k lnof] . *
lzjz+s/ M /f0fflj/f]wL cfGbf]ng s;/L cl3 a9\of] t <
x]dntf M d'lSt;]gfn] lj/f6gu/nufotsf k"jL{ kxf8L If]qnfO{{ /f0ffx¿sf] xftaf6 vf];L
cfˆgf] clwsf/ hdfof] . o;} u/L kfNkf klg d'lSt;]gfsf] clwsf/leq cfof] . /f0ff
lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng cl3 a9L/x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] b]ze/L ;z:q ;ª\3if{sf]
tof/L ul//x]sf] lyof] . k"j{df /fdk|;fb /fO{ / klZrddf 8f= s]= cfO= l;+xsf]
g]t[TTjdf d'lSt ;]gf u7g eO{ 7fpF7fpFdf sAhf ul/;lsPsf] lyof] . ptf
lj/f6gu/ / jL/u~hdf dhb'/ cfGbf]ng rls{/x]sf] lyof]
eg] sf7df8fF}df klg lbgx'Fh;f] gf/f, h'n'; tyf tyf
krf{jfhL eO/xGy] . k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{{ /f]Sg j}wflgs
sfg'g @))$ NofOof] . t/ pSt sfg'g hgtfåf/f c:jLsf/
ul/Pkl5 pSt k|of; ;kmn ePg . kb\dzdz]/kl5
k|wfgdGqL ag]sf df]xgzdz]/ s7f]/ k|j[lQsf /f0ff zf;s
lyP . pgn] bdg u/]/ cfGbf]ng /f]Sg] k|oTg ug{ vf]h] t/ 8f= s] cfO{ l;+x
;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ .
@))& ;fn sflQs @! ut] tTsfnLg /fhf lqe'jgn] hgtfsf] /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngnfO{{ ;dy{g
ub}{ ;kl/jf/ ef/t k|:yfg u/] . df]xg zdz]/n] /fhf lqe'jg lbNnL uPkl5 /fhf lqe'jgsf
dflxnf gftL 1fg]Gb|nfO{{ u2Ldf /fvL /fhf 3f]if0ff u/] t/ ef/tnufot cGo /fi6«x¿n] o;
sfo{nfO{{ dfGotf lbPgg\ .
lzjzª\s/ M To;kl5 s] eof] < cfGbf]ngn] s'g df]8 lnof] t <
x]dntf M /fhf lbNnL uPkl5 d'lSt ;]gfnfO{{ emg\ phf{ ylkof] . d'lSt ;]gfn] ;z:q d'7e]8
u/L Onfd, lbSt]n, cf7/fO, t]x|y'd, cf]vn9'ª\uf, k/jfgLk'/, e}/xjf, uf]/vf,
s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, 8f]6L, lj/f6gu/, /+u]nL, dnª\ujf, bfª, jL/u~h / k/f;L
sAhf u¥of] .
To;}u/L ef]hk'/, vf]6fª\, wgs'6f, dxf]Q/L, dlxgfy, 7f]/L, lrtjg, tf}lnxjf, kfNkf, kf]v/f, u'NdL,
:ofª\hf, afUn'ª, sfOnfaf;, b]pv'/L, Ko"7fg, 88]Nw'/f, ;'v]{t, b}n]v, a}t8L nufotsf 7fpFx¿
d'lSt;]gfn] ;fdfGo ;ª\3if{ jf ljgf o'4 sAhf ug{ ;kmn eof] .
lzjz+s/ M To;kl5 s] eof] t <
x]dntf M lbgfg'lbgsf] a9\bf] lj/f]wn] ubf{ df]xg zdz]/n] ef/t;Fu dWo:ytf ug{ cg'/f]w
u/] . To;kl5 ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL hjfx/nfn g]x¿sf] dWo:ytfdf g]kfnsf /fhf
lqe'jg, /f0ff / g]kfnL sfª\u|];lar lqkIfLo lbNnL ;Demf}tf eof] . of] ;Demf}tfkl5
/fhf lqe'jg @))& ;fn kmfNu'g $ ut] lbNnLaf6 g]kfn kmls{P . lbNnL
;Demf}tfkl5 b]zdf rln/x]sf] cfGbf]ng /f]Sg g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] cfJxfg u¥of] . t/
klZrdtk{msf] df]rf{ ;Dxfn]sf 8f= s]=cfO= l;+xn] lbNnL ;Demf}tfnfO{{ c:jLsf/ ub}{
cfGbf]ng cl3 a9fO/xg cfJxfg u/] . t/ ef/tLo ;]gfsf] ;xof]u lnP/ tTsfnLg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] 8f= s]=cfO= l;+xnfO{{ klqmP/ l;+xb/af/df NofO{ s}b u¥of] .
cfGbf]ngnfO{{ /f]sL /f0ffx¿;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] egL lbNnL ;Demf}tfsf] lj/f]w
ePsf] lyof] . h;n] ubf{ hgtfn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ kfpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] dfGotf
lj/f]w ug]{x¿sf] lyof] .
lbNnL ;Demf}tfsf a'“bfx¿
!= ca pk|fGt hgtfn] lgjf{rg u/]sf] j}wflgs ;efn] u0ftGqfTds ljwfg th'{df ug,]{
@= gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gx'Gh]n;Dd b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cGtl/d dGqLd08n u7g
ug]{ h;df kfFrhgf /f0ffaf6 / kfFrhgf g]kfnL sfª\u|];af6 ;b:o /xg],
#= g]kfnsf] j}wflgs /fhf lqe'jg g} x'g],
$= kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nfu]sf afx]s c¿ /fhaGbL l/xf x'g],
%= cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;/sf/nfO{{ xftxltof/ a'emfpg'kg]{ / cfGbf]ng /f]Sg'kg]{ .
lbNnL ;Demf}tfkl5 :jb]z kms]{sf /fhf lqe'jgn] @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] g]kfndf /f0ff zf;g
cGTo eO{ k|hftGq :yfkgf ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff klg ul/of], h;df
/f0ffx¿sf tk{maf6 % hgf -df]xgzdz]/, aa/zdz]/, r'8f/fhzdz]/, g[khª\u /f0ff / o1axfb'/
a:g]t_ tyf g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf tk{maf6 % hgf -ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, ;'j0f{zdz]/, u0f]zdfg
l;+x, eb|sfnL ld> / e/tdl0f zdf{_ lyP . t/ of] dGqLd08nn] cfk;df ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;s]g .
To; cj:yfdf b]zsf] cl:y/tfaf6 kmfObf p7fpFb} e/tzdz]/sf] g]t[TTjdf /f0ffx¿n] v's'/L bn
u7g u/L 7fpF7fpFdf c/fhstf / cftª\s dRrfpg yfn] . o;kl5 ljleGg ;dodf dGqLd08nsf]
u7g / k'gu{7g ug]{ j|md rNb} /Xof] .
@= lqmofsnfk
-s_ dfly kf7df lbOPsf] ;+jfbsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf @))& ;fn kmfUf'g & ut] /fhf lqe'jgaf6
ePsf] dGqLd08nsf] 3f]if0ffnfO{{ tkfO{Fn] s;/L lng'ePsf] 5 < cfkm\gf] ljrf/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ k|hftGq ÷nf]stGq :yfkgf lbj; dgfpg] lhDd]jf/L tkfO{FnfO{{ lbPdf To;sf] of]hgf tkfO{F
s;/L agfpg'x'G5 < Pp6f of]hgf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-u_ @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq;DaGwL s'g} ljz]iffª\s klqsf k|sflzt eof] eg] tkfO{F s;/L
To;sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{x'G5 < d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ @))& ;fnsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 dflg;nfO{{ k|hftGqsf] cg'e"lt lsg eof] < To;af6 ;d'bfodf
s:tfs:tf kl/jt{gx¿ b]vfk/]sf lyP < To;sf cfwf/df Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g < n]Vg'xf]; .
-v_ lbNnL ;+emf}tfsf d'Vo a'Fbfx¿ s] s] x'g < pNn]v ug'[xf]; .
-u_ lj ; @))& ;fnsf] lbNnL ;+emf}tfnfO{ s;/L d"Nofª\sg ug'{ x'G5 <
-3_ dfly kf7df lbOPsf] ;+jfbsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf @))& ;fn kmfUf'g & ut] /fhf lqe'jgaf6
ePsf] dGqLd08nsf] 3f]if0ffnfO{{ tkfO{Fn] s;/L lng'ePsf] 5 < cfˆgf] ljrf/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq;DaGwL s'g} ljz]iffª\s klqsf k|sflzt eof] eg] tkfO{F s;/L
To;sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{x'G5 < d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ @))& ;fnsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 dflg;nfO{{ k|hftGqsf] cg'e"lt lsg eof] < To;af6 ;d'bfodf
s:tfs:tf kl/jt{gx¿ b]vfk/]sf lyP < To;sf cfwf/df Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf lglDt o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf lglDt o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
u_ cEof; -u_ sf lglDt tkl;n cg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
d lbNnL ;+emf}tfnfO{ tkl;ncg';f/ d"Nofª\sg ub{5' M
lg/s'+z hxflgof zf;gsf] cGTo x'g] cfwf/ tof/
klxnf]k6s /fhg}lts bnsf] ;xefuLtf / /fhfsf] ;xefuLtfdf ePsf]n]
hgtfnfO{ r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ cfwf/
lzIffsf] ljsf; lj:tf/sf] ;+efjgf
;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] Joj:yf
ljsf;sf] 9f]sf vf]Ng] cj;/ .
pk/f]St sf/0fn] of] ;s/fTds b]lVfG5 .

-3_ cEof; -3_ sf] pTt/
;sf/fTds ¿kdf lnPsf] lsgls
hgtfsf] kIfdf /fhf /x]sf]
k|hftGq k|fKt ePsf]
ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] 3f]if0ff
hgtfsf] clwsf/ lkmtf{ ePsf]
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf] pTt/ lglDt lgDgcg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
gd'gf pTt/ M d @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq;DaGwL s'g} ljz]iffª\s klqsfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{k/]df
lgDglnlvt cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ug]{5' M
klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs / k|sfzssf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df,
To;sf] 5kfO / eflifs z'4tfsf] cfwf/df,
To; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v ÷/rgf / To;sf n]vsx¿sf] of]Uotf, Ifdtf /
pgLx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/df,
To; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v ÷/rgfsf] j}wtf / ljZj;gLotfsf] cfwf/df,
klqsfsf] lgoldttf / To;sf] nf]slk|otfsf] cfwf/df,
klqsfdf ;dfj]z ePsf tl:a/, lrq / tYok/s 36gf ljj/0fsf cfwf/df .
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

o; k|ltj]bgnfO{{ b'O{ efudf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] efu @))& ;fnsf] 3f]if0ffkl5
dflg;n] k|hftGqsf] cg'e"lt lsgeof] eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . bf];|f] efudf ;dfhdf
b]vfk/]sf kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . M
hgtfn] af]Ng] :jtGqtf k|fKt u/] .
k9\g n]Vg kfpg]sf nflu ufpFufpFdf ljBfno vf]Ng] cj;/ k|fKt eof] .
zf]ifs / ;fdGtLx¿sf] x}sd x6L hgtf /}tLaf6 gful/s ePsf] cg'ej u/] .
hgtfn] sfd ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/],
hgtfn] /fHosf ljleGg efudf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|fKt u/] .
;d'bfodf b]vf k/]sf kl/jt{gx¿

ufpFufpFdf ljBfno v'n] .
ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ufpFufpF;Dd k'u] .
hgtfn] cfˆgf] s'/f lgw{Ss;fy /fVg kfP .
/fhgLlts bnx¿sf] lqmofsnfk a9\g yfNof] .
/f0ff zf;gsf] x}sd ;dfKt x'g yfNof] .
$= ;f/f+z
@))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] b]zdf PstGqLo lg/ª\s'z /f0ff zf;g ;dfKt eO{ k|hftflGqs zf;g
k4lt :yflkt eof] . o;nfO{{ Oltxf;df @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt elgG5 . o; qmflGtsf sf/0fx¿df
/f0ffx¿sf] cGofo / bdg, /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfGbf]ng, /f0ffx¿ lar cfGtl/s snx,ul/aL /
a]/f]huf/L, hgtfdf /fhg}lts r]tgfdf clej[l4 / l4tLo ljZj o'4 / ljZjJofkL k|hfGtGqsf]
c;/ /x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf lbNnL ;+emf}tf ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Demf}tfdf ePsf j'bfFx¿ o;
k|sf/ /x]sf5g\ .
-!_ ca pk|fGt hgtfn] lgjf{rg u/]sf] j}wflgs ;efn] u0ftGqfTds ljwfg th'{df ug,]{
-@_ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gx'Gh]n;Dd b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cGtl/d dGqLd08n u7g
ug]{ h;df kfFrhgf /f0ffaf6 / kfFrhgf g]kfnL sfª\u|];af6 ;b:o /xg]
-#_ g]kfnsf] j}wflgs /fhf lqe'jg g} x'g]
-$_ kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nfu]sf afx]s c¿ /fhaGbL l/xf x'g] /
-%_ cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;/sf/nfO{{ xftxltof/ a'emfpg'kg]{ / cfGbf]ng /f]Sg'kg]{ .
kf7 M @
@))&–@)!& ;fn;Ddsf] /fhgLlts 36gfj|md
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
@))& ;fndf k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf eP klg To;kl5sf] ;do /fhgLlts
b[li6sf]0fn] ;kmn dfGg ;lsF+b}g . /fhf lqe'jgn] ljwfg ;efsf lgldQ lgjf{rg ug]{ zfxL 3f]if0ff
kmfu'g & ut] hf/L u/] klg To;sf nflu cfjZos sfo{ ul/Pg . dGqLd08n u7g / k'gu{7gsf]
k|lqmof dfq cl3 a9\of] . To;a]nfsf s'g} klg ;/sf/ l:y/ x'g ;s]gg\ . cGttM ;+;bLo Joj:yf
g} ;dfKt eof] .
@))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf] /fhgLlts 36gfqmd
@))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / /f0ffx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf ag]sf]
;/sf/n] @))& ;fn r}q !& ut] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfgdf gful/s clwsf/, hgk|ltlglwd"ns zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ /
/fHosf gLltlgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
df]xg zdz]/ ;Qfdf /x];Dd k|hftGq k|fKt x'g g;Sg] 7x/ u/L @))* ;fn sflt{s @% ut]
sfª\u|];sf] tk{maf6 ;xefuL ePsf dGqLx¿n] /flhgfdf lbPkl5 k|wfgdGqL df]xg
zdz]/nufotn] klg /flhgfdf lbPsf lyP .
/fhf lqe'jgaf6 dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf !* ;b:oLo dGqLd08n u7g eof] .
pSt dGqLd08nsf] sfd, st{Jo lgDgfg';f/ tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
:jtGq Gofo ljefu v8f ug]{,

nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yfnfO{{ /fd|f];Fu nfu" ug]{,
;s];Dd lj=;+= @))( ;fnleq} j}wflgs ;efsf] lgjf{rg ug]{,
hgtfsf gful/s clwsf/x¿ lglZrt ug]{ .
g]kfn k|hfkl/ifb\, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / cGo ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ ldn]/
Pp6f hgtflGqs ;+o'St df]rf{ u7g u/L ;j{bnLo ;/sf/sf] u7g
dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
ug'{kg]{ dfu eO/x]sf] .
dft[sf ;/sf/sf] lj?4df 8f=s] cfO{ l;+xn] ljb|f]x u/] klg ;kmn x'g g;s]sfn] ltAatlt/
nfu]sf] . ToxL ;dodf g} /f0ff zf;glj?4 eLdbQ kGtn] ;/sf/sf sfdk|lt c;Gt'i6 eO{
e":jfldTj, hgtfsf] lxt / ;'/Iffsf nflu cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf lyP .
sfª\u|];leq dte]b a9\b} uPsf] lyof] .
@))( >fj0fdf /fhf lqe'jgn] s]z/ zdz]/ ;lxt kfFr ;b:oLo k/fdz{bft[ ;/sf/ u7g
u/] t/ To;sf] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf lj/f]w ePsf] xF'bf @)!) c;f/df lj36g eof] .
dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf @)!) c;f/ @ df k'gM kfFr ;b:oLo dGqLd08n u7g .
ljleGg ljefux¿ ;~rfng ug{ !@ hgf ;lrjx¿ lgo'St .
lj=;+= @)!! ;fndf b]zdf zflGt sfod ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;/sf/
klg lj36g .
lj=;+= @)!! kmfu'0f #) ut] lqe'jgsf] b]xfj;fg . dx]Gb| /fhf eP .
lj=;+= @)!! j}zfv ! ut] ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\ u7g u/L k|ToIf zf;g ;'? .
k|hfkl/ifb\sf cWoIf 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] g]t[TTjdf lj=;+= @)!@ df3 !# df dGqLd08n
u7g .
^ dlxgfkl5 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] dGqL d08n lj36g,
@)!$ >fj0f !! df 8f= s]=cfO= l;+xsf] g]t[TTjdf dGqLd08n u7g
eO{ @)!$ sflQsdf lj36g .
@)!$ dª\;L/df k'gM dx]Gb|af6 k|ToIf zf;g .
@)!$ df ;'j0f{ zdz]/sf] cWoIftfdf sfd rnfp ;/sf/ u7g . 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{
@)!% kmfu'g ! ut] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% hf/L ul/of],
@)!% df cfdlgjf{rg eO{ g]kfnL sfª\u|]; ljho . ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf
;/sf/ u7g .
@)!& df /fhf dx]Gb|af6 hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] lj36g u/L k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;'?cft .
k|d'v 36gf
;fn 36gfj|md
@))& k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff
cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg kfl/t
@))* df]xg zdz]/sf] ;/sf/åf/f /flhgfdf
@))( dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf dGqLd08n u7g
@)!! lqe'jgsf] d[To'
dx]Gb| /fhf / ;Nnfxsf/ ;efsf] u7g
@)!@ 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] g]t[TTjdf dGqLd08n u7g / lj36g
@)!$ 8f= s]=cfO{ l;+xsf] g]t[TTjdf dGqLd08n u7g / lj36g
@)!$ ;'j0f{ zdz]/sf] cWoIftfdf sfdrnfp ;/sf/ u7g
@)!% g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% hf/L
cfdlgjf{rg
jL=kL sf]O/fnfsf] ;/sf/ u7g
@)!& /fhf dx]Gb|af6 hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ lj36g
@= cEof;
-s_ lj=;+= @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn ;Ddsf k|d'v 36gfx¿nfO{{ ;do/]vfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ lj=;+= @))& b]lv @)!% ;fn;Dd l:y/ ;/sf/ ;~rfng x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx¿ s] xf]nf
h:tf] 7fGg' x'G5 <
-u_ 8f= s]= cfO= l+;+xnfO{{ lgjf{;gaf6 af]nfO{ lsg k|wfgdGqL agfOPsf] xf]nf <
-3_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / cfd lgjf{rglarsf] leGgtfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf]];\ .
-ª_ k/fdz{bft[ ;/sf/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <pSt ;/s/sf ljz]iftfx¿ n]Vg'xf]; .
-r_ cfGtl/d zf;g ljwfg,@))& / g]kfn clwsf/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)!% sf b'O{ b'O{ cf]6f d'Vo
ljz]iftfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ @))& b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf] cjlwdf a9L j}b]lzs rf;f] /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; egfOnfO{ k'li6
ug'{xf];\
-h_ eLdbQ kGt sf] lyP < pgsf] of]ubfg pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-em_ 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{nfO{ lsg lhpbf] ;lxb elgPsf] xf] < sf/0f lbg'xf]; .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf] ;do/]vf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff
df]xg zdz]/sf] /flhgfdf
dft[sfsf] g]t[TTjdf dGqLd08n u7g
@))& @))* @))( )!) @)!! @)!@ @)!# @)!$ @)!% @)!^ @)!&
;do/]vf
gf]6 M o;}u/L cGo ;fndf 36]sf 36gfx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
;/sf/ l:y/ gx'g'sf sf/0fx¿df
kf6L{x¿lar Psn] csf{nfO{{ c;xof]u ug]{ kl/kf6L,
/fhfdf cfk"mn] zf;g ug]{ rfxgf x'g',
kf6L{leq klg c;xof]usf] l:ylt,
/f0ffx¿sf] zf;g ;dfKt eP klg zf;gdf pgLx¿sf] zlSt /lx/xg',
w]/}h;f] hgtf clzlIft /xg' cflb .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu] tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

8f= s]= cfO+ l+;xnfO{{ lgjf{;gaf6 af]nfO{ k|wfgdGwL agfpg'sf sf/0fx¿ M
r/d cfly{s ;+s6
kqklqsfdf /f]s nufpg] k|of;
cfd lgjfr{g u/fpg g;Sbf lj ; @)!@ df3 !# df u7g ePsf] k|hf kl/ifbsf
cWoIf 6+s k|;fb cfrfo{sf] ;/sf/n] /flhgfdf lbPsf] sf/0f .
/fhfaf6 ljZjf; u/]sf] sf/0f .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf] tkl;n cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / cfd lgjf{rfglarsf leGgtf
;+ljwfg ;ef ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu hgtfsf] dt lng ul/G5 eg] cfd lgjf{rg
;/sf/ agfpgsf nflu / Joj:yflksf agfpgsf nflu ul/G5 .
;+ljwfg ;efdf hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt hg k|ltlglwx¿ dfkm{t ;+ljwfg jgfOG5 eg] cfd
lgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt hgkltlglwaf6 ;/sf/ ;~rfng u/L hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf
;xh / ;/n ¿kdf k'¥ofOG5 .
cfd lgjf{rg ;fdfGotof % jif{df x'G5 eg] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;dofjlw sd / ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0fkl5 ;dfKt x'G5 .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDgcg';/ ug'{xf];\ .
k/fdz{bft[ ;/sf/ eGgfn] ;/sf/ ;~rfng sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ePsf JoflStnfO{{
cfjZostfcg';f/ ;'emfj ;Nnfx lbg u7g ul/Psf] ;d"xnfO{{ k/fdz{bft[ ;/sf/ elgG5 . o;sf]
d'Vo p2]Zo k/fdz{bft[x¿sf] ;Nnfx lnP/ cfkm}F k|ToIf zf;g ug'{ xf] . /fhf lqe'jgn] lj= ;+=
@))( df kfFr hgf ;b:o /x]sf] k/fdz{bft[ ;/sf/ u7g u/]sf lyP . pSt ;/sf/sf ;b:ox¿
d'Vo JoflSt -/fhf_ k|lt pTt/bfoL x'g'k5{ / a}7ssf lg0f{o Pjd sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fhfsf]
:JfLs[tL clgjfo{ lng' kg]{ Joj:yf /xG5 .
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu tkl;n cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
cfGtl/d zf;g ljwfg,@))& sf ljz]iftfx¿
hg k|ltlglwd"ns zf;g k|Tofe"lt ug]{ Joj:yf
/fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\
g]kfn clwsf/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,@)!% sf ljz]iftfx¿

blno Joj:yf
hg lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿ dfkm{t ;/sf/ u7g x'g] .
-5_ cEof; -5_ sf nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
@))& b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf] cjlwdf a9L j}b]lzs rf;f] a9g'sf sf/0fx¿ M
lbNnL ;+emf}tfcg';f/ sfo{ gx'g'
l:y/ ;/sf/ gx'g'
hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ gx'g'
/fhf,/f0ff / bnx/lar :jfy{ aflemg'
g]kfnL sfu|];leq klg dt aflemg'
;+ljwfgdf :ki6 Joj:yf gx'g' .
-h_ cEof; -h_ sf nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
eLdbQ kGtsf] kl/ro
eLdbQ kGt sf] hGd 88]nw'/f lhNNffdf ePsf] xf] . pgL Ps ;fdflhs ;'wf/s lyP .
of]ubfg
cGofo / lyrf]ldrf]sf] lj?4df n8]
;fdGtx¿sf td;'sx¿ RofTg] sfd u/L ul/a hgtfnfO{{ C0faf6 d'lSt lbnfpg'
hgtfnfO{{ cGofo / zf]if0faf6 d'lSt
hgtfnfO{{ g'gsf] ljt/0f .
-em_ cEof; -em_ sf nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
6+s k|;fb cfrfo{nfO{{ lhp“bf] ;lxb eGgfsf sf/0f M
6+s k|fb cfrfo{ /fi6«jfbL g]tf lyP . 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{ /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng ug{ u7g
ePsf] k|hf kl/ifb\sf ;lj|mo ;b:o lyP . pgL;Fu} lj=;+= !((& df h]n k/]sf] wd{eSt
dfy]df, z'j|m/fh zf:qL, uª\unfn >]i7 / bz/y rGbnfO{{ kmfF;L lbOof] t/ 6ª\sk|;f
cfrfo{nfO{{ afx'gsf] 5f]/f] ePsfn] h]n dfq xflnof] . To;}n] pgnfO{{ lhpFbf] ;lxb elgG5 .
$= ;f/f+z
@))& ;fndf k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf eP klg To;kl5 dGqLd08n u7g /
k'gu{7gsf] k|lqmof dfq cl3 a9\of] . s'g} klg ;/sf/ l:y/ x'g ;s]gg\ . cGttM ;+;bLo Joj:yf
g} ;dfKt eof] . @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Dddf ljljw vfnsf /fhgLlts 36gfqmd eP .
jf/Daf/ ;/sf/ kl/jt{g / cfd lgjf{rg, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'?jft, ah]6 k|:t't ug]{ sfo{sf]

;'?jft, cfjlws of]hgfsf] ;'?jft, hg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] u7g / /fhfaf6 pSt ;/sf/
ckb:t u/L PsbnLo lg/s'+z k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft x'g] 36gfnfO{ o; cjlwsf] k|d'v
36gfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
kf7 #
k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f / bnx¿dflysf] k|ltaGw
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
/f0ffx¿sf] kfl/jfl/s / PstGqLo zf;glj?4 @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{g kZrft\ k|hftflGqs zf;g k4lt :yflkt x'g] s'/fdf ;a} hgtf
/ /fhgLlt bn ljZj:t lyP . lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;'j0f{
zdz]/sf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g u/L lj=;+= @)!% kmfNu'g ! ut]
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% hf/L u/] . To;} j|mddf k|hftflGqs
k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ y'k|} cEof;x¿ klg eP / @)!% ;fndf cfdlgjf{rg
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
u/L b]zdf k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf :yflkt klg eof] . r'gfjdf sf]O/fnf
g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] !)* ;L6dWo] &$ l;6 k|fKt u/L ljZj]Zj/k|;f/
sf]O/fnf k|yd lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL eP . @)!^ h]7 !# ut] @! ;b:o dGqLd08nsf] u7g u/]sf
lyP .
o; dGqLd08nnfO{{ @)!& kf}if ! ut] tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] lj36g u/]sf lyP . k|hftflGqs
zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf ePsf] @ jif{ glaTb} @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 ;+;bLo
Joj:yf eª\u u/L bndfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . pSt 3f]if0ffdf ;+;bLo Joj:yfdfly
lgDglnlvt cleof]ux¿ nufOPsf] lyof] M
-!_ ;Qfsf] b'¿kof]u u/L e|i6 sfo{ u/]sf],
-@_ sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{{ ljs[t kf/]sf],
-#_ c/fli6«o tTTjnfO{{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ /fli6«o PstfnfO{{ r'gf}tL lbPsf],
-$_ b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg k"0f{tM c;kmn ePsf],
-%_ cj}1flgs cfly{s gLlt ckgfPsf],
-^_ /fhd's'6 / ;+ljwfgk|lt cgf:yf b]vfPsf],
-&_ ;Dk|e'Ttf / :jtGqtfnfO{{ cf3ft kfg]{ k//fi6« gLlt ckgfPsf] .
hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{{ ckb:t u/L /fhf dx]Gb|n] hgtfsf df}lns xs vf];]sfn] o; lbgnfO{{
sfnf] lbj;sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . To;kl5 k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu" u/L PstGqLo zf;g u/]sfn] klg
o; lbgnfO{{ sfnf] lbj; elgPsf] xf] . o; 3f]if0ffkl5 /fhfn] Ps c;fwf/0f sfg'g tof/ u/L
To;}sf cfwf/df @)!& ;fn kf}if !@ ut] cfˆg} cWoIftfdf ( ;b:oLo dGqLd08n u7g u/]
h;df t'n;L lu/L, ljZjaGw' yfkf, Clifs]z zfx, ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf, clg?b|k|;fb l;+x,
gfu]Zj/k|;fb l;+x, vu]Gb|hª\u u'?ª, sfhLdfg lnDa" / e'jgnfn k|wfg ;dfj]z lyP .
dGqLd08n u7g ePsf] b;lbgkl5 @)!& kf}if @@ ut] /fhfaf6 k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu" ePsf]
3f]if0ff ul/of] . ;+;bLo Joj:yf c;kmn x'g] sf/0f o;k|sf/ 5g\\ M
!= tTsfnLg g]tfx¿df dtleGgtf k}bf x'g' / Pscfk;df c;xof]u
@= hgtf r]tgzLn tyf lzlIft gx'g'
#= hgtfsf] cfsfª\Iff k"/f ug{ g;Sg'
$= ;+;bLo ;/sf/ cfˆgf] st{Jok|lt pbf;Lg x'g' .
cfly{s pknlAw
-s_ of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'?cft
k|wfgdGqL 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] k|wfgdGqLTTj sfndf @)!# ;fndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; ug]{
p2]Zon] b]zdf k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf nfu" ul/of] . o; of]hgfsf] s"n ah]6 ## s/f]8 -ef/t /
cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] C0fdf cfwfl/t_ sf] lyof] . o; of]hgfsf rf/cf]6f p2]Zo lyP M
pTkfbg j[l4 u/L b]zsf] j]/f]huf/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{,
;a} txsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug]{,
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf ug]{,
eljiosf of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu tYofª\s / cfly{s cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{ .
-v_ /fi6« a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf
-u_ g]kfn /fHoe/ g]kfnL d'b|f k|rng
-3_ @))* df klxnf]k6s ah]6 k|:t't tyf k|sfzg
-ª_ ljtf{ pGd'ng P]g @)!^ nfu"
-r_ s[lifdf cfw'lgsL/0f / Jofkf/ k|jw{g sfo{ ;'? ul/of] .
;fdflhs pknlAw
;fn pknlAw
@))& /f0ff zf;g ;dflKtkl5 u7g ul/Psf] ldnLh'nL ;/sf/n] ;j{k|yd j]7,
j]uf/L, afnL egf{, ;nfdL k|yfh:tf ;fdflhs zf]if0f ;dfKt kfg]{ sfd
u¥of] .
/]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn ;f+:s[lts kl/ifb\ :yfkgf eof] .
@))* g]kfndf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg nfu" eof] .
@))( ;+:s[t efiff k|;fl/0fL ;ldlt, gf/L ljBfkL7 / k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf]
:yfkgf .
@)!! sfg'g dxfljBfnosf] :yfkgf .
@)!# ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfkgf .

g]kfn ljZj x'nfs ;ª\3sf] ;b:o .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)!# nfu" .
@)!$ g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf .
@)!% /f]6/L Snasf] pb\3f6g .
@)!^ sf]zL afFw lznfGof; .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf .
jfo';]jf lgudsf] :yfkgf .
ljleGg /fi6«x¿;Fu d}qL / s'6g}lts ;DaGw :yfkgf
lj=;+= @))& b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf cGo pknlAw M
hgtfsf] k|ltlglwn] zf;g ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf,
ljb]zL /fi6«x¿;Fu d}qL ;DaGw sfod,
ufpFufpFdf ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;fIf/tf k|ltztdf j[l4,
/fhdfu{x¿sf] lgdf{0f .
@= cEof;
-s_ kf7df pNn]v ePsf] ;fdflhs pknlAwnfO{{ ;do/]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ ;+;bLo Joj:yf c;kmn x'g] sf/0fx¿ 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ /fhfaf6 bnx¿dfly lsg k|ltaGw nufPsf lyP < sf/0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ /fhf dx]Gb|af6 s'g wf/fsf] k|of]u u/L ax'blno k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP < pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ @))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd ljsf; b/ sd x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g < lzIff If]qdf ePsf]
ljsf;sf] pknlAWf pNn]v n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ @)!& kf}if ! ut]nfO{ lsg sfnf] lbj; elgPsf] xf]nf < s/0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu tnsf] ;do/]vf x]g'{xf];\ . o;}u/L cGo jif{df ePsf sfo{x¿ b]vfpg]
u/L agfpg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ .
a]7, j]uf/L k|yf cGTo
/]l8of] g]kfn / ;f+:s[lts kl/ifb\ :yfkgf
@))& @))* @))( @)!) @)!! @)!@ @)!# @)!$ @)!% @)!^ @)!& @)!*
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf] kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
/fhf dx]Gb|af6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% sf] wf/f %% ;ªs6sfnLg clwsf/sf] k|of]u
u/L ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f u/]sf lyP . o; wf/fn] /fhfnfO{{ s'g} ulDe/ ;ª\s6 eO{
h;af6 g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ jf s'g} efusf] ;'/Iff jf cfly{s hLjg o'4n] jf aflx/L cfj|md0fn] jf
cfGtl/s ckb|jn] ;Dt[Kt 5 eGg] nfu]df :jljj]s k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] . pSt
clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u u/L hglgjf{t ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg cf/f]k nufO{ ckb:t u/]sf lyP .
hgtfsf] kL/dsf{ / afwf h:tfsf] t:t} /Xof] . o;af6 b]zsf] zflGt vNalnPsf] dfq xf]Og ls
g]kfn /fi6«sf] Pstf / ;fj{ef}ldstfdf klg cf3ft k'Ug] cfz+sf b]vf kg{ uof] . /fhgLlts
bnx¿ /fi6«sf] :jfy{nfO{{ 5f]8]/ JolStut / kf6L{ut :jfy{df lnKt eP, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw
lalu|of], ei6frf/ df}nfof] . To;}sf/0f ckb:t u/]sf lyP .
-ª_ cEof; sf] -ª_ kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ / lgDgcg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
@))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd ljsf; b/ sd x'g'sf sf/0fx¿
l:y/ ;/sf/ gx'g'
;/sf/ ;~rfngx¿df cg'ej gx'g'
lglZrt of]hgf gx'g'
/fhf, /f0ff / bnlar :jfy{df leGgtf x'g'
hgtfdf lzIff / r]tgfsf] sdL x'g' .
lzIff If]qdf ePsf] ljsf;sf] pknlAwx¿
ljBfnox¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df j[l4
pRr lzIffsf] nflu lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf
;fIf/tfdf j[l4
lzIffdf ;d'bfosf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo x'g'
ljBfno / dxfljBfnosf] ;+Vof j[l4 .
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

/fhf dx]Gb|n] hgtfsf] /ut, kl;g/ alnbfgaf6 k|fKt ax'bnLo k|hfGtqnfO{ @)!& kf}if ! ut]
ckx/0f u/] . o;af6 hgtfsf dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns clwsf/x¿ vf]l;Psf]n] pSt lbgnfO{
sfnf] lbgsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
$= ;f/f+z
lgjf{lrt dGqLd08nnfO{{ @)!& kf}if ! ut] tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] lj36g u/]sf lyP .
k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf ePsf] @ jif{ glaTb} @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6
;+;bLo Joj:yf eª\u u/L bndfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . != tTsfnLg g]tfx¿df

dtleGgtf k}bf x'g' / Pscfk;df c;xof]u @= hgtf r]tgzLn tyf lzlIft gx'g', #= hgtfsf]
cfsfª\Iff k"/f ug{ g;Sg' / $=;+;bLo ;/sf/ cfˆgf] st{Jok|lt pbf;Lg x'g' h:tf cf/f]k nufP/
k|hftflGqs ;/sf/ ckb:t ul/Psf] lyof] .
kf7 M $
lj=;+=@)!& ;fnb]lv @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
@)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] ;+;bLo k|hftGq ckb:t ul/;s]kl5 @)$^ ;fn;Dd g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts
Oltxf;df lg/ª\s'z lgb{nLo zf;g Joj:yfsf] sfnv08 /x\of] . @)!& ;fn kf}if @@ ut]b]lv
k+rfotL Joj:yf nfu" eof] . @)!( ;fn kf}if ! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( 3f]if0f u/L k+rfotnfO{
j}wtf lbg] sfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cj:yfdf ePsf ljleGg If]qsf ljsf; sfo{x¿nfO{{ o;
kf7df ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ul/g]5 .
-s_ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf k|d'v /fhgLlts 36gfx¿
;fn k|d'v 36gf
@)!& kf}if ! hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/ lj36g u/L /fhf dx]Gb|sf] cWoIftfdf dGqLd08n
u7g
@)!& kf}if g]kfndf k~rfotL k|0ffnLsf] 3f]if0ff eof] .
@@ ut] k~rfotsf] dGqfno u7g
@)!* b]znfO{{ !$ c~rn &% lhNnfdf ljefhg
@)!* df3 hgsk'/ adsf08
/fhf dx]Gb| r9]sf] uf8Ldf k~rfot lj/f]wLx¿af6 ad xfg] .
hgsk'/ sf08 eof] . c/ljGbs'df/ 7fs'/ / bnl;+x yfkfnfO{{ d[To' b08sf]
3f]if0ff
@)!( kf}if ! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( 3f]if0ff
@)@) df3 b'uf{gGb emfnfO{{ kmfF;L lbOof] eg] c/ljGbs'df/ 7fs'/ / bnl;+x yfkfnfO{{
@% hGds}bsf] ;hfo lbOof] .
@)@@ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)!( sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg
@)@$ ufpFkms{ /fli6«o cleofg nfu"
@)@* ;fndf emfkf ljb|f]x -tTsfnLg g]skf dfn]n] emfkfaf6 ;fdGtLx¿sf]
;kmfof / ul/ax¿sf] d'lStsf nflu egL ljb|f]x ;'? u/\of] . tTsfnLg
/ffli6«o k~rfotsf ;b:o wd{k|;fb pkfWofsf] xTof u/]sf] cleof]udf
tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] Onfdsf] ;'vfgL eGg] 7fFpdf @)@( kmfu'g @! ut]
/fdgfy bfxfn, gf/fo0f >]i7, s[i0f s'O{Fs]n, g]qk|;fb l3ld/] / jL/]Gb|
/fhj+zLnfO{{ uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of] . o;nfO{{ ;'vfgL xTofsf08 elgG5 .
@)#) l;+xb/af/df cfunfuL
c;f/ @% df l;+xb/af/df cfunfuLn] /fi6«sf dxTTjk"0f{ sfuhftx¿ gi6
ePsf] h;sf] sf/0f tTsfnLg k|wfdGqL sLlt{lglw lji6n] g}ltstfsf]
cfwf/df /fhLgfdf lbPsf lyP .
xjfOhxfh ckx/0f sf08
h]7 @% df lj/f6gu/af6 p8]sf] ljdfgnfO{{ ef/tsf] ljxf/ kmf/lj; u~hdf
hj/h:tL cjt/0f u/fO{ ? #) nfv ef? sAhfdf lnO{ hxfh 5fl8Psf]
lyof] . o;n] k+rfotL Joj:yfnfO{{ 7'nf] wSsf lbPsf] lyof] .
@)#! l6Da'/af]6] sf08
k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L k|hftGq Nofpgsf nflu o'jfx¿ ;+ul7t
x'g]qmd a9L/x]sf] . o;} qmddf cf]vn9'+uf sAhf ug]{ of]hgfcg';f/
cf]vn9'+ufsf] l6Da'/af]6]df e]nf ePsf] o'jfx¿sf] lzlj/df ;]gfaf6 cfqmd0f
ul/of] . /fd nId0f nufotsf o'jfx¿sf] qm"/tfk'j{s xTof ul/of] . eg] o;}
sf08df kqmfp k/]sf Sofk6]g o1 axfb'/ yfkf / eLdgf/fo0f >]i7sf]
lj=;+= @)## ;fndf kmfF;L lbO{ xTof ul/Psf] lyof] .
@)#% @)#% r}t @& ut] /Tgs'df/ jfGtafnfO{{ Onfdsf] b]pdfO{ gbLsf] lsgf/df
uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/Psf] .
@)#^ k~rfot lj/f]wL ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng,
h]7 !) hgdt ;+ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff,
k|wfgGofofwLz eujtLk|;fb l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf !% ;b:oLo /fli6«o r'gfj
cfof]u u7g ul/Psf]
@ cf]6f ljsNk dWo] Ps 5gf]6 ug{ hgdt ;+u|x 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] k~rfotL
Joj:yf jf ax'bnLo zf;g Joj:yf .
@)#& j}zfv @) ut] ePsf] hgdt ;ª\u|xdf k~rfot kIf ljhoL . ;'wfl/Psf]
k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] kIfdf !) kltzt a9L dt k|fKt ePsf] .
@)$) lk:s/ xTofsf08
k+rfot lj?4 hgr]tgf hfu[t ug]{ p2]Zon] df3 ! ut] l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf]
lk:s/ dxfb]j :yfgdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;f+ª\s]lts sfo{qmddf k|x/Låf/f
uf]nL rnfO{{ s}of}F afnaflnsfx¿sf] xTof / s]xL JoflStx¿nfO{{ k|qmfp
ul/Psf] lyof] . o; sf08nfO{{ lk:sf/ xTof sf08 elgG5 .
@)$@ ;Tofu|x adsf08
g]kfnL sf+u|];n] h]7 !) ut]af6 k~rfot lj?4sf] eb| / zflGtk"0f{
cfGbf]nggsf] ¿kdf ;Tofu|x ;'? u¥of] . pSt cfGbf]ng rln/x]sf] cjlwdf
u0ftGqjfbL g]tf /fd/fhfk|;fb l;+xsf] g]t[TTjdf c;f/ ^ ut] sf7df8fF}sf]
gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/ nufot b]zsf cGo k|d'v ;x/x¿df Ps ;fy ad
k8\sfOof] . pSt ad sf08df ;xefuL /fd/fhfk|;fb l+;+x, nId0fk|;fb l+;+x
/ k|]daxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ nufotsf JoflStx¿nfO{{ d[To'b08sf] 3f]i0ff ul/of] .
;Tof u|xsf] cfGbf]ng klg ;dfKt eof] .
@)$^ hg cfGbf]ng
k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo / ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu @)$^
kmfNu'g & ut]b]lv u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] g]t[TTjdf g]kfnL sfu|]; / afddf]rf{sf]
;+o'St hgcfGbf]ng ;'? eO{ r}q @^ ut] /fhfaf6 ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf]
3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] .
-v_ @)#& ;fndf hgdt ;ª\u|x x'gfsf sf/0fx¿
k~rfotL zf;g lj?4 ljBfyL{x¿af6 cfGbf]ng ;'? ePsfn],
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{{ hgtfn] klg ;dy{g u/]sfn],
kfls:tfgdf tTsfnLg zf;s h'lNkms/ cln e'§f]nfO{{ ;}lgs zf;såf/f kmfF;Lsf]
;hfosf] lj?4 g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿ cfGbf]lnt x'g k'u]sfn],
k~rfotL ;/sf/n] cfGbf]ng bafpg vf]h]sf]n] hgcfqmf]; a9]sf] .
-u_ hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] kl/0ffd

hgdt ;ª\u|xdf ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yf cyjf ax'bnLo zf;g Joj:yfdWo] s'g}
Pssf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] kl/0ffd ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL
Joj:yfsf] kIfdf cfof] . o;sf sf/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf lyP M
;/sf/af6 Jofks ¿kdf ;/sf/L ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug'{
/fHosf] ;|f]t / ;fwg ;'wfl/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yfsf kIfdf k|of]u ul/g',
hgtfx¿ clzlIft x'g' .
-3_ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿

lt; jif{;Ddsf] of] zf;g cjlwdf ePsf ljsf; sfo{x¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\\ M
k|zf;lgs ljsf;
b]znfO{{ !$ c~rn, &% lhNnf / rf/ ljsf; If]q -@)#& ;fndf ;]tL / dxfsfnL
c~rn 5'6\ofO{ kfFr ljsf; If]q agfOPsf]_ df ljefhg ul/of] .
b]zsf] lghfdtL If]qnfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg nf]s;]jf cfof]u :yfkgf u/L To;}dfk{mt
sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ Joj:yf k|f/De eof] .
z}lIfs ljsf;
b]ze/ Ps} k|sf/sf] lzIff Joj:yf nfu" ug{ /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf
-@)@*_ nfu" eof] .
@)#! ;fnb]lv k|fylds lzIff lgMz'Ns 3f]if0ff ul/of] .
b]zsf ljleGg efudf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ j|mddf jg lj1fg, lrlsT;f
lj1fg, s[lif lj1fg, OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;+:yfgx¿sf] :yfkgf / ljsf; eof] .
cfly{s ljsf;
k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfnfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} To;kl5sf of]hgfa4 ljsf;nfO{{ klg
lg/Gt/tf lbFb} hfg] sfd eof] .
b]zsf ljleGg efudf /fhdfu{ / ;xfos dfu{x¿ lgdf{0f x'Fb} uP .
b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08 s[lif / pBf]usf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df lg/Gt/tf lbOof] .
cfGtl/s / jfx\o xjfO{ ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/of] .
e"ld;'wf/
b]zsf] cy{tGq j[l4 ug{ lgof{td'vL Jofkf/df hf]8 lbOof] .
@)@! ;fndf e"ld;'wf/ nfu" u/L hldgsf] xbaGbL, lsk6 k|yfsf] cGTo, ljtf{
pGd"ngh:tf dxTTjk"0f{ ;'wf/sf sfdx¿ eP .
;fdflhs ;'wf/
d'n'sL P]g nfu" u/L afn, cgd]n, ax'ljjfxdfly k|ltaGw / lawjf ljjfx tyf cbfntL ljjfxnfO{{
sfg'gL dfGotf k|fKt eof] . sfg'gL b[li6df 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo ul/of] . ;fdflhs ;'wf/ P]g /
lgodx¿ agfOof] . y'k|} ;fdflhs ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf eof] .
k//fi6« ;DaGw
b'O{ ljzfn l5d]sL b]zx¿ ef/t / rLg;Fu c;+nUg gLltsf cfwf/df ;dfg b"/Lsf]
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/sf ;DaGw :yflkt ul/of] .
ljZj /ª\ud~rdf klg c;+nUg k//fi6« ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df cfˆgf] :jtGq cl:tTTj
arfO/fVg / cfˆgf] e"ldsf k|bz{g ug{ ;kmn eof] .
@= cEof;
-s_ @)!& ;fnb]lv @)#^ ;fn;Dddf b]zsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf s] s]
;'wf/ eP < cfˆgf ;fyLx¿ jf ;d'bfosf k|ltli7t JolStx¿;Fu ;f]w]/ tnsf] h:t}
tflnsf agfO{ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
/fhgLlts ljsf; ;fdflhs ljsf; cfly{s ljsf;
-v_ @)@) ;fn efb| ! ut]b]lv b]zdf d'n'sL P]g nfu" ePsf] lyof] . o; Joj:yfcg';f/ efiff,
wd{, lnª\u, hftsf] cfwf/df e]befj gug]{ elgP tfklg ;dfhdf of] rng ce}m ljBdfg

5 . lsg o:tf] ePsf] xf]nf < o;nfO{{ s;/L x6fpg ;lsG5 < Pp6f 5f]6f] of]hgf
agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv @)#& ;Ddsf k|d'v % cf]6f /fhgLlts 36gfx¿nfO{{ ;do/]vfdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ k+rfotL zf;gsf] ;'?jft;Fu} lsg w]/} xTofsf08x¿ eP < sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-ª_ ;Tofu|x s:tf] cfGbf]ng xf] . Tof] lsg :ylut ug'{ k/]sf] xf]nf <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ ceof; -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t';Fu t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ M e]befj cGTo ug{ g;Sg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
hgr]tgf hufpg g;Sg', cfly{s lqmofsnfkn] tLa|tf kfpg g;Sg', s8f sfg'gL Joj:yf
gx'g'h:tf sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . æd ;dfhdf rn]sf] efiff, wd{, lnª\u hftsf] cfwf/df
x'g] e]befj cGTo ug{ lgDglnlvt of]hgf agfpFb}5' .Æ
hftLo e]befj x6fpg ;dfhsf ;a} hftsf dflg;x¿nfO{{ Ps} 7fpFdf af]nfO{{
;fd'lxs ef]hg u/fpg] 5' .
wfld{s e]befj x6fpg wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts kj{x¿df ;a} wfld{s JolStTTjx¿nfO{{
cfdGq0f ug]{5' .
lnª\uLo e]befj x6fpg cfˆg} 3/af6 lbbL alxgL, cfdfk|lt e]befj x'g lbGgF .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] nflu ;do /]vfnfO{{ x]/L ;f]xL cfwf/df tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf] nflu tkl;n cg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft ePkl5 xTofsf08 x'g] sf/0fx¿ M
hgtfsf clwsf/x¿nfO{{ s'lG7t u/]sf]n] k+rfotL Joj:yf ;'?jft;Fu} lj/f]w ;'?jft
ePsf]
tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] k+rfotL Joj:yfnfO{{ l6sfO /fVg
lj/f]wsf :j/x¿ aGb u/L ;/sf/sf sdL sdhf]]/Lx¿ aflx/ cfpg glbg]
k~rfot zf;gsf] lj/f]w ug]{nfO{{ c/fli6«o tTTj dflgGYof] ,
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

;Tofu|x eg]sf] lx+;f /xLt cfGbf]ng xf] . o;n] ;/s/nfO{ g}lts ;+s6df kfb{5 . hgtfsf]
;dy{gaf6 tTsfnLg ;/sf/ jf zf;snfO{{ cfˆgf dfu / cfjfh ;'Gg afWo kfg]{ cfGbf]ng xf] .
g]kfndf ePsf] ;Tofu|x ;'?jft eP;Fu} l+x+;fx¿ a9]sf] . 7fpF7fpFdf ad sf08x¿ eP h;af6
w}/} sfo{stf{x¿ k|qmfp k/]sf sf/0f pSt ;Tofu|x :ylut ePsf] xf] .
$= ;f/f+z
@)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] ;+;bLo k|hftGq ckb:t ul/;s]kl5 @)$^ r}q @^ ut];Dd g]kfnsf]
/fhgLlts Oltxf;df lg/ª\s'z lgb{nLo zf;g Joj:yfsf] sfnv08 /x\of] . o; ;dodf b]zdf
ljleGg /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ ePsf lyP . o; ;dodf s]xL cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pknlAwx¿ /
s]xL ljsf;fTds sfo{x¿ klg ePsf lyP . o;sf afjh'b hgtfdf cfPsf] r]tgf, lzIffsf]
lj:tf/ /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] ;+o'St cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f PsbnLo k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf]
xf] .
kf7 %
k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx¿
!= ljifoj:t'
g]kfndf @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut]b]lv k+rfotL Joj:yf ;'? eO{ @)$^ ;fn r}q @^ ut];Dd sfod
/x]sf] lyof] . hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{{ ckb:t u/L /fhf dx]Gb|af6 PsbnLo lg/+s'z zf;g
Joj:yf ;'? u/]sf x'g\ . of] Joj:yfsf] pbo x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ ljleGg /x]sf 5g\\ . of] cjlwdf s]xL
ljsf;fTds sfo{x¿ klg ePsf lyP eg] PsbnLo lg/+s'z zf;g Joj:yfsf cltl/St cGo sdL
sdh]/Lsf sf/0f of] zf;g nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg ;s]g . h;sf] sf/0f k~rfot Joj:yfsf] cGTo
ePsf] xf] .
k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbosf] sf/0fx¿
/f0ff zf;g cGTo eP klg hgtfnfO{ k"0f{clwsf/ k|fKt gx'g'
lbNnL ;+emf}tcg';f/sf] sfo{x¿ ;DkGg gx'g'
ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gx'g'
/fhg}lts bnx¿sf] kl/kSsjtfdf sdL
/fhf dx]Gb|sf] dxfTjfsf+Iff a9\g'
;+;bLo Joj:yf ;'?jftL r/0f ePsf]n] gofF x'g' cg'ejsf] sdL x'g'
hgtfdf r]tgfsf] sdL
clzIff
j}b]lzs x:tIf]k a9g'
ei6frf/ / l9nf;':tLdf j[l4 x'g' .
k+rfotL Joj:yf cGTosf sf/0fx¿

lg/+s'z / lgb{nLo zff;g k4lt
dfgj clwsf/, df}lns clwsf/ / hgtfsf] :jtGqtfsf] xgg x'g'
hgtfdf lzIff / r]tgfsf] :t/ a9b} hfg'
k~rfot Joj:yfsf ;+rfnsx¿ b'O{ u'6dfdf ljefhg x'g'
ei6«frf/ / l9nf;':tLdf j[l4 x'g' tyf t:s/Ln] Jofkstf kfpg',
sf+u];| / ;+o'St jfddf]rf{lar ;+o'St cfGbf]ngsf nflu ;xdlt x'g'
cfGbf]ngdf Jofks hgtfsf] ;xefuLtf a9\b} hfg'
hgtfsf] ;xeflutfn] ubf{ /fhfaf6 k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff
hgtfsf] OR5f / cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;Sg',
cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z lgb{nLo / lg/ª\s'ztfsf] lj/f]wL x'g',
j}b]lzs c;xof]u .
@= cEof;
-s_ k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTo x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ k+rfotL Joj:yfdf ePsf ljsf;fTds Pjd\ pNn]Vo sfo{x¿ s] s] x'g < n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfnL hgtfn] lj=;+= @))& ;fn b]lv cfGbf]ngaf6 NofPsf] k|hftGq k6s k6s ;+s6df
kg'{sf sf/0fx¿ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ . cufdL lbgdf k|ftGqnfO{{ u'Dg glbg / b]z cfly{s
pGglttkm{ a9fpgsf nflu s] s] ug'{ knf{ <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof;sf] - s_ sf] nflu kf7df /x]sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
k+rfotL Joj:yf PsbnLo / lg/s'+z zf;g Joj:yf eP klg o; ;dodf s]xL pNn]Vo /
ljsf;fTds sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\\ . h'g o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ljsf;fTds tyf pNn]Vo sfo{x¿
k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrddf dxfsfnL;Dd hf]8g] dx]Gb /fhdfu{sf] ;'?jft
KffFr ljsf; If]q, rf}w c+rn / &% lhNnf x'g] Joj:yf / d'n'snfO{{ ufpF k~rfot,
gu/ k~rfot, j8f tx;Ddsf] k|zf;lgs Joj:yf
d'n'sL P]g nfu"
s]xL pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf
e"ld;'wf/ Joj:yf / hUuf gfkL
Pc/kf]6{sf] ;+rfng
ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgfdf lj:tf/ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

b]zdf k|hftGq k6sk6s ;+s6df kg]{ sf/0fx¿
z';f;g sfod x'g g;Sg'
/fli6«o lxt eGbf bnLo :jfy{df sfd x'g'
bnleq u'6 pku'6x¿sf] hGd eO{ :jfy{ aflemg'
/fhfx¿sf] dxfTjfsf+Iff a9\g'
ul/aL lgjf/0f x'g g;Sg'
b]z pGglttkm{ eGbf cfly{s ¿kn] sdhf]/ x'g'
j}b]lzs k/lge{/tf
sfg'gL zf;gsf] cefj
nf]stGq le8tGqdf kl/0ft x'Fb} hfg' .
k|hftGq ;+s6df hf]ufpg / cflYf{s pGgltsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿
/fli6«o d'4fx¿ / ;fj{ef}ldstfsf ;Gbe{df ;j{bnLo ;xdlt x'g'kg]{
cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{
:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;dodf lgjf{rg u/L hgk|ltlglwaf6 ;~rfng
l:y/ ;/sf/
zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt
b]zdf nufgLsf] jftj/0f sfod u/L pBf]u wGbfx¿sf] :yfkgf
hnljB't / ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;
sfg'gL zf;gsf] kTofe"lt
nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;
;dfj]zL nf]stGq / hg;xefuLtfsf] ;'lgZrtf
hgd}qL zf;g k4ltsf] cjnDag .
$= ;f/f+z
g]kfndf @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut]b]lv k+rfotL Joj:yf ;'? eO{ @)$^ ;fn r}q @^ ut];Dd sfod
/x]sf] lyof] . k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo x'g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿df /f0ff zf;g cGTo eP klg
hgtfn] k"0f{clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ g;Sg', lbNnL ;+emf}tfcg';f/sf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg gx'g', ljwfg
;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf0f{ gx'g', clzIff / r]tgfsf] sdLnfO{{ lng ;lsG5 . o;}u/L o; Joj:yf
PsfTds zf;g / lg/+s'z zff;g k4lt, dfgj clwsf/, df}lns clwsf/ / hgtfsf] :jtGqtfsf]
xgg x'g', hgtfdf lzIffdf ePsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
kf7 ^
lj=;+= @)$^ b]lv @)^@÷)^# ;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfj|md
!= ljifoj:t'
/fhf dx]Gb|af6 ;'?jft ul/Psf] k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo tyf ax'bnLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf]
;'?jftsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+o'St jfd df]rf{sf] ;+o'St cfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jft @)$^ kmfNu'g
& ut]af6 ePsf] lyof] . pSt cfGbf]ngdf hgtfsf] ckf/ ;xeuLsfsf sf/0f /fhf lj/]Gb|af6
@)$^ r}q @^ ut] /flt k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo / bnx¿dflysf] k|ltaGw km's'jf ePsf] 3f]if0f
ePsf] lyof] . pSt hgcfGbf]ngn] lg/ª\s'z zf;g k4ltnfO{{ cGTo u/L b]zdf ax'bnLo zf;g
k|0ffnL :yflkt u¥of] . @)$^ ;fn r}q @^ ut] /flt !!M$% ah] ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf]
k'gjf{xfnLkl5 lj ; @)^@÷)^# ;Dd ePsf k|d'v 36gfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\\ M
;fn 36gf
@)$& j}zfv # ut] /fli6«o k~rfot, k~rfot gLlt tyf hfFra'em ;ldlt / k~rfotsf
juL{o ;ª\u7gx¿ lj36g .
@)$& j}zfv ^ ut] s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] k|wfgdGqLTTjdf cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g . o;
;/sf/sf] sfo{ ax'bnLo k|hfGtq cg's"nsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ /
cfd lgjf{rg u/fpg] d'Vo b'O{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] lyof] .
@)$& sflt{s @# ut] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" . o; lbgb]lv g} ;+j}wflgs
/fhtGq;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg .
@)$* ;fn cfd r'gfj -g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] ax'dt_
@)$* ;fn lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf ;/sf/ u7g
@)%! ;fn dWofjlw r'gfj, dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] g]t[TTjdf cNkdtsf] ;/sf/
u7g,
@)%@ ;fn z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] g]t[TTjdf ljleGg bnsf] ;+o'St ;/sf/,
@)%@ kmfNu'g ! ut] g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] u7g, ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ;'?,
@)%$ ;fn nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] g]t[TTjdf ;+o'St ;/sf/ u7g,
@)%% ;fn ;"o{jxfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[TTjdf ;+o'St ;/sf/ u7g,
@)%% ;fn lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf ;/sf/ u7g,
@)%^ ;fn j}zfv cfd r'gfj - sfª\u|];sf] ax'dt_
@)%^ ;fn s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{sf] k|wfgdGqLTTjdf ;/sf/ u7g,
@)%& ;fn lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdGqLTTjdf ;/sf/ u7g,
@)%* h]7 !( ut] gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/df xTofsf08 / /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+z g} ;dfKt,
@)%* z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqL ePsf] ;/sf/ u7g,
@)%( dWofjlw lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff t/ x'g g;s]sf] .
@)%( c;f]h !* /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& k|of]u u/L k|wfgdGqL b]pjfnfO{{
kbd'St u/L ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ cfˆgf] xftdf lnP .
@)^) ;fn nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g,
;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g,
Jofks hgbjfjkl5 z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k'gM k|wfgdGqL ePsf] ;+o'St
;/sf/ u7g .
@)^! df3 !( ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnufot ;a} g]tfx¿nfO{{
gh/aGb u/L cfˆgf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g,
;ftbnaf6 pSt sfo{sf] Jofks lj/f]w .
@)^@ dª\l;/ ;ftbn / g]skf dfcf]jfbLlar !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt,
@)^@ r}q @$ hgcfGbf]ng b'O{ ;'? eO{ !( lbg;Ddsf] cGbf]ngdf nfvf}F hgtf
;8sdf plqP .
@)^# j}zfv !! ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 cfk"mn] lnPsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;Qf
hgtfnfO{{ kmsf{Psf] 3f]if0ff,
;+;bsf] k'g:yf{kgf, lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdGqLTTjdf ;+o'St
;/sf/ u7g,
/fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;g
/fhf 1fg]Gb|n] cfk"mn] k|ToIf zf;g ug]{ ;f]r /fvL @)%( c;f]h !* ut] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf
k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@& k|of]u u/L
avf{:t u/] . h'g ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ ljk/Lt /x]sf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf
pknlAwdfly g} cfj|md0f ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{{
/fhf 1fg]Gb|n] kfngf u/]gg\ . o;af6 hgtfn] cfˆgf k|ltlglwåf/f ;~rflnt ;/sf/ u'dfpg'
k¥of] . o;} j|mddf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{ eO/x\of] . kmn:j¿k @)^! df3 !( ut] /fhfn]
cfˆg} cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g u/] h;df lgDg cj:yfx¿ cfof] M
hgtfsf df}lns clwsf/x¿ lgnDag ul/of] .
k|hftflGqs bnx¿dfly lgu/fgL /flvof] . ;ef / h'n'; ug{ klg lbPgg\ .
sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf khgL k|yf cfof] .
e|i6frf/n] Jofkstf kfof] .
k|]; :jtGqtfdfly cfj|md0f eof] .
bnsf g]tf / sfo{stf{nfO{{ w/ ks8 ul/of] .
o;n] ubf{
hgtfx¿ /fhfsf lj?4df pleP .
;ft bn / g]skf dfcf]jfbLlar afx| a'Fb] ;Demf}tf eof] .
:yfgLo r'gfj ;kmn x'g ;s]g .
cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u 36\of] .
k|yd hgcfGbf]ngkl5sf pknlAw

-!_ o;} cfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k b]zdf k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg nfu" eof] . o; ;+ljwfgn]
k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfnfO{{ :yflkt ug'{sf ;fy} /fHon] k|bfg ug'{kg]{ cfwf/e"t dfgj
clwsf/nfO{{ ;'lglZrt ul/lbof] . oxL zf;g k4ltn] hgtfnfO{{ b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfngdf
k|ToIf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg u¥of] .
-@_ k|yd hgcfGbf]ngaf6 :yflkt k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltn] g} pbf/Ls/0f, k|lt:kwf{ /
lghLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{{ cufl8 a9fof] .

-#_ oxL zf;g k|0ffnLn] g} ljlwsf] zf;g, :jtGq Pjd\ ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug'{sf
;fy} :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{{ :jfoQtf k|bfg u¥of] .
-$_ nf]s sNof0fsf/L sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zosf] kmn:j¿k h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg /
dlxnfx¿nfO{{ ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/sf] Uof/]lG6h:tf sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fOP .
-%_ k|fljlws lzIffdf hf]8 lbO{ b]z ljsf;df cfjZos kg]{ hgzlSt lgdf{0f ug]{ gLltcl3
;fl/of] .
@)$^ ;fnkl5 b]zdf cfly{s / ;fdflhs pknlAw
@)$^ ;fnkl5 b]zdf cfly{s / ;fdflhs If]qdf pNn]vgLo pknlAw ePsf] s'/f ljsf;sf
k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf ePsf] k|ultn] b]vfpF5 . o;kl5 vf; u/]/ lgDg If]qdf ePsf] pknlAwnfO{{
;Gtf]ifhgs g} dfGg'kb{5 .
lzIff
ufpFufpFdf ljBfnox¿ :yfkgf eP, ;j{;fwf/0fsf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ljBfnodf k9\g] cj;/ k|fKt
u/],
;fIf/tf k|ltztdf j[l4 eof],
ax' ljZjljBfnosf] cjwf/0ffcufl8 a9\of],
lzIffdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9\of],
!)±@ lzIff ufpFufpF;Dd k'Ug] jftfj/0f tof/ eof] .
:jf:Yo
cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo lgMz'Ns x'g] 3f]if0ff,
lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] pknAwtf .
oftfoft
sRrL tyf sfnf]kq af6f]sf] lgdf{0fdf j[l4,
s0ff{nLdf ;8s k'Ug',
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/

6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ufpFufpF;Dd k'u]sf],
df]jfOn ;]jf;d]t ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frdf cfPsf],
lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9]sf],
Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] :6]zgx¿n]] ufpFufpF;Dd hgtfnfO{{ ;';"lrt ug{ ;kmn /x]sf],
lghL If]qaf6 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿sf] :yfkgf,
OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ .
vfg]kfgL
&& k|ltzt hgtfn] vfg]kfgLsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf]
ljB't
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fdf hf]8,
sfnL u08sL æPÆ, ef]6]sf]zL, ;'gsf]zL, dWod:of{ª\bL, lrlnd], lvDtLh:tf cfof]hgf lgdf{0f
u/L ljB't Ifdtf bf]Aa/ k'¥ofPsf],
klZrd ;]tL, c¿0f–#, dxfsfnL, dflyNnf] s0ff{nL, lr;fkfgLh:tf a[xt cfof]hgfx¿sf]
;DefJotf cWoog tyf j}b]lzs nufgLdf lgdf{0f ug{ k|lqmof ;'?,
ef/tdf ljB't lgof{t ug{ ljB't Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg .
cGo
sd}of k|yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff,
h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{{ ;Ddfg,
dlxnfx¿sf] k}t[s ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/ tyf ue{ktg;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f .
cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf lng kfpg] sfg'g lgdf{0f .
@= cEof;
-s_ tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 :yflkt k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltsf
;jn kIf / sdhf]/ kIfx¿ s] s] lyP < a'Fbfut ¿kdf l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ @)^# ;fndf g]kfnL hgtfsf] alnbfgaf6 k|fKt nf]stGqnfO{{ xfdLn] s;/L arfpg'kb{5 <
;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn / lj= ;+= @)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] lardf t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ @)^@÷)^# sf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt nf]stGq :yfkgfsf] v'l;ofnLdf lj=;+=
@)^# j}zfv !@ ut] tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf s] s] sfo{x¿ ul/Psf lyP < klqsfdf k|sfzg
ug{ Pp6f ;dfrf/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ hgcfGbf]ng– @ sf j|mddf cfk"mn] efu lnPsf] sNkgf u/L cfkm"n] cg'e"lt u/]sf s'/fnfO{{
;d]6L Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ hg cfGbf]ng –@ x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;gn] g]kfnL hgtfdf s] s:tf] k|efj kf¥of], ts{ lbg'xf];\ .
-h_ lj=;+= @)$^ b]lv xfn;Dd ePsf cfly{s / ;fdflhs pknlAwx¿sf] ;dLIff ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug]{ u/L gofF ;j{dfGo ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
@)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt nf]stGqnfO{{ ;+/If0f ug{ lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug'{kb{5 M
;a} /fhgLlts bnlardf ;xsfo{ x'g'kb{5 .
cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ug'{k5{
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfon] p7fPsf dfux¿ ;dodf g} ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5 .
hgtfsf nflu cfod"ns sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
kf/blz{tf sfod ug'{k5{ .
e|i6frf/ lgd"{n ug'{k5{ .
k|To]s gful/sn] clwsf/ vf]Hg'sf ;fy;fy} cfˆgf] st{Jo klg s] xf] eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t
x'g'kb{5 .
/fHosf ;a} If]qdf nf]stflGqs kl/kf6Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 M

lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn / @)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]nglarsf] leGgtf
lj=;+= @)$^ sf] k|yd hgcfGbf]ng @)^# ;fnsf] bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng
lg/ª\s'z k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo ug{sf lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqsf] lj?4df
nflu ;'? ePsf]
ax'bnLo k|hftlGqs Joj:yfsf nflu ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf cltl/St
;dfj]zL nf]stGq k|flKtsf nflu
g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / jfddf]rf{sf] cfof]hgfdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[TTjdf ;ft bnsf]
;~rflnt cfof]hgfdf g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;xof]udf
;~rflnt
@)$^ kmfNu'g & ut]b]lv @)$^ r}q @^ @)^@ r}q @$ ut]b]lv @)^# j}zfv !!
ut];Dd ;~rfng ePsf] ut];Dd ;~rflnt
-3_ tn Pp6f gd'gf lbOPsf] 5 . tkfO{F klg o:t} n]Vg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ .
@)^# sf] hg cfGbf]ngkl5 ;d'bfodf v'l;ofnL
l;dLsf]6, !# j}zfv . b]zdf nf]stGq :yfkgf ePsf] v'zLofnLdf oxfF ljho h'n'; / ;ef
cfof]hgf ul/of] . cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL ePsf /fhgLlts bn tyf gful/s ;dfhsf JolStx¿
tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt a[xt\ ;efdf jStfx¿n] nf]stGqsf] pknlAwnfO{{
;+:yfut ug{ g]tfx¿nfO{{ ;Nnfx lbPsf lyP . To;}u/L casf lbgdf efjL k':tfx¿nfO{{
nf]stGqsf nflu n8\g gk/f];\ eGg] ljrf/ ;a} jStf ;xefuL /x]sf] lyof] .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf lglDt lgDgcg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
gd'gf b}lgsL
@)^# r}q @*
cfh laxfg & ah]sf] ;dfrf/df lbgel/ sô'{ nfUg] s'/f ;'g]kl5 d]/f] d'6' 9's9's ug{ yfNof] .
s;/L cfGbf]ngdf hfg] < c¿ dflg;x¿ s;/L h'n';df ;xefuL xf]nfg\ < eGg] d]/f] dgdf
lh1f;f nflu/x]sf] lyof] . sô'{sf] 8/n] 3/af6 glg:sg] c7f]6 dgdg} u/]F . cfdfn] klg ghf
eGg'eof] . lxhf] bfh' klg 3fOt] eP/ 3/d} a:g'ePsf] x'gfn] d}n] klg cfGbf]ngdf hfg] cfF6
ul/gF . t/ a]n'sf 6]lnlehg x]bf{ t, jfkm /] jfkm . Tolt w]/} dflg;x¿ sxfFaf6 cfP xf]nfg\ < d
klg uPsf] eP x'GYof] eGg] nflu/Xof] .
-r_ cEof; -r_, -5_ / -h_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
$= ;f/f+z
lj ; @)$^ ;fnb]lv @)^@ ;Dddf g]kfndf ljleGg /fhg}lts 36gfx¿ ePsf 5g\\ . o;
cjlwdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)$& ;fnsf] 3f]if0ff, :yfgLo lgjf{rg eO{ :yfgLo lgsfo hg
k|ltlglwaf6 ;~rfng, g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ;'? eO !) jif{;Dd ;~rfng, /fhf
1fg]Gb|af6 k|ToIf zf;g ;~rfng / bf];|f] hg cfGbf]ng eO{ /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gsf] cGTo o;}
cjlwdf ePsf] lyof] .
kf7 &
lj ; @)^# b]lv xfn ;Ddsf /fhgLts 36gfqmd
!= ljifoj:t'
g]kfndf ljutb]lv xfn;Dd dxTTjk"0f{ /fhg}lts 36gfx¿ ePsf 5g\ . tL dWo] @)^@÷@)^#
bf];|f] hg cfGbf]ngn] /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 @)^# j}zfv !! ut] cfk"mn] lnPsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf /
/fhsLo ;Qf hgtfnfO{{ kmsf{Psf] 3f]if0ffsf ;fy ;+;bsf] k'g:yf{kgf ul/;s]kl5 xfn;Dd w]/}
/fhg}lts 36gfqmdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] 3f]if0ffkl5 lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
k|wfgdGqLTTjdf ;+o'St ;/sf/ u7g ePsf] lyof] . pSt ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfdx¿ ax'bnLo
k|hftGqsf nflu cg's"n cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{, ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] / b]zdf
zflGt sfod ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] .
lj ; @)^# xfn ;Ddsf /fhgLts 36gfqmdx¿nfO{{ o; k|sf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
@)^# h]7 $ ;+;bsf] 3f]if0ffdfk{mt /fhfsf clwsf/x¿ s6f}tL u/L pSt
clwsf/ ;/sf/df NofOPsf],
g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf;DaGwL ;a} clwsf/ k|ltlglw ;efåf/f k|of]u
ul/g] Joj:yf,
g]kfn /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf ul/Psf],
>L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{{ ca pk|fGt g]kfn ;/sf/ elgof],
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L g]kfnL ;]gf /x]sf],
/fhkl/jf/sf] cfo / ;Dklt dfly s/ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] .
@)^# c;f/ @ g]skf dfcf]jfbL / ;ft bnlardf cf7a'Fb] ;xdlt
@)^# dª\l;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf dfcf]jfbLlar lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ePsf],

b;jif]{ hgo'4sf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff .
@)^# df3 ! g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 3f]if0ff,
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf klxnf] ;+zf]wg,
dfcf]jfbL ;+nUgtfdf ;+;bsf] Joj:yf .
@)^# r}q !* lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjdf g} dfcf]jfbL;d]t ;lDdlnt
;+o'St ;/sf/ u7g,
@)^$ ;fn h]7 / dª\l;/df x'g] elgPsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt
;f/L r}q @* ut] x'g] 3f]if0ff,
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df bf];|f] / t];|f] ;+zf]wg
g]skf dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/af6 x6\g] / k'gM ;lDdlnt sfo{
@)^$ k'; * ut] ;ftbn lar @# a'Fb] ;xdlt .
@)^$ r}q @* ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg .
@)^% h]7 !% g]kfndf u0ftGq 3f]if0ff
@)^% ;fpg ^ 8f /fdj/0f ofbj -k|yd_ /fi6«kltdf lgjf{lrt
@)^% ;fpg #! g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k':ksdn bfxfn sf] g]t[TTjdf ;/sf/
u7g
@)^^ h]7 )( g]skf Pdfn]sf g]tf dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] g]t[TTjdf ;/sf/ u7g
@)^& df3 @) g]skf Pdfn]sf cWoIf emngfy vgfnsf] g]t[TTjdf ;sf/ u7g
@)^* ebf} !! g]skf Pdfcf]jfbLsf pkfWoIf afa'/fdf e6\6/fOsf] g]t[TTjdf ;/sf/
u7g
@)^( h]7 !$ klxnf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36g
@)^( r}q ! k|wfgGogflwz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] cWoIftfdf cGtl/d r'gfjL ;/sf/
u7g
@)&) d+l;/ $ bf;|f] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
@)&) df3 @& g]kfnL sfu|];sf ;efklt z'l;n sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[TTjfdf ;/sf/
u7g
@)&@ j}zfv !@ ut] ljgf;sf/L e"sDk cfof]
@)&@ c;f}h # /fi6klt /fdj/0f ofbjaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff
@)&@ c;f}h @$ g]skf Pdfn]sf cWoIf v8\uk|;fb cf]nLsf] g]t[TTjdf ;/sf/ u7g
@)&# ;fpg !( g]skf Pdfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k'idsdn bfxnsf]] g]t[TTjdf ;/sf/
u7g
o; cjlwdf g]kfndf w]/} /fhg}lts 36gfx¿ ePsf 5g\\ . o; cjlwdf, ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
lgjf{rg, u0ftGq :yfkgf / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g' dxTTjk"0f{ 36gfx¿ ePsf5g\\ .
u0ftGq :yfkgf x'g'sf sf/0fx¿
g]kfndf u0ftGq :yfkgf x'g'df g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] b; jif]{ z;:q ljb|f]x / bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng
k|d'v sf/0fx¿ x'g . o;}u/L /fhf lj/]Gb|sf] j+z gfz x'g] u/L ePsf] /fhb/af/ xTofsf08nfO{{
klg lng ;lsG5 . /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 cfkm}Fn] zf;g zQf xftdf lng' / lnPkl5 hg ck]Iffcg';f/
sfo{ gx'g', hgtfn] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] cg'e'tL ug{ g;Sg', /fhfsf] sbdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u 36\b}
hfg' / bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngdf hgtfsf] b]z JofkL ¿kdf ckf/ ;dy{g /xL /fhfnfO{{ clwsf/ lkmtf{
ug{ afWo agfpg' cflb sf/0f g]kfndf u0fTfGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
;+ljwfg ;ef
hgtfn] cfkmgf k|ltlglWf dfkm{t cfkmgf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ynf] ;ljwfg ;ef xf] . of] ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f ug]{ ;a}eGbf nf]stflGqs k|lqmof xf] . g]kfndf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 @))& ;fn b]lvsf]
hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg agfpg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] OR5f rfxgf ePklg nfdf] ;do;Dd x'g ;s]g .
o;sf] klxnf] lgjf{rg @)^$ r}q @* ut] ePsf] xf] . t/ pSt ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
x'g ;s]g / @)&) d+l;/ $ ut] bf];|f] k6s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg eof] . pSt ;efn] @)&@
c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] . ;+ljwfg ;efdf ^)! hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] lyof] . klxnf] ;+ljwfgaf6 ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'g ;s]g . h;df k|d'v bnx¿lar ;xdlt x'g
g;Sg', ljleGg If]qsf hgtf tyf cflbjf;L, dw];L hfthfltx¿af6 Jofks lj/f]w x'g', ljleGg
ju{ ;d'bfosf :jfy{ aflemPsf sf/0f ;+;bsf] a}7s ;d]t a:g ;s]g . o;sf sf/0f ;+ljwfg
;ef lj36g x'g k'Uof] .
tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g g;s]kl5 ;+jwfg ;efsf] lj36g eof] . To;kl5 lgjf{rgdf
hfg bnx¿df ;xdlt x'g ;s]g . s:sf] g]t[TTjdf /x]sf] ;/sf/n] lgjf{rg u/fpg] eGg] ljjfb
eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;a} bnx¿sf] ;xdltdf k|wfgGofwLz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] cWoIftfdf ;/s/
u7g u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] d'Vo cleef/f lbPsf] xf] . pSt ;/sf/n] tf]lsPsf]
;doleq lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L ;+ljwfg ;ef u7g ug{ ;kmn eof] . bf];|f] ;+ljwfg ;efaf6
;+ljwfg klg hf/L eof] . o;af6 klg g]kfnL hgtfsf OR5f / cfsf+Iff k|fKt ePsf] b]lvFb}g .
;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 g]kfnL hgtfn] c3f]lift gfsfGbLaf6 lgs} 7'nf] b'Mv si6 j]xf]g{' k¥of] .
;+ljwfgsf] ;kmn sof{Gjog x'g g;Sbf hgtfdf lg/fzf cfPsf] 5 . ;dodf :yfgLo lgjf{rg
x'g g;Sg', hgtfsf b}lgs hghLjgsf ;d:ofx¿ Wofg lbg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .
@= cEof;
-s_ @)^# h]7 $ ut]sf] ;+;bdf ePsf] 3f]if0fdf ;dfj]z ePsf d'Vo s'/fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfndf u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf x'g'sf sf/0fx¿ n]vg'xf];\ .
-u_ klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'g g;Sg'sf sf/0fx¿ s]s] x'g < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd ePsf k|d'v ^ 36gfx¿ ;do/]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg ;xdltsf] b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf lng' kg]{ sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\\ <
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf] nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf] nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ cEof; ug'{xf];\ .
@)^# h]7 $
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf] nflu tkl;n cg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hg lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg ;xdltsf] b:tfj]h elgg'sf] sf/0f o; k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;+ljwfg ;efdf ;xefuL ePsf ljleGg bnx¿sf] ;xdltdf hf/L ul/Psf]
;+ljwfg ;efdf s'g} Ps bnsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dt gePsf]n] w]/}bnx¿sf lardf ePsf]
;xdlt cg';f/ ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf]
/fhg}lts bnx¿n] 3f]if0fkqdf pNn]v u/]sf cfkmgf k|lta4tfx¿ ;d]t ;+ljwfgdf
;d]6\g g;Sg'
g]kfNfdf cfPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 ePsf] 7'nf] dfgjLo tyf ef}lQs Ifltaf6 k/]sf]
ljkt\af6 /fhg}lts bnx¿df klg cfk;L cGt/lj/]fw la;]{/ k'g{lgdf{0f ug]{ efjgf
knfPsf] . h;sf nflu klxnf ;+ljwfg hf/L ug'{kg]{ dx;'; eO{ ck;L ;dembf/L /
;xdltdf of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf]n] .
g]kfn ljljwtfn] o'St b]z ePsf]n] ;a} g]kfnLsf] OR5f / cfjZostfnfO{{ ;Djf]wg
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePsf]n] .
$= ;f/f+z
g]kfndf lj ; @)^# b]lv @)&# ;Dddf ljleGg vfnsf /fhgLts 36gfqmdx¿ ePsf 5g\ .
h;dWo] @)^# h]7 $ ut]sf] ;+;bsf] 3f]if0ff, b'{O k6s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg, klxnf] ;+ljwfg
;efsf] lj36g, u0ftGq :yfkgf, k|wfgGofwLzsf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g x'g' / g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] h:tf 36gfx¿nfO{ dxTTjk"0f{ 36gfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
kf7 *
bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 k/]sf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k|efj
!= ljifoj:t'
k|yd hgcfGbf]ng kl5 b]zdf /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs If]qdf s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ k|of; ePsf
lyP . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg b]zdf rn]sf] k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltn] eflifs, wfld{s, hftLo,
;f+:s[lts / If]qLo e]befjk"0f{ cj:yfnfO{{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;s]g . o;} ;dodf /fhfsf] cWoIftfdf
b]zdf k|ToIf zf;g Joj:yf ;'? eof] . nf]stGqsf kIfw/x¿nfO{{ y'g5]s ug]{ nufotsf cg]sf}F
;hfo lbg yflnof] . h'n'; ;ef ug{;d]t afwf cj/f]w ug]{ sfo{ eof] .
bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# sf] b[Zo

o; cj:yfdf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{{ sdhf]/ agfOof] . kmn:j¿k ;ft /fhgLlts
bnn] !) jif{b]lv ;z:q åGå ul//x]sf] g]skf dfcf]jfbL;Fu !@ aF'b] ;xdlt u/L cfGbf]ngsf]
k[i7e"ld tof/ ePsf] xf] . o;} cg'¿k @)^@ r}q @$ ut]b]lv nfvf}F hgtf ;8sdf cf]n]{kl5
hgtfsf] ckf/ ;dy{gn] ubf{ @)^# j}zfv !! ut] pSt cfGbf]ngn] ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
!( lbgsf] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngkZrft\ b]zdf nf]stGq :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; cfGbf]ngkl5sf]
k|d'v pknlAwdf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lj ; @)&@ c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g' xf] .
b]zdf cfly{s / ;fdflhs pknlAw
bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^# kl5 b]zdf cfly{s / ;fdflhs If]qdf pNn]vgLo pknlAw ePsf] s'/f
o; If]qdf ePsf] k|ultn] b]vfpF5 . o;kl5 vf; u/]/ lgDg If]qdf ePsf] pknlAwnfO{{
;Gtf]ifhgs g} dfGg'kb{5 .
cfly{s pknlAw
ul/aL #@ k|ltztaf6 36]/ @@ df k'Ug'
j]b]lzs nufgLdf j[l4 eO/x]sf]
b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4nfO{{ pRr /fVg ljleGg d'n'sx¿;Fu ljKkf (BIPPA), kf/jfxg / ;xo]u
c'gbfg nufotsf] ;+emf}tf ePsf] .
hnljB'tsf nflu nufgL a9]sf] .
/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfngdf cfpg' .
;fdflhs pknlAw
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cjnDjGf u/L k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ju{, If]q,
hflt, efiff, lnª\u nufotsf ;a} kIfsf gful/snfO{{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg] sfo{
dlxnf hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckfª\u / ljs6 tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf dflg;x¿nfO{{
k|ltztsf cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf nufot cGo ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] cj;/ k|fKt
lzIff If]qdf ;fIf/tf cleofg ;~rfng ul/of] . h;af6 xfh;Dd !% b]lv ^) jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf dflg;x¿ (%Ü eGbf a9L ;fIf/ ePsf] egL ## lhNnf ;fIf/ 3f]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBfno txdf 5fqf, blnt / hghflt ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Fr dfqf j[l4 ePsf] .
:jfYo If]qdf &) k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ uflj;df /x]sf] :jf:Yo pkrf}sLaf6 g} pknAw xg]
Joj:yf .
To;} u/L dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d"xsf] r]tgfdf clej[l4 x'g'
dlxnfx¿sf] k}t[s ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/ tyf ue{ktg ;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f .
cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf lng kfpg] sfg'g lgdf{0f .
@= cEof;
-s_ bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 b]zdf ePsf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pknlAWfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 s] s:tf ;sf/fTds pknlAWfx¿ ePsf5g\\ <
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfndf @))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd / @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd ePsf /fhlglts kl/jt{gaf6
ePsf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pknlAWfx¿sf] t'ngfTds ¿kdf tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof;sf] -s_ sf] nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof;sf] -v_ sf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 d]/f] ufpF ;d'bfodf ePsf k|d'v ;s/fTds pknlAWfx¿
zflGt ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ eO{ hgtfdf ;'/Iffsf] efjgf
ufpF ;'dbfodf ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿ lgjf{w¿kdf ;~rfng
hgtfx¿df ;xsfo{ / ;dGjodf j[l4
ufpFdf k|x/L rf}sL :yfkgf
:yfgLo ljBfnodf sIff !@ ;Dd k9fO cflb .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ cWog ug'{xf];\ .

g]kfndf @))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd / @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd ePsf /fhlglts kl/jt{gaf6
ePsf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pknlAWfx¿sf] t'ngfTds tflnsf
@))& b]lv @)!& ;Dd @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd
of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'?cft ul/aL #@ k|ltztaf6 36]/ @@ df k'Ug'
/fi6« a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4nfO{{ pRr /fVg ljleGg
g]kfn /fHoe/ g]kfnL d'b|f k|rng d'n'x¿;Fu ljKkf (BIPPA), kf/jfxg / ;xo]u
@))* df klxnf]k6s ah]6 k|:t't c'gbfg nufotsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] .
tyf k|sfzg hnljB'tsf nflu nufgL a9]sf] .
ljtf{ pGd'ng P]g @)!^ nfu" /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgx¿ ;~rfngdf
s[lifdf cfw'lgsL/0f / Jofkf/ k|jw{g cfpg' .
sfo{ ;'? ul/of] . ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGt
/f0ff zf;g ;dflKtkl5 u7g ul/Psf] cjnDjGf u/L k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ju{,
ldlnh'nL ;/sf/n] ;j{k|yd a}7s, If]q, hflt, efiff, lnª\u nufotsf ;a} kIfsf
j]uf/L, afnL egf{, ;nfdL k|yfh:tf gful/snfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg] sfo{
;fdflhs zf]if0f ;dfKt kfg]{ sfd dlxnf hghflt, wd]zL, blnt, ckfª\u /
u¥of] . ljs6 tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf dflg;x¿nfO{{
/]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn ;f+:s[lts k|ltztsf cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf nufot
kl/ifb\ :yfkgf eof] . cGo ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] cj;/ k|fKt
g]kfndf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg nfu" eof] . ljBfno txdf 5fqf, blnt / hghflt
;+:s[t efiff k|;fl/0fL ;ldlt, gf/L ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'Frdf j[l4
ljBfkL7 / k/f]ksf/ ;+:yfsf] ePsf] .
:yfkgf . :jfYo If]qdf &) k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ uflj;df
sfg'g dxfljBfnosf] :yfkgf . /x]sf] :jf:Yo pkrf}sLaf6 g} ;]jf pknAw xg]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfkgf . Joj:yf .
g]kfn ljZj x'nfs ;ª\3sf] ;b:o . dlxnfx¿sf] k}t[s ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# nfu" . tyf ue{ktg ;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f .
g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf . cfdfsf] gfdaf6 gful/stf lng kfpg] sfg'gL
lgdf{0f .
$= ;f/f+z
bf];|f] hg cfGbf]ngn] @)^# j}zfv !! ut]] ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . !( lbgsf] zflGtk"0f{
cfGbf]ng kZrft\ b]zdf nf]stGq :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;kl5 g]kfndf cfly{s / ;fdflhs If]qdf
w]/} pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ePsf 5g\\ . . o; cfGbf]ngkl5sf] k|d'v pknlAwdf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 lj=
;+= @)&@ c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g' xf] . o;} u/L /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgx¿
;~rfng ePsf 5g\\ .
kf7 M (
k|yd ljZjo'4
!= ljifoj:t'
;g\ !(!$ eGbf cl3 klg ljZjdf ;fgf 7'nf o'4x¿ x'g] ub{y] . t/ To:tf o'4x¿sf] k|efj
ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;Lldt x'Gy] . ;g\ !(!$–!(!( ;Dd ljZjdf Pp6f ljgf;sf/L o'4 eof] . o;
o'4df k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kdf ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿ ;+nUg lyP . o; o'4sf] kl/0ffd klg
Hofb} kL8fbfoL lyof] . o; o'4df nueu *) nfv dflg;sf] d[To' eof] eg] To;sf] s}of}F u'0ff
a9L 3fOt] eP . 7'nf] dfgjLo cfly{s tyf ef}lts Iflt eof] . o; o'4nfO{{ k|yd ljZjo'4
elgG5 .
k|yd ljZjo'4sf sf/0fx¿
-s_ ;fd|fHojfbsf] pbo
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] o'/f]kdf ;fd|fHojfbsf] hGd eO;s]sf] lyof] . o;n] d'Vo b'O{cf]6f ;d:of
pTkGg u/]sf] lyof] . klxnf], pBf]unfO{{ rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ sxfFaf6 lgoldt ¿kdf k|fKt ug]{ <
bf];|f] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt dfn;fdfg sxfF nu]/ a]Rg] < To;}n] o'/f]kLo dxfb]zsf k|To]s b]zdf
sRrfkbfy{ / ahf/sf lgldQ pklgj]zsf] vf]hL ug]{ / To;dfly cfˆgf] cflwkTo sfod ug]{ xf]8
rNg yfNof] . hd{gLn] Oª\un}08sf pklgj]zx¿ x8Kg] bfp x]g{ yfNof] eg] Oª\un}08n] klg
hd{gLsf] ahf/ cfˆgf] clwsf/df lng] sf]l;; ug{ yfNof] . o;sf ;fy} cGo o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿,
h:t}–¿;, k|mfG;, cli6«of, O6nL, 6sL{ cflb klg w]/}yf]/} cfˆgf] k|efj If]q agfpg] xf]8df nfUg
yfn] . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k o'/f]ksf w]/} /fi6«x¿df j}dg:otf a9\g yfNof] / o'4sf] tof/L ug{
yfn] .
-v_ o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿ b'O{ lj/f]wL u'6df af“l8g'
;g\ !*&) df hd{gL / O6nLsf] Pp6} u'6df ;fd]n ePkl5 oL /fi6«x¿ zlStzfnL aGg
k'u] . hd{gLn] PsLs/0f ug]{ j|mddf p;n] k|mfG;sf b'O{ k|fGtx¿ PN;]; (Alsace) / nf]/]g
(Lorraine) cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPkl5 hd{gL / k|mfG;lar a}dg:otf a9\of] . To;}n] ;g\ !*&( df
hd{gsf rfG;n/ lj:dfs{n] k|mfG;nfO{{ PSnf] kfg{ cli6«of;Fu ;lGw u/] . ;g\ !**@ df O6nL klg
o; u'6df ;lDdlnt eof] . kmntM oL ltg b]zlar lqkIfLo ;lGw (Triple Alliance) eof] .
lj:dfs{n] cfˆgf] rt'/ s'6gLltsf] dfWodn] cfˆgf zq'x¿ ¿;, Oª\un}08 / k|mfG;nfO{{ cfk;df
ldNg slxNo} lbPgg\ t/ ;g\ !*() df logn] cfˆgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 k|mfG;n]
Oª\un}08;Fu d}qL ;lGw u¥of] . ¿; / Oª\un}08lar klg ;lGw eof] . o;cl3 g} O=;+= !*(@ df
¿; / k|mfG;lar ;lGw e};s]sf] lyof] . o;/L hd{gL, O6nL / cli6«of lj?4 k|mfG;, ¿; /
Oª\un}08n] klg lqd'vL ;lGw (Triple Entente) u/] . o;kl5 o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿ k/:k/ b'O{ lj/f]wL
u'6df ljeflht eP . logLx¿ Ps csf{lj?4 O{iof{, 8fx / cfzª\sf ub{y] .
-u_ ;}Gojfbsf] ljsf;
k|yd ljZjo'4 x'g] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ sf/0f o'/f]kdf ;}Gojfb ljsf; eP/ hfg' xf] . k|mfG;df
g]kf]lnogsf] zf;g rn]sf] ;dodf g]kf]lnogsf] k|efjnfO{{ /f]Sg hd{gLn] ;}Gojfbsf] ;'?cft
u/]sf] lyof] . o;cGtu{t k|To]s gful/snfO{{ ;}lgs ;]jf clgjfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kf]lnogsf]
ktgkl5 klg o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿n] o;nfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ g} /x] . hn tyf :yn ;]gfsf] ;ª\Vof
j[l4 ub}{ nluof] . zlStzfnL ;}lgs zlSt ljgf ;fd|fHo lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g eGg] efjgf o'/f]ksf
k|foM ;a} /fi6«x¿df ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] k|mfG; / hd{gLn] cfˆgf] /fli6«o cfosf] *%
k|ltzt /sd ;}lgs vr{df nufPsf lyP . cfˆgf] /fi6«sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;}lgs j[l4 u/]sf] k|rf/
u/] klg jf:tjdf cfk"mnfO{{ zlStzfnL agfpg] k|oTgdf nflu/x]sf lyP .
-3_ PN;]; / nf}/]g lkmtf{ lng] rfxgf
hd{gLsf] PsLs/0f ubf{ lj:dfs{n] k|mfG;sf b'O{ k|fGtx¿ PN;]; / nf}/]g cfˆgf] sAhfdf lnPsf
lyP . k|mfG;sf oL b'O{ k|fGtx¿ kmnfd tyf O:kft vfgLsf nflu k|l;4 lyP . k|mfG;]nLx¿ cfˆgf
oL dxTTjk"0f{ b'O{ k|fGtx¿ u'dfpg rfxb}gy] . To;}n] pgLx¿df oL b'O{ k|fGt hd{gLaf6 h;/L eP
klg vf];]/ lng rfxGy] . o;n] ubf{ klg o'4 cjZoDefjL eof] .
-ª_ /fi6«jfb / pu| /fi6«jfb
o'/f]kdf /fi6«k|ltsf] efjgf tLj| ¿kdf cl3 a9L/x]sf] lyof] . ;lj{ofsf hgtfdf b]zelStsf]
efjgfn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] cli6«ofk|lt zq'tf a9]sf] lyof] eg] k|mfG;]nL / hd{glar 7'nf] zq'tf
lyof] . logLx¿ Pscsf{k|lt 3[0ff ug]{ / Pscsf{nfO{{ xf]Rofpg] ub{y] . cfk"mnfO{{ c¿eGbf ;j{>]i7
b]vfpg rfxGy] / cfˆgf] /fi6«afx]s cGo /fi6«sf] cl:tTTjnfO{{ ;d]t :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}gy] . oxL
sf/0fn] klg o'4 ;'? x'g an k'¥ofof] .
-r_ afnsg k|foåLksf] ;d:of
k|yd ljZjo'4sf] ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ sf/0f afnsg k|foåLksf] ;d:of xf] . jflN6s ;fu/
j/k/sf] 7'nf] If]q 6sL{sf] ;fd|fHocGtu{t kb{Yof], h;nfO{{ cf]6f]dg ;fd|fHo elgGYof] . e|i6
zf;gsf] sf/0fn] 6sL{sf] ;fd|fHo sdhf]/ x'Fb} uof] / ToxfF u|L;, a'Nu]l/of, ;lj{of, df]G6]lgu|f] cflb
/fHox¿n] afnsg lnu (Balkan League) agfO{ 6sL{sf lj?4 cfj|md0f u/] . o; o'4df 6sL{sf]
k/fho eof] . k/flht 6sL{sf] s]xL e"–efu n08gsf] ;lGwcg';f/ oL rf/cf]6} /fi6«x¿n]
Pscfk;df afF8]/ lnP t/ o; efuj08fdf a'Nu]l/ofn] cfk"m 7luPsf] dx;'; u¥of] / ;lj{ofdfly
cfj|md0f u¥of] . o;/L afNsg If]qdf czflGt dlRrPsf] df}sf 5f]k]/ cli6«ofn] ;lj{ofsf b'O{ k|fGt
af]l:gof / xh{uf]legfdfly sAhf u¥of] . oL b'j} k|fGtdf a;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x¿ æ;j{Æ hfltsf
lyP . pgLx¿ cfˆgf b'O{ k|fGtx¿ ;lj{ofdf ldnfpg rfxGy] . To;}n] pgLx¿n] cli6«ofsf]
x:tIf]kaf6 d'St x'g ;g\ !()( df cli6«of lj?4 ljleGg ;ª\3if{x¿ ;'? u/] . o;}sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ;g\ !(!$ sf] k|yd ljZjo'4 ;'? eof] .
-5_ ljlnod låtLosf] rl/q
hd{g ;d|f6 s}h/ ljlnod låtLo hd{gLnfO{{ o'/f]ksf] ;j{zlStdfg /fi6« agfpg rfxGy] . pgn]
;+k|e'tf jf ;j{gfz (World power or downfall) sf] gLlt lnPsf lyP . pgL h;/L klg
j]nfotnfO{{ sdhf]/ b]vfpg rfxGy] . o;n] ubf{ hd{gL / j]nfotsf] ;DaGw v/fa x'Fb} uof] .
-h_ ljZjo'4sf] tTsfnLg sf/0f
k|yd ljZjo'4sf] tTsfnLg sf/0f cli6«ofsf] /fhu2Lsf pTt/flwsf/L /fhs'df/ cfs{8\o's k|mfGh
kml8{g]08 / pgsL kTgL ;f]kmL rf]6]ssf] xTof lyof] .
;g\ !(!@ –!# df ePsf] afNsgsf]] låtLo o'4n] ;lj{ofnfO{{ lgs} kmfObf ePsf] lyof] lsgeg] o;
o'4kl5 p;sf] hg;ª\Vof, ;fwg / If]qdf lgs} j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] p;df zlStsf] 3d08
hfu]sf] lyof] . ca pm klxn] cfk"maf6 u'd]sf b'O{ k|fGt af]l:gof / xh{uf]legf cli6«ofaf6 lkmtf{
lng rfxGYof] . oL b'O{ k|fGtdf a:g] ;j{ hfltsf dflg;x¿ klg ;lj{of;Fu} ldNg rfxGy] . To;sf
nflu pgLx¿n] ANofs x\ofG8 (Black hand) gfdsf] uf]Ko ;+:yf agfP . of] ;+:yfsf ;b:ox¿n]
klxn] af]l:gofsf ue{g/sf] xTof ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf lyP t/kl5 cli6«ofsf /fhs'df/ jf]l:gofsf]
e|d0fdf hfFb}5g\\ eGg] xNnf rn]kl5 ANofs x\ofG8 (Black hand) sf ;b:on] /fhs'df/sf] xTof
ug]{ of]hgf agfP . lglZrt sfo{j|mdcg';f/ @* h'g !(!$ df /fhs'df/ cfs{8\o's k|mfGh
kml8{g]08 cfˆgL kTgLsf ;fy af]l:gofsf] /fhwfgL ;/fh}jf] k'u] . To;lbg ANofs x\ofG8sf]
(Black hand) ;b:o u|fle|nf] lk|lG;k gfd u/]sf o'jsn] uf]nL k|xf/ u/L /fhs'df/ / pgsL
kTgLsf] xTof ul/lbP . o; 36gfn] ubf{ cli6«ofsf] qmf]wsf] ;Ldf /x]g . p;n] ;lj{ofnfO{{ $*
306fleq hjfkm lbO;Sg'kg]{ egL cg]sf}F ckdfghgs ;t{x¿ cufl8 ;f¥of] . h;df ;lj{ofn]
ANofs Xof08sf ;b:ox¿nfO{{ bdg ug'{kg]{ / To;sf] cg'udg cli6«ofsf] ;]gfn] ug{ kfpg'kg]{
pNn]v lyof] . ;lj{ofn] ¿;sf] cf8 kfPkl5 cli6«ofn] /fv]sf ckdfghgs ;t{x¿ dfGg
c:jLsf/ u¥of] . ptf cli6«ofnfO{{ leqleq} hd{gLn] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] lyof] . cli6«ofn] cfˆgf] ;t{
gdfg]sf] lgx'F agfO{ @* h'gfO !(!$ df ;lj{ofsf] /fhwfgL j]nu|]8dfly cfj|md0f u/L k|yd
ljZjo'4sf] ;'?cft eof] .
k|yd ljZjo'4sf sf/0fx¿
;fd|fHojfbsf] pbo /fi6«jfb / pu| /fi6«jfb
o'/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿ b'O{ lj/f]wL u'6df ;+ul7t x'g' . -u'6jGbL_ afNsg k|foåLksf] ;d:of
;}Gojfbsf] ljsf; ljlnog låtLosf] rl/q
PN;]; nf]/]g lkmtf{ lng] rfxgf af]l:gof xh{uf]legf
tTsfnLg sf/0f
dflysf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm vf]Hg'xf];\ .

-s_ k|yd ljZjo'4 slxn]b]lv slxn];Dd ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ k|yd ljZjo'4sf] tTsfnLg sf/0f s] lyof] <
-u_ hd{gL PsLs/0fsf] j|mddf p;n] k|mfG;sf s'gs'g b'O{ d'Vo k|fGtx¿ vf];]/ lnPsf] lyof] <
k|yd ljZjo'4;DaGwL ljj/0f
cli6«ofsf /fhs'df/ / logsL kTgLsf] xTof ePsf] em08} Ps dlxgf kZrft\ @^ h'nfO{{ !(!$ df
cli6«of xª\u]/Lsf ;d|f6 k|]mGh hf];]kmn] ;lj{ofsf /fhf lk6/ (Peter) nfO{{ Pp6f kq k7fP . To;
kqdf /fhs'df/ / pgsL kTgLsf] xTof x'g'df ;lj{of ;/sf/sf] xft /x]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf]
lyof] . ;fy} pSt kqdf ;lj{of ;/sf/n] xTofdf ;+nUg sfnf] xft (Black Hand) sf
;b:ox¿nfO{{ bdg ug'{kg]{, cli6«of lj?4sf s'g} klg sfd sf/jfxL aGb ug'{kg]{, ;lj{ofsf]
Gofofnodf cli6«ofsf GofofwLzx¿ a:g kfpg'kg]{, oL ;t{x¿sf] hjfkm ;lj{ofn] $* 306fleq
lbO;Sg'kg]{ cflb ;t{x¿ cli6«of ;/sf/sf tk{maf6 cufl8 /flvof] . c¿ ;a} ;t{x¿ dfGg tof/
eP tfklg clGtd ;t{ dfGg ;lj{of tof/ ePg . oxL lgx'F agfO{ cli6«ofn] ;lj{ofdfly cfj|md0f
u¥of] .
qm=;+= s] eof] < slxn] <
! cli6«of xª\u]/Ln] ;lj{ofsf] /fhwfgL a]nu|]8dfly cfj|md0f ug]{ h'nfO{{ @*, !(!$
3f]if0ff
@ ;lj{ofsf] /Iff ug]{ ¿;sf] 3f]if0ff / cfˆgf ;]gfnfO{{ ;lj{ofsf] h'nfO{{, @(, !(!$
/Iff ug]{ cfb]z
# ¿;nfO{{ cfˆgf] 3f]if0ff / ;]gf lkmtf{ ug{ hd{gLåf/f bjfj h'nfO{{ #), !(!$
$ hd{gLsf] bjfj ¿;åf/f c:jLsf/ / ¿;dfly o'4sf] 3f]if0ff, cu:6 !, !(!$
k|mfG;n] ¿;nfO{{ ;xof]u ug]{ 3f]if0ff
% hd{gLåf/f k|mfG;dfly klg o'4sf] 3f]if0ff, hd{g ;]gf cui6 #, !(!$
k|mfG;dfly cfj|md0f ug{ a]lNhod k|j]z
^ hd{g lj?4 a]nfotåf/f o'4sf] 3f]if0ff cui6 $, !(!$
& k|mfG; / a]nfotåf/f cli6«of xª\u]/L lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff cui6 !@, !(!$
* O6nLåf/f cli6«of lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff dO{ @$, !(!%
( a'Nu]l/of lj?4 a]nfotåf/f o'4sf] 3f]if0ff cS6f]a/ !%, !(!%
!) cli6«of lj?4 /f]dflgofåf/f o'4sf] 3f]if0ff cui6 @&, !(!^
!! hd{gL lj?4 O6nLåf/f o'4sf] 3f]if0ff cui6 @*, !(!^
!@ hd{gL lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff ub}{ ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf klg clk|mn ^, !(!&
ljZjo'4df ;dfj]z
!# o'4df hd{gLsf] k/fho cui6 &, !(!*
!$ e;]{lnhsf] ;lGw / k|yd ljZjo'4sf] cGTo h'g @(, !(!(
k|yd ljZjo'4sf kl/0ffdx¿
-!_ wghgsf]] Iflt
k|yd ljZjo'4sf] kl/0ffd Hofb} ljgf;sf/L lyof] . o; o'4n] dflg;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf 7"N7'nf
;+/rgfx¿ Wj:t x'g'sf ;fy} w]/} dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eof] . Ps tYofª\scg';f/ o'/f]kdf dfq
nueu *) nfv -hd{gL @) nfv, ¿;L @) nfv, k|mfG; !) nfv %) xhf/, cli6«of !) nfv
%) xhf/, la|l6; ;fd|fHo !) nfv, O6nL $ nfv %) xhf/, 6sL{ # nfv %) xhf/_
dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eof] . o'/f]kafx]s cGo d'n'ssf nueu %) nfv dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eof] eg] @
s/f]8 !) nfv dflg;x¿ ckfª\u eP . To;}u/L em08} %* xhf/ s/f]8 ¿k}ofF o'4df vr{ ePsf]
lyof] .
-@_ e;]{lnhsf] ;lGw
k|yd ljZjo'4df hd{gLsf] cfTd;dk{0fkl5 k|mfG;sf] e;]{lnh b/af/df @* h'g, !(!( df Pp6f
;lGw eof] . To;} ;lGwnfO{{ ljZj Oltxf;df e;]{N;sf] ;lGw elgG5 . o; ;lGwcg';f/ hd{gLn]
;a} k|sf/sf o'4sf] Ifltk"lt{ ltg'{kg]{ eof] . o; ;lGwdf ePsf s'/fx¿ o;k|sf/ lyPM
-s_ cfly{s Ifltk"lt{
o; ;lGwcg';f/ hd{gLn] ldq/fi6«x¿nfO{{ ^^ s/f]8 kfp08 d"No a/fa/sf] Ifltk"lt{ Joxf]g'{kg]{
eof] . To;}u/L hd{gLsf] k|d'v sf]Onf pTkfbg x'g] If]q (Saar) !% jif{sf nflu k|mfG;nfO{{
a'emfpg'kg]{ eof] .
-v_ ;}lgs tyf o'4 ;fdu|Ldf k|ltaGw
o; ;lGw kZrft hd{gLn] cfˆgf] ;}lgs ;ª\Vof ! nfv dfq /fVg kfpg] / gofF elt{ ug{ gkfpg]
Joj:yf ul/of] . /fOg Nof08df t}gfy cfˆgf ;]gf lkmtf{ af]nfpg'kg]{ / Tof] If]q ldq/fi6«x¿sf]
/]vb]vdf /fVg'kg]{ eof] . To;}u/L hd{gLn] o'4 ;fdu|Lx¿h:tf] o'4kf]t, 6\ofª\s, xjfOhxfh cflb
agfpg gkfpg] eof] .
-u_ pklgj]z tyf /fHosf] Iflt
o; ;lGwaf6 hd{gLsf] 7'nf] pklgj]z u'Dof] . hd{gL PsLs/0f x'Fbf k|mfG;af6 vf];]/ lnPsf PN;];
/ nf}/]g k|mfG;nfO{{ g} a'emfpg'kg]{ eof] . kf]Nof08nfO{{ ;d'b|;Dd k'Ugsf]] nflu kf]ln; sf]/L8/,
kf];]g, klZrdL k|l;of (West Prussia) / ck/ l;n]l;of (Upper Silesia) hd{gLn] lbg'kg]{
eof] . To;}u/L lny'jflgof /fHonfO{{ d]dnsf] ;x/ lbg'kg]{ eof] . pTt/L :n];lju 8]gdfs{nfO{{ /
dfnd]8L tyf o'/k]g rflxF a]lNhodnfO{{ a'emfpg'kg]{ eof] . o;af6 afFsL /x]sf pklgj]zx¿
ldq/fi6«sf] /]vb]vdf /xg'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/of] .
-#_ /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf
k|yd ljZjo'4sf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ pknlAw /fi6«;ª\3 (League of Nations) sf] :yfkgf xf] .
cd]l/sL /fi6«klt a'8«f] ljN;g (Woodrow Wilson) sf] cu'jfOdf ;g\ !(@) df $@ cf]6f
/fi6«x¿ ;+:yfks ;b:o ag]/ /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf eof] . To;a]nf /fi6« ;ª\3sf b'O{ k|d'v
p2]Zox¿ lyP .
eljiodf /fi6« /fi6«lar x'g] emu8f cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\un] ;dfwfg ug'{ cyf{t\
;fd'lxs ;'/Iff / cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u .
/fi6« ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 hd{gLdf ljsf; ePsf] gfhLjfb / O6nLdf ljsf; ePsf]
kmfl;:6jfbn] ubf{ /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf h'g p2]Zoaf6 ePsf] lyof], of] k"0f{tM c;kmn eof] .
-$_ gof“ /fi6«x¿sf] hGd
e;]{lnhsf] ;lGwsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k o'uf]:nfleof / r]sf]:nfleof gfds b'O{ gofF /fHosf] :yfkgf
eof] . ¿;L ;fd|fHocGtu{t kg]{ lkmgNof08, Oi6'lgof, nfbleof / lny'jflgof rf/cf]6f :jtGq
/fHo;d]t v8f eP . o;} ;lGwsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k xª\u]/LnfO{{ cli6«ofaf6 5'6\ofP/ 5'§} /fHo
agfOof] . o;} ;lGw kZrft\ sltko d'n'sdf k/Dk/fb]lv h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] lg/ª\s'z /fhtGq
cGTo eof], u0ftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;'?cft eof] .
-%_ clwgfosjfbsf] pbo
k|yd ljZjo'4kl5 ljZjsf] /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s cj:yfdf vf; ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g . nf]stflGqs
Joj:yfn] To;a]nfsf] sdhf]/ cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts Joj:yfnfO{{ hgtfsf] cfsfª\Iffadf]lhd
cl3 a9fpg ;s]g . To; s'/fsf] kmfObf p7fpFb} hd{gLdf lx6n/sf] g]t[TTjdf gfhLjfb / O6nLdf
d';f]lngLsf] kmfl;:6jfbsf] pbo eof] . oL b'j} clwgfosjfbL ljrf/wf/f lyP .
-^_ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/0ffd
k|yd ljZjo'4n] ljZje/L g} 7'nf] wghgsf]] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . sltko b]zsf ;/sf/n] cfˆgf]
cfly{s cj:yf ;'wfg{ gofFgofF s/x¿ nufpg yfn] . o;n] ubf{ j:t'x¿sf] d"No a9\g uO{ dxª\uL
a9\g yfNof] . d'b|fsf] cjd"Nog eof] / ljZjd} cfly{s dGbL ;'? eof] .
o'4df w]/} k'?if ;}lgsx¿sf] d[To' ePsfn] sf/vfgf, sfof{no, ;]jfIf]qdf dlxnfx¿n] sfd kfP /
pgLx¿nfO{{ klg k'?if;/x clwsf/ lbOof] .
-&_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] jLhf/f]k0f
hd{g rfG;n/n] e;]{N;sf] ;lGwnfO{{ l8s6f6 cyf{t\ yf]kfl/Psf] ;lGw eg]sf lyP . lsgls ;f]
;lGwdf hd{g;Fu Hofb} s7f]/ Jojxf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . hd{gLx¿nfO{{ pSt bdgsf] abnf lnP/}
5f8\g] abnfsf] efjgf To;}lbg pAh]sf] lyof] . hd{gLx¿sf] of] efjgfnfO{{ ;ª\ul7t u/]/ lx6n/n]
ldq/fi6«x¿;Fu abnf lng tof/L ;'? u/] kmn:j¿k bf];|f] ljZjo'4 x'gk'Uof] .
k|yd ljZjo'4sf] k|d'v kl/0ffdx¿
wghgsf] Iflt /fi6« ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf
e;]{lnhsf] ;lGw -hd{gLsf] cfˆgf] !# k|ltzt /fli6«otf l;4fGtsf] ljsf;
e"–efu / ;f7Lnfv hgtf u'dfpg' k¥of], clwgfosjfbsf] pbo
cfly{s Ifltk"lt{, ;}lgs tyf o'4 ;fdu|L cfly{s Iflt tyf ;fdflhs kl/df0f
k|lta|Gw, pklgj]z tyf /fHosf] Iflt bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] jLhf/f]k0f
lbOPsf] kf7sf] cfwf/df pTt/x¿ vf]Hg] cEof; ug'{xf];\ .

-s_ /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ /fi6«;ª\3sf b'O{ k|d'v p2]Zox¿ s] s] lyP <

-u_ e;]{N;sf] ;lGw slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ /fi6«;ª\3 c;kmn x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] lyof] <
k|yd ljZjo'4df g]kfnsf] e"ldsf
cª\u|]hx¿sf] ;xof]usf nflu aa/zdz]/sf] g]t[TTjdf ;ftxhf/ kfFr;o g]kfnL kmf}h
k7fOPsf],
hg/n kBdzdz]/, t]hzdz]/ / s]z/zdz]/sf] g]t[TTjdf yk kmf}h k7fPsf],
cª\u|]hx¿nfO{{ ;xfotf ug{ gofF ;}lgs etL{ ug]{ j|md hf/L /x]sf],
g]kfnn] cª\u|]hnfO{{ b; nfv kf}08 ;xof]u u/]sf],
g]kfnL kmf}hn] ljZjo'4df cfˆgf] jL/tf / ;fx; k|bz{g u/L cb\e"t k/fj|md b]vfPsf]n]
zq'kIfn] klg g]kfnL kmf}hsf] k|z+;f u/]sf],
;xof]u u/]jfkt g]kfnn] lal6; ef/t ;/sf/af6 k|ltjif{ b;nfv ¿k}ofF gub kfpg] Joj:yf,
g]kfnL kmf}hn] cª\u|]h ;/sf/af6 leS6f]l/of qm; / ldln6/L qm;af6 ;';f]let æd d]/f
;]gfnfO{{ ljZjsf h'g;'s} ;]gf;Fu n8\g k7fpg ;S5' t/ uf]/vfnL ;}lgssf] gfd ;'Ggf;fy
d]/f] d'6' ys{G5Æ eGg] egfO hd{g ;d|f6 s]h/ ljlnod låtLosf] egfOaf6 klg g]kfnL
kmf}hsf] e"ldsf pNn]vgLo /x]sf] eGg ;lsG5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ k|yd ljZjo'4nfO{{ dxfo'4 cyjf ljgf;sf/L o'4 eGg'sf sf/0fx¿ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ e;]{N;sf] ;lGwnfO{{ tTsfnLg hd{g rfG;n/n] yf]kl/Psf] ;Demf}tf eg]sf 5g\\ . o;sf]
sf/0f s] xf]nf <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-!_ cEof; -s_ sf] k|yd ljZjo'4nfO{{ dxfo'4÷ljgf;sf/L o'4 eGg'sf sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\\M
o; o'4df s'g} Ps b'O{ b]zx¿sf] dfq ;+nUgtf geO{ o'/f]ksf clwsf+z b]zx¿sf ;fy}
Pl;of / cd]l/sf;d]t ;fd]n lyP .
o; o'4df cfw'lgs / ljgf;sf/L xftxltof/x¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] lyof] .
o; o'4df em08} Pss/f]8 krf;nfv dflg;sf] d[To' / em08} b'O{s/f]8 b;nfv dflg;
ckfª\u eP . o;n] ljZjsf] 7'nf] hgzlSt gi6 eof] .
o; o'4df em08} %* xhf/ s/f]8 ¿k}ofF vr{ eof] . olt 7'nf] /sd dfgj ljsf;
sfo{df nufpg ;s]sf] eP ljZjsf] cfly{s ljsf;df 7'nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] lyof] .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t k|yd ljZjo'4sf] kl/0ffd cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M !)
låtLo ljZjo'4
!= k[i7e"ld
k|yd ljZjo'4kl5 ePsf] e;]{N;sf] ;lGw -@* h'g !(!(_ n] hd{gLdfly 7'nf] cGofo u/]sf] lyof] .
o; ;lGwaf6 hd{gLn] cfk"m ckdflgt ePsf] dx;'; u/]sf] lyof] . p;sf] pklgj]zx¿ p;af6
vf]l;Psf lyP . p;sf dxTTjk"0f{ k|fGtx¿ / sf]Onf / O:kftsf vfgLx¿ ldq/fi6«x¿n] vf];]/
lnPsf lyP . 7'nf] wg/fzL Ifltk"lt{sf ¿kdf ldq/fi6«x¿nfO{{ ltg'{k/]sf] lyof] . cfˆgf] ;}lgs
zlSt u'dfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] hd{gL o;sf] abnf lng rfxGYof] . oL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{
gf/f lbFb} ?8f]Nkm lx6n/n] hd{gLdf hfglbn u7g u/] . pgn] e;]{N; ;lGwsf] v'n]/ pnª\3g ug{
yfn] . ;g\ !(#^ df /fOg gbLdf ;}Gos/0f ;'? u/] . ;g\ !(#* df cli6«ofnfO{{ hd{gLdf ldnfP .
l5d]sL /fi6« r]sf]:nf]eflsofsf] s]xL k|fGt ;'8]6gNof08dfly sAhf hdfP / !(#( df
kf]Nof08dfly sAhf u/]kl5 k|mfG; / a]nfotn] kf]Nof08sf] kIf lnP/ hd{gL lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff
u/] . o;/L k|yd ljZjo'4 ;dfKt ePsf] nueu la; jif{kl5 csf]{ ljgf;sf/L o'4 ;'? eof],
h;nfO{{ låtLo ljZjo'4 elgG5 .
låtLo ljZjo'4sf sf/0fx¿
-s_ hd{gLåf/f e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] pnª\3g ug'{
låtLo ljZjo'4sf] ;a}eGbf k|an / dxTTjk"0f{ sf/0fx¿df hd{gLåf/f e;]{lnhsf] ;lGw pnª\3g
ug'{ lyof] . lsgeg] o; ;lGwdf hd{gLk|lt 3f]/ ckdfg ul/Psf] lyof] . p;dfly 7'nf] Ifltk"lt{sf]
ef/ yf]kfl/Psf] lyof] . of] ckdfgsf] abnf lng hd{gL leqleq} cft'/ lyof] . o;}sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k p;n] e;]{lnh ;lGwn] k|ltaGw nufPsf s'/fx¿ v'n]/ pnª\3g ug{ yfNof] cfˆgf]
;}lgs zlSt j[l4 ug{ yfNof] . cfw'lgs xftxltof/, o'4kf]t cflbsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ yfNof] .
cfˆgf] z}Go zlSt dha't ePkl5 ;g\ !(#* dfr{df cli6«ofsf] cfG;rn; / !(#* cS6'j/df
r]sf]:nf]eflsofsf] ;'8]6gNof08dfly cfj|md0f u/L cl3 a9\g yfNof] . a]nfot nufotsf
ldq/fi6«x¿n] hd{g cfˆgf] u'd]sf] s]xL e"–efu lkmtf{ kfPkl5 r'k nfluxfN5 egL a]jf:tf u/L
a;] t/ lx6n/n] eg] cfˆgf] zlSt b]v]/ k|mfG;, a]nfot, ?;, 8/fPsf] 7fgL yk cfqmd0fsf] nflu
pT;flxt x'Fb} uP .
-v_ kf]Nof08dfly cfj|md0f
låtLo ljZjo'4sf] tfTsflns sf/0f eGg' g} hd{gLåf/f kf]Nof08dfly cfj|md0f ug'{ lyof] . lx6n/n]
e;]{lnh ;lGwaf6 vf]l;Psf] kf]ln; sf]l/8/ / 8flGhª If]q cfˆgf] x'g'kg]{ / tL If]qx¿ kf]Nof08n]
hd{gLnfO{{ ;'lDkg'kg]{ dfu ug{ yfn] t/ tL If]qx¿ lbg kf]Nof08n] c:jLsf/ u¥of] . To;kl5 ;g\
!(#( ;]K6]Da/ ! tfl/vsf lbg hd{gLn] kf]Nof08dfly adjif{s ljdfgåf/f cfj|md0f u/]/ låtLo
ljZjo'4sf] ;'?cft u¥of] . o;sf] b'O{lbg kl5 !(#( ;]K6]Da/ # tfl/vdf a]nfot / k|mfG;n]
hd{gLsf] lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff u/] .
-u_ aln{g, /f]d, 6f]lsof] ;Demf}tf
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] csf]{ k|d'v sf/0f hd{gL, O6nL / hfkfglarsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{{ klg lng ;lsG5 .
o; ;Demf}tfn] oL b]zx¿df clwgfosjfbsf] pTyfg x'gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . Tolta]nfsf O6nLsf
zf;s d';f]lngL k|frLg /f]dg ;fd|fHosf] ;kgf b]Vb} clk|msf / e"dWo;fu/df cfˆgf] k|e'Tj
hdfpg rfxGy] eg] hfkfg k"jL{ Pl;ofdf sAhf hdfO{{ ToxfF ;fd|fHo la:tf/ ug{ rfxGYof] . ptf
hd{gL o'/f]ks} :jfdL aGg rfxGYof] . oL clwgfosjfbL rl/q af]s]sf b]zx¿lar sfnfGt/df
;+o'St df]rf{ klg u7g eof] h;nfO{{ aln{g, /f]d, 6f]lsof]w'/L ;Demf}tf eg]/ elgG5 .
-3_ :k]gsf] u[xo'4
låtLo ljZjo'4 ;'? x'g'eGbf cl3 g} ;g\ !(#^ df :k]gdf ;dfhjfbL / jfdkGyLx¿sf] ;+o'St
;/sf/ aGof] . of] s'/f hd{gL / O6nLsf clwgfosjfbL zf;sx¿ lx6n/ / d';f]lngLnfO{{ dg
k/]sf] lyPg . logLx¿n] :k]g ;/sf/sf lj?4 ;}lgs hg/n k|m\ofª\sf]n] lx6n/ / d';f]lngLsf]
;xof]u kfP/ ;/sf/sf lj?4 ;}lgs ljb|f]x u/] / cfk"m ljhoL eP . o;af6 hd{gL tyf O6nLnfO{{
b'O{cf]6f s'/fdf kmfObf eof] . klxnf], cfk"mn] lgdf{0f u/]sf xltof/x¿sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ / ;}lgs
tflnd lbg] df}sf kfP . bf];|f] o'/f]kdf k}mng yfn]sf] ;fDojfbL ljrf/sf] k|efjnfO{{ /f]Sg] cj;/
kfP . sltko Oltxf;sf/x¿n] låtLo ljZjo'4nfO{{ b'O{ k/:k/ ljrf/wf/flarsf] o'4 egL l6Kk0fL
u/]sf 5g\\ .
-ª_ /fi6« ;ª\3sf] c;kmntf
k|yd ljZjo'4kl5 ljZjdf lbuf] zflGt sfod /fVg ljZj:t/sf g]tfx¿n] ;fd'lxs ;'/Iff
k|0ffnLnfO{{ :jLsf/ u/L /fi6«;ª\3 :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . t/ of] ;+:yf cfˆgf] p2]Zodf ;kmn x'g
;s]g . k|yd ljZjo'4n] l;h{gf u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ of] ;+:yf k"0f{tM c;kmn
/x\of] . hd{g, hfkfg / O6nLsf zf;sx¿df pTkGg ePsf] ;fd|fHojfbL dxTTj sfª\IffnfO{{ o;n]
/f]Sg ;s]g . kmntM ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cf:yf o; ljZj ;+:yfk|lt /lx/xg ;s]g . o;}sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k låtLo ljZjo'4 x'g k'Uof] .
-r_ ;z:qLs/0f
;g\ !(#@ df h]g]efdf lgz:qLs/0f;DaGwL Pp6f ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . t/ /fi6« /fi6«larsf] cfk;L
cljZjf; / 3[0ffn] of] lgz:qLs/0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ng klg c;kmn eof] . lsgeg] To;sf] l7s Ps
jif{kl5 lgz:qLs/0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ng c:jLsf/ ub}{ hd{gLn] /fi6«;ª\3af6 x6\g] lg0f{o u¥of] /
v'nf ¿kdf ;z:qLs/0f ub}{ ;g\ !(#% df a]nfot;Fu gf};}lgs zlSt j[l4 ug]{ ljifodf ;Demf}tf
u¥of] . o; ;Demf}tfn] cGo o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿ emg} cf–cfˆgf] ;}lgs zlSt j[l4 ug]{ lbzftk{m cl3
a9] .
låtLo ljZjo'4sf sf/0fx¿
hd{gLåf/f e;]{lnh ;lGwsf] pnª\3g ug'{, ;z:qLs/0f,
jln{g, /f]d, 6f]lsof] ;Demf}tf ljZjJofkL cfly{s ;ª\s6
:k]gsf] u[xo'4, ;fDojfbL zlStsf] pbo,
/fi6«;ª\3sf] c;kmntf, ;fd|fHojfb,
tTsfnLg sf/0f .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf sf/0fx¿afx]s låtLo ljZjo'4 x'g] cGo sf/0fx¿df o'/f]kdf JofKt
j]/f]huf/L, cfly{s ;ª\s6, pu|/fi6«jfbsf] pbo, cd]l/sL Psfª\sLkg, o'/f]kdf lx6n/ /
d';f]lngLh:tf clwgfosjfbL zf;ssf] pbo, ;f]leot;ª\3 -¿;_ df :yflkt ;fDojfbL
ljrf/wf/sf] k|efj o'/f]kdf kb}{ hfg' cflbnfO{{ lng ;lsG5 .
dflysf] kf7sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df lgDg sfo{ ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ låtLo ljZjo'4 slxn] ;'? eof] <
-v_ låtLo ljZjo'4sf] tTsflns sf/0f s] lyof] <
d';f]lngL sxfFsf zf;s lyP < -O6nL÷hd{gL÷cl:6«of_
lx6n/åf/f :yflkt clwgfosjfbL bnsf] gfd ================= lyof] .
låtLo ljZjo'4sf k|d'v 36gf
!(#^ hd{gLn] /fOgNofG8dfly sAhf
!(#* hd{gLåf/f cl:6«ofdfly cfj|md0f
!(#(
!) dfr{ hd{gLåf/f r]sf]:nf]eflsof dfly clwsf/
! ;]K6]Da/ hd{gLåf/f kf]NofG8dfly cfj|md0f
# ;]K6]Da/ – a]nfot / k|mfG;åf/f hd{glj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff
!($)
( clk|n–hd{gLåf/f 8]gdfs{ / gj]{dfly cfj|md0f
#) clk|n– hfkfg w'/L /fi6« (Axis Power) df ;fd]n
!) d]–hd{gåf/f a]lNhogd, lgb/NofG8 / nShdju{dfly cfj|md0f
!& d]– hd{gåf/f k|mfG;dfly cfj|md0f
!) h'g O6nLåf/f a]nfot / k|mfG;dfly o'4sf] 3f]if0ff
!) h'nfO{{– a]nfotåf/f o'4 k|f/De
@* cS6'j/– O6nLåf/f lu|;dfly cfj|md0f
!($!
^ clk|n–hdgLåf/f o'uf]:nfleof / lu|;dfly cfj|md0f
@! clk|n–lu|;åf/f cfTd;dk{0f
@@ h'g– hd{gLåf/f kn{xfj{/ (Pearl Harbour) df /x]s]f cd]l/sL kfgL hxfhdfly jd jiff{
l8;]Da/–cd]l/sfåf/f w'/L /fi6«lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff

!($@
@& km/j/L – hfefsf] ;fd'lb|s o'4
$ d] – sf]/fn (Coral) ;fd'lb|s o'4
$ h'g– ld8j]sf] o'4 (Battle of Midway)
!($#
# ;]K6]Dj/ O6nLåf/f cfTd;dk{0f
!($$
@% cu:6 ldq/fi6«åf/f k]l/; :jtGq
!($%
!& hgj/L– ?;åf/f jf;f{ (Warsaw) dfly clwsf/
!@ clk|mn– cd]l/sL /fi6«klt k|\mofª\slng 8L ?hj]N6 (FrankLin D.Roosevelt) sf] d[To'
@* clk|mn– d';f]lngLsf] xTof
#) clk|n– lx6n/ / logsL lk|o;L Oefa|'g (Eva Braun) åf/f cfTdxTof
& d]–l/d;\ (Rhiems) ;dIf hd{gLåf/f clGtd ¿kdf cfTd;dk{0f
^ cu:6– cd]l/sfåf/f lx/f]l;dfdf P6d jd k|xf/ ( cui6df cd]l/sfåf/f gfuf;fsL ;x/df
bf];|f] P6d jd k|xf/,
!@ ;]K6]Da/ –hfkfgåf/f cfTd;dk{0f / o'4sf] cGTo
låtLo ljZjo'4sf] kl/0ffd

hd{gLn] w]/} s'/fx¿df k/fho ef]Ug' k¥of] . hd{gL k"j{ / klZrd u/L b'O{ /fHodf ljefhg,
hfkfgn] klg sf]l/ofnufot k"jL{ Pl;ofdf sAhf u/]sf] e"–efux¿ u'dfPsf],
hfkfgL ;}lgs j[l4df k|ltaGw,
;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf,
ljZjdf pklgj]zjfbsf] cGTo / /fhtGqsf] knfO{g u0ftGqfTds /fHox¿sf] pbo .
-s_ låtLo ljZjo'4sf] ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ kl/0ffd eg]sf] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 (UNO) sf] :yfkgf
x'g' xf] . o;} ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / o;sf] 3f]lift p2]Zoadf]lhd cfh ljZj zflGtsf] lbzftk{m
cu|;/ 5 .
-v_ ;g\ !($^ df cd]l/sfsf] c0f'zlSt cfof]usf ;]q]m6/Ln] c0f' zlStnfO{{ zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|:tfj /fv] . /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] o;nfO{{ :jLsf/ ul/;s]kl5
ljZjsf b'O{ zlStzfnL /fi6« cd]l/sf / ;f]leot ;ª\3 -¿;_ o;sf] lgdf{0f / k|of]udf
nfu] . o;n] k/df0f' o'usf] ;"qkft u¥of] .
-u_ tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;ª\3 -¿;_df n]lggsf] g]t[TTjdf ;g\ !(!& b]lv g} ;fDojfbL Joj:yf
nfu" eO;s]sf] lyof] . o; Joj:yfsf] k|efj o'/f]k x'Fb} lj:tf/} klZrdL o'/f]k, Pl;of /
clk|msL d'n'sx¿df km}lng yfNof] / sltko d'n'sx¿ -rLg, dª\uf]lnof, xª\u]/L,
r]sf]:nf]eflsof, ?dflgof, a'Nu]l/of, kf]Nof0f cflb_ df ;fDojfbL ;/sf/;d]t :yflkt eP .
o; ljrf/sf] k|rf/n] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf gofF df]8 lnof] .
-3_ ljZj /fhgLltdf ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] g]t[TTj ¿;n] / k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] g]t[TTj
cd]l/sfn] u¥of] . ¿;sf] a9\bf] zlStn] k"FhLjfbL d'n'snfO{{ lrlGtt t'Nofpg yfNof] .
o;}sf] kmn:j¿k ;fDojfb lj/f]wL ;ª\3if{sf lglDt ;g\ !($* df cd]l/sL g]t[TTjdf pTt/
P6\nflG6s ;lGw ;ª\u7g (NATO) gfdsf] ;}lgs ;ª\u7g u7g eof] . To; ;lGwsf]
k|lt/f]w:j¿k ¿;n] klg cfˆgf] g]t[TTjdf k"jL{ o'/f]ksf ;fDojfbL /fi6«x¿nfO{{ ;ª\ul7t
u/L jf;f{ (Warsaw) gfdsf] ;}lgs ;ª\u7g tof/ kf¥of] . o;/L b'O{ ljk/Lt ljrf/sf
;}lgs u'6 tof/ eP .
-ª_ låtLo ljZjo'4 klg ha b'O{ ljk/Lt ljrf/af6 ;ª\ul7t ePsf b'O{ ;}lgs ;ª\u7g gf6f] -
NATO_ / (WARSAW) sf] dfWodaf6 cd]l/sf / ¿;n] ljZjdf cfˆgf] k|efj k}mnfpg]
r]i6f ug{ yfn] . o;} j|mddf pgLx¿n] k|z:t} cf0fljs xftxltof/ lgdf{0f ug]{ / cGtl/If
cleofgdf klg k|lt:kwf{ ug{ yfn] . o;sf] sf/0f ljZjdf zLt o'4 rNg yfNof] .
-r_ ljZjdf cfˆgf] k|efj j[l4 ug{ ;}lgs zlStsf cltl/St ;xof]u / ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdx¿
klg ;~rfng x'g yfn] . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k låtLo ljZj o'4df Wj:t ePsf] o'/f]ksf]
k'glg{df{0fsf nflu cd]l/sL /fi6«klt 6'dgn] cfly{s ;xof]usf] 3f]if0ff u/] . o; of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfˆgf ljb]zdGqL hh{ df;{nnfO{{ cl3 a9fP . o;}nfO{{ df;{n of]hgf
(Marshal Plan) elgG5 . o;kl5 ¿;df klg cfˆgf ljb]zdGqL dfnf]tf]en] cfˆgf k"jL{
o'/f]ksf ldq/fi6«x¿nfO{{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf u/] . o;nfO{{
df]nf]tf]e of]hgf (Molotove Plan) elgG5 .
låtLo ljZjo'4df g]kfnsf] e"ldsf
cª\u|]hL kmf}hdf /x]sf] !÷! xhf/ hjfgsf] yk u/L gofF /]lhd]G6 l/s|'6 -gofF egf{_ ug{ lbg]
3f]if0ff,
g]kfnaf6 axfb'/zdz]/sf] sdf08df cf7xhf/ ;]gf ef/t k7fOof],
o'4sfndf lal6;n] ef/tdf sl/a Psnfv g]kfnL hjfgnfO{{ ;]gfdf
etL{ u/]sf],
g]kfnLx¿n] a]nfotsf] ;jf]{Rr kbs leS6f]l/of qm; / ldln6/L j|m;
k|fKt u/],
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{{ Psd'i6 ltg s/f]8 t]QL; nfv / jif]{gL b;nfv
¿k}ofF lbg] Joj:yf, leS6f]l/of qm;sf] lrq
g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;xof]u .
gsf/fTds k|efj
låtLo ljZjo'4df a]nfotnfO{{ ;xof]u ug{ uPsf uf]vf{ ;}lgssf y'k|} g]kfnL jL/x¿n] cfˆgf] Hofg

u'dfP / y'k|}n] cª\ueª\u x'g'k¥of] . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] 7'nf] hgzlSt gi6 eof] .
!= cEof;
-s_ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf lgDglnlvt 36gfx¿nfO{{ ;do/]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
ldlt 36gf
!(#(, !) dfr{ hd{gLåf/f r]sf]:nf]eflsofdfly cfj|md0f
!($!, & l8;]Da/ hfkfgåf/f kn{xfj{/df /x]sf] cd]l/sL kfgL hxfhdfly adjiff{
!($#, # ;]K6]Da/ O6nLåf/f cfTd;dk{0f
!($%, !@ ;]K6]Da/ hfkfgåf/f cfTd;dk{0f / o'4sf] cGTo
-v_ låtLo ljZj o'4 x'gsf s'g} ltg sf/0fx¿ n]vL JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ låtLo ljZjo'4df g]kfnn] s] kfof], s] u'dfof] < t'ngfTds rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ låtLo ljZjo'4sf sf/0f / kl/0ffdx¿nfO{{ pko'St tflnsf agfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ æcfdf, d]/L wd{kTgL / 5f]/f, of] lr7L d}n] d}gaQLsf] dw'/f] k|sfzdf n]lv/x]sf] 5' . d
clt g} yfs]sf] 5' . xfdL;Fu vfg]s'/f 5}g . xfd|f zq'x¿ %)) ld6/ dfq 6f9f 5g\\ . xfd|f]
cGTo glhs 5 . of] 6fk' zq'sf] xftdf k¥of] eg] hfkfgsf] eljio s] xf]nf < xfd|f s}of}F
;fyLx¿ ef]sef]s} d[To' kv]{/ al;/x]sf 5g\\ . c¿ s]xL klg xf]Og . ;f]nf]df]g (Solomon)
/ cGo 6fk'df klg o:t} eof] xf]nf .Æ
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] dfld{s cleJolSt lkmlnlkG;sf] o'4df dfl/Psf Ps hfkfgL ;}lgsn] cfk"m
dg'{cl3 n]v]sf] lr7L xf] . tkfO{F klg o:t} ddtf, b'Mv, afWotf cleJoSt ePsf lr7L, lgaGw,
sljtf jf sf6'{g lrq tof/ u/L s'g} Ps klqsfdf 5fKg k7fpg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; æsÆ sf] lglDt cf7 nfOg a/fa/ Ps OGr ePsf] ?n/ lng] / !=% OGr a/fa/
Ps jif{ dfGg] . x/]s jif{nfO{{ ! nfOg a/fa/ ! dlxgfsf] b/n] !@ efudf afF8\g] . To;kl5
;DalGwt dlxgfsf] 36gf b]vfpFb} hfg], h:t}–
!) dfr{df hd{gLåf/f r]sf]:nfeflsof hfkfgåf/f kn{ xfj{/df cd]l/sL
dfly cfj|md0f kfgL hxfhdfly cfj|md0f
!(#( !($) !($! !($@ !($# !($$ !($%

gf]6 M o:t} u/L cGo dlxgfsf] klg b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_, -u_ / -3_ sf lglDt o;} PsfOsf kf7x¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -ª_ tnsf] gd'gfsf cfwf/df ug'{xf];\ .
gd'gf sljtf
zflGt ;Gb]z
of}6f of]4f cd/ x'G5, n8\g cl3 ;bf{,
dg"{ a? e'mSg'x'Gg, zq' cl3 kbf{ .
eGg] uYof}{ ltdL ;wF}, d}n] k|Zg ;f]Wbf
cfdf ltdL dft[e"ld, d x'F 5f]/f] of]4f ..
cfdf ltd|f] 5fltleq dxfg b]zelSt,
ljlht ag"F zq';Fu, b]pm dnfO{{ zlSt .
cflzjf{bsf] kf]sf] af]sL lxF8\of] n8\g /g\df,
uf]nL, u7f, jf?b af]sL ;fyLx¿sf] ;Fudf
w'8fd\ w'8'd\, 8fª\u 8'ª\u k8\sL ;Sof] uf]nL,
cfxf] Û s:tf] eoª\s/ /utsf] xf]nL .
rflxGg ef] o:tf] o'4, ljgf;sf] emf]nL,
dfgj hflt ufcf}F uLt, zflGt ;Gb]z af]nL ..
kf7 !!
P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd :df/sx¿sf] vf]hL,klxrfg,;+/If0f / ;j{wg
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
xfd|f] ;d'bfo Pjd If]qdf /x]sf k/Dk/fb]lv /x]sf lznfn]v, d"lt{, wfld{s :yn Pj+ k'/ftfTljs
:ynx¿sf] dxTTj 7'nf] /x]sf] x'G5 . h;n] pSt :yfg / /fi6«nfO{{ lrgfpg] sfo{ ub{5 . tL
;Dkbfx¿ h'g /fi6«nfO{{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lrgfpg ;xof]u ub{5g\ . ltgnfO{ P]ltxfl;s :yn
tyf :df/sx¿ elgG5 . P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd :df/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; u/]df o;af6
b]zsf] OHht / ;Ddfg a9\g], ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g], h;af6 /fli6«o cfodf j[l4
x'g], P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿sf] ljsf;n] pSt :yfgdf ljsf;sf ;+efjgfx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g]
ePsf]n] xfdLn] P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/ftflTjs :yn Pjd :df/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 . g]kfnsf
!) cf]6f ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkfbdf k/]sf5g\\ . h'g g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;fd' lrgfpg] cfwf/ x'g .
ko{6sLo Pjd cfly{s dxTTj
ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g]
cfGtl/s tyf jfxo ko{6sx¿sf] cfudgn] ;+:s[ltsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'g]

:yfgLo :t/b]lv cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g]
ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf] cfudgn] b]zsf] /fli6«o cfodf j[l4 x'g]
ahf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/
lzIffsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] .
:yfgLo txdf ljBdfg P]ltxfl;s :yn tyf :df/sx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx¿
:yfgLo txsf] ljsf;sf nflu
:yfgLo txnfO{{ /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd k|rf/k|;f/ u/L lrgfpgsf nflu
P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿sf] cWoog u/L ljutaf6 l;sfOsf nflu
z}lIfs ed0f :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L vf]hLaf6 jf:tljs 1fg k|fKt ug{
logLx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; u/L efjL k':tfnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} x:tfGt/0fsf ug{
ljZj;fd' kl/ro u/fpg .
Oltxf;sf ;|f]tx¿ ePsf]n]
/fli6«o uf}/jsf] w/f]x/ ePsf]n] .
@= cEof;
-s_ P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd :df/sx¿sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{Fn] s'g} P]ltxfl;s jf k'/ftflTjs / wfld{s If]qsf] e|d0faf6 kfKt l;sfOsf cfwf/df
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf] nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
If]q e|d0fsf] k|ltj]bgsf] gd'gf
!= tkfO{F s'g} P]ltxfl;s jf k'/ftflTjs / wfld{s If]qsf] e|d0fdf uPsf] x'g'k5{ . To;
e|d0faf/] lgDglnlvt pkzLif{ssf] cfwf/df Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
e|d0f u/]sf] 7fpF / ljifo
cWoogsf] p2]Zo
cWoog ljlw
cWoogdf kQf nufOPsf s'/fx¿
lgisif{ / ;'emfj
æ;/:jtL s'08 n]n]sf] cWoog e|d0f k|ltj]bg, @)&#Æ

kl/ro
>L ;/:jtL pRr df=lj= n]n]sf sIff !) df cWoog/t xfdL ljBfyL{x¿ :yfgLo wfld{s Pjd\
P]ltxfl;s If]qsf] cWoog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf :yfgLo ltn]Zj/ ;/:jtL s'08sf] e|d0fdf uof}F .
@)^^ k'if & ut] laxfg xfdLn] nlntk'/ lhNnf n]n] uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ df cjl:yt pSt If]qdf
# 306f cjnf]sg / cWoog u/]sf lyof}F . pSt cWoogsf qmddf xfdLn] :yfgLo JolSt
xif{gf/fo0f dxh{g / k'hf/L /fdk|;fb l3ld/];Fu s'/fsfgL u/L ljleGg hfgsf/Lx¿ k|fKt u¥of}F .
lznfn]vx¿ k9\of}+ / ToxfF ePsf P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] cjnf]sg u¥of}+ . xfdLnfO{{ ;fdflhs
cWoogsf lzIfsn] ;xof]u ug'{eof] . To; If]qdf ltn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ / ;/:jtLsf] d"lt{
/x]sf] kfOof] . ToxfF glhs} nlntk'/sf dNn /fhf >L lgjf; dNnn] ltn]Zj/ dlGb/sf] hL0ff]{4f/
u/L cfˆgL /fgLsf] / o'j/fhsf] d"tL{ :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . of] tYo ToxLF /x]sf] pgn] g} nufPsf]
Ps lznfn]vdf pNn]v 5 .
p2]Zo
xfd|f] cWoog e|d0fsf] p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf lyP .
-s_ ltn]Zj/ ;/:jtL s'08sf] P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ wfld{s dxTTjaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ .
-v_ ToxfF /x]sf P]ltxfl;s j:t'x¿sf] cj:yf cjnf]sg ug]{ .
-u_ To:tf j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt ;'emfj lbg] .
ljlw
xfdLn] o; cWoogdf lgDg ljlw ckgfPsf 5f}F .
-s_ cjnf]sg
-v_ cGtjf{tf{
kQf nufOPsf s'/fx¿
xfd|f] cWoogaf6 lgDg tYox¿ k]mnf k/]sf] 5 .
-s_ wfld{s dxŒj ;DaGwdf
of] ltn]Zj/ If]qdf kz'kltgfy hlQs} dxTTj /fVg] ltn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ 5 . of] ;fgf]
9'ª\ufsf] b]jn h:tf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo k'hf/Lsf cg';f/ k|frLgsfndf tLnaf6 pTklQ ePsf]
x'gfn] o;nfO{{ ltn]Zj/ elgPsf] xf] . ltn]Zj/ dlGb/df afnfrt'b{zL, lzj/fqL / tLhdf d]nf
nfU5 . ltn]Zj/ dlGb/;Fu} k|l;4 ;/:jtL s'08 5 . oxfF >Lk~rdLsf] lbgdf bz{g tyf
k"hfcfhfsf nflu dflg;x¿sf] Hofb} le8 nfUg] u5{ . :yfgLo afl;Gbf xif{gf/fo0fsf]
egfOcg';f/ oxfF bz{g u/]kl5 ljBf v'N5 eGg] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] o; s'08df
ljBfyL{x¿sf] le8 nfUg] u5{ . pTt/tkm{ kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ 5 . blIf0ftkm{ u+ufhd'gf s'08 5 .
-v_ P]ltxfl;s dxŒj
of] If]q P]ltxfl;s b[li6n] klg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . ToxfF cjl:yt Ps lznfn]vdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
tfTsfnLg dNn /fhf >Llgjf; dNnn] pkTosfsf zlSt kL7x¿sf] hL0ff]{åf/ ug]{ j|mddf o;
If]qsf] klg dd{t ;Def/ u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v 5 . ToxfF /fhf / pgsL b'O{cf]6L kTgLx¿;d]tsf] d"lt{
ce}m /fd|} cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . dWosfnsf] P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflTjs k|df0fsf ¿kdf
lznfn]vx¿ / d"lt{x¿ oqtq 5l/P/ /x]sf] e]l6of] . lj=;+= @)#* ;fndf cfPsf] af9Ln] o;
If]qnfO{{ 7'nf] Iflt k'¥ofPsfn] oxfFsf y'k|} d"lt{ / lznfkqx¿ gi6 x'g k'u]sf] s'/f k'hf/L
/fdk|;fbn] atfpg'eof] .
o; wfld{s If]qdf >Lk~rdL, tLh, afnfrt'b{zL, lzj/fqLh:tf kj{x¿df d]nf nfUg] u5{ . oxfF
bz{g u/]kl5 ljBf a9\g] x'gfn] cfk"m x/]s jif{ oxfF cfpg] s'/f Ps eSthgn] atfP .
lgisif{ / ;'emfj
jf:tjdf lnnfjtL gbLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt ltn]Zj/ If]q bz{gLo 7fpF xf] . oxfFsf] zfGt /
zLtn jftfj/0fn] dflg;nfO{{ cfgGb lbG5 . xfd|f] e|d0fsf j|mddf lznfn]v cWoogaf6 of] If]q
dWosfnLg P]ltxfl;s dxTTj af]s]sf] 7fpF xf] / o;sf] zL3| ;+/If0fsf] h?/L b]v]/ k'/ftTTj
ljefu / :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] kxndf hL0ff]{4f/ eO/x]sf] b]lvof] . . o; If]qnfO{{ ko{6sLo If]qsf]
¿kdf ljsf; ug]{, 5l/P/ /x]sf d"lt{ / lznfn]vx¿sf] ;ª\sng / ;+/If0f ug]{ Pjd k|rf/k|;f/
ug]{ sfo{ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{{ ;'emfj lbg rfxG5' .
gf]6 M of] If]qe|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg gd'gfsf nflu xf] . o;}u/L cfk"mn] u/]sf If]qe|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
$= ;f/f+z
P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd :df/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; u/]df o;af6 b]zsf] OHht / ;Ddfg a9g],
ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf !) cf]6f ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;Dkfbdf k/]sf
5g\\ . h'g g]kfnnfO{{ ljZj;fd' lrgfpg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . P]ltxfl;s :yn Pjd
:df/sx¿af6 ko{6sLo :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g], cfGtl/s tyf jfXo ko{6sx¿sf] cfudgn]
;+:s[ltsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'g], :yfgLo :t/b]lv cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd k|rf/ k|;f/ x'g], ljb]zL
ko{6sx¿sf] cfudgn] b]zsf] /fli6«o cfodf j[l4 x'g], ahf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'Ug]
ePsf]n] logsf] dxTTj cem a9]sf] 5 .
PsfO M *
cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf g]kfndf ;~rfng eO/x]sf / x'g ;Sg] ljleGg k|sf/sf cfly{s ultljlwx¿ / tL
cfly{s ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngsf j|mddf ;xof]u ug]{ ljljw ljifosf af/]df cWoog ul/G5 .
ko{6g pBf]usf] cy{, g]kfndf ko{6g pBf]usf] dxTTj / ljsf;sf ;Defjgf, o;;DaGwL ;d:of,
;dfwfgsf pkfo, g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dxTTj, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL, rfn"
of]hgfsf] p2]Zo, sfo{j|md / ljsf;df k'¥ofpg] ;xof]u;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\\ .
To;} u/L a+}lsª\ ultljljw, ljQLo pks/0fx¿, ;xsfl/tf, pkef]Stf clwsf/ / /fhZj
nufotsf ljifodf xfdL kl/lrt x'g]5f}F . g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f
/sd (Remitance) n] ul/aL 36fpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dxTTj,
r'gf}tL;DaGwL ljifoj:t' o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zox¿
-s_ rfn" of]hgfsf] p2]Zo, sfo{j|md / ljsf;df k'¥ofpg] ;xof]u pNn]v ug{,
-v_ g]kfndf ko{6g pBf]usf] dxTTj / ljsf;sf ;Defjgf pNn]v ug{,
-u_ hn ;|f]tsf] pkof]u / phf{sf] dxTTj atfpg
-3_ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dxTTj, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL pNn]v ug{,
-ª_ a}ª\s / ;xsf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu kl/lrt x'g / eljiodf Tosf] pkof]u ug{ .
-r_ ljQLo pks/0fx¿sf af/]df kl/lrt x'g .
-5_ ladf, s/, /fhZj / pkef]Stf clwsf/sf af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ .
kf7 M !
rfn' of]hgf
!= ljifoj:t'
b]zdf ePsf] ;Lldt ;fwgaf6 b]zsf hgtfsf cldldt cfjZostf k"/f ub}{ pgLx¿sf] hLjg:t/
psf:g / b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{{ ult lbg] p2]Zon] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf]
xf] . ljZjdf ;g\ !(@* df k"j{ ;f]leot ;ª\3n] ;j{k|yd k~rjif]{ of]hgfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] lyof] .
pSt of]hgfn] tfTsfnLg ;f]leot ;ª\3df ljsf;sf] nx/ b]lvPkl5 cGo b]zn] klg cfly{s
cfjlws of]hgfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf x'g\ .
g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL lj=;+= @)!# b]lv ;'? ePs]f xf] . xfn;Dd t]/cf]6f cfjlws

of]hgf ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\\ . o; cjlwdf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;, If]qLo ljsf;, Go"gtd\
cfjZostf kl/k"lt{, ul/aL lgjf/0fh:tf ljleGg kIfdf ljsf; k|of;x¿ s]lGb|t /x] . of]hgfn]
ck]Iff u/]cg';f/ pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;s] tfklg s]xL sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\\ . t]/f}F of]hgfsf]
cGTokl5 g]kfndf @)&#÷&$ b]lv rf}wf} ltg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfsf] yfngL eof] . o;sf]
cjlw @)&%÷&^ c;f/;Dd /xg] 5 . o; of]hgfn] :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v
/fli6«o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;d[4 g]kfnL agfpg] ;f]r /fv]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)&@ ;fnsf] ljgf;sf/L
e"sDkaf6 ePsf] IfltnfO{{ k'gM lgdf{0f ug]{ g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf] nIosf ;fy of] of]hgf
ag]sf] 5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
To;}n] o; rfn' of]hgfdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo ;d]t xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ljsf;sf
sfo{j|mdx¿sf] ;'?jft ul/Psf] 5 .
nIo M ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb} dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df
k'Ug] .
p2]Zo M pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4åf/f b|'t
ultdf ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ .
kl/df0ffTds nIo M rf}wf}F of]hgfsf s]xL k|d'v cfly{s ;fdflhs nIo tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf]
5 . d'Vo d'Vo cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts nIox¿
qm=;+= ;"rs÷nIo cf=j= @)&@÷ rf}wf}F of]hgfsf]
&# sf] l:ylt nIo -@)&%÷&^ df_
! jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ )=* &=#
@ s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ !=# $=&
# u}/ s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ )=^ *=$
$ d'b|f:kmLltb/ (=% &=%
% ufx{:Yo k|ltJolSt cfDbfgL -?= xhf/df_ &(=$ !!^=%
^ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ @!=^ !&=)
& dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s )=%$ )=%&
* ;zStLs/0f ;"rsfª\s )=%^ )=%(
( ck]lIft cfo' -hGd]sf] ;dodf, jif{_ ^( &@
!) vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ *#=^ ()=)
!! dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/ -k|ltzt_ #&=& $%=)
!@ !%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tfb/ *(=^ (@=)
!# ljB't pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, d]ufjf6_ *%! @#)!
!$ ljB'tdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ &$=) *&=)
!% l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ !#=( !%=@
!^ OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ $$=$ ^%=)
/0fgLlt M pNn]lvt ;f]r, nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lgDgfg';f/ kfFr k|d'v /0fgLltx¿ cl3
;fl/Psf 5g\\ M
!= s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f, ko{6g, cf}Bf]lus Pj+ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf] lj:tf/dfkm{t
pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .
@= pmhf{, ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ / u|fdL0f–;x/L tyf lqb]zLo
cfa4tf ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#= ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pj+ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df
pRr tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
$= cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ zf;sLo ;'wf/, s'zn Pj+ hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ljQ, :jR5, kf/bzL{
/ hgd}qL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ ;du| ;'zf;g k|j4{g
ug]{ .
%= n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u
tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] .
r'gf}tL
rf}wf}F of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf j|mddf ljleGg k|sf/sf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . tL
r'gf}tLx¿nfO{{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] b|'tt/ cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n u/L To;sf] Gofok"0f{ ljt/0fdfkm{t l56f] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{'
r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . Dffgj ljsf;sf kIfdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ug]{ / ;du| cy{tGqnfO{{ ;d[l4 / lbuf]
cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] kydf n}hfg] sfo{ klg lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . cfly{s j[l4;Fu;Fu} cfosf]
ljt/0fdf cfpg;Sg] c;dfgtf 36fO g]kfnnfO{{ ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns tyf
nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ klg Tolts} h?/L 5 . ;3g cfly{s If]qsf]
lj:tf/dfkm{t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf u/L hg;fª\VoLs nfef+zsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ /
:jb]zdf g} kof{Kt sfdsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . To:t}, lgjf{xd'vL
s[lifnfO{{ ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+ Joj;fod'vL agfpFb} o;nfO{{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;df cfa4 ug]{ sfo{ emg} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . pmhf{;Í6 x6fpg], k|sf]k;DaGwL ;DefJo
hf]lvdx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;a} k|of;x¿nfO{{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"n agfpg] sfo{ cem 7'nf] r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; /
cfa4tf;Fu} u|fdL0f / ;x/L ljsf;nfO{{ cGt/;DalGwt t'NofO{ o;nfO{{ cfly{s j[l4sf] ;|f]tsf]
¿kdf :yflkt ug{'kg]{5 . ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{{ PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{;Fu;Fu} lgIf]k0f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{{
k|efjsf/L agfO{ hgtfsf] clt glhssf] zf;sLo tx;Dd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx / ljt/0fnfO{{
lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgnufot cGo zf;sLo ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{x¿
yk r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\\ . k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo tx;Dd ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf a9fpFb}

;a} txdf hjfkmb]xL, :jR5 / k|efjsf/L ljsf; k|zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf
/x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] sfo{ l56f] ;DkGg ub}{ k|fb]lzs Pj+ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] g]t[TTj
oyf;Dej l56f] lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿af6 g} u/fpg] r'gf}tL;Fu} s]G›Lo of]hgf sfof{Gjog
k|0ffnLnfO{{ klg ;'b[9 t'Nofpg'kg]{5 .
cj;/ M
rf}wf}F of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf j|mddf r'gf}tL dfq xf]Og ljleGg cj;/x¿ klg pknAw 5g\\ . tL
cj;/nfO{{ pkof]u ug{ ;s]df rf}wf}F of]hgfn] ck]Iff u/] cg'¿ksf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ug{
;xh x'G5 . tL cj;/x¿nfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} /fhg}lts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'gyfn]sf]
@= d'n's cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf]
#= pj{/ hldg, hn;|f]t, jg, vfgL, h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+ ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tfh:tf k|fs[lts
;|f]tx¿sf] a'l4dtfk"0f{ pkof]uaf6 ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf ePsf]
$= cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo x'g] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft a9\b} uPsf]
%= ;fy} cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{{ b|'ttf k|bfg ug{ :j:y / lzlIft x'Fb} uO/x]sf] ;Ifd
hgzlSt ljsf; eO/x]sf]
^= pkof]u x'g} g;s]sf tyf sd pkof]u eO/x]sf ef}lts tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ pkof]u ug]{
cj;/ /x]sf]
&= xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf ePsf] nufgLsf] pRrtd k|ltkmn lng;Sg] cj:yf
/x]sf]
*= cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwfcfwL hg;ª\Vof ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos k|0ffnLdf
cfa4 ePsf] 5 . h'g cfkm}F+df ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/zLnf alg;s]sf] 5 .
(= ;xsf/L / lghL b'j} If]q k|j4{g ug]{ ;/sf/L gLltaf6 k|fKt cj;/sf] pkof]u ub}{ d'n'snfO{{
cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4 agfpg ;/sf/;Fu kl/k"/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ tTk/ 5g\\ .
!)= e"sDkaf6 ePsf] ljgfz / blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]waf6 c;Xo kL8f / Iflt eP
klg b'j}n] ;Gt'lnt cGt/lge{/tfsf] cfwf/df cfTdlge{/tf / lbuf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpg
cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\\ .
!!= cGt/;/sf/L d~r, cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;ª\3 ;+:yfdfkm{t ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L / pRr
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|lta4tf k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
!@= u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnufotaf6 j}b]lzs nufgL qmdzM cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g\\ .
!#= g]kfnsf] ko{6g, j}b]lzs nufgL, Pj+ sltko ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt 5 .
!$= j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt l;k, k"FhL / pBdzLntfaf6 g]kfnnfO{{ afXo hutaf6 1fg,
k|ljlw / k"FhL kl/rfng ug{ yk cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L rf}wf}F of]hgfdf pknAw cj;/ / ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 cy{tGqdf ;'wf/ x'g], o;af6 cfly{s
:yfloTj sfod eO{ /f]huf/L, ;dfj]zL / km/flsnf] cfly{s cfwf/ tof/ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
nufgLsf] s'zn pkof]uåf/f /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u/L Go"g cfo ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf]
cfodf j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff klg ul/Psf] 5 . ltg jifL{o cGtl/d] of]hgfn] :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf
;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6«o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;d[4 g]kfnL agfpg] ;f]r /fv]sfn] lgZro klg of]
;kgfn] d"t{ ¿k lng]5 . o; sfo{df /fHo, hgtf / ;a} g]kfnLx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 k|of;
ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
@= cEof; M
-s_ :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu s:tf] of]hgf agfpg'knf{, To;sf] vfsf
agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ rfn" of]hgfsf p2]Zo / /0fgLltx¿ s] s] x'g\ < a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ltg jifL{o of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r pNn]v ub}{ To; cjlwdf tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnon] s'g
s'g sfd ug'{knf{ <
-3_ Psjif{;Dd tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/df x'g] vr{sf If]qx¿ s] s] x'g;S5g\\ <
-ª_ s]Gb|df of]hgf s;/L tof/ kfl/G5 <
-r_ g]kfndf of]hgfx¿n] cfzf u/]cg'¿k nIo xfl;n ug{ g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ <
-5_ rfn' of]hgfsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-h_ rfn' of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf / /0fgLltx¿ pNN]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] hjfkm n]lv;s]kl5 lgDg a'Fbfx¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
rfn' ltgjif]{ of]hgfn] lnPsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ lgDg sfo{ ug{ pko'St x'G5 M
b]zdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{,
ul/a ;d'bfonfO{{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'Ug] u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,
l;kd"ns tflnd ;~rfng ug]{,
cfocfh{g x'g] vfnsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,
:yfgLo hgtfnfO{{ ljsf;sf x/]s If]qdf ;xeflutf u/fpg],
;dfj]zL ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿df hf]8 lbg],
g]kfnsf] v]/ uPsf] kfgLsf] ;b'kof]u u/L k|z:t ljB't pTkfbg u/L lgof{t ug]{ / l;FrfOåf/f
s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg] .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] p2]Zo / /0fgLlt Psk6s k'gM cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

ltg jifL{o of]hgfsf bL3{sfnLg ;f]rnfO{{ Wofgdf /fvL d]/f] ljBfnon] lgDg sfo{ ug'{kb{5 M
ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfpg],
of]Uo / bIf lzIfssf] Joj:yf,
ljBfnodf ef}lts tyf cGo k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{,
ljBfnodf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{,
cleefjsnfO{{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg],
pRr z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf] nflu 3/df cfˆgf] a'jf cfdf;Fu 5nkmn u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
3/df x'g] vr{sf If]qx¿
lzIff
cf}ifwf]krf/
n'uf lsGg / l;nfpg
vfBfGg
e|d0f
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDg s'/f n]Vg ;lsG5 .
b]ze/Laf6 tYofª\s vf]lhG5 .
b]zsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf / cfjZostfx¿sf] klxrfg ul/G5 .
To;nfO{{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ p2]Zo, nIo tyf gLltx¿ tof/ kfl/G5 .
sfo{qmd agfO{ ah]6 afF8kmfF8 ul/G5 .
-r_ cEof; -r_ g]kfndf of]hgfsf nIox¿ xfl;n x'g g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf
5g\\ .
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf
cfly{s cefj
hgzlSt ljb]z knfPg x'g'
aGb x8\tfn sfod /xg'
;dGjofTds ljsf; gx'g'
e|i6frf/ sfod /xg'
-5_ cEof; -5_ rfn' of]hgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg] .
cfjlws of]hgf
5f]6f] cjlwsf] of]hgf
nf]s sNof0fsf/L p2]Zo ePsf]
/fHosf] ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;d'lrt ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{j|md ePsf] .
-h_ cEof; -h_ rfn' of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf / /0fgLltx¿ kf7sf] ljifoj:t'df cWoog u/L
n]Vg] .
kf7 @
ko{6g pBf]usf] dxTTj / ;Defjgf
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
k|foMh;f] dflg;x¿ dgf]/~hg, Jofkf/ / wfld{s b[li6sf]0f nufot ljleGg sf/0faf6 ko{6g u5{g\
. lxdfn cf/f]x0f, lgs'~h cjnf]sg, k}bnofqf, dgf]/~hg, g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog cflb
ultljlwsf nflu g]kfndf ko{6sx¿ cfpF5g\\ . sltko dflg;x¿ cfˆg} b]zleq ko{6g u5{g\ eg]
sltko csf]{ b]zdf 3'd3fdsf nflu hfG5g\\ . cfˆg} b]z leq ul/g] ko{6g cfGtl/s ko{6g xf]
eg] csf]{ b]zdf ug]{ ko{6g cGt/f{li6«o jf afx\o ko{6g xf] . ko{6sx¿ xfjfkfgL 5Ng, c¿sf]
hLjgk4lt x]g{, cfgGb lng, k|l;4 7fpFsf] e|d0f ug{ cfˆgf] b]zleq / c¿ b]zdf hfg] u5{g\ .
sltko ljsl;t b]zsf dflg;x¿ k'm;{bsf] ;dosf] pkof]u ug{ klg ko{6gdf hfG5g\\ .
ko{6gsf pb2]Zox¿ M
!= labf dgfpg
@= dgf]/~hgsf nflu
#= c¿sf] hLjg z}nL x]g{ / l;Sg
$= ;/sf/L sfdsfh
%= df};dsf] cg'ej
^= k}bn ofqf, lxdfn cf/f]x0f
&= tLy{, wd{, cflb .
-s_ jt{dfg of]hgfdf ko{6g
p2]Zo
!= b]znfO{{ cfsif{s tyf yk ;'/lIft uGtJosf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ko{6g cfudgdf
pNn]vgLo j[l4 u/L hgtfsf] cfo:t/df j[l4 ug'{ .
@= ko{6sLo uGtJo :yn tyf pkhdf ljljwLs/0f / ljsf; ug'{ .
#= g]kfnsf k|d'v ko{6sLo pkhx¿sf] ahf/Ls/0f tyf k|j4{g ug'{ . ko{6g pBf]usf]
ljsf;sf nflu lnOPsf] /0fgLlt
!= ko{6g k|j4{g / ko{6g ljsf; ug{ ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L / ;fd'bflos If]q;Fu
;fem]bf/L Pjd\ ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
@= u|fdL0f ko{6gdfkm{t o; If]qsf nfenfO{{ hg:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] .
#= d'n'sdf ;a} df};ddf ko{6sLo lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfngsf nflu cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
$= :yflkt tyf gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynx¿sf] PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds ¿kdf k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug]{ / ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / ljljwLs/0f ug{ j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t ug]{ .

g]kfndf k]ma'|c/L dlxgfdf kxf8L / lxdfnL efudf Hofb} hf8f] x'g] x'gfn] ko{6sx¿ 3'dlkm/ ug{
sl7g x'G5 . To;}u/L h'g / h'nfO{{ dlxgfdf df};dL jiff{sf sf/0f af9L klx/f], lxnf], lrKnf] x'G5
/ e|d0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 . r}t, j}zfv, h]7 / c;f/ cToGt} /dfOnf] jftfj/0f x'g] x'gfn]
ko{6sx¿ a9L dfqfdf g]kfn cfpF5g\\ . g]kfndf cfpg] ko{6sx¿nfO{{ jftfj/0f;DaGwL r]tgf
hufpg / g]kfnnfO{{ ;kmf, ;'Gb/ / k|b"if0f/lxt agfpg æhyfefjL kmf]xf]/ gkmfnf}F, kmf]xf]/ l7s
7fpFdf kmfnf}F, cflb n]lvPsf Kn]sf8{ agfP/ 7fpF7fpFdf /fVg ;lsG5 . ko{6g pBf]unfO{{ k|a4{g
ug{ o;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . oftfoft, ljB't, vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf,
;~rf/, cfjf; cflbsf] kof{Kt ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;lsPdf ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; x'G5 /
b]znfO{{ k|z:t dfqfdf ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g x'G5 . o;}u/L ko{6ssf] ;'/Iff / b]zdf zflGt :yfkgf
ug{ ;s]df cem o;sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 .
-v_ g]kfndf ko{6g pBf]usf] dxŒj
!= ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{gdf ;xof]u, ^= Jofkf/df j[l4,
@= /fli6«o cfodf of]ubfg, &= ljZjdf g]kfnsf] k|rf/k|;f/,
#= 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;df 6]jf, *= ef}lts / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/,
$= /f]huf/Ldf j[l4, (= ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cGtlq{mofdf j[l4 .
%= snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f,
-u_ g]kfndf ko{6g pBf]usf] ;Defjgf
;'Gb/ lxdfnL >Lª\vnf
g]kfn k|fs[lts ¿kn] wgL 5 . oxfF dgf]/d lxdlzv/ / wfld{s :ynx¿ 5g\\ . oxfF pTt/lt/
lxdfnx¿, dWoefudf cUnf kxf8 / blIf0fdf t/fO{ k|b]z -d}bfg_ /x]sf] 5 . oxfF ljleGg
lsl;dsf r/fr'?ª\uL / hgfj/x¿ kfOG5g\\ . oxfF ;u/dfyf, dsfn', uf}l/zª\s/, wjnflu/L,
cGgk"0f{ nufotsf lxd>Lª\vnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . oL lxdfnx¿df cf/f]x0f ug{ / tL lxdfn] b[Zo
glhsaf6 x]g{ kb ofqf, dfp06]g ˆnfO6 cflb nufotsf dgf]/~hgfTds lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL
x'g ;Sb5g\\ .
k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf
g]kfn cfkm}Fdf ;'Gb/ b]z xf] . oxfF pTt/tkm{ ;'Gb/ lxd>[ª\vnf /x]sf] 5 . hxfFtxLF vf]nf, gbL,
em/gf, tfn, ljleGg hgfj/ / r/fr'?ª\uL /x]sf ;'Gb/ jg, 9sdSs km'n]sf u'/fF;n] 9fs]sf
8fF8fx¿, ;dy/ d}bfg, cflbsf] ;fd~h;on] of] b]znfO{{ /d0fLo :yn agfPsf] 5 . of] /d0fLo
:yndf b]z leq / aflx/sf ko{6sx¿ ko{6g ug{ cfpF5g\\ . To:t} Onfdsf] cGt'8fF8f, eStk'/sf]
gu/sf]6, dsjfgk'/sf] bfdg, kf]v/fsf] ;/fªsf]6 cflb 7fpFaf6 lxdfnsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{
;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ ko{6sx¿ g]kfn e|d0fsf nflu cfpF5g\\ / o;af6 ljb]zL d'b|fsf] cfh{g
x'G5 .
P]ltxfl;s / wfld{ :ynx¿ M
g]kfnnfO{{ dlGb/ g} dlGb/sf] b]z elgG5 . of] dxfdfgj uf}td a'4 hGd]sf] b]z . cf/fWob]j
kz'kltgfy /x]sf] b]z Clifd'gLx¿n] tk:of u/]sf] b]z xf] . oxfF n'lDagL, hgsk'/, b]j3f6, rt/f
wfd, rfFu'gf/fo0f, af}4, :joDe', pu|tf/f, afu]Zj/L, a/fx If]q, ljGWoafl;gL, u9LdfO{, a'9f;'Aaf
nufotsf wfld{s :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . tL wfld{s :yndf tLy{ ug{ / 3'd3fd ug{ klg ljleGg
ko{6sx¿ cfpg] ub{5g\\ . To:t} sf7df8fF} pkTosf k|frLg uf]kfn, ls/fFt, lnRr5jL /
dNnsfnsf] Oltxf;sf] d'Vo ynf]sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . ljljw k|sf/sf P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k"/ftfTjLs
j:t' Pjd\ :df/sx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . oxfF sfi7snf, wft'snf, k|:t/ snf -9'ª\ufs]f snf_, lrqsnf
nufotsf nlnt snfsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] cjnf]sg / cWoog ug{ klg
ko{6sx¿ cfpg] ub{5g\\ .
;f“:s[lts ljljwtf M
g]kfn ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] ljljwtf ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfF ljleGg hlt / efiff efifLsf ljljw k|sf/sf
;+:s[lt df}nfPsf] 5 . oxfFsf] rf8kj{, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:sf/, k/Dk/f cflbsf] cjnf]sg ug{, cWoog
ug{ / dgf]/~hg lng klg ko{6sx¿ g]kfn cfpg] ub{5g\\ .
;fxl;s ko{6g
g]kfn ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] :yn klg xf] . oxfF kj{tf/f]x0f, kbofqf, /fˆl6ª, al~hhlDkª, Kof/f
UnfOl8ª, dfp06]]g ˆnfO6, /s SnfOlDaª\, Sofgf]Oª nufotsf ;fxl;s ko{6gsf lglDt pko'St
:yn xf] g]kfnsf gbLx¿af6 ¥oflˆ6ª ug{ ;lsG5 . vf; u/]/ kfgLsf] jxfjdfly b]lv tnlt/
uPsf gbLx¿df ¥ofˆl6ª ug{ /fd|f] x'G5 . ¥ofˆl6ªnfO{{ gbLx¿df dgf]/~hgsf nflu ul/g]
;fxl;s sfo{sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . lqz'nL, ef]6]sf]zL, d:of{ª\bL nufotsf gbLdf ¥ofˆl6ª ug{
;lsG5 . o:tf lj|mofsnfkn] ko{6g If]qsf] j[l4 x'G5
xfjkfgL M
g]kfn ;fgf] If]qdf klg ljljw k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfFsf] pTt/df lr;f] xfjfkfgL
5 eg] blIf0fdf Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . To;}n] oxfF jiff{ ;dodf afx]s h'g;'s} ;dodf ofqf
ug{ ;lsG5 . udL{ xfjfkfgL 5Ng cfpg] / hf8f] xfjfkfgL 5Ng cfpg] b'j} vfnsf ko{6ssf
nflu g]kfn pko'St uGtJosf] ¿kdf /xsf] 5 .
k|fs[lts jg:klt / jGohGt'sf] ljljwtf
xfjfkfgL / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf sf/0f oxfF h}ljs
ljljwtf klg sfod /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ljljw
k|sf/sf jg:klt hLj hGt', r/fr'?ª\uL /
hgfj/x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . ljZjd} b'n{e dflgPsf] Ps
l;ª\u] u}F8f / 3l8ofn uf]xL g]kfnsf] t/fOsf]
ko{6sx¿ xfQLdf rl9/x]sf]

hª\undf kfOG5 . o:tf hgfjf/, r/f / hLj hGt'sf] cjnf]sg ug{, cWoog ug{ / dgf]/~hg
lng klg ko{6sx¿ hfg] ub{5g\\ . jlb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h, lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h
ko{6gsf] dxTTj M
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ko{6gn] 7'nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ko{6gsf] dxTTjnfO{{
lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M ko{6g tyf lgof{td"ns pBf]uaf6 j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g x'G5 .
o;n] ubf{ o; pBf]unfO{{ lgof{td"ns pBf]usf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ko{6gn] dflg;nfO{{ ef/L
af]Sg]b]lv kfFrtf/] xf]6ndf sfd ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .
cGgk"0f{ lxdz[ª\vnf ko{6s :yn

-u_ ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿
g]kfndf ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu w]/} ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . ltgn] ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/df afwf k'¥ofPsf 5g\\ . tL ;d:ofx¿nfO{{ lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= Jojl:yt ko{6g s]Gb|x¿sf] sdL, @= oftfoft / ;~rf/ ;'ljwfsf] cefj,
#= dgf]/~hgsf ;fwgsf] cefj, $= k|rf/k|;f/sf] cefj,
%= kbofqfsf] ;'Joj:yfsf] sdL, ^= ko{6gof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg / ljsf;
&= ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s :ynx¿sf] x'g g;Sg',
;+/If0fsf] sdL÷åGåsf] k|efj *= :t/Lo xf]6n nhsf] sdL,
(= ;'/Iffsf] sdL, !)= ;/;kmfOsf] cefj cflb .
-3_ ko{6g If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
ko{6g pBf]udf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ o; k|sf/ 8fou|fddf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
xjfO{ ;]jfsf]
lj:tf/
k|rf/ k|;f/ oftfoft /
;~rf/sf] ;'ljwf
dgf]/~hgsf
;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ;dfwfgsf ;fwgx¿sf] pknAwtf
:ynsf] ;+/If0f pkfo
;'/Iffsf]
ko{6g s]Gb|x¿sf] k|Tofe"lt
lj:tf/ ko{6gsf nflu cWofudg
cfjZos j:t' (Visa)
tyf ;]jfsf] k|flKtnfO{{ ;/n /
;'ne agfpg'kg]{
ko{6gsf nflu k"jf{wf/
ko{6sx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; x'g'kb{5 . tLdWo] s]xL lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\\ M
cfk"mn] rfx]sf] 7fpFdf hfgsf/Lsf nflu cfjZos cGt/f{li6«o xjfO p8fg
b]zleq /fd|f] ;8s oftfoft / l6s6 lng] Joj:yf ;/n x'g'kg]{,
6]lnkmf]g / OG6/g]6 tyf cGo ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yf,
;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf /fd|f],
;xof]uLkgf / /fd|f] Jojxf/
dgf]/~hg ug]{ ;fwgsf] Joj:yf
;~rf/ / cf/fdbfoL jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yf
:t/Lo xf]6n tyf nhx¿sf] Joj:yf .
-ª_ g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]q

g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qnfO{{ kj{tLo, t/fO{ / sf7df8fF+} pkTosf u/L ltg efudf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 .

kj{tLo ko{6g
g]kfnsf] kj{tLo ko{6gsf] If]q ;'Gb/ / dgf]/d /x]sf] 5 . of] If]q vf; u/]/ lxdfn, hª\un, tfn
tyf dlGb/sf nflu k|Voft 5 . o; If]qsf] ko{6sx¿n] hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ d}nf kmfNgfn] To;
If]qsf afl;Gbf, hLjhGt' tyf ¿v lj?jfnfO{{ k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 .
o;nfO{{ Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 . o; If]qsf] k|d'v cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q of]hgf Ps xf] . o; If]qdf
cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf lglDt tf]lsPsf] k|j]z z'Ns g} o;sf] cfDbfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . o;sf]
Joj:yfkg :yfgLo JolStx¿sf ljleGg ;d"x tyf Joj:yfkg kIfaf6 x'G5 / ljleGg ;ldltåf/f
;+/If0f / ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ ul/G5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] vf; u/]/ s[lif ljsf;, af6f] b]vfpg], nh
Joj:yfkg ug]{, hª\un Joj:yfkg, vfgf agfpg], x:tsnf tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL tflnd
;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L af6f] lgdf{0f, kmf]xf]/ d}nf, hn Joj:yfkg, k|f}9 tyf kf]if0f,
:jf:Yo, kl/jf/ lgof]hg lzIff ;~rfng, j[Iff/f]k0f / :ofxf/h:tf sfo{x¿ u/]sf] 5 .
t/fO{ If]q
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf klg ko{6sLo b[li6n] w]/} pko'St :yfgx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . oLdWo] n'lDagL,
/fdhfgsL dlGb/, sf]zL 6fk', lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'Gh, jlb{of jGohGt' cf/If0f, z'Snf kmfF6
cf/If0f cflb kb{5g\\ . of] If]q vf; u/]/ k|frLg :ynx¿, r/f, hª\unL hgfj/ cflbsf nflu
k|Voft 5 .
sf7df8f}“+ pkTosf
b]znfO{{ cGt/f{li6«
i o If]q;Fu hf]8g]\g] xjfOdfu{ sf7df8fF+} ePsfn] k|fooMh;f]
h;f] ljb]zL ko{6sx¿
sf7df8fF+} a:b5g 5g\\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿ sf7df8fF+} pkTosfsf ljleGg k|frLg :yn tyf cGo :yn
x]g]{ ub{5g\\ . To;}u/L cfGtl/s ko{6sx¿ klg e|d0f ub{5g\\ . sf7df8fF+} pkTosfsf
Tosfsf cfGtl/s tyf
afx\o\ ko{6sx¿sf nflu k|d'v ko{6sLo :ynx¿df kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/, :joDe", >Ls[i0f dlGb/,
a'9flgns07, uf]bfj/L af]6flgsn uf8]{g, lrl8ofvfgf, kf6g b/af/ If]q, xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ If]q,
eStk'/ b/af/ If]q cflb x'g\ .
@= cEof;
-s_ g]kfndf ljb]zL ko{6s lsg cfpg rfxG5g\
rfxG \ < o;af6 x'g] s'g} rf/ kmfObf / j]kmfObf
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ ko{6snfO{
nfO{{ jftfj/0f ;DaGwdf ;r]t u/fpg kbofqfsf] af6f]df /flvg] Pp6f ;"rgf
n]lvPsf] ;"rgf kf6Lsf] gd'gf agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ æko{6ssf] ;ª\;ªVof
Vof j[l4 ePdf ljb]zL d'b|fsf] cfh{gdf j[l4 x'G5 .Æ sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ ko{6g pBf]uaf6 xfd|f] ;dfhdf k/]sf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds c;/af/] kf kfFrcf]6f a'bfx¿
bF fx¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ lbOPsf lrqx¿ x]/L tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pTt/ lbg'xf];\ .
uf]?uf8fsf] k|of]u xfQLdfly dflg; r9]sf]

!= s'g ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ko{6gnfO{
g { Oª\\uLt u5{g\ <
@= o:tf lqmofsnfkn] s;/L :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] cfly{s pGgltdf dbt k'Unf <
-r_ ko{6g pBf]u eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfndf o;sf] ljsf;sf ;DefJotfx¿af/] k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ .
-5_ dfgf}F, tkfO{F k|mfG;]nL ko{6s ;d"xsf] 6f]nL g]tf x'g'x'G5, ltgLx¿ cf cfˆgf]
ˆgf]
gf] labfsf] ;do
g]kfndf latfpg cfPsf x'g\ . tkfO{Fn] n] ltgLx¿sf] e|d0fnfO{
0f { dgf]/~hgfTds agfpg s:tf]
sfo{j|md agfpg'x'G5 < gf} lbgsf] sfo{j|md tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-h_ olb tkfO{F ko{6g dGqLdf lgo' lg St x'g' ePdf ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu t'?GGtt ug{ ;lsg]
rf/cf]6f sfo{j|mdx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-em_
em_ ko{6g pBf]uaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf;sf nflu vr{ ul/g' k5{ eGg]
egfOnfO{{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .

-`_ tkfO{+sf] cfˆgf] lhNnf jf If]qdf ko{6g ljsf; ug{;lsg] s'g} @ cf]6f ;Defjgfx¿ s] s]
5g\\ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-6_ g]kfndf ko{6g ljsf;sf] dxTTj / o;sf] ljsf;df b]vfk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-7_ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cfly{s of]hgfdf ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu ;dfj]z ul/Psf /0fgLltx¿
pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0fsf] ko{6s / ltgLx¿n] ko{6g ug]{
sf/0f cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu lgDglnlvt ;fdu|L cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
;"rgf hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ gkmfnf}“, kmf]xf]/ l7s 7fp“df kmfnf}“ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu ljifoj:t' lj:t[tLs/0fsf] ko{6s / ltgLx¿n] ko{6g ug]{
sf/0f cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf] pTt/sf nflu tnsf] ;fdu|L cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
ko{6g pBf]usf ;sf/fTds c;/x¿
/f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf
/fh:jdf j[l4
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/
:jb]zL ;fdu|Lsf] laqmL ljt/0f
o;sf gsf/fTds c;/x¿

ljb]zL ;+:s[lt lelqg]
jghª\unsf] ljgfz x'g]
k|b"if0f / e"Ifon] ;f}Gbo{ gi6 x'g]
OGwg, cGg / kfgLsf] sdL x'g hfg]
le8 a9\g]
gofF ejgx¿n] ;x/ / ufpFsf] :j¿k gi6 x'g] cflb .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf] pTt/sf nflu t/fO{ k|b]zsf] hghLjg cWoog ug'{xf];\ . :yfgLo :t/df
ko{6gsf sf/0fn] k|fKt x'g] /f]huf/Lsf af/]df b]v] ;'g]sf cfw/df pTt/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] æg]kfndf ko{6gsf] dxTTj, cfzf / ;DefjgfÆ sf]
ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ cEof; -5_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu ko{6snfO{{ dgf]/~hg u/fpg] vfnsf ( lbgsf] sfo{j|md
lgDg cg';f/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
ldlt sfo{j|md
k'if !! ut] sf7df8fF+} ljdfg:yndf pqg] / xf]6ndf uP/ cf/fd ug]{ .
k'if !@ ut] laxfg kz'kltgfy If]q / af}4gfysf] cjnf]sg ug]{ . lbpF;f] kf6g
b/af/ If]q cjnf]sg ug]{ .
k'if !# ut] laxfg :joDe"gfy If]qsf] e|d0f, lbpF;f] eStk'/ b/af/ If]q e|d0f,
;fFemdf gu/sf]6df a:g] .
k'if !$ ut] laxfg rfFu'gf/fof0f dlGb/ If]q e|d0f, lbpF;f] uf]bfj/L If]qsf] e|d0f /
jgef]h .
k'if !% ut] :yfgLo ufpFx¿ sLlt{k'/ / vf]sgfsf] e|d0f .
k'if !^ ut] xg'dfg 9f]sf b/af/ If]qsf] Do'lhod cjnf]sg .
k'if !& ut] xjfOhxfhaf6 lrtjg hfg] / ;f}/fxfdf u}+F8f cjnf]sg .
k'if !* ut] lrtjgaf6 kf]v/f hfg] / k]mjftfndf 8'ª\uf r9\g] .
k'if !( ut] xjfOhxfhaf6 sf7df8fF+} kms{g] / 7d]ndf lsgd]n ug]{ .
-h_ cEof; -h_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu tnsf a'Fbfx¿ cWoog u/L sfo{of]hgf -sfo{j|md_
agfpg'xf];\ .
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; -oftfoft, ;~rf/, :jf:Yo If]qdf ko{6ssf lglDt ljz]if
5'6_
gofF ko{6g :ynsf] 3f]if0ff,
ko{6g ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf,
ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu k|rf/k|;f/ cleofg ;~rfng .
-em_ cEof; -em_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

g]kfndf cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf lglDt tf]lsPsf] k|j]z z'Ns g} o;sf] cfDbfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] .
o;af6 :ygLo ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf sfo{df vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; kl/of]hgfn] vf; u/]/ s[lif ljsf;, ufO8 tflnd, nh Joj:yfkg ug]{, hª\un Joj:yfkg,
vfgf agfpg], x:tsnf tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
af6f] lgdf{0f, kmf]xf]/ d}nf Joj:yfkg, hn Joj:yfkg, k|f}9 lzIff tyf kf]if0f sfo{j|md, :jf:Yo,
kl/jf/ lgof]hg lzIff, j[Iff/f]k0f / :ofxf/h:tf sfo{x¿df nufgL ug{ ;lsG5 .
-`_ cEof; -`_ / -6_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-6_ cEof; -7_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

kf7 M #
hn ljB't
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
dfgjsf] hLjgdf geO gx'g]
Ps dxTTjk"0f{ tTTj phf{ xf] .
phf{ ljgf xfd|f] b}lgs hLjg
rNg ;Sb}g . ljutdf phf{sf]
¿kdf bfp/fsf] k|of]u ul/GYof]
. kl5 sf]Onf, k]6«f]n, k|fs[lts
Uof; / ;f}o{ phf{sf] klg k|of]u
ug{ yflnof] . ljh'nL ;a} eGbf
nfebfos / e/kbf]{ phf{ xf] .
ljB't k|fKt ug]{ w]/} ;|]ftx¿
5g\\ . 3fd, xfjf, kfgL, l8h]n,
cf0fljs tTTj cflbaf6 ljh'nL
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . tL dWo]
kfgLaf6 lgsflng] ljh'nL h;nfO{{ hn ljB't klg elgG5, of] lgs} ;:tf], e/kbf]{ / Ps} k6s
7'nf] kl/df0fdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ljB't xf] .
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df hn ljB'tn] lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5 . lsgsL g]kfndf
sl/j 5 xhf/ gbLgfnfx¿ alu/x]sf 5g\\ . tL gbLgfnfx¿dWo] 7'nf gbLx¿ sf]zL, s0ff{nL /
u08sL gbL / ltgsf ;xfos gbLx¿ lxdfno kj{taf6 c6'6 ¿kdf alu/x]sf 5g\\ . oL ;a}
gbLx¿af6 *#))) d]ufjf6 ljh'nL lgsfNg ;lsg] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . of] ljZjsf] s"n
hnljB'tsf] @=@^ k|ltzt xf] . sl/j aofnL; xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljh'nL t Jofj;flos ¿kdfg}
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
j|m=;= gbLx¿ ;}b\wflGts ;Defjgf k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;Defjgf
!= sf];L @#,#%) d]ufjf6 !),*^) d]ufjf6
@= u08sL @),^%) d]ufjf6 %,@&) d]ufjf6
#= s0ff{nL / dxfsfnL #^,))) d]ufjf6 @&,#^) d]ufjf6
$= cGo gbLx¿ $),))) d]ufjf6 **) d]ufjf6
hDdf *#,))) d]ufjf6 $$,#&) d]ufjf6
g]kfndf hn;|f]tsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
g]kfndf hn ljB't pTkfbgsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(^* df kmlk{ªaf6 ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= @)&@÷&#
;Dddf ljleGg ljB't cfof]hgfaf6 sl/a *@( d]ufjf6 ljh'nL dfq pTkfbg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 .
o;n] b]zsf sl/a cfwf hg;ª\VofnfO{{ dfq ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5 . pTkflbt clwsf+z ljh'nL
3/fo;L sfdsf] nflu dfq k|of]u ul/G5 . Jofj;flos pkof]u / Jofkf/df cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df hn ljB'tsf] lgs} 7'nf] ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 . s[lif, pBf]u Jofkf/ h:t}
ljB't klg cfwf/e"t pBf]u g} xf] . o;af6 pTkflbt ljB'tn] Psftkm{ b]zdf pBf]u, oftfoft,
s[lif nufotsf] ljsf; ug{ dbt ub{5 . sfd ug]{ ;do a9fpF5 . ;fFem / laxfg klg sfd ug{
;lsg] agfpF5 . pTkfbsTj a9fpF5 . csf{tkm{ l5d]sL b]z ef/t, ltAat, / aª\unfb]zdf ljB't
lgof{t u/]/ k|z:t ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ a9fP/ Jofkf/ 3f6f
sd ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . To;} u/L b]z leq ljleGg k|sf/sf s[lif / pBf]usf] ljsf; u/L b]znfO{{
cfTd lge{/ agfpg / lgof{t a9fpg ;d]t dbt ub{5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] ljsf;df h;/L ko{6g
ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf 5 To;} u/L hn ljB'tsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg u/]/ g]kfnsf] efUo jbNg
;lsG5 . g]kfnnfO{ klg c/ljog b]zx¿ h:t} cfly{s ;DkGg b]zsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] nflu hn;|f]t a/bfg g} xf] o;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;s]df g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] efUo abNg w]/]
lbg nfUb}t . o;sf nflu :jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgLdf 7'nf 7'nf hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿ agfpg'
kb{5 / l5d]sL b]z;Fu ;+emf}tf u/L ljB't lgof{t ug{' kb{5 .
g]kfndf hn ljB't pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf
k|z:t gbLgfnf ePsf] .
gbLx¿ le/fnf] ;txaf6 au]sf] x'gfn] ljh'nL lgsfNg ;lhnf] .
glhs} ljh'nLsf] 7'nf] ahf/ ef/t /x]sf] .
lxdfnaf6 au]sf gbLx¿ slxn] klg g;'Sg] x'gfn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ljh'nL lgsfNg kfO/xg] .
hn ljB't ljsf;df ;d:of

k"FhLsf] cefj
k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sdL
;8s oftfoftsf] sl7gfO
sdhf]/ e" agf]6
pks/0f / d]l;gx¿ ljb]zaf6 lemsfpg' kg]{
bIf hgzlStsf] sdL
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf
/fhgLlts k|lta4tfsf] sdL
sdhf]/ s'6gLlts ;DaGw
@= cEof;
-s_ g]kfndf hn ljB't ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf pNn]v ub}{ o;sf] ljsf;sf] nflu u}/ cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLx¿nfO{{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{ cfu|xsf ;fy Ps kq n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ hn;|f]tsf] plrt k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfndf ckf/ hn ;|f]t 5 t/ o;sf] pkof]u x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5|}g . o;sf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ hn ljB'tsf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf pkfo ckgfpg' knf{ <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu g]kfndf hn ljB'tsf] ;Defjgf eGg] ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L lr7Lsf]
;f] s'/f ;d]6]/ lr7Lsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg]{ .
h:t},
ljb]zdf a:g] Kof/f g]kfnL bfh'efO lbbL alxgLx¿,
tkfOFx¿ ljljw sf/0fn] ljb]zdf cfˆgf] >d / l;ksf] pkof]u u/]/ al;/xg' ePsf] 5 . oxfFx¿
h;n] ToxfF cfˆgf] Ifdtf k|bz{g ub}{ cfly{s pGglt k|ult ul//xg' ePsf]df xfdL :jb]zdf g}
a:g] g]knLx¿ lgs} v;L 5f}F . tkfOFx¿sf] Voflt ;'g]/ xfdL klg uj{ ub{5f}F . t/ tkfOF xfd|f]
;femf hGdynf] g]kfn g} xf] . tkfOFx¿n] u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+u7g agfP/ cfˆgf] hGd
:yfgsf] ljsf;sf nflu klg s]xL ug]{ rfxgf /fv]sf] b]v]/ tkfOFsf cfkmGtx¿ oxfF g]kfndf lgs}
v';L eO/x]sf 5g\\ . tkfOFx¿n] ljb]zdf u/]sf] nufgLsf] jf sdfOsf] s]xL c+z g]kfndf klg
nufgL ul/lbg'eof] eg] cfˆgf] hGd :yfgsf] ljsf; klg x'g] / tkfOFx¿ Jofkf/ Joj;fo Pjd\
cfDbfgLsf] If]q agL a9\g] x'G5 . oxfFsf] ljsf;df ;fem]bf/ x'Fbf cfˆgf] hGde"ldk|ltsf] bfloTTj
klg k"/f x'G5 To;}n] d oxfFx¿nfO{{ s] cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' eg] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng ;Sg] / tkfOFx¿sf] nufgL klg g8'Ag] nufgLsf] If]qsf] ¿kdf hnljB't xf] . o;sf]
;Defjgf 7'nf] 5 .
oxfF k|z:t gbLgfnf 5g\\ .
gbLx¿ le/fnf] ;txaf6 au]sf x'gfn] ljh'nL lgsfNg ;lhnf] cj:yf 5 .
glhs} ljh'nLsf] 7'nf] ahf/ ef/t /x]sf] hxfF hn ljB'tsf] 7'nf] kl/df0f dfu eO/x]sf] 5 .
lxdfnaf6 au]sf gbLx¿ slxn] klg g;'Sg] x'gfn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ljh'nL lgsfNg kfO/xg]
cj:yf 5 .
To;}n] g]kfnsf] hnljB't ljsf;df nufgL ug'{xf];\ . g]kfnnfO{{ hnljB'tdf cfTd lge{/ x'g
;3fpg'xf];\ / eljiodf ljB't lgof{t u/]/ g]kfnnfO{{ vf8L d'n's h:t} ;DkGg /fi6« agfpg]
sfo{df ;xefuL x'g'xf];\ . hn ljB'tsf] ljsf;af6 g]kndf ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ v'Ng]5g\\ .
eljiodf tkfOFsf ;Gtltn] ljb]zLsf] ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfpg] 5}g . cfˆg} b]zdf uf}/jsf ;fy
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg ljtfpFb} a:g kfpg] 5g\\ .
tkfO“s} cfkmGt
b]zeSt g]kfnL
-v_ cEof; -v_ / -u_ sf nflu kf7df cWoog u/L a'bf tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
g]kfndf hnljB't ljsf;sf] pkfox¿ M
sd nfutdf w]/} ljh'nL lgsfNg ;lsg] cfof]hgfx¿ 5gf}6 ug]{
hnf;o o'St cfof]hgfx¿nfO{{ k|fyldstf lbg] h;af6 a/} dlxgf plTts} ljh'nL lgsfNg
;lsG5 .
cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg ;fgf / demf}nf cfof]hgfsf nflu g]kfnLx¿s} k"FhLsf] pkof]u ug]{ .
u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{{ klg g]kfnsf] hnljB't If]qdf nufgL ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/
kfg]{ .
7'nf cfof]hgfsf nflu l5d]sL d'n's / ljb]zL nufgLsf] pkof]u ug]{ .
b]zdf g} ljB'tsf nflu cfjZos bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{ .
;/sf/L gLlt ljB't ljsf;sf nflu cfsif{0f ug]{ vfnsf] agfpg] .
l5d]sL b]zdf ljB't lgof{t ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf / Jofkf/ ;+emf}tfx¿ ug]{ .
:jb]zdf pTkflbt ljh'nLnfO{{ ;b'kof]u ug{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg] .
kf7 M $
j}b]lzs /f]huf/
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
jt{dfg ;do ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] o'u xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlw, >d / k"FhLsf] lgjf{w k|jfxn] x/]s b]zsf]
cfly{s kl/j]z tof/ x'G5 . b]zleq /f]huf/Lsf] kof{Kt cj;/ k|fKt gx'g', pknAw /f]huf/L klg
s[lifdf cfwfl/t x'g'n] gful/sx¿ ljb]lzg jfWo 5g\\ . df};dL -;w}F sfd gkfOg]_ v]tLn] b}lgs
u'hf/f x'g 5f8]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿ /f]huf/sf nflu ljb]lzg] j|md a9\bf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6
g]kfndf k|ltjif{ c/af}F ¿k}ofF ljk|]if0f /sd (Remittance) lelqg] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] tTsfnsf
nflu kmfObf ePsf] 5 t/ bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] /fi6«sf nflu of] /fd|f] xf]Og .
o;af6 g]kfnL >d / kl;gf ljb]zdf hfg] / :jb]zsf] ljsf;df >dzlStsf] cefj x'g] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnLx¿ vf; u/L ef/t, o'/f]k, xª\sª, Oh/fon, sf]l/of, dn]l;of, hfkfg, cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnof
/ dWok"j{sf vf8L d'n'sx¿df sfdsf nflu hfg] ub{5g\\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dxTTj
b]zdf cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ub5,
a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿n] /f]huf/ k|fKt u/L cfocfh{g ub{5g\\,
b]zdf ul/aL 36\5,
b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ub5 . -j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]x¿n] ljb]zdf b]v]sf] ljsf;n] ubf{
pgLx¿df klg s]xL ug'{kb{5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5,
l;k / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
g]kfnL >ldsx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] sf/0f
1. b]zleq /f]huf/Lsf] cefj 1. ;'/Iff
2. ul/aL 2. ljb]zk|ltsf] df]x
3. a9L tna ;'ljwf 3. s[lif pTkfbgdf Go"gtf
4. pRr hLjg:t/, 1fg, l;k / cg'ej xfl;n 4. g]kfnaf6 ljb]zdf hfg] JolStx¿dWo]
ug{ sl/a b'O{ ltxfO{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfG5g\\
5. cfˆgf] x}l;otdf ;'wf/ Nofpg eg] afFsL cWoog, Jofkf/, ;/sf/L sfo{,
6. cf}Bf]lus d'n'saf6 >ldsx¿sf] a9\bf] dfu 3'dlkm/ ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn] ljb]z hfg]
7. k|fs[lts k|sf]k ub{5g\\ .
-5_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfsif{0f a9\b} uP klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLlt :ki6 gePsfn] sfdbf/sf]
;'/Iff, tna ;'ljwf, ladf cflbnfO{{ xs clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . xfn}
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ n] klg w]/} k'/fgf] lgoGq0fd"ns, ;fF3'/f] /
cJofjxfl/s kIfnfO{{ cª\ufn]sf] 5 . o;n] >d ahf/df ;'b[9, ;'ud, ;/n, ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt,
ldtJooL / l56f]5l/tf] ¿kdf >d cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] gLlt cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] sdL, lghL If]qnfO{{ ;xofqLsf] ¿kdf
cufl8 a9fpg g;Sg', sfdbf/ hfg] nlIft If]qdf cflwsfl/s lgsfo (Agency) pkl:yt u/fpg
g;Sg' / ePsf lgsfosf] klg lgoldt cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug{ g;Sg', ljk|]if0f /sd
cflwsfl/s af6f]af6 gcfO{ u}/sfg'gL 9ª\uaf6 cfO{ /fh:jdf sdL cfpg', ljk|]if0f /sdnfO{{
;/sf/L bfo/fdf Nofpg g;Sg'h:tf kIfx¿ 5g\\ . o;}u/L g]kfnLx¿;Fu pko'St 1fg, l;ksf]
sdL, ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg g;Sg', hgr]tgfsf] sdL, bnfnx¿n] 7Ug] sfo{df tLa|tf / ltgsf]
lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg' r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\\ .
r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{k5{ M
1. ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf
2. u}/;/sf/L / lghL If]q;Fu ;xsfo{sf] yfngL
3. j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu hfg]x¿df pko'St 1fg / l;ksf] ljsf; u/fpg'
4. nlIft If]qdf cflwsfl/s lgsfosf] Joj:yf
5. ljk|]if0f /sd leq\ofpg] ;/sf/L lgsfosf] :yfkgf
6. sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt
7. bnfnx¿nfO{{ sf/jfxL ug]{ bx|f] ;+oGq / sfg'gL Joj:yf
8. j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu tflnd / lzIffsf] Joj:yf
9. åLkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf
oL dflysf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;s]df j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ;Defjgf lbgfg'lbg a9\b} hfg]
b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy} b]zut / sfo{ut ljljwLs/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/L ljk|]if0f /sdnfO{{
lbuf] agfpg ;lsG5 . o;n] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ePsfn] ;/sf/n] To:tf
ju{nfO{{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{{ dfq} cfwf/ gagfO{ cfˆg} b]zdf
:j/f]huf/ l;h{gf ug'{k5{ . ljb]lzg] j|mdnfO{{ j|mdz Go"gLs/0f ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ . ljb]zdf tflnd,
l;k / 1fg cfh{g u/L :jb]zdf g} cfˆgf] >d / kl;gf aufpg'k5{ . b]zsf] ljsf; eP dfq
cfˆgf] klg ljsf; x'g] ePsfn] To;tk{m xfdL ;a}sf] Wofg hfg'k5{ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg' cl3 ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fx¿
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg'eGbf klxn] s]xL k"j{ tof/L gu/L s'g} klg sbd rfNg' x'Fb}g . ljb]z
hfg'nfO{{ b]vf;]vL / km];gsf] ¿kdf lng' x'Fb}g .
>d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno / To; cGtu{tsf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g
af]8{ cflbdf ;Dks{ /fVg'k5{ .
To;}n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg rfxg] JolSt dfgl;s ¿kdf tof/ /xg'k5{ . zf/Ll/s
tGb'?:tL 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f hfFr u/fpg' k5{ .
cfjZos l;k l;s]/ hfg' k5{ .
/fxbfgL lng' k5{ .
z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kq, l;k tyf cg'ejsf k|df0f kq;lxt j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL
sDkgLdf ;Dks{ ug'{ k5{ . s'g} bnfnsf] e/ gk/L Dofg kfj/ sDkgLdf] k|s[lt, nfut,
cfDbfgL tyf cGo ;'ljwfaf/] a'‰g' k5{ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] JolStn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
ug'{k5{ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf ladf ug'{kg]{ lgod agfPsf] 5 . To;}n] j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfFbf clgjfo{ ¿kdf ladf ug'{k5{ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg'eGbf cufl8 cled'vLs/0f tflnd clgjfo{ ¿kdf lng'k5{ . o;
k|sf/sf] tflndaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL P]g lgod, cTofjZos sfuh kqx¿ tyf k|:yfg
k|lj|mofsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefuaf6 >d :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq j}b]lzs /f]hu/Ldf hfg'k5{
ljZjsf Ps ;o b; d'n'sdf j}]b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfg ;lsG5 . /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z
hfg rfxg] k'?ifsf] pd]/ c7f/ jif{ tyf dlxnfsf] pd]/ rf}la; jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'k5{ . o;/L j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg'eGbf cl3 cfjZos k"j{ tof/L tyf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ljb]zdf a:bf
s'g} ;d:of cfPdf ;DalGwt b]zsf] b'tfjf;dfkm{t klg cfˆgf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;af6 7lug] tyf ;d:ofdf kg]{ ;Defjgf sd x'G5 / cfk"m ;'/lIft x'g klg ;lsG5 .

@= cEof;
-s_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ /fd|f g/fd|f kIfnfO{{ ;dfj]z u/L ;+jfb tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ tkfO{sf] ;d'bfoaf6 ljb]zdf hfg] dflg;x¿ s'gs'g sfdsf nflu uPsf xf]nfg\, ;f]wvf]h
u/L To;sf] tflnsf agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] dxTTjnfO{{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf r'gf}tLx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ jif]{gL g]kfnLx¿ ljb]lzgfn] g]kfnL >dahf/df hgzlStsf] cefj eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfn] g]kfnLx¿sf] >d / kl;gf ljb]lzPsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
s:tf] pkfo ckgfpg'knf{ <
-r_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf Ps JolStsf] egfOsf] sNkgf u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/df uPsf
dflg;n] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;/sf/, ljb]zL /f]huf/ bftf / gufl/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf
tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-h_ ljb]zdf uP/ ;Ddfghgs sfd kfpg s] s] ug'{ knf{ <
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu Pp6f ;+jfbsf] gd'gf lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6
ljk|]if0f /sd k|fKt x'G5 o;n] b]zsf] cfDbfgL a9fpF5 eGg] s'/fdf cfwfl/t ;+jfb -lzIfs
/d]z, ljBfyL{ xl/_
xl/ M ;/ gd:sf/ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 vf; u/]/ s] s:tf] s'/fdf kmfObf x'G5 <
/d]z M /fd|f] lh1f;f /fVof} . jf:tjdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpF5 . xfd|f] b]zaf6 ljb]zdf uP/ sfd ubf{ ljk|]if0fsf] ¿kdf /sd k|fKt eO{
b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4df ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
xl/ M ;/, j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] b]zsf] cfDbfgL klg a9\5 eGg ;lsG5 <
/d]z M xf] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] b]zsf] hgtfsf] cfDbfgL a9\5 . cfocfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt
lj|mofsnfkx¿ a9\g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . JolStn] sdfP/ Nofpg] /sdn] b]zdf cfly{s
lj|mofsnfkdf ;d]t j[l4 x'G5 h;n] ubf{ /fi6«sf] cfDbfgL a9\5 .
xl/ M ;/, b]zsf nflu cGo s] s:tf] ;xof]u j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 k'Ub5 .
/d]z M j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 b]zdf ul/aL 36fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . To;}u/L b]zdf j}b]lzs
l;k tyf k"FhLsf] ljsf; u/L cfDbfgL a9fpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
xl/ M j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kmfObf dfq x'G5 / < a]kmfObf klg t xf]nf lg <
/d]z M a]kmfObf klg 5 . b]zdf ePsf] hgzlSt ljb]z uPkl5 b]zdf sfdbf/sf] cefj
x'G5 . b]zsf /fd|f dfG5] ljb]l;Pkl5 b]zdf bIf hgzlStsf] cefj x'G5 .
xl/ M Toltdfq sxfF xf] / sltkosf] kl/jf/ lau|]sf] 5 . >Ldfg jf >LdtLn] ljb]zaf6
k7fPsf] k};f g]kfndf a;]sf >Ldfg jf >LdtL jf 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] b'¿kof]u u/]/
ljnf;L hLjg ljtfpFbf yk ;fdflhs ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
/d]z M xf] lg . ljb]zdf klg sxfF ;'v 5 / . cdof{lbt sfddf a:g' k/]sf] 5 . sd Hofnf
lbP/ 7u]sf 5g\\ . b'Jo{jxf/ ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . sltkosf] t d[To' ;d]t ePsf] 5 .
xl/ M j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf /fd|f g/fd|f kIfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf]df ;/nfO{{ wGojfb .
/d]z M ltdLnfO{{ klg wGojfb, lh1f;f /fv]sf]df .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu cˆgf] ;d'bfodf a'em]/ n]Vg'xf];\ / tnsf] h:t} u/L tflnsfdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
qm=;+ ljb]z hfg'sf sf/0f
! /f]huf/Lsf nflu -sfd ug{_
@ cWoog ug{
# Jofkf/ ug{
$ 3'dlkm/ ug{, dgf]/~hg ug{
% ;/sf/L sfdsfh
-u_ cEof; -u_, -3_, / -r_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -ª_ nflu lgDg cg';f/ n]Vg]
g]kfnLx¿nfO{{ ljb]lzgaf6 /f]Sg lgDg sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 .
ufpF ufpF;Dd ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ k'¥ofpg],
s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{,
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndnfO{{ ufpF ufpF;Dd k'¥ofpg],
pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],
;a}nfO{{ clgjfo{ lzIff pknAw u/fpg],
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pRrtd\ pkof]u u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ j[l4 ug]{ .
-ª_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ hjfkm n]Vg'xf];\ .

ljb]zdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿n] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:of
tf]lsP cg';f/sf] tnj gkfpg] .
Pp6f sfddf eg]/ n}hfg] / cs{} sfd ug{ nufpg] .
bnfnx¿n] unt tl/sf ckgfO{ ljb]z nu]/ cnkq kfl/lbg] .
df};d ;xg sl7g x'g] .
hf]lvdk"0{f sfdx¿df nfUg' kg]{ .
b'3{6gfdf kg{ ;lsg] .

-r_ cEof; -5_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ hjfkm n]Vg'xf];\ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;/sf/, ljb]zL /f]huf/ bftf / gufl/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf
;/sf/ ljb]zL /f]huf/ bftf gful/s ;dfh
lgod sfg'gnfO{{ Jojl:yt sfg'gsf] k"0f{kfngf ug]{ . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
ug]{ b]zsf] sfg'gadf]lhd dfq hfg nfu]sfx¿nfO{{
sfg'g ljkf/Ltsf Dofgkfj/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] . sfg'gL Joj:yfcg';f/
sDkgL / 7unfO{{ s8f eGbf ljb]zL /f]huf/ bftf;Fu /fd|f] dfq hfg ;Nnfx lbg] .
s8f sfjf{xL ug]{ ;dGjo u/]/ dfq ;a} cfˆg} ;d'bfodf
hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md sfuhft ldnfP/ /f]hf/Ldf :j/f]huf/sf] l;h{gf
;~rfng ug]{ k7fpg] . ug{ ;xof]u ug]{
ljb]zdf cnkqk/]sfnfO{ sfdbf/nfO{{ ljb]zdf x'g ;Sg] 7uL / abdf;L ug]{nfO{{
p2f/ ug]{ ;a} k|sf/sf ;d:ofsf af/]df k|x/L ;dIf k'/fpg
:jb]zdf g} j}slNks hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;xof]u ug]{ / ;"rgf
/f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf ug]{ k|bfg ug]{ .
-5_ cEof; -h_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfnLx¿ ljb]z uP/ ;Ddfg hgs sfd kfpg lgDgfg';f/sf 1fg, l;k / k|ljlw xfl;n ug'{
pko'St x'G5 .
slDtdf klg ljBfno txsf] lzIff xfl;n ug]{,
Jofj;flos tflnd lnPsf] x'g'kg]{
k|fljlws lzIff xfl;n ug]{
pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{
cfw'lgs k|ljlwk|lt kl/lrt x'g'kg]{
;"rgf k|ljlwk|lt kl/lrt x'g] .
kf7 M %
;xsfl/tf
!= kl/ro
Ps} k|sf/sf p2]Zo lnP/ cfly{s ¿kdf ;+ul7t ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;+:yf ;xsf/L xf] .
;xsf/Lsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfˆgf ;b:ox¿nfO{{ cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkGg u/fpg' xf] . Ps hgfsf]
k|of;n] dfq cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lsFb}g . vf; u/L Go"g / Go"g dWod cfo ePsf JolStx¿;Fu
Ps} k6s 7'nf] /sd x'Fb}g . t/ w]/} JolStx¿ Ps} :yfgdf ;+ul7t eP eg] ;a}sf] ;fgf] ;fgf]
/sd hDdf kfbf{ 7'nf] /sd aGg hfG5 / ;f] /sdn] kfn} kfnf] ;a}hgfnfO{{ cfly{s nufgL ug]{
cj;/ l;h{gf ub{5 . o;/L ;xsf/L eg]sf] cfly{s ¿kdf ;xsfo{ ug'{ xf] .
ljZjdf ;g\ !((% sf] ;]K6]Da/df a]nfotsf] DofGr]:6/df ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L dxf;ª\3sf]
dxf;efn] ;xsf/LnfO{{ kl/eflift u/]sf] xf] . o;n] ;xsf/LnfO{{ To:tf JolStx¿sf] :jfoTt
;ª\u7g xf] hf] :j]lR5s ¿kdf Psh'6 x'G5g\\ . cfˆgf ;dfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
cfjZostf / cfsfª\Iffx¿sf] kl/k"lt{ ;+o'St :jfldTj tyf k|hftflGqs ¿kdf lgolGqt
Joj;fodfkm{t ug{ rfxG5g\\ .Ú egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k/Dk/fb]lv g} u'7L, wd{ esf/L, s'nfO{g, b]jfnL, e]hf, l9s'6L cflb ¿kdf
;xsfl/tfsf] cEof; x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)!) df ;xsf/L ljefusf] :yfkgf ePkl5
g]kfndf ;xsfl/tfsf] cf}krfl/s ljsf; ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf lrtjgsf]
avfgk'/df :yfkgf ePsf] avfg C0f ;+:yfnfO{{ klxnf] ;xsf/Lsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . lj=;+=
@)!^ ;fndf ;xsf/L ;+:yf P]g ag]sf] lyof] eg] lj=;+= @)!* df ;xsf/L lgodfjnL / @)@)
df ;xsf/L a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . t/ k~rfot sfn e/L ;xsf/Ltfn] ult kfpg ;s]g .
;/sf/ lgolGqt ¿kdf ;femfsf gfddf s]xL ;xsf/L k|s[ltsf ultljlw ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+=
@)$^ ;fn kl5 ha g]kfndf k|hftGq k'g :yfkgf eof] To;kl5 eg] ;xsf/Ltfn] ult kfPsf]
b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)$* df gofF ;xsf/L P]g hf/L ePkl5 eg] g]kfndf ;xsf/L ;+:yf v'Ng] nx/
g} rn]sf] b]lvG5 .
;xsf/L nf]stflGqs ;+u7g xf] h;df ;b:ox¿n] cfkm" dWo]af6 5fg]sf] ;~rfns ;ldltåf/f
;~rflnt x'G5 . ;fy} cfly{s sf/f]af/af6 k|fKt nfef+z jf d'gfkmfdf ;a} ;b:onfO{{ cfˆgf] z]o/
;+Vofsf cfwf/df ;dfg xs x'g]5 . g]kfndf ;xsf/Lx¿ h;/L v'ln/x]sf 5g\\ o;af6 x'g]
kmfObfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ k"FhL pknAw x'g] .
a]/f]huf/L / ul/aLsf] cGTo ug{ dbt k'Ug] .
JolStut tyf ;fd'lxs cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] .
;fgfltgf 3/fo;L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;fx'sf] dxª\uf] Jofhsf] l;sf/ ag]/ 3/v]t u'dfpg'
gkg]{ .
art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; eO{ ;fgf] ;fgf] artaf6 k"FhL lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] .
s[lif, kz'kfng, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g, phf{, oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljTt If]qsf] ljsf;df dbt
k'Ug] .
Jofh tyf d'gfkmf cfh{g af6 cfly{s :t/df klg ;xof]u k'Ug] .
;fd'lxs sfo{ ug]{ efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g\ h;n] Ps csf{df ljZjf;, d]nldnfk, ;xof]usf]
efjgf ljsf; eO{ ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds ljsf; ug{ dbt ug]{ .
;a} JolStx¿ cfly{s sfo{df Jo:t /xg] x'gfn] cgfjZos / gsf/fTds sfo{ tkm{ nfUgaf6
aRg] .
;xsf/Ldf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of
;xsfl/tfsf] olt /fd|f] u'0f x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o;sf] ljsf; ;Fu;Fu} s]xL s]xL ;d:ofx¿ klg b]vf
k/]sf 5g\\ . o:tf ;d:ofn] ;xsfl/tfdf ljs[lt / lj;ª\ult klg b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\\ . h:t},
;xsf/LnfO{{ ;xsf/Ltfsf] efjgf ljkf/Lt a}ª\s jf ljTtLo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf ljsf; ug{ vf]Hg' .
;xsf/Lsf ;~rfns / pgsf cfkmGtx¿n] ;xsf/Lsf] lgIf]k /sd cfkm}Fn] dfq pkof]u u/L
To;df b'¿kof]u ug'{ Pjd\ cfkm" v';L hyfefjL vr{ ug'{ .
u}/ pTkfbs If]q jf 3/hUuf If]qdf a9L nufgL x'Fbf C0f c;'nL x'g g;s]/ ;xsf/L g} 8'Ag]
cj:yfdf k'Ug' .
;xsf/Lsf ;b:on] ;dodf Jofh / ;fFjf gltbf{ dg d'6fj a9\g] / ;xsf/Ldf cfly{s ;ª\s6
x'g] .
Pp6} JolSt w]/} ;xsf/Ldf ;b:o x'gfn] klg ;d:of ePsf] 5 .
ljutdf ljleGg cfly{s If]qdf abgfd ePsf JolStx¿ klg ;xsf/L ;~rfnssf ¿kdf
/x]sf] x'Fbf ;xsf/Lk|ltsf] ljZjf; sd x'g' / ;+:yf efUg] k|j[lTt x'g' .
sfo{ If]q eGbf aflx/sf dflg;nfO{{ ;b:o agfO{ ;b:o efUg] k|j[lQ b]lvg' / C0f c;'nL x'g
g;Sg' .
lgoldt n]vf k/LIf0f gug]{
lgIf]k /sd w]/} Jofh cfpg] cfzfdf 7'nf ;xsf/L jf ljTtLo ;+:yfnfO{{ lbg] h;n] ubf{ tL
;F:yfn] b'¿kof]u ugf{n] ;xsf/L ;d:ofdf kg]{ . csf{tkm{ cfˆgf ;b:on] eg]sf] a]nf /sd
gkfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] .
;xsf/L ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
;xsf/LnfO{{ ;fFRr}sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ / ;xsf/Lsf] ;xL pkof]u
ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' k5{ .
sfo{ If]q eGbf aflx/ uP/ ul/Psf] nufgLnfO{{ /f]Sg' k5{ .
;xsf/Lsf] b'¿kof]u ug]{ / efUg] JolStnfO{{ s8f eGbf s8f sfjf{xLsf] Joj:yf u/L
sfof{Gjog ug'{ k5{ .
;xsf/Lsf] /sd lnP/ cg'Tkfbs If]q / 3/fo;L sfddf dfq vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{{ lg?T;flxt
u/L pTkfgzLn sfo{ / Joj;fodf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
lgoldt¿kdf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 lgodg / cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
;xsf/Ltfsf] af/]df hgdfg;df hgr]tgf hufpg] r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|mdx¿ ug]{ .
;xsf/Lsf ;~rfns / k|jGwsx¿nfO{{ tlndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
@= cEof;
-s_ ;xsf/Lsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xsf/Ln] v]Ng] e"ldsf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ;xsf/L :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos ;t{x¿ a'Fbfdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ ;xsf/Lsf] ultljlwnfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fHon] v]Ng' kg]{ e"ldsf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ g]kfndf ;xsf/Lsf ;d:of pNn]v ub}{ o;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ / -v_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -u_ sf nfluf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{
;xsf/L P]g / lgofdfjnL cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ z]o/ ;b:o;lxtsf] ;xsf/L
lgdf{0f ug]{
Zf]o/ ;b:ox¿sf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ;xsf/Lsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt, n]vf ;ldlt / pk
;ldltx¿ to ug]{ .
;xsf/Lsf] l;4fGtsf] af/]df k"0f{¿kdf hfgsf/L lng] .
;xsf/Lsf] ljwfg tof/ kg]{ / ;f] ljwfg ;DalGwt ;xsf/L sfof{nodf k]z ug]{ .
;xsf/L sfof{noaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]kl5 ljwfgdf tf]lsP adf]lhd sfof{no :yfkgf
u/L tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf art tyf C0fsf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug]{ .
-u_ cEof; -3_ sf lglDt lgDgfg';f/ ug]{
;xsf/LnfO{{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] lglDt /fHon] v]Ng' kg]{ e"ldsf
;xsf/L lzIffnfO{{ Jofks agfpg]
;xsf/L :yfkgf ug{ / To;nfO{{ sfg'gL bfo/f leq /x]/ k|efjsf/L ;~rfng ug{
;xof]u ug]{
;xsf/Lx¿af6 x'g ;Sg] 7uL, clgoldttf / u}/ sfg'gL ultljlwnfO{{ lgoGq0f ug]{
lgoldt ¿kdf ;xsf/Lx¿sf] cg'udg / lgodg ug]{
;xsf/Ltfsf] ;DaGwdf r]tgfd"ns sfo{j|md / tflndx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
-3_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug]{ .
kf7 M ^
ljQLo ultljlw
!= ljifoj:t'
xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf cfly{s ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . xfdL s'g} g
s'g} sfd u/]/ cfDbfgL ub{5f}F . ;f] cfDbfgLnfO{{ ljleGg ;+:yfdf art u5f}{+ cfˆgf] b}lgs
pkef]udf vr{ u5f}F . yk cfo cfh{g x'g] sfo{df nufgL u5f}{+ . cfˆgf] cfDbfgLn] gk'u]df C0f
lnG5f}F . C0fsf] ;fFjf Jofh lt5f}{+ . cfkm";Fu ePsf] /sd c¿nfO{{ C0f lbG5f}F / To;sf] klg ;fFjf
/ Jofh c;'n pk/ u5f}{+ . o;/L xfdLn] u/]sf] cfDbfgL, art, vr{ / nufgL ug]{ sfo{nfO{{ ljQLo
ultljlw elgG5 . o; sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿nfO{{ ljQLo ;+:yf eG5f}F eg] ljQLo

ultljlwdf k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fwgnfO{{ ljQLo pks/0f eGb5f}F . o;/L ljQLo
ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ cfjZos 1fg / l;k xfl;n ug'{ ljQLo lzIff xf] . ;fdfGotof ljQ
eGgfn] wgdfn jf hfoh]yf jf ;DklQ eGg] a'lemG5 . cfly{s sf/f]af/;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlw g}
ljQLo ultljlw xf] . o:tf ljQLo ultljlw cGtu{t kg]{ ljleGg kIfx¿sf af/]df cWoog u/f}F .
-s_ ljQLo k|0ffnL
ljQLo k|0ffnL eg]sf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] . klxn] klxn] pBf]u, Jofkf/,
s[lif nufotsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfk ug{ cfjZos /sd ls t cfkm}F;Fu x'g' kb{Yof] ls ;fx'af6
;fk6L lng' kb{Yof] . cfw'lgs o'udf cfP/ o:tf sfdsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ ;+ul7gt ;+:yfx¿sf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 h;n] b]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] k"FhLnfO{{ artsf] ¿kdf ;+sng u/L 7'nf] kl/df0fdf
k"FhLsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . ;f] k"FhLnfO{{ pBf]u, Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ rfxg]nfO{{ nufgL u/]/ ;f]
jfktsf] s]xL nfef+z art stf{nfO{{ ;d]t lbG5 . o;/L s;}n] klg ljgf cfDbfgL k};f /fVg' gkg]{
/ h;n] klg cfkm"nfO{{ cfjZos /sddf ;:tf] Jofhb/ ;'ljwfdf pkof]u ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg' g} ljQLo k|0fnL xf] . g]kfndf o; k|0ffnL cGtu{t /fi6« a}ª\s, jfl0fHo a}ª\s,
ljsf; j}ª\sx¿, kmfOgfG; sDkgLx¿, n3'ljQ sfo{j|mdx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿, ;~rosf]if, gful/s
nufgL sf]if, /]ld6\ofG; sDkgLx¿ h:tf ;+:yfx¿ v'n]/ sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\\ .
-v_ a}ª\lsª k|0fnL
a}ª\sn] cfˆgf] sf/f]jf/ ug{sf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf vftfx¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] x'G5 . ;f]
vftfdf /sd hDdf ug{ efpr/, /sd lemSg r]s a's / Pl6Pd sf8{ jf lehfsf8{sf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] x'G5 . cfˆgf] sf/f]af/sf] cj:yf yfxfkfpg a}ª\s :6]6d]06sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
a}ª\sdf ;fdfGotof ltg k|sf/sf vftf ;~rfngdf /x]sf x'G5g\\ .
rNtL vftf
rNtL vftf To:tf] vftf xf] h;df cfk"mn] rfx]sf] ;dodf rfx]sf] hlt /sd Ps lbgdf hltk6s
klg /fVg / lemSg ;lsG5 . o:tf] vftfdf /fv]sf] k};fdf Aofh kfOFb}g . pBf]uL, Jofkf/L,
;ª\3;+:yf / sfof{nosf nflu o:tf] vftf pkof]uL x'G5 .
art vftf
art vftfdf /sd hltk6s klg hDdf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /x]/ /sd lemSg
kfOG5 . o:tf] ;Ldf ;DalGwt a}ª\sn] tf]S5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] vftfdf a}ª\sn] Aofh k|bfg u5{ .
;–;fgf artstf{sf nflu o:tf] vftf pkof]uL x'G5 .
d'b\btL vftf
lglZrt ;dofjlw tf]s]/ vftf vf]nL /sd hDdf ug]{ vftfnfO{{ d'b\btL vftf elgG5 . o:tf] vftf
ltg dlxgf, 5 dlxgf, ! jif{, @ jif{ jf o:t} nfdf] cjlwsf] nflu klg vf]Ng ;lsG5 . lglZrt
cjlw tf]s]/ hDdf ul/g] x'gfn] ;f] cjlw gk'u];Dd /sd lemSg kfOFb}g . . o:tf] vftfdf hDdf
ul/Psf] /sd tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf cl3 lgsfNg kfOFb}g . o:tf] vftfdf Aofh klg a9L kfOG5 .
tf]lsPsf] cjlw gk'uL /sd cfjZos k/]df d'b\btL vftfdf /sd hDdf u/]sf] k|df0f kq lwtf]
/fvL shf{ -C0f_ lng ;lsG5 .
a}ª\sdf vftf vf]Ngsf nflu gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq, kmf]6f], cfj]bg kmf/fd, cfjZos Go"gtd
/sd / b:tvt gd'gf h:tf ljj/0f cfjZos k5{ . gfafnssf] xsdf eg] ;+/Ifssf] x}l;otn]
cleefjssf] gful/stf, kmf]6f] / cfj]bg kmf/ddf b:tvt cfjZos k5{ . a}ª\sdf vftf vf]Nbf
u|fxssf] klxrfg k"0f{ ¿kdf emlNsg] u/L kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f, afa' afh]sf] gfd h:tf ljj/0f
lbg'k5{ . jt{dfgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/n] a}ª\lsª tyf ljTtLo If]qdf gofF
k|ljlwx¿ ljsf; ePsf 5g\\ . ljB'tLo d]l;gsf] ;xfotfn] k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] ljleGg lsl;dsf
ljTtLo ;]jfnfO{{ ljB'tLo a}ª\lsª (e-Banking) elgG5 . o;cGtu{t df]afOn kmf]g, OG6/g]6
a}ª\lsª, P=6L=Pd cflb k5{g\ . o:tf k|ljlwaf6 a}ª\s vftf vf]Ng / /sd /fVg] lemSg] ;'ljwfx¿
;jd\ cfˆgf] vftfsf] cj:yf yfxfkfpg ;lsG5 . ljB'tLo a}ª\lsªn] o; ;]jfnfO{{ l56f], 5l/tf] /
;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . h:t},
Pl6Pd (Automated Teller Machine –ATM) ;]jf M of] cfkm"n] hDdf u/]sf] /sd ljB'tLo
d]l;gaf6 l;w} k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;]jf xf] . o;sf nflu a}ª\saf6 Pp6f Pl6Pd jf le;f sf8{
kfOG5 . ;f] sf8{df cfˆgf] JolStut sf8{ g+= x'G5 . ;f] sf8{nfO{{ Pl6Pd d]l;gdf l5/fP/ lbOPsf]
uf]Ko cª\s (Pin No or Password) lyr]kl5 cfˆgf] vftf v'N5 / /sd lemSg ;lsG5 . a9L
uf]Kotfsf nflu ;f] kf;j8{ klg kl/jt{g u/L cfkm"nfO{{ dfq yfxf x'g] u/L /fVg' kb{5 . Pl6Pd
sf8{ d]l;gdf l5/fP/ cfˆgf] kf;j8{ lyr]kl5 /sd x]g]{ ls, /sd lemSg] ls egL ;f]W5 . /sd
lemSg] xf] eg] ToxL cK;g lyr]kl5 slt lemDg] egL ljleGg b/sf] /sd b]vfpF5 . cfkm"nfO{{
rflxPsf] /sd 5fg]/ ;f] ;Fu}sf] ls lyr]kl5 . tn k6\6L tf]lsPsf] /sdsf] gf]6 b]vf k5{ / slt
lemlsof] / slt afFsL 5 eGg] ljj/0f ePsf] /l;b klg cfpF5 . o;/L s'g} dflg;sf] ;xof]u ljgf
g} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;dodf rfx]sf] /sd lemSg Pl6od ;'ljwf sfd nfUb5 . o;/L /sd lemSg
r]s af]s]/ nfOgdf al;/xg' kb}{g . o:tf] d]l;gn] Ps xhf/ / kfFr;o ¿k}ofFsf] gf]6 dfq lbG5 .
rfgr'g lng ldNb}g . cfkm"nfO{{ %),))) ¿k}ofF rflxPsf] lyof] t/ d]l;gn] Ps k6sdf a9Ldf
!%,))) ¿k}ofF dfq lbg] /x]5 eg] ltg k6s;Dd sf8{ l5/fpFb} kf; j8{ lyRb} !%,))) sf b/n]
/sd lgsfNg] / rf}yf] k6sdf kfFr jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] /sd lgsfNg] ug'{ k5{ . cfkm"n] klxn]
hDdf u/]sf] /sd a/fa/ dfq /sd lemSg kfOg] x'gfn] o;nfO{{ 8]lj6 sf8{ klg elgG5 .
j|m]l86 sf8{ (Credit Card)
a}ª\sn] cfˆgf ljZjfl;nf u|fxsnfO{{ a}ª\sdf /sd df}Hbft gePsf] cj:yfdf klg j:t' tyf ;]jf
vl/b ug{ ;s'g\ eg]/ ljB'tLo sf8{sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{{ j|]ml86 sf8{ elgG5 .
vftfjfnfn] cfkm";Fu /sd ePsf] a]nf ;f] ;fk6L /sd hDdf ul/lbG5 . of] klg 8]lj6 sf8{ h:t}
xf] t/ o;df /sd vr{ ug]{ lglZrt ;do tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . of] ;'ljwf lnP afkt lglZrt /sdf
vftfaf6 a}ª\sn] s6fpF5 .

P; Pd P; a}ª\lsª (SMS Banking) M
o; ;]jf cGtu{t 3/d} a;L a;L cfˆgf] vftfdf /sd hDdf ePsf] hfgsf/L df]afOn kmf]gdf P;
Pd P;dfkm{t k|fKt x'G5 . c¿sf] vftfdf /sd k7fpg], ljh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, nufotsf] ljn
e"StfgL ug]{ sfo{ klg P;PdP; af6 g} ug{ ;lsG5 .
-v_ art (Saving) M
dflg;x¿n] ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cfDbfgL u/]sf x'G5g\\ / To;/L u/]sf] cfDbfgLsf] s]xL c+z art
klg ub{5g\\ . To;/L u/]sf] art 3/df g/fvL s'g} a}ª\s jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf hDdf ul/G5 eg] Tof]
cf}krfl/s art x'G5 . cˆg} 3/df, gftf uf]tf;Fu jf ;fx' dxfhgsf]df /flvg] art cgf}krlf/s
art xf] . o:tf] art ;'/lIft x'Fb}g . art /sd ljQLo ;+:yfdf hDdf ul/of] eg] k"FhL lgdf{0f
x'G5 h'g nufgLsf] ¿kdf ljleGg pBf]u Joj;fodf k|of]u ul/G5 / o:tf] artdf art stf{n]
Jofh k|fKt ub{5 . s]Gb|Lo a}ª\saf6 Ohfht k|fKt a}ª\s jf gful/s nufgL sf]if jf ;~rosf]if
nufotsf ljQLo ;+:yfdf ul/g] artnfO{{ cf}krfl/s art elgG5 . ;xsf/L, cfdf ;d"x, dlxnf
;d"x, jg ;d"x, cflbdf ul/g] artnfO{{ cw{ cgf}krfl/s art elgG5 . o:tf] art cf}krl/s
art eGbf sd ;'/lIft x'G5 . ;fgf] sf7, kmnfd, Knfli6s jf df6fsf] efF8fdf ;–;fgf] /sd
hDdf ug'{nfO{{ v'q's] art elgG5 .
o;/L /sd art ubf{ ;s];Dd cf}krfl/s ljTtLo ;+:yfdf art u/]sf] v08df a9L ;'/lIft
x'G5 . ljQLo ;+:yfdf ul/Psf] cf}krfl/s / cw{ cf}krfl/s artn] k"FhL lgdf{0f eO{ b]zsf]
cfly{s ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . artstf{n] Jofhsf] ¿kdf nfef+z klg k|fKt ub{5 . xfdLn] klg
;s];Dd sd vr{ u/]/ a9L art ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ .
ljQLo ;+:yfdf art ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx¿
-s_ k"FhL lgdf{0f x'g],
-v_ nufgL l;h{gf x'g],
-u_ pb\odzLntfsf] ljsf; x'g],
-3_ cfh{g u/]sf] /sd ;'/lIft x'g],
-ª_ Aofh k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
-r_ cfjZos k/]sf a]nf /sd lems]/ Jojxf/ rnfpg kfOg]
-u_ ljQLo pks/0fx¿ M
ljQLo ultljlw ;~rfngsf j|mddf k|of]u x'g] ;fwgx¿nfO{{ ljQLo pks/0f elgG5 . oL
;fwgx¿n] sf/f]jf/ ;+ej agfPsf x'G5g\\ / sf/f]jf/nfO{{ ultzLn agfPsf x'G5g\\ .
!= ;kmf gf]6
cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ug{sf nflu gf]6 cfjZos k5{ . d'b|fx¿ sfuhL / wft' u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ .
ljZjdf k|foM sfuhL gf]6x¿ k|rngdf 5g\\ . gf]6 lgisfzg tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ k|To]s
b]zdf s]Gb|Lo a}ª\sn] ub{5g\\ . g]kfnsf] s]lGb|o a}ª\s g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\s xf] . g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\sn]
a]nf a]nfdf ljleGg b/sf gofF gf]6 hf/L u5{ . ;kmf gf]6 rng rNtLdf Nofpg o;n] ;kmf gf]6
gLlt klg NofPsf] 5 . To;}n] gf]6df hyfefjL n]Vg], l:6r nufpg], RofTg], k6\ofpg] ug'{ x'Fb}g .
o;n] gf]6sf] cfo' 36fpF5 . gf]6x¿df g]kfnL /fli6«otf, k|s[lt, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotf emNsfpg]
ljifo, hgfj/ / ;+s]tx¿ 5flkPsf x'G5g\\ . To;}n] gf]6sf] htg / ;+/If0f ug'{ xfdL ;a}
gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] .
@= a}ª\s shf{÷C0f
s'g} klg pb\od÷Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu k"FhLsf] cfjZostf k5{ . kz'kIfL kfng ug{,
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{, cfkt k/]sf] a]nf vr{ ug{, ;fdflhs sfo{ ug{ / lzIff bLIff k|bfg ug{
xfdLn] shf{ jf C0f lng'k5{ . a}ª\lsª k|0ffnLdfkm{t cfjZos C0f lnP/ cfˆgf] uhf]{ 6fg{
;lsG5 . lglZrt cjlwkl5 Aofh;lxt ;fFjf lkmtf{ ug]{ ;t{df JolSt jf s'g} cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug]{
;+:yf;Fu lnOPsf] /sd g} C0f jf shf{ xf] . o:tf shf{x¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ . o:tf
k|sf/df rfn' k"FhL shf{, vl/b shf{, pkef]u shf{, nufgL shf{nufotsf shf{ k5{g\ .
a}ª\s jf ljTtLo ;+:yfaf6 lnOPsf] C0f ltg{ g;s]df Aofhjfx]s klg xh{gf ltg'{k5{ . o:tf]
cj:yfdf lwtf] lnnfdL / sfg'gL sf/afxL klg x'g ;S5 . ;dodf C0fsf] ;fFjf Aofh ltg{
g;s]df ljTtLo ;+:yfsf] sfnf];"rLdf kg{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpF5 .
To;}n] ;xL sfdsf nflu C0fsf] pkef]u ug]{ tyf ;dodf g} shf{sf] ls:tf a'emfpg] ;f]r /fv]/
C0f lng' a9L a'l4dfgL x'G5 .
#= ljk|]if0f jf /]dL6\ofG; M
Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k};f k7fpg] sfo{nfO{{ ljk|]if0f elgG5 . a}ª\s, ljTtLo ;+:yf jf cg'dlt
k|fKt dgL 6«fG;km/ Ph]G;Lx¿af6 /sd Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @#∞ of]ubfg ljk|]if0fsf] 5 . ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] /sd lghL
k|ltlglw jf btf{ gePsf ;+:yfdfkm{t k7fpg] sfo{nfO{{ x'G8L elgG5 . o:tf] sfo{nfO{{ u}/ sfg'gL
dflgG5 . To;}n] cf}krfl/s ;ª\3 ;+:yfaf6 /sd k7fpg] ug'{kb{5 . ljb]zaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sdsf]
7'nf] lx:;f cg'Tkfbs j:t' / pkef]udf vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 . To;nfO{{ lgoGq0f u/L pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf nufgL ug'{kb{5 .
$= ljb]zL ljlgdo
g]kfnafx]s cGo b]zsf d'b|fx¿ g]kfnsf nflu ljb]zL d'b|f x'g\ . ljb]zaf6 g]kfndf ;fdfg
lemsfpg ljb]zL d'b|fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;} u/L ljb]z ofqf ug{ klg ljb]zL d'b|f cfjZos
kb{5 . o;/L cfjZos ljb]zL d'b|f ljb]zdf ;fdfg lgof{t u/]/, ljb]zdf sdfPsf] /]ld6]G;af6 /
ljb]zLn] g]kfndf cfP/ vr{ u/]sf] /sdaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . c¿ b]zaf6 j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoft ubf{
ljb]zL d'b|f e'StfgL ug'{k5{ . To;}n] g]kfnL d'b|f;Fu ljb]zL d'b|f jf ljb]zL d'b|f;Fu g]kfnL d'b|f
;f6\g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L d'b|f ;f6\g] sfdnfO{{ ljb]zL d'b|f ljlgdo elgG5 . s'g} klg b]zdf ljb]zL
d'b|fsf] ;~ro hlt a9L eof] Tolt kmfObf x'G5 . g]kfnL d'b|f c¿ b]zsf] d'b|f;Fu ;6xL ug]{

b/nfO{{ ljlgod b/ elgG5 . cGo b]zaf6 a9L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft ug'{ k/]sfn] ljb]zL
d'b|fsf] dfu a9]sf] 5 . o; k|j[lQn] g]kfnL d'b|f sdhf]/ agfpF5 .
%= lwtf]kq
;/sf/ jf s'g} sDkgLn] cfk"mnfO{{ rflxg] /sd ;ª\sng ug{ hf/L ul/Psf] ljQLo cf}hf/nfO{{
lwtf]kq elgG5 . o;cGtu{t ;/sf/L C0fkqx¿, l8a]Gr/ af]G8, ;]o/ cflb k5{g\ . s'g} klg
Joj;fo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos k"FhL ljleGg c+zdf ljeflht u/L
;ª\sng ug{ lwtf]kq lgisfzg ul/G5 . lwtf]kqsf dfWodaf6 nufgLstf{;Fu 5l/P/ /x]sf] art
pBf]u wGbfdf kl/rflnt x'g uO{ b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 . ;fdfGotof k|ltlsQf ;]o/sf]
cª\lst d"No ? !)) sfod ul/G5 . sDkgLsf] nfe / xfgLdf ;]o/ wgLsf] ;]o/ lsQfadf]lhd
lx:;f /x]sf] x'G5 .
;fwf/0ftof ;]o/x¿ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ M cu|flwsf/ / ;fwf/0f ;]o/
c¿ k|sf/sf ;]o/eGbf klxn] g} nfef+z kfpg] u/L lgisf;g ul/Psf ;]o/nfO{{ cu|flwsf/ ;]o/
elgG5 . o:tf] ;]o/df nfef+zsf] k|ltzt lglZrt x'G5 . o;cGtu{t c+lzof/x¿n] sDkgLsf]
a}7sdf efu lng] / dt lbg] clwsf/ xF'b}g . k"FhLdf hf]lvd p7fpg grfxg] JolStx¿n] o:tf]
;]o/df nufgL u5{g\ .
;fwf/0f ;]o/
cu|flwsf/ ;]o/nfO{{ nfef+z ljt/0f u/]kl5 afFsL d'gfkmfaf6 nfef+z kfpg] u/L lgisfzg ul/Psf]
;]o/nfO{{ ;fwf/0f ;]o/ elgG5 . a9L hf]lvd p7fpg tof/ x'g] nufgLstf{sf nflu of] ;]o/
pko'St x'G5 .
;]o/sf] kmf/d eg{sf nflu lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ M
-s_ gful/stfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk,
-v_ cfj]bssf] 7]ufgf / afa'afh]sf] gfd, ;Dks{ g+=,
-u_ /sd lkmtf{ kfpg cw{s6\6L, a}ª\s vftf,
-3_ xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kmf]6f] cflb .
^= ljdf M
xfdLnfO{{ ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]lvd / b'3{6gf cfO kl//xG5g\\ . ljkt\, b'3{6gf, cfunfuL, csfn
d[To' h:tf ;ª\s6n] dflg; tyf kz' kLl8t x'G5g\\ . slxn]sfxLF v]taf/Ldf nufPsf] afnL v8]/L,
af9L, klx/f], cgfj[li6 / cltj[li6n] gi6 u5{ . dflg;nfO{{ o:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;ª\s6af6
gf]S;fg kfg{ ;S5g\\ . o;/L ljleGg k|sf/n] x'g] xfgL gf]S;fgL nfO{{ cfly{s ¿kdf hf]lvdsf] jxg
ug{' / To;/L gf]S;fgL ePdf Ifltk"lt{sf] ¿kdf /sd pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yfnfO{{ ladf sDkgL
elgG5 . ladf sDkgLdf cfˆgf] dfgjLo jf ef}lts ¿kdf xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf If]ltk"lt{ kfpg]
u/L lgoldt ¿kdf jf k6s] ¿kdf ladf z'Ns a'emfpFb} hfg' k5{ . o; jfkt ladf sDkgLn]
Jofh klg lbG5 . ladf sDkgL;Fu ePsf] ;+emf}tf cg';f/ ;f] cjlw leq xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf
tf]lsPsf] /sd Ifltk"lt{sf ¿kdf kfOG5 . lads / laldtlardf x'g] s/f/nfO{{ ladfn]v elgG5 .
ladf k|:tfjdf k|:tfjssf] gfd, 7]ufgf, hf]lvdsf] ljj/0f, ladf z'Ns, ladf ul/Psf
j:t'÷bfloTTj÷JolSt, cjlw, ;t{ cflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
g]kfndf @))$ ;fn c;f]h * ut] klxnf] ladf sDkgLsf ¿kdf g]kfn dfn rnfgL tyf ljTt
sDkgL ln= :yflkt ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/L :t/af6 eg] /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfg P]g, @)@% cg';f/
@)@% ;fn k'; ! ut] /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfg :yfkgf eof] . ladf ;+:yfgn] hLjg tyf lghL{jg b'j}
k|sf/sf ladfx¿ u5{ . ladf ;DaGwL ultljlwnfO{{ /]vb]v lgoGq0f ug{ ladf P]g, @)$( cg';f/
ladf ;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] 5 .
;/sf/L :t/df :yfkgf ePsf] /fli6«o ladf ;+:yfgn] ladf Joj;fosf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{gdf
dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] lghL{jg ladftkm{ klRr; k|ltzt / hLjg ladftk{m
krf; k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5 . b]zsf ljleGg efudf zfvf sfof{no / ;Dks{ sfof{nodfkm{t
o;n] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
-s_ hLjg ladf
xfd|f] hLjg clglZrt 5, ljleGg b'3{6gfx¿ x'g ;S5g\\ / d[To' klg x'g ;S5 . kl/jf/df cfo
cfh{g ug]{ JolStsf] cfsl:ds d[To' ePdf cfly{s ;ª\s6 pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s JolStn]
hf]lvd lj?4 cfly{s ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ladf ug'{k5{ . o:tf] k|sf/sf] ladfnfO{{ hLjg ladf
elgG5 . dfgf}F s'g} JolStn] !% jif{sf] nflu Ps nfvsf] ladf u/fPsf] 5 eg] p;n] !% jif{ ;Dd
lgoldt ¿kdf ladf z'Ns ltl//xg' k5{ . /sd ltg{ ;'? u/]kl5 !% jif{ leq p;sf] s'g}
b'3{6gfdf k/L d[To' ePdf p;sf] kl/jf/n] Ps nfv ¿k}ofF g} kfpF5 . !% jif{kl5 Psd'i7 b'O{nfv
?lkofF kfpF5 . ladf P]g, @)$( n] hLjg ladfnfO{{ o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5, æhLjg ladf
Joj;fo eGgfn] s'g} vf; /sd lt/]df lghn] jf lghsf] xsbf/n] s'g} vf; /sd kfpg] u/L
ul/g] s/f/gfdf ;DaGwL Joj;fo ;lDemg'k5{ .Æ
-v_ lghL{jg ladf
3/, k;n, sn sf/vfgf, s[lif If]qdf lgwf{l/t cjlwdf b}ljs jf cGo sf/0fn] xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g
;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ladf n]vdf tf]lsPsf] xb;Dd cfly{s gf]S;fgLsf] Ifltk"lt{ u/L laldtnfO{{
ef}lts Iflt lj?4 ;'/Iff k|bfg ul/G5 . 3/ k;ndf cfuf] nfUg ;S5, e"sDkn] 3/ ejgdf Iflt
k'¥ofpg ;S5 . klx/f], e"Ifo, cfFwLa]x/L, cl;gf, lxpF, af9L, v8]/L cflbaf6 ls;fgn] nufPsf]
afnL gi6 x'g ;S5 . ;8sdf u'8\b} u/]sf] uf8L b'3{6gf x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf Ifltu|:t
ePsf ;DklTtx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg u/L laldtnfO{{ cfly{s ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ lghL{jg ladfsf] p2]Zo
xf] . o:tf] ladf ;fdfGot Ps jif{sf nflu ul/G5 . of] cjlw k"/f ePkl5 k'gM gjLs/0f
ug'{kb{5 . g]kfn h:tf] s[lif k|wfg b]zdf afnL ladfsf] cem dxTTj 5 . /fli6«o s[lif gLlt @)^!
cg';f/ s[lif dGqfnosf] ;dGjodf afnL tyf k|zf]wg ladf, @)^( hf/L ePsf] 5 . pSt

Joj:yfcg';f/ laldt /sdsf] ls:tfdWo] &%∞ ;/sf/ / @%∞ ls;fgn] a]xf]g'{k5{ . laldt
afnLsf] Ifltk"lt{ eP ()∞ Ifltk'lt{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L cfk"mn] kfn]sf] kz' d/]df klg
;'/If0f afktsf] /sd Ifltk"lt{sf ¿kdf kfOG5 .
ladf ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
ladf ug'{sf] p2]Zoaf/] :k:6 x'g'k5{ .
ladfn]vdf OR5fPsf] JolStaf/] :k:6 pNn]v ug'{k5{ .
unt ljj/0f, hfgsf/L jf ;"rgf lbg' x'Fb}g .
tf]lsPsf] /sd a/fa/sf] ladf z'Ns, ladf cjlwel/df ltg{ ;lsG5 jf ;lsFb}g, Wofg
k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
ladf k|:tfj Wofgk"j{s k9\g'k5{ . olb cfk"mn] rfx]cg';f/sf] 5}g eg] ;DalGwt lads;Fu
;Dks{ ug'{k5{ .
ladf clestf{ ladf ;ldltaf6 Ohfht k|fKt xf] jf xf]Og yfxf kfpg'k5{ .
ladf z'Ns e'StfgL u/]kl5 clgjfo{ ¿kdf gub a'em]sf] e/kfO lng'k5{ .
ladf u/]sf] s'/f 3/ kl/jf/nfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ .
ladfn]v gjLs/0fsf] ldlt Vofn u/]/ oyf ;do ladf z'Ns e'StfgL ug'{k5{ .
ladf;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfuhft ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg'k5{ .
@= cEof; M
-s_ a}ª\sdf vftf vf]Ng] tl/sf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ a}ª\s vftfsf k|sf/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ artaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ Pl6Pdsf /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ gf]6 ;kmf x'Fbf x'g] kmfObf / gx'Fbf x'g] c;/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ lwtf] kq / shf{df km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-5_ ljk|]if0f /sd s] xf] / o;sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug'{ k5{ <
-h_ ljb]zL ljlgdosf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-em_ ladf s] xf] < hLjg ladf / lglh{jg ladflarsf] km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
#= k'i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_, -v_ / -u_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
Pl6Pdsf /fd|f kIf
l56f] / ;lhnf] tl/sfn] a}ª\saf6 /sd lemSg ;lsg] .
tTsfn} gub k|fKt x'g] . nfOgdf a;]/ s'l//xg' gkg]{ .
sfof{no ;do afx]s klg h'g;'s} ;dodf /sd lgsfNg ldNg] .
/sd slt afFsL 5 eg]/ ljj/0f x]g{ ldNg] .
s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]u grflxg] .
Pl6Pdsf g/fd|f kIf
;fOa/ ck/fwLx¿åf/f kf; j8{ rf]/]/ /sd rf]/L x'g ;Sg] .
ljh'nL gePsf] ;dodf /sd lemSg g;lsg] .
kf; j8{ lj;]{df ;d:of pTkGg x'g] .
k/ lge{/tf a9\g] .
-u_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

gf]6 ;kmf x'“bf x'g] kmfObf
gf]6 w]/} ;do;Dd l6S5 .
;kmf / gof“ gf]6 af]Sg klg cfgGb cfpF5 .
/fi6« / hgtfsf] OHht a9\5 .
b]zsf] 9's'6Laf6 gf]6 5fKgsf] nflu w]/} vr{ ul//xg' kb}{g . gf]6 5fKg vr{ ug]{ /sd
ljsf;sf sfddf nufpg kfOG5 .
gf]6 ;kmf gx'“bf x'g] a]kmfObf
gf]6 l56f] ljlu|P/ hfG5 .
kmf]x/L gf]6af6 ljleGg /f]ux¿ ;g{ ;S5 .
a]OHhtL x'G5 .
ljsf;sf sfddf nufpg' kg]{ /sd gf]6 5fKb}df v]/ hfG5 .
gSsnL gf]6x¿ 3':g ;S5 .
-3_ cEof; -r_, -5_ / -h_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M &
/fhZj / s/
!= ljifoj:t'
/fHosf] dxTTjk"0f{ bfloTTj /fi6«sf] ;Ldf /Iff ug'{, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ug'{, hgtfnfO{{ ;]jf
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug'{, zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{ cflb /x]sf] x'G5 . oL ;a
sfo{sf nflu /fHonfO{{ cfDbfgLsf] h?/t x'G5 . /fHon] oL ;a sfo{sf nflu ljleGg ;|f]taf6
cfDbfgL ub{5 . h;nfO{{ /fhZj elgG5 . /fhZj /fHosf] 9's'6Ldf /xG5 / ;/sf/n]
sfg'gadf]lhd vr{ ub{5 .
s/
;/sf/n] hgtfaf6 /sd c;'nL ub{5 . o;/L /fHon] hgtf;Fu c;'nL ug]{ /sd /fHosf] nflu
/fhZj cyf{t /fHosf] ;DklQ xf] eg] hgtfsf] nflu s/ xf] . hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/ g} /fHosf] nflu
/fhZj xf] . hgtfn] s/ lt/]df dfq /fhZj a9\5 / /fh:j a9]df dfq b]zdf ljsf; lgdf{0f
nufot ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L nfesf] ck]Iff gu/L gful/såf/f
cfˆgf] ;DklQ / cfDbfgL jf vr{sf] lglZrt k|ltzt /fHonfO{{ ltg]{ clgjfo{ /sd g} s/ xf] . s/
ltg'{ gful/ssf] bfloTTj xf] eg] hgtfaf6 p7fPsf] s/sf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug'{ Pjd\ b]z / hgtfsf]
lglDt vr{ ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTTj xf] .
b]zdf ljleGg k|sf/sf s/x¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . h:t}, eG;f/ dx;'n, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
pkef]udf nufOg] d"No clej[l4 s/, cfo s/, hUuf s/, 3/ef8f s/, kfl/>lds s/, ;fdflhs
;'/Iff s/, z'Nsx¿, x'nfs l6s6 laj|mLaf6 p7\g] s/, cGt z'Ns s/, ;8s s/, cflb ljleGg
k|sf/sf s/x¿ /fHon] p7fpg] ub{5 . s/ ;fdfGotof k|ToIf / ck|To]If u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ .
k|To]If s/ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t / k|ultzLn x'G5 .
s/ ltg]{ ef/ Pp6} JolStdf ePdf To;nfO{{ k|ToIf s/ elgG5 . cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, 3/hUuf
s/, cflb o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . To;} u/L s/ ltg]{ ef/ Pp6f kIfdf / s/sf] k|efj csf]{
kIfdf ePdf To;nfO{{ ck|ToIf s/ elgG5 . cGt z'Ns, eG;f/ s/, d"No clej[l4 s/, cflb
o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . h:t} xfdLn] s'g} k;naf6 df]afOn kmf]g lsg]/ Nofof}F eg] xfdLn] lt/]sf]
d"Nodf s/ klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 t/ xfdLn] s/ lt/]sf] dx;'; ub}{gf}F . ptf df]afOn kmf]g
cfoftstf{n] jf pTkfbsn] eg] xfdL;Fu s6fPsf] s/ /sd /fHonfO{{ ltg'{ kb{5 . tL ;a} s/
hf]l8P/ xfdLn] ltg]{ d"Nodf ufe]/ Jofkf/Ln] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No sfod u/]sf] x'G5 . d"Nodf g}
;dfj]z u/]/ xfdLn] ck|ToIf s/ ltb{5f}F .
;/sf/n] s/ jf /fhZj afx]s cGo ;|f]taf6 klg cfDbfgL k|fKt ub{5, h;nfO{{ u}/ s/ cfDbfgL
elgG5 . o:tf] cfDbfgLdf b08, hl/jfgf, pTt/flwsf/L ljxLg ;DklQ, cg'bfg, ;fj{hlgs ;+klQ
cflb kb{5g\\ .
g]kfndf k|rlnt s/x¿
-s_ d"No clej[l4 s/ (VAT-Value Added Tax)
j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ePkl5 pTkfbs, yf]s ljj|]mtf, v'b|f ljj|m]tf x'Fb} pkef]Stf;Dd k'Ubf
ljleGg txdf To;sf] d"No a9\b} hfG5 . k|To]s txdf gfkmf, 9'jfgL ef8f, 3/ef8f, :yfgLo
s/x¿, sd{rf/L vr{ cflb ljljw k|sf/sf vr{ a9\b} hfgG5 / ;f] vr{ Jofkf/Lx¿n] j:t'sf]
k|ltPsfO d"Nodf hf]8\b} hfG5g\\ . o;/L k|To]s txdf d"No a9\b} hfg'nfO{{ d"No clej[l4 elgG5 .
j:t'sf] h'g txdf hlt d"No a9]sf] x'G5, To; txn] ToxL a9]sf] d"Nosf] tf]lsPsf] k|ltzt s/
;/sf/nfO{{ a'emfpg' k5{ . o;/L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf] ljleGg txdf x'g] d"No
clej[l4df nufOg] s/nfO{{ d"No clej[l4 s/ elgG5 . of] s/sf] ;'?cft k|mfG;af6 ePsf] xf] .
s/ j:t' tyf ;]jfdf tf]lsPsf] b/df nufOG5 / s/sf] clGtd ef/ eg] pkef]Stfdf k5{ .
g]kfndf d"No clej[l4 s/ @)%$ ;fnaf6 nufpg ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . o:tf] s/ k|0ffnLdf
tf]lsPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfdf s/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf klg x'G5 . o;}u/L s'g} Joj;foLn] @) nfveGbf
a9Lsf] sf/f]af/ ub{5 eg] clgjfo{ Eof6df btf{ ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{nodf btf{ u/]/ k|df0f kq lng ;lsG5 . xfdLn] klg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b u/]kl5
clgjfo{ Eof6 lan lng] afgL a;fNg'k5{ . xfdLn] Eof6 ljn lnPgf}F eg] Jofkf/Ln] xfdLnfO{ laj|mL
u/]sf] ;fdfgsf] nflu xfdLaf6 s6fPsf] s/ /sd ;/sf/nfO{{ ltb}{g . xfdLn] eg] s/ ;lxtsf]
d"No lt/]sf x'G5f}F t/ Jofkf/Ln] xfdLn] lt/]sf] s/ /sd /fhZjdf ga'emfpFbf /fHosf] 9's'6L
sdhf]/ x'g hfG5 . Jofkf/L dfq wgL x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f] ck]Iffcg';f/ /fHon] xfd|f] ;'ljwfsf]
nflu ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb}g . b]z ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] xfdLn]
Eof6 lan lng e'Ng' x'Fb}g .
-v_ cGtMz'Ns
b]zleq pTkfbg ePsf Pjd\ cfofltt j:t' tyf ;]jfdf nufOg] s/nfO{{ cGtMz'Ns elgG5 .
cGtMz'Ns ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . ;'?df tf]lsPsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] b]zleq
x'g] sf/f]af/df of] s/ nufOg] x'gfn] cGtMz'Ns elgPsf] xf] . cGtMz'Ns dlb/f, r'/f]6, v'bf], sTyf,
rfprfp cflbdf kl/df0fsf cfwf/df / Knfl:6s, ;jf/L ;fwg, d'b|0f ;fdfu|L, l6=eL= cflbdf
d"No k|ltztsf cfwf/df nufOG5 . o:t} cGtMz'Ns nfUg] j:t'x¿nfO{{ klg dlb/f ;d"x, ;'tL{hGo
;d"x / :jod\ lgsf;L j:t'x¿ u/L ltg ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ eG;f/ dx;'n
ljb]zaf6 cfoft ul/g] dfnj:t' / ljb]zdf lgof{t ul/g] j:t'x¿ jf cfoft lgof{t ubf{ eG;f/
ljGb'df -l;dfgfdf_ sfg'gadf]lhd lnOg] s/nfO{{ g} eG;f/ dx;'n elgG5 . o;nfO{{ klg /fh:jsf]
dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]t dflgG5 . To;}n] k|To]s b]zx¿n] cfˆgf ;Ldfjlt{ If]qdf eG;f/sf k|zf;lgs
PsfOx¿ :yfkgf u/]sf x'G5g\\ . d'Vo gfsfx¿df d'Vo eG;f/ / cGo :yfgdf 5f]6L eG;f/
:yfkgf u/]sf x'G5g\\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfs8le6\6f, lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh, e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h cflb
7fpFdf d'Vo eG;f/ / cGo 7fpFdf 5f]6L eG;f/ :yfkgf u/]/ dx;'n ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 .
cfos/
;fdfGotof cfo jf cfDbfgLdf nfUg] s/nfO{{ cfos/ elgG5 . o;nfO{{ k|frLg s/ k|0ffnL
dflgG5 . o;sf] ;'?cft !@ cf}F ztfAbLdf a]nfotaf6 ePsf] lyof] . k|frLg ;dodf kz' kfng,
s[lif, dT:o Joj;fodf nufOg] cfos/ clxn] Joj;fo, /f]huf/L, nufgL, gfkmf nufotsf ;a}
If]qdf nufOG5 . g]kfndf of] s/ ;a} If]qdf nufOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ gfkmf gsdfpg] p2]Zon]
:yfkgf ePsf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿, u}/ Jofj;flos v]ns'b ;+:yfx¿, lgjf{rg cfof]udf btf{ ePsf
/fhgLlts bnx¿n] s/ 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . x/]s gful/sn] sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] cfDbfgLcg';f/
s/ ltg}{ k5{ . k|To]s jif{ ;/sf/n] JolStut / kfl/jfl/s u/L b'O{ ju{df 5'6\ofP/ cfo s/ nfUg]
cfDbfgLsf] xb tf]Sb5 . o;/L tf]s]sf] xb eGbf a9L ePsf] cfDbfgLdf klg s/ 5'6 kfpg] ;'ljwf
x'G5 . h:t} ladf ul/Psf] /sd, ;~rosf]ifsf nflu s6fOPsf] /sd / gful/s nufgLsf]ifdf
nufOPsf] /sddf cfos/ nfUb}g . oL ;a s6fO{ afFsL /sddf cfos/ nfUb5 . cfos/ ltg'{
k|To]s c;n gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . sltko kfl/>ldsdf eg] clu|d s/ sl6\6 u/]/ kfl/>lds
lbOG5 .
o; afx]s :yfgLo txn] klg ljleGg k|sf/sf s/ c;'n ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ sfg'gn] Joj:yf
u/]sf] x'G5 . ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf o:tf] s/ p7fpg] ul/G5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ :yfgLo txn] p7fpg ;Sg] s/x¿ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yfaf/] vf]hL u/L ;"rL
tof/ kfg]{ .
-v_ /fh:j eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < s/ cfDbfgL / u}/s/ cfDbfgLlar leGgtf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ g]kfndf k|rlnt s/ k|0ffnLsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ k|ToIf s/sf kmfObf / a]kmfObfx¿ tflnsfdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ cGtMz'Ns ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] d'Vo ;|f]t xf] . k'li6 ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ eG;f/ dx;'n eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] dxTTj pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ cfos/sf k|sf/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
:yfgLo txn] p7fpg kfpg] :yfgLo s/x¿ M
dfnkf]t tyf e"lds/, 3/hUuf s/, axfn s/, Joj;fo ;fwg s/, ;jf/L s/, dgf]/~hg
s/, Jofj;flos lel8of] s/, lj1fkg s/, kfls{ª\ s/, ;]jf z'Ns tyf b:t'/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]t
pkof]u s/
-v_ cEof; -v_ / -u_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cWof; -3_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
k|ToIf s/sf kmfObf a]kmfObf
gful/s :jo+n] ltg{ kfpF5 . cfkm}Fn] ltg]{ s/ t xf] lg eg]/ s/
s/sf] /sdlardf x/fpg] 8/ x'Fb}g ltg{ pbfl;g x'g ;S5 .
s/ bftfnfO{{ ;Gt'li6 x'G5 . v/fa gful/sn] cfDbfgL n'sfP/ s/
;/sfnfO{{ s/sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lhnf] 5Ng ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
x'G5 . s/ 5n]sf sf/0f cgfjZos emd]nfdf
l;w} /fHo sf]ifdf bflvnf x'G5 . kg{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ cEof; -ª_, -r_ / -5_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
kf7 M *
pkef]Stf clwsf/
!= ljifoj:t'
xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . xfdLn] ahf/af6 cfjZos
j:t' vl/b u/]/ NofpF5f}F eg] kfgL, lh'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, ;/;kmfO, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf, lzIff, dgf]/~hg
h:tf ljljw k|sf/sf ;]jf klg pkef]u ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . ;f] jfkt xfdLn] tf]lsPsf] d"No lt/]sf
x'G5f}F . o;/L xfdLn] cfkm"n] lt/]sf] d"Nocg';f/ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug'{ k|To]s pkef]Stfsf] clwsf/
xf] . JolStut k|of]hgsf nflu j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug]{ JolStnfO{{ pkef]Stf elgG5 . s'g}
Ps j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u stf{ dfq pkef]Stf geO{ cGo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf pTkfbs, cfk"lt{
stf{ tyf laj|m]tf;d]t x'g ;S5 . t;y{ j:t' ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug]{ ;a} JolSt, ;+:yf, sDkgL cflb
klg pkef]Stf x'g\ . Pp6} ;dfhdf pknAw j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;'ljwf ToxfF a;f]jf; ug]{ ;a}
gful/sn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ ;dfg ¿kdf kfpg] p;sf] clwsf/ xf] . pkef]Stf ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf Consumer International n] pkef]Stfleq ;du|df xfdL ;a}nfO{{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # wf/f $$ df pkef]Stf clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
k|To]s pkef]StfnfO{{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g] 5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ jfl0fHo dGqfnon] pkef]StfnfO{{ ahf/df k|fKt x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u
tyf k|of]u ug]{ JolSt jf ;d"x eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . pkef]Stf ;+/If0f P]gsf] bkmf @ s n]
s'g} klg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug]{ JolSt jf ;+:yf pkef]Stf xf] egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
pkef]Stf clwsf/ eGgfn] lgDgfg';f/sf clwsf/ kb{5g\\ .
pkef]Stfn] pkof]u ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
p;n] plrt d"Nodf pSt j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug'{,
Jofkf/L tyf Joj;foLaf6 7lug gkg]{ cj:yf x'g',
pTkfbs / ljt/ssf] Psflwsf/sf] l;sf/ af6 aRg kfpg',
ahf/df cfˆgf] 5gf}6 cg';f/sf] j:t' tyf ;]jf pkef]u ug{ kfpg',
u'0f:t/Lo / k"/f gfk tf}ndf j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug'{
7luPdf sfg'gL pkrf/ / Ifltk"lt{ kfpg' pkef]Stf clwsf/ xf] .
pkef]Stfsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ . pkef]Stfsf] xslxt;DaGwL
sfg'g ;j{ k|yd ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfaf6 ;'? eO{ ;g\ !(^# dfr{ !% df nfu" ul/of] . To;}n]
k|To]s jif{ dfr{ !% nfO{{ cGt/f{li6«o pkef]Stf lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfOG5 . pSt wf/fdf u'0f:t/Lo
j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xs x'g]5 / pkef]StfnfO{{ u'0f:t/xLg j:t' tyf ;]jfaf6 Iflt k'u]sf
JolStnfO{{ sfg'gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3n] ljleGg * cf]6f
clwsf/nfO{{ pkef]Stf clwsf/sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
pkef]Stfsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%% ;fn j}zfv ! ut] pkef]Stf ;+/If0f
P]g, @)%$ hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . pSt P]gn] pkef]StfnfO{{ lgDg lnlvt clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 M
-!_ lhp Hofg, :jf:Yo tyf ;DklTtdf xfgL k'¥ofpg] pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] laj|mL
ljt/0faf6 ;'/lIft x'g] clwsf/,
-@_ cg'lrt Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfkaf6 ;'/lIft x'gsf lglDt pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No,
u'0f, kl/df0f, z'4tf cflbaf/] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/,
-#_ k|lt:kwf{Tds d"Nodf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,
-$_ pkef]Stfsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf nflu pko'St lgsfoaf6 ;'g'jfO x'g] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g]
clwsf/,
-%_ cg'lrt Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfkaf6 pkef]Stfx¿df x'g] zf]if0f tyf dsf{ lj?4 ;'g'jfO /
Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/,
-^_ pkef]Stf lzIffsf] clwsf/ .
P]gdf s'g} klg pTkfbsn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgdf lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ pNn]v ul/Psf]
5M
-s_ pTkfbssf] gfd, 7]ufgf / btf{ gDa/,
-v_ vfB kbfy{ / cf}ifwL h:tf pkef]Uo j:t'df pSt j:t'sf] ld>0f, kl/df0f / tf}n,
-u_ u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] j:t'df ;f] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/,
-3_ pkef]Uo j:t' pkef]u ug]{ tl/sf / ;f] j:t' pkef]u ubf{ kg]{ k|efj,
-ª_ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] d"No, Aofr gDa/, pTkfbg ldlt / Dofb ;lsg] ldlt,
-r_ ljB'tLo ;fdfu|L, xf8{j]o/ tyf oflGqs ;fdfu|L ePdf Uof/]G6L, Uof/]G6L ldlt, cGo
cfjZos s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ;Da4 kIf,
-5_ k|HhjgzLn, b'3{6gfhGo tyf ;lhn} 6'6km'6 x'g] kbfy{ jf pkef]Uo j:t'sf] ;'/Iff .
pkef]StfnfO{{ cfk"mn] pkef]u ug{ rfx]sf] jf pkef]u u/]sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf cfkm" 7luPsf] jf
u'0f:t/ xLg ePsf] nfu]df ph'/L ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pkef]Stf :jod\ jf
pkef]STffjfbL ;ª\3;+:yf dfkm{t ph'/L lbg ;lsG5 . u'0f:t/xLg kbfy{sf] k|of]uaf6 pkef]StfnfO{{
xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf klg 5 . pkef]Stf ;+/If0f P]gcg';f/ afl0fHo ljefu,
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, glhssf] k|x/L rf}sL jf ;DalGwt ljefu jf dGqfnodf ph'/L lbg
;lsG5 . pkef]Stfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug{ lg/LIf0f clws[tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lg/LIf0f
clws[tnfO{{ ljleGg k|sf/sf clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L pkef]Stf ;+/If0f P]gn] pkef]Stf
lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t pkef]StfnfO{{ pkef]Uo j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
;DaGwdf ;"lrt u/fpg] tyf u'0f:t/ gePsf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|of]u ubf{ To;sf] k|efj hfgsf/L
u/fpg kf7\oj|md tof/ kfg'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . To;}cg'¿k ljBfno txdf pkef]Stf lzIff ;DaGwL
;fdfu|Lx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
pkef]Stf lzIffaf6 x'g] kmfObfnfO{{ lgDg lnlvt a'Fbfdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
o;n] pkef]StfnfO{{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] 5gf]6sf] df}sf k|bfg ub{5 .
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b ubf{ pkef]Stfn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;d:ofsf af/]df hfu?s agfpF5 .
pkef]Stf lzIffn] pkef]StfnfO{{ ahf/sf af/]df k"0f{ ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ pkef]Uo
j:t' vl/b ug{ ;3fp k'U5 .
pkef]StfnfO{{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ yfxf x'G5 .
pkef]StfnfO{{ ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf P]g lgodaf/] yfxf x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k cfk"mn] vr{ u/]sf]
/sdaf6 clwstd ;Gt'li6 k|fKt x'G5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ pkef]Stf clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;cGtu{t kg]{ clwsf/x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ pkef]Stf P]gn] s'g} klg pTkfbsn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgdf s] s:tf s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ pkef]Stf clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ ;dfj]z u/L ;DkfbsLosf] gd'gf tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
-3_ pkef]Stfsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ kof{Kt 5g\\ jf 5}gg\ < pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ pkef]Stfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug{ u7g ePsf] s'g} Pp6f ;+:yfsf] ultljlw pNn]v u/L
;drf/sf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-r_ ljBfno txdf pkef]Stf lzIff ;DaGwL ;fdfu|Lsf] pkof]lutf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ / -v_ sf nflu kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ;DkfbsLosf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
pkef]Stf clwsf/ ;+/If0f

x/]s pkef]Stf;Fu cfkm"n] pkef]u ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] / 7lugaf6
hf]lug] clwsf/ x'G5 . lxhf] cfh ahf/df ljleGg k|sf/n] pkef]Stfx¿ 7lug k/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
ahf/df lbglbg} d"No a9L/x]sf] . k;n cg';f/ efp km/s km/s x'G5 . u'0f:t/ xLg / Dofb
gf3]sf cf}ifwLx¿ klg las|L eO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL j:t'sf] d"Nodf ljj|]mtfx¿ ldn] / dgf]dfgL efp
/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . ahf/df o:tf] cj:yf cfpgfn] pkef]Stfx¿ dsf{df kl//x]sf 5g\\ . pgLx¿sf]
:j:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 . pkef]Stfx¿ ;r]t x'g'
kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
pkef]Stf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf lglDt k|of;} gepsf] eg] xf]Og . o;sf nflu P]g sfg'gx¿
ag]sf 5g\\ . pkef]Stf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ / lgodx¿ ag]sf 5g\\ . pkef]Stf lzIff sfof{j|mdx¿
;~rfng ePsf 5g\\ . ;DalGwt ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 cg'udg sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .
t/ klg oL k|of;x¿ kof{Kt gePsf] b]lvG5 .
oL ;a ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu Pstkm{ pkef]Stf ;r]t x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] csf{tkm{ ;/sf/n]
sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog u/L sfg'g ljkf/Lt ug]{ Jofkf/L Joj;foLnfO{{ s8f
eGbf s8f sfjf{xL ug'{ kb{5 . pkef]Stfx¿ klg cfˆgf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u ug{
Psh'6 eP/ nflu kg'{ kb{5 .
-u_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L cfˆgf] ljrf/ lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ;dfrf/sf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
pkef]Stf d~rsf] ;lj|motfdf u'0f:t/xLg kfgL pTkfbs ;dfltP
sf7df8fF} !) df3, ldg/n jf6/sf gfddf wf/fsf] kfgL l;w} hf/df e/L las|L ljt/0f ug]{ Ps
sf/vfgfdf k|x/Ln] 5fkfdf/L ;~rfns ;lxt kfFr hgfnfO{{ y'gfdf /fvL cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] 5 .
pSt sf/vfgfdf wf/fsf] kfgLnfO{{ k|;f]wg gu/L ldg/n jf6f/ eg]/ las|L ljt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf]
lyof] . :yfgLo pkef]Stfsf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df pkef]Stf d~rsf] ;lj|motfdf o:tf u}/ sfg'gL
sfd ug]{ kfgL pTkfbsnfO{{ k|x/Ln] kj|mg ;kmn ePsf] xf] . o:tf] kfgLaf6 ;dfhdf emf8f
kvfnf, cfpF / cGo xfgLsf/s /f]usf] ;+j|md0f a9\g ;Sg] hg:j:Yo sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 .
sf/vfgfn] l;n u/L las|Lsf nflu k7fPsf] kfgL hfFr ubf{ k|z:t xfgLsf/s ls6f0f' e]l6Psf]
lyof] . pkef]Stf ;r]t ePdf s'g} klg 7uL ug]{ Joj;foL pDsg gkfpg] s'/f o; 36gfaf6 k'li6
ePsf] 5 .
-ª_ cEof; -r_ sf nflu ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
ljBfno lzIffdf pkef]Stf lzIff;DaGwL ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]lutfnfO{{ lgDgfg';f/sf a'Fbfdf
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
w]/} afnaflnsfn] Ps} k6s ;Gb]z kfpg] x'gfn] of] k|efjsf/L dfWod x'g ;S5 .
cfhsf afnaflnsf ef]lnsf pkef]Stf, pTkfbs / ljt/s ePsf x'gfn] pgLx¿af6
pkef]Stf lxt ljkf/Lt sfd gxf];\ eg]/ klg ljBfno lzIffdf o;nfO{{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] xf] .
afnaflnsfn] cfˆgf cleefjsnfO{{ ;d]t of] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] x'Fbf k|To]s
kl/jf/df r]tgf k'Ug hfG5 .
PsfO M (
xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u
!= kl/ro
o; PsfOdf ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 / cª\ux¿, o;sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿sf] kl/ro / ltgsf
sfo{x¿, ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3df g]kfnsf] el"dsf, ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf ultljlwx¿, ;d;fdlos
36gf / ltgsf] k|efj, ljZjJofkLs/0f / :yfgLos/0fsf] kl/ro / o;sf] k|efj;DaGwL
ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . oL ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkdf cfwl/t cEof; /
pSt cEof;;Fu ;DalGwt k[i7kf]if0f o; PsfOdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
@= p2]Zo
of] PsfOsf] cGTodf tkfO{F lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'g]5 M
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 / o;sf cª\ux¿ / ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿n] ug]{ sfo{x¿ pNn]v ug{,
-v_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df g]kfnsf] e"ldsfsf] j0f{g ug{,
-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 / o;sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿;Fu g]kfnsf] ;DaGw / ;xof]u pNn]v ug{,
-3_ ljZjdf 36]sf ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿ / ltgn] dfgj hLjgdf kf/]sf k|efj pNn]v ug{ .
-ª_ :yfgLos/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff atfpg .
kf7 M !
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 / o;sf cª\ux¿
!= ljifoj:t'
kl/ro
k|yd / låtLo dxfo'4af6 q:t ag]sf] ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zon] tTsfnLg cd]l/sL
/fi6«klt j'8«f] ljN;g / a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL ljG:6g rlr{nn] cfGw| dxf;fu/df /x]sf] Pp6f
hxfhdf a;L ;g\ !($! cu:6 !$ tfl/vsf lbg cf7 ;"qLo l;4fGtsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . o;nfO{{
P6nflG6s rf6{/ elgG5 . o;} l;4fGtsf] 3f]if0ff kZrft ljZjsf cGo /fhg]tfx¿n] ljZj zflGt
:yfkgf ug]{ k|of;:j¿k ;fd'lxs ¿kdf cg]s k|of; ub}{ uP . ;a}sf] ;fd'lxs k|of;af6 ;g\
!($% cS6f]j/ @$ tfl/vsf lbg ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 (UNO) sf] :yfkgf eof] . o; ljZj ;+:yfsf]
a8fkq (Charter) sf] k|:tfjgfdf elgPsf] 5, æxfd|f hLjgsfndf b'O{k6s dfgj hflt pk/
cslyt b'Mv Nofpg] o'4sf] ljlelifsfaf6 efjL ;GtfgnfO{{ arfpg / df}lns dfgj clwsf/x¿df
JolStsf] dfgjLo k|lti7f / d"Nodf, 7'nf / ;fgf /fi6«x¿df g/gf/Lsf] ;dfg xsdf ljZjf; k'gM
b[9 agfpg tyf ;lGw / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf cGo ;|f]tx¿af6 pTkGg bfloTTjk|lt Gofo /
;Ddfgsf] l:ylt sfod /fVg Pjd a[xTt/ :jtGqtfdf ;fdflhs k|ult / hLjgsf pRrtd :t/
a9fpg===. Æ

@= ljifoj:t'
k|yd ljZjo'4 -;g\ !(!$–!(_ sf] ;dflKtkl5 ;g\ !(@) df :yflkt /fi6«;ª\3 (Leaque of
Nations) n] cfˆgf] 3f]lift p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;s]g . cd]l/sf / ¿; o; ;+:yfsf] ;b:o ag]sf
lyPgg\ eg] hd{gL, O6nL, hfkfg o;sf] ;b:o eP/ klg cfˆgf] ;fd|fHojfbL gLltsf sf/0f
lj:tf/} knfPg x'g yfn] . kl/0ffd:j¿k låtLo ljZjo'4 eof] . o'4sfnLg ;dodf g} o'4sf]
ljeLlifsfaf6 aRg ljZjsf s]xL /fhg]tfx¿n] Pp6f alnof] gjLg cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf
ug]{ k|of; u/] . kl/0ffd:j¿k dxTTjk"0f{ ;Dd]ng / s'6gLlts k|of;x¿ eP . cGTodf cd]l/sf,
a]nfot, ¿;, rLg;lxt %) cf]6f /fi6«x¿af6 cfPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] @^ h'g, !($% df Pp6f
3f]if0ffkq hf/L ub}{ To;df x:tfIf/ u/] . o;}nfO{{ @$ cS6f]j/ !($% sf lbg ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf]
nf]uf] /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkq (Charter of UNO) sf] ¿kdf ljZjJofkL ¿kdf nfu" ul/of] . o;/L
ljlwjt ¿kdf ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 (UNO) sf] :yfkgf eof] . o; ;+:yfsf] k|wfg sfof{no
Go'of]s{df /xg] u/L !& hgj/L !($^ b]lv sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ yfNof] . o;sf] a8fkqdf !( cWofo
/ !!! wf/f /x]sf5g\ .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkqsf] wf/f ! df o; ;+:yfsf] p2]Zox¿ /flvPsf 5g\\ h'g lgDglnlvt
5g\\ M
-s_ cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff sfod /fVg, zflGt eª\u ug]{ wDsL /f]Sg, x6fpg /
cfj|md0fsf/L sfo{ jf c¿ zflGt eª\u x'g] sfo{x¿sf] bdg ug{, ;fd'lxs ¿kaf6
k|efjsf/L sbdx¿ p7fpg tyf zflGt eª\u ug]{ lsl;dsf cGt/f{li6«o ljjfb jf
kl/l:yltx¿ ldnfpg jf ;dfwfg ug{, Gofo / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf l;4fGtx¿ cg'¿k
zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\un] ;dfwfg u/fpg] .
-v_ ;dfg clwsf/ / hgtfx¿sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] ;dfg l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /fi6«x¿lar d}qLk"0f{
;DaGw ljsl;t ug]{ tyf ljZj zflGt dha't kfg{ cGo ;d'lrt sbdx¿ p7fpg] .
-u_ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts jf dfgjLo cGt/f{li6«o ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf hflt, lnª\u,
efiff / wd{df e]befj g/fvL ;a}sf lglDt df}lns xs Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/x¿k|lt
;Ddfgsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf cª\ux¿
-s_ dxf;ef (General Assembly)
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] k|To]s jif{ dxf;efsf] a}7s a:b5 . o;sf nflu k|To]s ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] %
hgf;Dd k|ltlglw k7fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ dtbfg x'Fbf Ps b]zsf] Ps dt dflgG5 .
dxf;efn] cfˆgf] jif{el/sf] ah]6 kfl/t ug'{sf ;fy} ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf c:yfoL ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg
ug]{, s'g} b]znfO{{ gofF ;b:osf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ cflb sfd ub{5 . of] /fi6«;ª\3sf]
Joj:yflksf ;+;b h:t} xf] .
-v_ ;'/Iff kl/ifb (Security Council)
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;jf{lws zlStzfnL cª\u / sfo{kflnsfsf] ¿kdf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ /x]sf] x'G5 .
o;df cd]l/sf, ¿;, rLg, k|mfG;, a]nfot u/L kfFr :yfoL ;b:o /x]sf x'G5g\\ / afFsL kGw|
c:yfoL ;b:ox¿ b'O{jif{sf nflu dxf;efaf6 lgjf{lrt x'G5g\\ . kfFr :yfoL ;b:ox¿nfO{{ le6f]
clwsf/ -lgif]wflwsf/_ k|fKt x'G5 . o;sf :yfoL ;b:ox¿n] lgif]wflwsf/ (Veto) k|of]u u/L
dxf;efn] u/]sf lg0f{onfO{{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb5 . cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVgsf nflu
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3af6 l56f] / k|efjsf/L sf/jfxL u/fpg o;sf ;b:on] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{{ k|fylds
pTt/bfloTTj lbPsf x'G5g\\ . oL st{Jo kfng ubf{ ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf p2]Zo tyf
l;4fGtcg';f/ sfo{ ug]{5 .
-u_ ;+/If0f kl/ifb\ (Trusteeship Council)
pklgj]zjfbdf /x]sf If]qx¿, :jtGqtf k|fKt ePsf t/ zf;g ug{ ;Ifd geO;s]sf b]zx¿sf
hgtfnfO{{ cfk}Fm zf;g ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] jf :jtGqtf k|fKt e};s]sf pklgj]zx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{
sfd o; kl/ifb\n] ub{5 . o; kl/ifb\df ;'/Iff kl/ifb\s} kfFr :yfoL ;b:ox¿ /x]sf x'G5g\\ . o;
kl/ifb\sf] a}7s jif{sf] b'O{k6s a:g] ub{5 .
-3_ cGt/f{li6«o cbfnt (International Court for Justice)
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] Goflos cª\usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] cbfntdf kGw|hgf GofofwLzx¿ x'G5g\\ .
GofofwLzx¿sf] lgjf{rg ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / dxf;efaf6 x'G5 . k|To]s GofofwLzsf] sfo{sfn (
jif{sf] x'G5 . cfˆgf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 logLx¿ k'gM lgo'St klg x'g ;Sb5g\\ . cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gL ljjfb, o'4 ck/fwsf ;DaGwdf / ;b:o /fi6«x¿larsf] emu8fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug]{ sfo{ o;
cbfntn] u5{ . o; cbfntsf] k|wfg sfof{no xn}08sf] x]u ;x/df 5 .
-ª_ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ (Economic and Social Council)
of] ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] u}//fhgLlts cª\usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+:yf xf] . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts / dfgjLo ljifoj:t'x¿df sfo{ ub{5 . o;df hDdf %$ ;b:ox¿ x'G5g\\ . oL
;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg dxf;efaf6 ul/G5 . o; kl/ifb\sf] clwj]zg jif{df slDtdf b'O{k6s a:b5
/ o; kl/ifb\cGtu{t !* cf]6f ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfox¿ x'G5g\\, tL x'g\– != cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g
(ILO), @= vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g (FAO), #= ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs / ;f+:s[lts
;ª\u7g (UNESCO), $= cGt/f{li6«o c0f'zlSt cfof]u (IAEA), %= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g
(WHO), ^= ljZj a}ª\s (World Bank), &= cGt/f{li6«o df}lb|s sf]if (IMF), *= cGt/f{li6«o
gful/s p8\8og ;ª\3 (ICAO) (= ljZj x'nfs ;ª\3 (UPU), !)= cGt/f{li6«o b"/ ;~rf/
;ª\3 (ITU), !!=ljZj hnjfo' ;ª\3 (WMO), !@, cGt/f{li6«o ;fd'lb|s ;ª\u7g (IMO), !#=
s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]if (IFAD), !$= ljZj af}l4s ;Dkbf ;ª\u7g (WIPO), !%=
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;ª\u7g (UNIDO) !^= cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+:yf (IDA),
!&= cGt/f{li6«o ljQ lgud (IFC), !*= ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g (WTO) .

-r_ ;lrjfno (Secretarite)
;lrjfno ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|zf;sLo sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo ÷ cª\u xf] . o;sf k|d'v
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrj x'G5g\\ . dxf;lrjsf] lgo'lSt ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kml/;df dxf;efn]
ub{5 . dxf;lrjsf] sfo{sfn kfFrjif{sf] x'G5 . cfˆgf] sfo{sfn k"/f ePkl5 k'gM lgo'St x'g ;Sg]
k|fjwfg klg 5 . ;ª\3sf] a8fkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf cfbz{x¿ kfng ug]{ / ug{ nufpg], ;ª\3sf
ljleGg cª\ux¿sf] k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug]{, cfˆgf] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{{ ljs]lGb|t ug]{ /
;ª\3sf] jflif{s k|ult ljj/0f dxf;efdf k]z ug]{ sfd dxf;lrjn] ub{5g\\ . dxf;lrjnfO{{
;xof]u ug{ !@ hgf;Dd pkdxf;lrjx¿sf] lgo'lSt x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;lrjfnon] dxf;efn]
u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd ub{5 . xfn ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf dxf;lrj blIf0f sf]l/ofsf
gful/s jfg\ ls d'g x'g'x'G5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf s;/L eof] < 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf eO;s]kl5 cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf sltko hl6n ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg ePsf 5g\\ eg] sltko ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg x'g afFsL 5g\\ . olb tkfO{F ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;lrj x'g'ePsf] eP tL ;d:ofx¿ s;/L ;dfwfg ug'{x'GYof] < pNn]v
ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ @$ cS6f]j/ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lbg xf] . o; lbgnfO{{ :d/0f ub}{
cGt/f{li6«o ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ o;n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf pNn]v ub}{ cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{{ Pp6f
5f]6f] lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf rf/ ljlzli6s[t Ph]G;L gfd / ltgn] g]kfndf u/]sf ;xof]uL
sfo{j|mdnfO{{ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
-ª_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf ultljlwsf ;DaGwdf Pp6f 5f]6f] ;dfrf/ agfO{ uf]/vfkq, sflGtk'/
jf /fOlhª g]kfndf k7fpg'xf];\ .
-r_ ;o'St /fi6« ;+3sf cª\ux¿n] ug]{ k|d'v sfo{x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ ;o'St /fi6« ;+3sf ultljlwx¿sf] ;dfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0L ug'{xf];\ .
-h_ ;o'St /fi6« ;+3n] ;fgf tyf ul/a d'n'sx¿sf] xs clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug{ s] e"ldsf v]Ng
;S5 < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-em_ ljZjdf zflGt sfod ug{ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxTTjaf/] Pp6f ;Djfb tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf lglDt o;} kf7sf ljifoj:t'x¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf lgldt lgDglnlvt a'Fbfsf cfwf/df n]Vg'xf];\ .
jftf{ / ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{,
zflGt ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{,
dWo:ytf ug]{ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf lglDt ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L cl3Nnf kf7x¿sf gd'gfadf]lhd lr7L
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf lglDt o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf lglDt tnsf] gd'gf x]g'{xf];\ .
æ;'8fgdf o'4lj/fdÆ
!% j}zfv –;'8fgleqsf] ljb|f]x cGTo u/L ToxfF zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ k|of;df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 /
clk|msL /fi6«sf g]tfx¿ ;+nUg /xFb} cfPsf 5g\\ . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf
;'8fg ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xLlar o'4lj/fd ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . ljut @! jif{b]lvsf] nfdf] u[xo'4
;dfKt kfg]{ ;Demf}tfdf ;'8fg ;/sf/sf tk{maf6 pk/fi6«klt cf]:dfg tfxf / blIf0fL ljb|f]xL
;d"xsf g]tf hf]g uf/f8n] x:tfIf/ u/] . ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xL kIflar ;g\ @))# sf] cGTo;Dddf
o'4lj/fd ug]{ o;cl3sf] ;xdlt 6'6]kl5 k'gM b'O{cf]6f ;xdlt c;kmn ePsf lyP . o; k6ssf]
;xdlt ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] dWo:ytfdf klxnf] k6s ePsf] lyof] . g}/f]jLdf ;DkGg ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf]
a}7sn] ljZj;d'bfonfO{{ @! dlxgf;Dd 8fk{"m/ If]qdf rn]sf] åGåsf] qf;bL cjut u/fPsf] lyof] .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] 8fk{"m/sf] of] g/;+xf/nfO{{ jt{dfg ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf eofjx dfgjLo ;ª\s6sf]
;+1f lbPsf] 5 .
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf] nflu tnsf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
;o'St /fi6« ;+3sf cª\ux¿n] ug]{ k|d'v sfo{x¿
cª\ux¿ k|d'v sfo{x¿
dxf;ef cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ .
;'/Iff kl/ifb\\ / cGo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgdfly ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ .
;b:otf hf/L ug]{ tyf jflif{s ah]6 kf; ug]{ .
;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df dxf;lrjsf] lgo'lSt ug]{ .
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kl/ifb\\sf ;b:ox¿ lgjf{lrt ug]{ .
cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnox¿sf GofofwLzx¿ lgjf{lrt ug]{ .
;'/Iff cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{

kl/ifb gofF ;b:o /fi6«sf] k|j]zsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
cfjZostfcg';f/ zflGt ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{ .
dxf;lrjsf] lgo'lStsf nflu dxf;efnfO{{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3if{df x'g ;Sg] ljjfb jf l:yltsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ .
cfly{s cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs cflb If]qdf cWoog u/L

tyf k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ .
;fdlhs dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns xssf] kfngf / clej[l4sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
kl/ifb ljleGg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{ . dxf;efn] lbg]
s'g} klg lhDd]jf/L kfngf ug]{
lhDdf cGo /fi6«sf] pklgj]zaf6 :jtGq jf :jtGq /fi6«x¿ cfkm}F zf;g rnfpg
hdfgL c;Ifd /fi6«x¿nfO{{ zf;g ;~rfng ug{ of]Uo / ;Ifd agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ .
kl/ifb
cGt/f{li6«o cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbdf lg0f{o ug]{ .
Gofono /fi6« ;ª\3 / o;sf lgsfox¿nfO{{ sfg'gL ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ . ;lGw
;Demf}tfsf] cy{ :ki6 kfg]{ .
sfg'gL zAbsf] JofVof ug]{ .
;lrjfno cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbdf dWo:ytf ug]{

zflGt sfod ug]{ lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ .
ljZjJofkL dxTTjsf ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{ .
k|ltj]bg k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f ug]{ .
ljZj ;dfrf/ hut\nfO{{ /fi6« ;ª\3sf ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
-5_ cEof; -5_ sf lglDt lgDg lnlvt cWoog x]g'{xf];\ .

;o'St /fi6« ;+3n] ljZjdf ljljw vfnsf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . s'g} sfo{x¿df
;kmntf k|fKt ePsf b]lvG5 eg] s'g} ultljlwx¿df c;kmntf xft k/]sf] blvG5 . o;n]
tkl;ncg';f/ sfo{x¿df k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng g;Sg' o;sf] sdhf]/L xf] .
ljZj kl/j]zdf lbg k|ltlbg k/df0f' phf{sf] xf]8afhL a9b} hfFbf /f]Sg cfjZos sbd
grfNg'
lj:kmf]6s xftxltof/x¿sf] cf];f/ k;f/ / k|of]unfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ gs:g'
ul/a b]zx¿sf] lxtdf ck]lIft ;xof]u ug{ g;Sg'
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] kIfdf jsfnt ug'{
;a} b]zdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{ g;Sg'
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df zflGt sfod ug{ g;Sg' .
-h_ cEof; -h_ sf lglDtlnlvt cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

;fgf tyf ul/a d'n'sx¿sf] xs clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug{ ;o'St /fi6« ;+3n] v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsf o;
k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
;o'St /fi6;+3sf ljleGg ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L
ul/a d'n'ssf gful/sx¿ ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{,
ef]sdf/L cGt ug]{
vfB ;'/Iff tyf e08f/0fdf ;xof]u ug]{
afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIff / :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ ug]{
ljl;t d'n'sx¿n] pgLx¿n] ul/a d'n'snfO{ ug'{kg]{ ;xof]usf] cg'udg u/L a9L eGbf a9L
ul/a d'n'x¿sf] lxtdf x'g] Joj:yfsf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{
zflGtsf nflu b]zn] dfu]sf] cj:yfdf cfjZos ;xhLs/0f ug]{ cflb .
-em_ cEof; -`_ sf nflu Pp6f ;+jfbsf] gd'gf tn lbOPsf] 5 . cWoog u/L cfk"mn] klg n]Vg]
k|of; ug'{xf];\ .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] ljZjdf zflGtsf nflu u/]sf] of]ubfgsf af/]df k//fi6«ljb\ / ljBfyL{larsf]
;+jfb tn lbOPsf] 5 .
ljBfyL{ M ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3n] zflGtsf nflu u/]sf sfo{x¿af/] 5nkmn u/f}F g .
k//fi6«ljb M x'G5, n ;'g, ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] åGån] u|:t d'n'sx¿df zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu
dWo:ytfsf] sfo{ ug]{ ub{5 . o;af6 s]xL b]zx¿df zflGt :yfkgf eO{ åGåkl5
lgjf{rgx¿ ePsf 5g\\ .
ljBfyL{ M clxn] s'gs'g b]zx¿df zflGt ;]gf k7fPsf] 5 <
k//fi6«ljb\ M clxn] klg n]jgfg, x}6L, a'/G8Lh:tf b]zx¿df zflGt ;]gf k7fPsf] 5 .
ljBfyL{ M ;/, xfd|f] b]zsf] zflGtsf nflu ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLlar dWo:ttf u/L xltof/
Joj:yfkg sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5, x}g <
k//fi6«ljb M xf] . Psbd l7s eGof} . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] zflGtsf nflu u/]sf] dxTTjk"0f{
sfo{dWo]] xfd|f] b]znfO{{ k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]u klg Ps xf] . g]kfndf cgldgn] zflGt
:yfkgfy{ u/]sf] sfo{ lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . o;/L ljleGg tl/sfn] ljleGg
b]zx¿df zflGtsf nflu ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . s'g} b'O{ b]zx¿lar e}+mFemu8f x'g]
cj:yf cfPdf klxnf g} ;r]t u/fpg,] dWo:ytf ug]{ sfo{ klg ub{5 .
ljBfyL{ M ;/, o;af6 ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ljZj zflGtdf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5 eGg
;lsG5 x}g <
k//fi6«ljb\ M xf], Psbd l7s eGof} .
$= ;f+/fz
@$ cS6f]j/ !($% sf lbg ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ljlwjt\ ¿kdf :yfkgf eof] . o; ;+:yfsf] k|wfg
sfof{no Go'of]s{df /xg] u/L !& hgj/L !($^ b]lv sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ yfNof] . o;sf] a8fkqdf
!( cWofo / !!! wf/f /x]sf5g\ . xfn !(# /fi6«x¿ o;sf ;b:o /x]sf5g\ . o;df c+u|]hL,
km|]Gr, lrlgof, ?;L / :k]lg; efiffx¿n] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} cflwsfl/s sf]ifsf] dfGotf
kfPsf5g\ . o;} u/L ;g !(&# df c/laog efiffnfO{ klg cflwsfl/s efiffsf] ¿kdf yk ePsf]
lyof] . o;sf] :yfkgf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df zflGt sfod ug]{, /fi6«x¿lar d}qL ;DaGw sfod ug]{,
dfgj clwsf/sf] k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zossf ;fy ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu zflGtlk|o
/fi6« x'g'kg]{, a8fkqnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'g'kg]{, ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] kfFr :yfoL ;b:o;lxt gf} ;b:on]
cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / dxf;efåf/f b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:on] cg'df]bg ug'[kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf
cª\ux¿df dxf;ef, ;'/Iff kl/ifb, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\, lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb,
cGt/f{li6«o Gofono / ;lrjfno /x]sf 5g\ .
kf7 M @
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf k|d'v Ph]G;L / To;sf sfo{x¿
!= ljifoj:t'
-s_ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g (World Health Organisation- WHO)
ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf] :yfkgf & clk|n !($* df ePsf] xf] . of] ! h'nfO{{ !($* b]lv ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3sf] ljlzi6 ;+:yf ag]sf] xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no h]g]efdf 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo
hgtfsf] :jf:Yo ;'wf/ ug{ ljleGg b]zx¿nfO{{ ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . g]kfndf of] ;+:yfn]
ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ux¿sf] lgoGq0f / pkrf/, cfdf / lzz'sf] kf}li6s cfxf/;DaGwL sfddf
;xfotf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
-v_ vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g (Food and Agriculture Organisation-FAO)
of] ;+:yf !^ cS6f]j/ !($% df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no /f]ddf 5 . o;n] s[lif,
jg / dT:okfngdf ;xof]u ug{], u|fdL0f hLjg ;'wfg{ cg';Gwfg ug{]h:tf sfo{nfO{{ ;xof]u ub}{
cfPsf] 5 .
-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo afnsf]if (United Nations Internationaal Children’s
Emergency Fund-UNICEF)
of] ;+:yf !($^ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no Go'of]s{df /x]sf] 5 . o;n] dft[lzz'
sNof0f, kf]if0f, :jR5 vfg]kfgL, afnaflnsfx¿nfO{{ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIff k|bfg
ug{]h:tf sfo{df ;xof]u k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
-3_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs / ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u7g (United Nations
Educational Science and Cultural Organisation-UNESCO)
of] ;+:yf !($^ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no k]l/;df 5 . o; ;+:yfn] ;a}nfO{{
lzIffsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg], lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf kf/:kl/s ;xof]u a9fpg], k|frLg snf
;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug{] / ljZj zflGtsf] cfwf/nfO{{ alnof] agfpg] sfo{df ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
-ª_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo hg;ª\Vof ultljlw sf]if (United Nations Funds for
Pupulation Activities- UNFPA)
of] ;+:yf !(^& df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no Go'of]s{df /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v
b]zdf eO/x]sf] tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{] Pjd\ hg;ª\Vof
;DaGwL ljljw sfo{j|mdnfO{{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ o;n] ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\
!(*& b]lv o;sf] gfd kl/jt{g eO{ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo hg;ª\Vof sf]if (United Nations
Pupulation Funds) /xg uPsf] 5 .
-r_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{j|md (United Nations Development Program-
UNDP)
of] ;+:yf !(^^ df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no Go'of]s{df /x]sf] 5 . o;n]
ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿df cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k'/\ofpb} cfPsf] 5 .
-5_ cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;ª\3 (International Union of Conservation for
Nature-IUCN)
of] ;+:yf ;g\ !($* df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;n] k|b'if0f lgoGq0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, /fli6«o
lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/If0fsf sfo{df ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
-h_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g (International Labour Organization)
of] ;+:yf ;g\ !(!( clk|n !! df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no :jL6\h/Nof08sf]
h]g]efdf 5 . o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ >ldsx¿sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ xf] .
-em_ cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if (International Monetary Fund)
of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($% l8;]Da/ @& df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no cd]l/sfsf]
jfl;ª\6g l8;Ldf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{{ ljQLo ;xof]u k|bfg ub{5 .
-`_ cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p8\8og ;ª\u7g (International Civil Aviation Organization)
of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !($& clk|n $ df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no Sofgf8fsf]
dlG6«ondf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfo{ ljZje/L ;'/lIft tyf lgoldt xjfO{ ;]jfsf] ;'Joj:yf
ldnfpg', ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug'{ / jfo'ofgsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;~rfngnfO{{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
-6_ ljZj x'nfs ;ª\3 (International Postal Union)
of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !*&$ cS6f]a/ * df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no :jL6\h/Nof08sf]
jg{ ;x/df /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfo{ x'nfs ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug'{, x'nfs;DaGwL k|fljlws ;xfotf
pknAw u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .
-7_ cGt/f{li6«o b"/ ;~rf/ ;ª\3 (International Tele Communication)
of] ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !*^% df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no :jL6\h/Nof08sf] h]g]efdf
5 . o;sf] sfo{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg', o;sf] ljsf;nfO{{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{, b"/ ;~rf/
;]jfsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ;'ljwfx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
-8_ ljZj hnjfo"' lj1fg ;ª\u7g (World Meteorological Organization)
of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !*&# df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no :jL6\h/Nof08sf] h]g]efdf
5 . o;sf] sfo{ hnlj1fg / hnjfo';DaGwL lg/LIf0fsf nflu :6];g jf s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug'{ /

hnjfo';DaGwL ;"rgfx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
-9_ cGt/f{li6«o ;fd'lb|s ;ª\u7g (International Maritime Organization)
of] ;ª\u7gsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(%* dfr{ !& df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no a]nfotsf]
nG8gdf 5 . o;sf] sfo{ ;fd'lb|s oftfoftdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug'{ xf] .
-0f_ cGt/f{li6«o s[lif ljsf; sf]if (International Fund for Agriculture Development)
of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(&& gf]e]Da/ #) df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no O6fnLsf] /f]ddf
/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfo{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿nfO{{ s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 ug{sf nflu nufgL ug{
k|f]T;flxt ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
-t_ z/0ffyL{x¿sf nflu ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo pRrfo'Stsf] sfof{no (United Nations High
Commission for Refugees)
o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(%) df ePsf] xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo z/0ffyL{x¿sf] ;'/Iff ug'{ / pgLx¿sf
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug'{ xf] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no :jLh/Nof08sf] h]g]efdf /x]sf] 5 .
/fhgLlts c;xdlt, km/s wd{, hfltut / /ª\ue]bsf sf/0fn] cfˆgf] b]z 5f8\g afWo ePsf /
ljljw sf/0fn] cfˆgf] b]zdf tTsfn kms{g grfxg] ljZje/Lsf z/0ffyL{x¿sf] ;'/Iff ug{] /
ltgsf ;d:ofx¿sf] :yfoL ;dfwfg ug{] p2]Zon] ;g\ !(%) b]lv z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3Lo pRrfo'Stsf] sfof{no (United Nations High Commission for Refugees-
UNHCR) ;lqmo /xb} cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] b;s otf t emg} b'O{ b]zsf] åGåeGbf klg
cfGtl/s u[xo'4 / n8fOFn] ;+;f/e/sf w]/} dflg;x¿ k|efljt eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf o;sf] of]ubfg
cToGt} w]/} /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]un] ;g\ !(() b]lv g]kfndf a:b} cfPsf ! nfveGbf a9L e'6fgL
z/0ffyL{x¿sf] b}lgs cfjZostf k"/f ug{] / pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg ug{] p2]Zon]
;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ultljlw
ljZje/df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 cGtu{t sl/a ^%))) sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ub{5g\\ . g]kfndf ^^ gDa/sf]
lgnf] Kn]6 ePsf] df]6/ / To;df /fi6«;ª\3sf] lrXg ePsf] em08f;lxt u'8\g] uf8L ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3sf x'g\ .
ljleGg /fi6«x¿lardf Pstf sfod ug{] ;Gbe{df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf ljlzi6 tyf :jtGq
;+:yfx¿n] of]ubfg lbO/x]sf 5g\\ . log} ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf ljZjsf k|foM ;a} b]zx¿df
ljleGg lsl;dsf cfly{s tyf ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\\ .
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;efdf wgL, ul/a, 7'nf, ;fgf ;a} b]zx¿n] ;dfg cfjfh p7fpg / dt
lbg ;Sb5g\\ . ljZjsf s'g} klg ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df ;a} /fi6«x¿n] ;Fu} a;]/ 5nkmn ug{
;Sb5 . ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ;o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo sfo{j|mdsf nflu tf]lsPadf]lhd /sd pknAw
u/fpF5g\\ . ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfn] ;aeGbf a9L ;xof]u pknAw u/fpF5 . ljZjsf nfvf}F
dflg;nfO{{ ;xof]u ug{ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] s/La * c/a cd]l/sL 8n/ vr{ ug]{ ub{5 . wgL
/fi6«x¿n] a9L / ul/a /fi6«x¿n] sd cfly{s ;xof]u :j]R5fn] g} k|bfg ub{5g\\ . pSt /sdaf6
vf; u/]/ ;fdflhs / cfly{s kIfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOG5 . dlxnf / afnaflnsfnfO{{ ;xof]u,
kl/jf/ lgof]hg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, k|f0f3fts /f]u P8\; / nfu" cf}ifw / ck/fwsf] /f]syfd,
z/0ffyL{x¿sf] x]/ljrf/, dfgj clwsf/h:tf sfo{df pSt /sd vr{ ul/G5 .
o;/L ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] g]kfnnufotsf cGo d'n'sdf ljleGg vfnsf sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng
ul//x]sf] 5 . tLdWo] kf]lnof] vf]k, lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f, cf0fljs xltof/ k|of]u lgif]w;DaGwL ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3Lo sfo{j|md, cfktsfnLg p4f/, afnclwsf/;DaGwL ;Dd]ng, afn>d lj/f]wL sfo{ cflb
dxTTjk"0f{ pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
g]kfndf ;o'St /fi6« ;ª3Lo ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t ePsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;+lIfKt ;"rL
;+:yfx¿ u/]sf sfo{x¿
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\Lo afn tyf dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug]{
afnsf]if afn :ofxf/, kf]if0f, lzIff / :jf:Yo lzIff;Fu ;alGwt sfox¿
s[lif ljsf;sf nflu u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsfsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿
cGt/f{li6«o sf]if ul/a, e"ldxLg tyf cflbjf;L hghflt / dxlnfx¿sf] ljsf;sf
nflu sfo{qmd
vfB ;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbg] sfo{qmd
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g /f]huf/L k|j4{g,ul/aL lgjf/0f
cfF}Bf]lus ;DaGw ;'wf/
>d k|zf;g nfu" ug]{
afn>d / aw'jf dhb'/nfO{ ;jtGqt agfpg]
?ldsf] sfo{:yn ;'wf/
;o'St /fi6«;ª3Lo :jf:yYo;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿
hg;+Vof sf]if n}ªlus lx+;f lj?4sf sfo{qmdx¿
!(&! b]lv g]kfnnfO{
;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf]
;o'St /fi6«;ª3Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;xefuLtfd"ns b[li6sf]0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg
k"FhL ljsf; sf]if :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf j[l4

;o'St /fi6«;ª3Lo ;x/L o]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg
dfgj ljsf; sfo{qmd jftfj/0fL b[li6n] pko'StM k'jf{w/ / ;]jf
;'b[9 dfgj j:tL ljQ k|0ffnL
jsfnt, cg'udg / ;fem]bf/L
;o'St /fi6«;ª3df dlxnf lx+;f lj?4 zflGt ;'/Iff, g]t[TTj Ifdtf, z;QmLs/0fdf
dlxnf ;xof]u
ljZj vfB sfo{qmd ef]sdf/Lsf] /f]syfd
vL3{sfnLg vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f gLlt
ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf
ljZj :jf:yo ;+u7g :jf:yo If]qdf k|fljlws ;xof]u
cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] k|j4{g ug]{
k|hgg :jf:Yo .
@= cEof;
-s_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf cª\ux¿sf] gfd / sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-v_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf ljlzi6 ;+:yfx¿af6 g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;xof]usf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3af6 ;~rfng x'g] s'g} cf7cf]6f sfo{j|mdx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ olb tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf s'g} ;d:of 5 / Tof] ;d:of ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 cGtu{tsf
;ª\u7gx¿n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg] 7fGg'x'G5 eg] cfjZos ;xof]usf lglDt g]kfn l:yt
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] sfof{nodf k7fpg] lgj]bgsf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfx¿sf] ultljlwnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s] ug'{knf{ < ;'emfj lbg' xf]; .
-r_ afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ;DaGwlt sfo{df ;o'St /fi6« ;ª3Lo afnsf]ifsf] of]ubfg pNn]v u/L
;dfrf/sf] gd'gf agfpg'xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf cª\ux¿ cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] k|d'v Ph]G;Lx¿ /
ltgaf6 g]kfnn] kfPsf] ;xof]u zLif{scGtu{t cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu tkfO{Fn] n]lv;s]kl5 o;} kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t ;dfj]z ePsf]
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf k|d'v Ph]G;Lx¿ / ltgaf6 g]kfnn] kfPsf] ;xof]ucGtu{tsf] clGtd
cg'R5]b;Fu ?h' ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf nflu ljifoj:t'cGtu{t tflnsf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf] lgj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
lgj]bgsf] gd'gf
dxfdlxd cfjf;Lo k|ltlglwHo"
g]kfnl:yt ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] sfof{no
k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/ .
ljifo M ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] af/] .
d g]kfnsf] b'u{d :yfgdf a;f]jf; ub{5' . d a:g] ;d'bfodf w]/} ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . tLdWo]
ToxfF a;f]jf; ug]{ sl/a !% k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿n] cWoog ug]{ cj;/ gkfpg] cj:yf
ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff pknAw u/fpgsf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u u/L lbg x'g
cg'/f]w 5 . ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3Lo Ph]G;L o'lg;]kmdfk{mt d]/f] ;d'bfosf] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{{
cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L tyf cGo ljifodf ;xof]u u/L afnaflnsfsf] lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg' kg]{
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/fdf ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] pNn]vgLo ;xof]usf]
cfzf ub{5' .
lgj]bs
pd]z g]kfnL, ;nf{xL – $
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿sf] ultljlwnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ug'{ kg]{ sfo{x¿
ul/aLs]Gb|Lt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
l;kd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{
JoflSt, ;d'bfo / ;/sf/sf] ;fem]bf/L ;xltsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
sfo{qmdx¿sf] kf/blz{tfdf hf]8 lbg]
:yfgLosf] ;xefuLtfdf cg'udg x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ .
b]zsf] k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd dfq ;~rfng ug]{ .
-5_ cEof; -5_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

afnsflnsfx¿;Fu ;DaGwlt sfo{df ;o'St /fi6« ;ª3Lo afnsf]ifsf] of]ubfg ;DaGwL ;dfrf/sf]
gd'gf
ldlt M @)&#÷!)÷ )$ ut]
b]zsf] lk5l8Psf] If]q 8f]Nkfsf] kmf]s;'08f] uflj;df ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{{ {
lzIffdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ ;o'St /fi6« ;ª3Lo afnsf]ifn] ;xof]u u/] afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu
cfjZos ;xof]u k'/\ofpg ljBfnosf] ;]jfIf]q leqsf clefjsx¿nfO{{ r]tgf hfu[t ug{
cled'vLs/0f tflnd, afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu kf]if0f o'St vfhf, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf ;xof]u
u/]sf] 5 . To};}u/L afnljjfx /f]Sg cleefjs lzIff nufotsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L
afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmd lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no / ufpFkflnsf;Fusf] cfjZos ;dGjodf ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
$= ;f+/fz
;o'St /fi6« ;ª3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfx¿df vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g, o'g]:sf], ljZj :jf:Yo
;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if, gful/s p8\ofg ;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o
b'/;~rf/ ;+u7g, ljZj df};d lj1fg ;+u7g, ljZj af}l4s ;+u7g, cGt/f{li6«o cf0fljs phf{
cfof]u, cGt/f{li6«o k'gMlgdf{0f tyf ljsf; a}+s, ;o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 cf]Bf}lus ljsf; ;+u7g,
;o'St /fi6« ;ª3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;o'St /fi6« ;ª3Lo afnsf]if / ljZj Jofk/ ;+u7g
/x]sf5g\ . ;o'St /fi6« ;ª3n] oL ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L
cfkmgf] p2]Zo k"/f ug]{ sfo{ ub]{ cfPsf] 5 .
kf7 M #
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3df g]kfnsf] e"ldsf
!= ljifoj:t'
låtLo ljZj o'4kl5 nuQ} :yfkgf ePsf] ;+o'St
/fi6«;ª\3df xfn !(# /fi6«x¿ ;b:o /x]sf5g\ .
g]kfnn] ;g !(%% l8;]Da/ !$ df o;sf] ;b:otf
k|fKt u/]s]f xf] . g]kfnn] o;sf] ;b:o k|fKt ul/;s]
kl5 ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ljZj zflGt / ;'Joj:yf
sfod ug]{ sfo{df dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] vf; u/]/ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3dfk{mt
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{{ ljleGg åGåu|:t d'n'sx¿df k7fO{ zflGt ;]gfdf vl6Psf g]kfnL ;]gf /
zflGtsf nflu ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . k|x/Lx¿
g]kfnsf] e"ldsf
g]kfnL ;]gfn] dWok"j{sf] n]jgfg uO{ zflGtsf nflu ;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\\ .
g]kfnL ;]gf blIf0fk"jL{ o'/f]ksf] /fi6« sf];f]ef]df uO{ zflGtsf nflu ToxfFsf] hgtfnfO{{ ;xof]u
ul//x]sf 5g\\ . To;}u/L x}6L, a'¿G8Lnufotsf b]zx¿df zflGt ;]gf k7fO{ g]kfnL ;]gfn]
zflGtsf nflu u/]sf] of]ubfg lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .
ljZjsf ljleGg /fi6«x¿df eO/x]sf] åGåsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] s'g} klg
b]zdf ;]gf k7fpg cg'/f]w ug{ ;S5 . To; cj:yfdf g]kfnL ;]gfdfk{mt g]kfnn] ljZj
zflGtsf nflu cfjZos ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
o'lglkmndf ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] cfx\jfgdf g]kfnnufot ljleGg d'n'ssf ;}lgsx¿ zflGt
:yfkgf ug{] sfo{df vl6b} cfPsf 5g\\ . o;kl5sf jif{x¿df o:tf ljleGg k|sf/sf zflGt
ld;gx¿ ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] cg'/f]wdf sª\uf], O:6 l6df]/, sf];f]ef], ?jfG8f, l;o/flnof]g,
x}6L, a'?08Lnufotsf b]zx¿df vl6b} cfPsf 5g\\ . tL ld;gx¿df g]kfnL ;]gf / k|x/Lsf]
of]ubfg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 .
zflGt ;]gfn] ug]{ sfo{j|mdx¿df zflGt k|lqmofnfO{{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] j|mddf s'g} kIfnfO{{ ;'/Iff
k|bfg ug{, ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] ;]gfnfO{{ tflnd k|bfg ug]{, cf}ifwL tyf vfB ;fdu|L
kLl8tkIf;Dd k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{, hldgd'lg cf]5\ofOPsf hf]lvdk"0f{ af?b ;kmf ug]{,
:yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ cflb . zflGt ;]gfdf ;}lgs hjfgafx]s k'ln;, r'gfj
ljz]if1, sfg'gljb\, af?b x6fpg] ljz]if1, bf]efif], ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] bIf hgzlSt, dfgj clwsf/jfbLx¿ /xG5g\\ . krxQ/ b]zsf sl/a !$)))
JolStx¿ zflGt ;]gfdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
o;}u/L ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] cGt/f{li6«o cftª\sjfb /f]Sg kxn ub{5 . s'g} Ps b]zsf
cftª\ssf/L cGo b]zdf uP/ cfˆgf] ;xof]udf c¿nfO{{ cftª\s dRrfp5g\\ eg] To;nfO{{
cGt/f{li6«o cftª\sjfb elgG5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ljleGg sfg'gx¿ kfl/t ug]{ sfo{
ePsf 5g\\ . zflGt ;]gfsf] sfo{ of] cftª\saf6 d'lSt lbnfpg' klg xf] .
@= cEof;
-s_ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;dembf/Lsf nflu v]n]sf] e"ldsf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ g]kfnn] ljZj zflGt sfod ug{ v]n]sf] e"ldsfnfO{{ ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ s] tkfO{FnfO{{ g]kfnn] zflGt ;]gfdf cfˆgf b]zaf;LnfO{{ k7fPsf] dg k/]sf] 5 < lsg <
-em_ s] tkfO{F zflGt ;]gfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ rfxg'x'G5 < To:tf] sfo{n] ljZj zflGtdf s:tf] 6]jf
k'Ug ;Sb5 < o;}nfO{{ cfwf/ agfO{ sf7df8fF} 6F'l8v]nl:yt g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg sfof{nosf]
zflGt ;]gf PsfOsf k|d'vnfO{{ k7fpg] Pp6f kqsf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f M
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf nflu o;} kf7sf] bf];|f] / t];|f] cg'R5]b cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o zflGt / ;dembf/Lsf nflu v]n]sf] e"ldsf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
g]kfnn] cfk"mnfO{{ zflGtlk|o d'n'ssf ¿kdf lrgfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
o;n] s;}dfly xdnf ub}{g / ;a};Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod ug{ rfxG5 . s;}sf] kIf lnP/
n8fO{ tyf emu8fdf km:g] sfo{ ub}{g .
;g\ !(%% b]lv ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;b:o agL cfˆgf ljrf/x¿ /fVb} cfPsf] 5 .
c;+nUg /fi6«x¿sf] ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 eO{ ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lnb} cfPsf] .
k|frLgsfndf Py]G; / :kf6flarsf] emu8fnfO{{ ;dfKt u/L zflGtk"0f{ k|lt:kwf{ sfod ug{sf
nflu @*)) jif{ cl3 u|L;df cf]nlDks v]nsf] ;'?jft ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] v]ns'b
k|ltof]lutfcGtu{t ;fs{:t/Lo v]ns'bsf] cfof]hs /fi6« alg;s]sf] 5 eg] s}of}F cGt/f{li6«o
v]nx¿df efu lnPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] b'O{k6s ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:osf] ¿kdf sfo{ ul/;s]sf] 5 .
;'/Iff kl/ifb\df /xFbf cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbx¿ ;'Ne\mfpg ;lqmo e"ldsf v]n]sf] .
g]kfnL d"nsf s"nrGb| uf}tdn] ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3sf] pkdxf;lrj kbdf a;]/ ;d]t
ljZjzflGtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ePsf] 5 .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu lgDg a'Fbfsf cfwf/df n]Vg'xf];\ .
g]kfnsf] :yfoL zflGt / ;Dj[l4sf nflu ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf
g]kfn ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL kIflarsf] zflGt ;Demf}tf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
b'j} kIfdf cfpg ;Sg] c;dembf/L x6fpg ;xof]u ug]{ .
zflGtsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ .
k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
e'6fgL z/0ffyL{x¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u cflb .
pk/f]St sfo{df ;xof]u u/L g]kfnsf] zflGt / ;Dj[l4sf nflu ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf nflu lgDgcg';f/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
g]kfnn] zflGt ;]gfdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{{ k7fPsf] sfo{ d]/f] ljrf/df l7s 5 . dnfO{{ of] sfo{ dg
k/]sf] 5 . lsgeg]
xfdLn] xfd|f ldq /fi6«x¿nfO{{ cK7\of/f] k/]df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . ;xof]u ug'{ dfgjLo
wd{ klg xf] .
cfh ljZj Pp6f ufpF ÷;x/ ePsfn] xfdL s'g} klg xfntdf cnUu} a:g ;Sb}gf}F, t;y{
;Sbf] ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 .
xfd|f]h:tf] ;fgf] / ul/a d'n'sn] cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf cfk"mnfO{{ lrgfpg] cj;/ ePsfn] .
g]kfn ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;b:o ePsf]n] k|lta4tf k"/f ug{sf nflu cflb .
-em_ cEof; -em_ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

ldltM @)&#.!).)%
>L PsfO k|d'vHo"
zflGt ;]gf PsfO
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg sfof{no,
sf7df8fF} .
ljifo M zflGt ;]gf ;DaGwdf .
w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljZjdf zflGtsf nflu w]/} /fd|f sfo{x¿ u/L b]zsf] dfg /
k|lti7f a9fPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ eljiodf d klg g]kfnL zflGt ;]gfdf sfd ug{ OR5's /x]sf] 5 .
h;af6 d b]z / ljb]zdf zflGt sfod ug{sf nflu dg, arg / sd{n] k|lta4 x'g]5' . d]/f]
ljrf/df zflGt ;]gfn] cGt/f{li6«o hutdf zflGtsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/L b]zsf] OHht
a9fPsf] 5 . ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . åGå /x]sf b]zx¿df lgjf{rg u/L
hgk|ltlglwsf] rog Joj:yf sfod ug{ lzIff, :jf:Yosf] ;]jf / ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u/]sfn]
o:tf sfo{n] ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . pk/f]St kl/k|]Iodf eljiodf d}n]
zflGt ;]gfsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ s] s:tf] sfo{ ug'{knf{ < of]Uotf slt x'g'kb{5 < o; af/]df d]/f]
lh1f;fsf] hjfkm lbg'x'g]5 eGg] cfzf u/]sf] 5' .
lgj]bs
/fds'df/ rf}w/L
$= ;f/f+z
;o'St /fi6« ;ª3sf] :yfkgf bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 ePsf] xf] . o;sf xfn !(# /fi6x¿ ;b:osf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;g !($& df g]kfnsf] a]nfotl:yt b'tfjf;dfkm{t ;o'St /fi6«
;+3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ kxn u/]sf] lyof] . ;b:otf eg] !($* l8;]Dj/ !$ df k|fKt u/]sf]
lyof] . g]kfnn] ;o'St /fi6«;+3 dfkm{t ljZjzflGtdf ;xof]u k'¥opFb} cfO/x]s]f 5 . vf; u/]/
zflGt ;]gfdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k7fP/ ljZjsf ljleGg åGåu:t d'n'x¿df zflGt sfod ug{ ;kmn
e"ldsf lgefPsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L lgMz:qLs/0fsf nflu kxn u/]sf],e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sx¿sf]
lxtsf] nflu cfjfh p7fpb} cfPsf] 5 .
kf7 %
;d;fdlos 36gf / ltgsf] k|efj
!= ljifoj:t'
ljZj kl/j]zdf jt{dfg ;dodf ljleGg If]qdf 36]sf jf ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{{ ;d;fdlos 36gf
elgG5 . h;af6 ljZjdf g} cfly{s, ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo / /fhg}lts If]qdf k|efj kb{5 . oL
ax'If]qLo jf ax'kIfLo x'G5g\ . o:tf 36gfx¿sf] cWoogn] ljZj kl/j]zdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g /
b]zdf kg]{ ;s/fTds / gs/fTds k|efjsf af/]df ;dod} hfgsf/L x'G5 . oxfF ;d;fdlos
36gfx¿ cGtu{t lbuf] ljsf;, lgMz:qLs/0f, cftª\sjfb, af?bL ;'/ª, hg;+Vof j[l4, k/df0f'
phf{ ;ª\qmldt /f]ux¿, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, cGo ;d;fdlos ljifox¿ / tL 36gfaf6 k/]sf] k|efj
pNNf]v ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ lbuf] ljsf;
;g !(() sf] b;sdf o;sf] cjwf/0ff ;'?ePsf] xf] . o;sf] k[YjLdf /x]sf] ljBdfg ;|f]t
;fwgsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbOG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] bf]xg ubf{ efjL
k':tfn] ;d]t k|of]u ug{ kfpg]] u/L k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 eGg] lbuf] ljsf;sf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf ;/sf/sf k|d'vx¿sf] ;Dd]ngn] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu k|hftGq, ;'zf;g, sfg'gL zf;g /
hg;xefuLtfnfO{ o;sf] dfkb08sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . . lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L
ljsf;sf] qmddf o;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ g;s]df jftfj/0fLo x|f; / k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] ;fdgf
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h;af6 efjL ;GttLn] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cfjZotf cg';f/ pkof]u ug{ kfpb}gg\ .
-v_ lgMz:qLs/0f
xfn h}ljs tyf ch}ljs xft xltof/sf] pTkfbgn] ljZjnfO{ ql;t / ;z+lªt agfPsf] 5 . cfh
k|Tos jif{ ljZjdf xftxltof/sf] c/af} 8n/sf] j}wflgs / cj}wflgs ¿kdf Jofkf/ eO/x]sf 5 .
xftxltof/x¿ lj:kmf]6 klg eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . of] cj:yfdf a9f]Q/L x'Fb} uPdf ljZj g} 7'nf] o'4
e"lddf k|j]z ug]{ ;+efjgf a9g] ePsf]n] xft xltof/x¿sf] ;Lldt k|of]u ug]{ jf o;sf] k|of]u
36fpg] cjwf/0ff g} lgMz:qLs/0f xf] . k/Dk/fut xft xlt/of/sf] ;Gt'lnt s6f}tL / k/df0f'
adx¿sf lj;h{g h:tf ljifox¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . xftxltof/x¿sf] cf];f/ k;f/ / k|of]udf
sd ug{ jf lgMz:qLs/0f x'g g;s]df ljZjJofkL ¿kdf g} dfgj cl:tTTj ;+s6fdf kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o;} s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L ;o'St /fi6« ;ª\3n] klg xft xltof/sf] k|of]udf ;Lldttfsf nflu ;lqmo
¿kdf nfluk/]sf] 5 . ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df eO/x]sf] k/df0f' xftxltof/x¿sf]
lgdf{0fsf] k|lt:kwf{n] dfgjnfO{ ql;t agfPsf]n] lgMz:qLs/0fnfO{ ;a} kIfaf6 ;xof]u ul/g'
kb{5 .
-u_ cftª\sjfb
cfh ljZj g} cftªjfbaf6 ql;t /x]sf] 5 . s'g} JoflSt, ;d"x jf ;+u7gn] cfˆgf] :jfy{ k'lt{sf
nflu hgdfg;df lx+;fsf] k|of]u ug'{ g} cftªjfb xf] . o;af6 ef}lts tyf dfgjLo Iflt k'¥ofO
jftfj/0fnfO{ cftª\lst kfg]{ sfo{ ul/G5 . cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{sf nflu dflg;nfO{ eolet
agfpg] / cftlªt kfg]{ ljleGg :yfgdf ljleGg ;d"xx¿ ;lqmo b]lvPsf 5g\ . cd]l/sf, k]l/; /
6sL{df ePsf] 36gfx¿nfO{{ cftª\ssf/L 36gfsf] ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . o;}u/L l;l/of /
ckmufg:tfg o;sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf5g\\ . o;af6 ljZjdf k|To]s jif{ 7'nf] dfgjLo Iflt eO/x]sf]
5 eg] c/af}sf] ef}lts Iflt eO/xsf] cj:yf ePsfn] ;a} b]z ldn/ cftªjfbsf] cGTo ug'{
h?/L 5 .
-3_ af?bL ;'?ª
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} xft xltof/ tyf lj:kmf]6s kbfYf{x¿sf] cf];f/ k;f/ / k|of]udf j[l4
eO/x]sf] 5 . ljleGg :yfgdf /flvPsf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{x¿sf] lj:kmf]6gsf sf/0fn] lgb]{;
afnaflnsfx¿, dlxnfx¿, / hgfj/x¿ o:tf lj:kmf]6gsf] l;sf/ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6
dfgjLo hLjgdf 8/ qf; al9/x]sf] 5 . dfgj hLjgnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpgsf nflu af?bL
;'?ªnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .
-ª_ hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/
xfn ljZjdf /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/n] j[4x¿sf] ;+Vofdf a9L x'g uPsf]n] lbuf] ljsf;df
;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . hg;+Vofsf] j[l4b/ sd x'Fb} hfg' ;d:ofsf] ljifo
ePsf] 5 . cfh hg;+Vofsf] agfj6df c;dfgtf /x]sf] 5 . hg;+Vof j[l4b/sf] sdLsf sf/0fn]
!) jif{ eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vof a9L 5 eg] ^$ kltzt a'9fkfsfx¿ sd ljsl;t If]qdf a;f]af;
ub{5g\ . o;n] ubf{ Plzofdf a'9fkfsfx¿sf] sdL / o'/f]kdf a'9fksfx¿sf] ;+Vof a9L /x]sf] 5 .
o;}nfO{ dWoghf/ u/L ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ^@ a'Fb] 3f]if0f kq hf/L ug'{ k¥of] .
a'9\of]nLnfO{ ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf glnO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifosf] ¿kdf lnO ;Ddfg lbg' kg]{
wf/0f NofPsf] b]lvG5 . hg;+Vosf] j[l4 / Joj:yfkgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ lbuf] ljsf;df ;dt afwf
x'g] ePsfn] ;dod} o; ;d:ofnfO{ ljrf/ u/L of]hgfa4 ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ul/g'kb{5 .
-r_ k/fdf0f' phf{
xfn k/df0f' zlStsf] pTkfbg / k|of]u ;d;fdlos 36gfsf] ¿kdf Ps r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf ljsf;
eO{ cfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf kf/df0f'sf] k|of]u ;g\ !($% df hfkfgsf lx/f]l;dfdf cd]l/sfn] P6d
ad v;fnL ;'? u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;af6 dfgjLo / ef}lts ¿kdf 7'nf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . xfn
O/fg / pTt/ sf]l/ofn] phf{sf pTkfbg / k|of]u ul//x]sf]n] ljZjdf ljjfb al9/x]sf] 5 . pQ/
sf]l/ofnfO{ ljleGg b]zx¿af6 gfsfjGbL ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . k/df0f' zlStsf] kof]un] dfgj
hljgdf kfg]{ ;d:of;Fu h'Wg ;+o'St /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] k/dfl0fs zlSt cfof]usf]
:yfkgf ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;sf/fTds k|of]udf hf]8 lbg' kb{5 o;nfO{ phf{sf] ¿kdf ljsf;
ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-5_ hnjfo"' kl/j{tg
ljZjdf xfn hnjfo' kl/jt{g Ps r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf] cJojl:yt a;f]jf;,
of]hgf ljxLg ljsf; nufotsf sf/0fx¿af6 of] ;d;fdlos 36gfsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 .
hfnjfo' kl/jt{g ljZjdf al9/x]sf] tfkdfg;uF ;DalGwt 5 . dfgj hLjgdf ePsf
ultljlwx¿sf sf/0fn] o;df c;/ ub{5 . xfdLn] hlt sd xfgLsf/s UofF;x¿ pTkfbg ub{5f}+
Tolt cf]hg txsf] ;+/If0f x'G5 . o;af6 h}ljs ljljwtfdf gs/ftds k|efj kb{5 . o;af6 xfn
lxdfndf lxpF gkg]{, jiff{ ofddf jiff{ sd x'g] hf8f] ;dodf ;d]t kxf8df ;d]t sd lr;f] x'g]
h:tf c;/x¿ b]vf kl/x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 k|fs[lts ljkb\ cfpg ;Sg] / h;af6 dfgjLo Iflt

x'g] ePsfn] hnjfo' kl/j{tgsf] ;d:ofnfO{ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ;Djf]wg ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] .
-h_ ;ªqmldt /f]ux¿
ljZjdf lbg kltlbg ljleGg ;ª\qmldt /f]ux¿sf] lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf /f]ux¿ cfh hl6n
;fdflhs ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . o:tf /f]ux¿df P8;, lhsfefO/;, Pjf]nf, ;f;{,
df;{, :jfOgkmn', l;sn;]n, Plgoldof /xsf] kfOG5 . oL /f]ux¿ dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf cfh b]zsf]
nflu Ps hl6n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf a|flhnaf6 km}lnPsf] lhsfefO/;n] $@
b]zdf k|efj kfl/;s]sf] 5 . o;n] dfgj hLjgdf gs/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf
nflu xfdLn] vfgkfg, afgL / Joxf]/fdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
@= cEof;
-s_ ;d;fdlos 36gf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < jt{dfg ljZjsf ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
-v_ cftª\sjfb eg]sf] s] xf] < cftª\sjfb cGTo s;/L xf]nf < a'Fbfut ¿kdf rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ lhsf efO/;sf] c;/ /f]Sg] pkfox¿ af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cf]hg txsf] ljgfzaf6 x'g] rf/ cf]6f c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod ug{ g]kfndf s] k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ < ;"rL lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ g]kfndf k/df0f' pmhf{ ljsf; ul/g'k5{ eg]/ s;}n] ts{ u/]df tkfO{F lsg v08g ug'{x'G5 <
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
-5_ lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] gsf/fTds c;/ pNn]v u/L s'g} /fli6«o klqsfsf nflu
;DkfbsLo tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-h_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f, k|efj /f]Sg] pkfoaf/] :yfgLo a'l4hLjL;Fu cGt/lj|mof u/L
k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof;sf] -s_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t klxnf] cg'R5]b cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t cftfªjfb zLif{s cWoog
ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t ;ªqmldt /f]ux¿;DaGwL
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof;sf] -3_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
cf]hg txsf] ljgf;af6 x'g] c;/x¿
xfgLsf/s ls/0fx¿ pTkfbg eO{ dfgj hLjgdf c;/ kg]{
tfkqmddf j[l4 x'g]
dfgjsf] 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]ux¿ nfUg]
h}ljs ljljwtfdf gs/fTds c;/ kg]{
ljleGg dxfdf/Lx¿ km}lng ;Sg] .
-ª_ cEof; -ª_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

:jR5 jftfj/0f sfod ug{ g]kfndf s] k|of;x¿
z'4 vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf
v'nf lbzfd'St If]qsf] nflu sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
j[Iff/f]k0f
e";+/If0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿
;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu cfocfh{gsf sfo{qmdx¿
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .

g]kfndf k/df0f' pmhf{ ljsf; ul/g'k5{ eg]/ s;}n] ts{ u/]df d}n] o;sf/0f pSt ts{sf] v08g
ub{5' M
k/df0f' phf{n] xfh ljZjdf Psn] csf]{nfO{ cf/f]k nufpg] sfo{ al9/x]sf]n]
k/df0f' phf{n] dfgj hLjgdf 8/ qf; a9g] ePsf]n]
dfgj hLjgdf gs/fTds c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n]
ljZjdf o;sf] sf/0fn] o'4x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n]
o;sf] hfkfgdf cd]l/sfn] u/]sf] kof]un] 7'nf] dfgjLo Iflt ePsf]n]
g]kfnn] k/df0f' phf{sf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 eGg]x¿nfO{{ o;sf] c;/ 7'nf] ePsf]n] pk/f]St
sf/0fn] ug{ x'g egL v08g ub{5' .
-5_ cEof; -5_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
/fli6«o klqsfsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] ;DkfbsLosf] gd'gf
lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]uaf6 dfgj hLjgdf qf; / cftfª\s al9/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 vf; u/]/
lgb]{z afnaflnsfx¿sf] Hofg hfg ;Sg], To;}u/L a'9fa'9L, ckfª\ux¿sf] Hofg ;sg] ;+efjgf
a9L g} ePsf]n] o;sf] kof]u / cf];f/ k;f/af6 dfgj ;dfhdf gs/fTds c;/ kb{5 . o;}u/L
hLj hgfj/x¿sf] ;d]t Iflt x'g] ePsf]n] lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] ko]u tyf cf];f/ k;f/ sfo{ /f]Sg'
xfdL ;a} dfgjsf] hLjgsf nflu sNof0fsf/L x'g] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . o;sfnflu ;a}
b]zx¿n] k|lta4tf sfod x'g' h?/L /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L ;o'St /fi6« ;+3n] o;sf nflu yk sbd
rfNg' cfjZos 5 .
-h_ cEof;sf] -h_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu tkl;n cg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf sf/0f, k|efj / /f]Sg] pkfoaf/] :yfgLo a'b\lwhLjL;Fu cGt/lj|mof u/L tof/
ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgsf] gd'gf M
k|ltj]bgsf] zLif{s M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f, k|efj / o;sf] /f]syfdsf pkfox¿
-!_ p2]Zo M -s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f / k|efj klxrfg ug{
-v_ hnjfo' ptkfbgsf] /f]syfdsf pkfox¿ l;kmfl/; ug{ .
-@_ ljlw M cGt/lqmof tyf 5nkmn
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] sf/f0f, k|efj / o;sf /f]syfdsf nflu s] ug'[{knf{ egL d]/f] ufpF ;d'bfodf
a;f]af; ug]{ a'l4hLjL;Fu cGt/lj|mof ubf{ tkl;ncg';f/sf] /fo ;'emfj k|fKt eof] .
@=! hnjfo' kl/j{tgsf sf/0fx¿
dfgjsf ultljlwx¿
k|fs[lts ;|ft ;fwgsf] c;dfg pkef]u
tfkdfgdf x'g] j[l4
of]hgfljlxg ljsf; -hxfF klg af6f] vGg]_
xfgLsf/s UofF;x¿ pTkfbg .
@=@ hnjfo' kl/j{tgsf] k|efj

k|fs[lts ljkb\
cDnLo jiff{
ljleGg dxfdf/L cfpg ;Sg]
a;fO ;/fOdf Jokstf
lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfo{ x'g g;Sg] .
@=# hnjfo' kl/j{tgsf] /f]syfdsf pkfox¿

:jR5 jftjf/0f sfod ug{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f
lbuf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]
sd xfgLsf/s Uof;x¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{ .
$= ;f+/fz
ljZj kl/j]zdf jt{dfg ;dodf ljleGg If]qdf 36]sf jf ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{{ ;d;fdlos 36gf
elgG5 . h;af6 ljZjdf g} cfly{s, ;fdflhs, jftfj/0fLo / /fhg}lts If]qdf k|efj kb{5 . lbuf]
ljsf;, lg/:qLs/0f, cftªjfb, af?bL ;'/ª, hg;+Vof j[l4, k/df0f' phf{ ;ªsldt /f]ux¿,
hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljZjdf ePsf cGo j}1flgs cflj:sf/x¿ ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿ kb{5g\ .
kf7 %
:yfgLos/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0f
!= ljifoj:t'
:yfgLos/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
cfkmgf] ufpF, ;d'bfo, / b]zsf] df}lnstfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{nfO{ :yfgLos/0f elgG5 . o;n] :yfgLo
snf, ;+:s[lt /Lltl/jfh tyf d"No dfGotfsf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / ljsf;df] hf]8 lbG5 .
:yfgLox¿sf] ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f / pTkfbgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ cjwf/0ff :yfgLos/0f xf] .
o;sf] k|j4{gsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr :yfgLo ;d'bfo :t/;Dd k'¥ofO 1fgdf cfwfl/t
;dfhsf] ljsf;df o;n] hf]8 lbG5 . o;}u/L :yfgLo l;k / kljlwdf cfwfl/t agfO{ k/Dk/fut
;+:s[lt / d"No dfGotfsf] klxrfgdf hf]8 lbg] sfo{sf nflu klg :yfgLos/0fnfO{ j[l4 ub}{ hfg'
cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o;}sf] ;Gbe{df ljs]GbLs/0f / ;ª\3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogn] k|zf;gnfO{
;d]t :yfgLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] b]lvG5 . o;af6 :yfgLo If]qsf] cflYf{s ;fdflhs ljsf;
/ /fhgLltsf :yfgLos/0fdf ;xof]u k'usf] 5 . ;+ljwfg cg';f/ b]zdf cj :yfkg x'g]
ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjogn] :yfgLos/0fsf] dxTTjnfO{ cem a9L
bzf{Psf] 5 .
;s/fTds k|efj
:yfgLo pTkfbgsf] pkef]udf k|j4{g
/fli6«otf / df}lnstfnfO{ hf]8
;d'bfosf] ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fut l;knfO{ k|j4{g ub{5
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo / If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{
cGt/f{li6«o x:tIf]knfO{ lg?T;fxL ug]{
l;kd"ns >dzlSt pknAw x'g]
pBf]unfO{ cg'bfg pknAw
:yfgLo:t/df /f]huf/Lsf] j[l4 x'g] .
:yfgLos/0fsf] gs/fTds k|efj

cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|of]udf lg?T;fxLt ugf{n] gful/sx¿ cg'ejaf6
jl`rt x'g]
s'g} :yfg ljz]if jf hfthfltx¿df cfkm\gf ;+:s[ltk|lt s6\6/ agfpg] sfo{ ub{5
;d'bfox¿lar Ps csf{sf] ;+:s[ltsf] cfbfg k|bfg u/L l;sfO ug]{ cj;/af6 j+lrt x'g]
;du| b]zsf] eGbf s'g} :yfg ljz]ifsf] ljsf;nfO{ dfq Wofg lbG5
j:t' tyf ;]jf dxuf] x'g]
/f]huf/Ldf ;Lldttf
If]qLo c;Gt'ng a9g ;Sg] .

ljZjJofkLs/0f
j}lbs dfGotfn] ;d]t ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] dd{nfO{ dgg u/]sf] cj:yf /x] klg o;sf] ;'?jft la;f}F
ztfAbLsf] dWoaf6 ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . ;g !(() sf] b;sdf ljsf; ePsf] pbf/Ls/0f,
gLlts/0f / ahf/Ls/0fn] ljZjnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf k|efj kf¥of] . o;sf ;fy dfgj clwsf/,
:jtGqtf / k|hftflGqs/0f ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lj:tf/ x'g yfNof] . o;af6 s'g} klg j:t' /
;]jfnfO{ ljZj kl/j]zdf ul/g] kof]u / cjnDjg g} ljZjJokLs/0f xf] . o;af6 s'g} klg b]zsf]
;+:s[lt, cy{tGq / zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cGt/lge{/ eO{ Psn] csf]{nfO{ hf]8g]
sfo{ ub{5 . h;af6 b]zx¿larsf] ;Ldfx¿ x/fpFb} k'/} ljZj Pp6f ufpFsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'Fb}
uPsf] 5 . ljåfg\x¿n] o;nfO{ l;dfgf/xLt ljZjsf] gfdn] klg lrGb5g\ . cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / kof]un] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ cem a9L k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'/ofPsf]
5.
s'g} klg j:t' ;]jf, k"FhL, 1fg / ;"rgfsf] kof]u /fi6«sf] l;dfgf kf/ u/]/ x'g] kl/rng g}
ljZjJofkLs/0f xf] . cfh g]kfndf a;]/ cd]l/sfsf] sfd ug'{ g} ljZJofkLs/0f xf] . s'g] klg
JoflStn] l;s]sf] 1fg Tof] b]zsf] nflu dfq k|of]u x'g] xf]Og of] t cGo b]zdf ;d]t k|of]u ug{
kfOG5 t;y{ 1fgnfO{ ljZjfkL ¿kdf lnOG5 . klZrdf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf]
cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{{ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿n] ckgfpg' kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ ljZjofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0f
cufl8 cfPsf] xf] . h;n] ubf{ ljsf;f]Gd'v / cljsl;t b]zx¿df j}b]lzs ;xof]u, ;+rf/sf
dfWod, cfw'lgs k|ljlwx¿, dfgj clwsf/, lzIff, ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿, ko{6s, /fhg}lts /
s'6g}lts dfWodaf6 ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj kl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZjJJofkLs/0f vf; u/]/
cy{tGq;Fu ;DaGwLt /x]s]f 5 t/ o;sf] k|efj /fhgLlt, ;fdflhs / ;+:s[ltdf k/]sf] 5 . o;n]
ubf{ df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] kj4{gdf afwf k'/ofO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;s/fTds k|efj
ljZjahf/df k|lt:kwf{ x'g] ePsf]n] sd d"Nodf cGt/f{li6«o:t/ j:t' tyf ;]jf pknAw x'g]
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] lzIffdf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 x'g]
1fgdf cfwl/t cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g]
sd ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf j}b]lzs k"FhL nufgLdf j[l4 x'g]
>ldsx¿sf Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g]
/fi6«x¿lar snf / ;+:s[ltsf kIfdf hfgsf/L x'g]
Jofkf/df ljljwLs/0fdf ;xof]u eO{ Jofkf/ c;Gt'ng sd x'g] .
cfly{s j[l4 ug{ / ul/aL 36fpg ;xof]u k'Ug]
k|ltefjfg hgzlStnfO{ ljZjahf/df :yflkt x'g] cj;/ .
pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f x'g]
1fg, l;k / ljrf/x¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u .
gsf/fTds k|efj
bIf hgzlStsf] cefj x'g]
;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljrng x'g]
ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿sf] lj:tf/n] b]zsf] /fli6«o cy{tGq k/ lge{/ x'g]
:yfgLo d"No dfGotf, k/Dk/fut / ;+:s[ltdf ljb]zL ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj kg'{
/fli6o Pstf sdhf]/ x'g]
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 sd ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿n] pRrtd kmfObf lng
g;Sg'
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljleGg dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf] k|efj / bjfj sfod ug{' .
b]z cfly{s ;+s6df kg{ ;Sg]
cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{ c:j:y ¿kdf a9\g] .
cEof;
-s_ :yfgLos/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ :yfgLos/0fsf ;s/fTds / gs/fTds k|efj pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ ljZjJofkLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;s/fTds / gs/fTds k|efj pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ ljZjJofkLs/0f / :yfgLos/0fsflar kfFr cf]6f leGgtf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
-r_ :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] clej[l4 u/f}F, :jb]zL pTkfbgsf] k|of]u u/f}F, eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ;+rflnt
Jofkf/ d]nfdf tkfOn] cjnf]sg ug{ df}sf kfpg' eof] s] s:tf ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff
ug'{x'G5 < pSt ljj/0f ;d]6L ;dfrf/sf] Ps gd'gf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
#= k[i7kf]if0f
-s_ cEof; -s_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t :yfgLos/0f ;DaGwL
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-v_ cEof; -v_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t :yfgLos/0fsf] ;sf/fTds
/ gs/fTds kIf ;dfj]z u/]sf] tflnsf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-u_ cEof; -u_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t ljZjJofkLs/0f;DaGwL
cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-3_ cEof; -3_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu o; kf7sf] ljifoj:t'cGtu{t ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ;sf/fTds
/ gsf/fTds kIf ;dfj]z u/]sf] tflnsf cWoog ug'{xf];\ .
-ª_ cEof; ª_ sf] hjfkmsf nflu tkl;ncg';f/ ug'{xf];\ .
:yfgLs/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] leGgtfnfO{ lgDg lnlvt ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
qm=;+= :yfgLos/0f ljZjJoflks/0f
! :yfgLo ;f]r / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . ljZjJoflks/0fn] ;LdfxLg /fi6«sf] dfGotfnfO{

a9jf ub{5 .
@ :yfgLo :t/sf ;]jf / j:t'sf] pkef]udf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ sd d"Nodf
hf]8 lbG5 . j:t' / ;]jfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
# ljZjJofkL ¿kdf bIf hgzlStsf] cefj bIf hgzlStn] cGt/f{li6«o cj;/ k|fKt ug]{
x'g]
$ :yfgLo d"No dfGotf / ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ :yfgLo ;+:s[lt tyf d"No dfGotfnfO{
ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . lj:yflkt ug]{ ;+efjgf x'G5 .
% b]z cfTd lge{/ tkm{ a9b} hfG5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] bjfj / k|efj sd
ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf kb{5 .
-r_ cEof; -r_ sf] hjfkmsf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ ;dfrf/ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
æ:yfgLo pTkfbgsf] clej[l4 u/f}F :jb]zL pTkfbgsf] k|of]u u/f}FÆ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ;~rflnt
Jofkf/ d]nfsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ df}sf dnfO{ ldn]sf]df d}n] tkl;ncg';f/sf] ;dfrf/df pNn]lvt
;"rgfx¿sf] hfgsf/L ldnf]; eGg] rfxgf /fVb5' .
oxL ldlt @)&# kf}if @! b]lv @$ ;Dd æ:yfgLo pTkfbgsf] clej[l4 u/f}F :jb]zL pTkfbgsf]
k|of]u u/f}F Æ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy a'6jndf ;+rflnt Jofkf/ d]nfdf n'lDagL c+rndf pTkfbg x'g]
;fdu|Lx¿sf] gfd < tL] pTkfbg x'g] df};d < tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] d"No slt kb{5 < tL ;fdfu|Lx¿sf]
ahf/ sxfF xf] < :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] k|of]uaf6 gful/s / b]znfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 < pTkfbg x'g]
;fdfu|Lx¿sf] ahf/sf nflu s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfOk/]sf5g\\ < :jb]zL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]udf
;j{ ;fwf/0fsf] wf/0ff s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < h:tf kIfx¿df cfof]hs / pTkfbgstf{x¿af6 cfjZos
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo o; Jofkfl/s d]nfsf] /x]sf]df ;j{;fwf/0f / cfuGt'sx¿n] pSt
hfgsf/Lx¿ ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt u/]sf] atfP . o; d]nfaf6 cfof]hsx¿n] ck]Iff u/] h:t} s/La
$ s/f]8sf] cflYf{s sf/f]jf/ ePsf] hfgsf/L lbP . o;af6 cfufdL lbgdf :yfgLo ;fdfu|Lx¿sf]
pTkfbgdf j[l4 eO{ k|of]udf ;d]t a9f]Q/L x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf d]nfaf6 :yfgLo
pTkfbgx¿ Ps} :yfgdf ;xh ¿kdf k|fKt x'g] / :yfgLo lrgf/Lsf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL ePsf]
kfOof] .
;Ltf clwsf/L
slknj:t'
$= ;f+/fz
cfkmgf] ufpF, ;d'bfo, / b]zsf] df}lnstfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{nfO{ :yfgLos/0f elgG5 . o;n] :yfgLo
snf, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh tyf d"No dfGotfsf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / ljsf;df o;n] hf]8 lbG5 .
o;}u/L s'g} klg j:t' ;]jf, k"FhL, 1fg / ;"rgfsf] k|of]u /fi6«sf] l;dfgf kf/ u/]/ x'g] kl/rfng
g} ljZjJofkLs/0f xf] . b]zsf] ljsf;df :yfgLos/0f / ljZjJoflks/0fsf ;s/fTds / gs/fTds
k|efj kb{5 .

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;fdflhs cWoog

 z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|

6]lnkmf]g – ^^#)$%&, ^^#)!*), ^^#*!%)

cfj/0f tyf lrqfª\sg l8hfOg

n]cfp6 l8hfOg tyf 6fOk ;]l6ª

j|m=;+= PsfO{ k]h g+=

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 5

^= g]kfndf dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf cu|lbzf M

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 7

sdhf]/ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ePsf b]zx¿sf r'gf}tLx¿ M

ljleGg b]zx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s

104 dflNbe;\ 0.706 145 g]kfn 0.548

130 ef/t 0.609 147 kfls;tfg 0.538

ljZjsf pRr / Go"g dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ePsf b]zx¿

2 ci6«\lnof 0.935 185 rf8 0.392

3 l:jh/Nof08 0.930 186 Ol/l6«of 0.391

4 8]gdfs{ 0.923 187 s]Gb|Lo clk|msg 0.35

;|f]t dfjg ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!%

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 13

b]zx¿sf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfsf] t'ngfTds cj:yf cWoog ug{

b]z ljsf;sf lglDt of]hgf agfpg

b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu dfu{ bz{g k|fKt ug{

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 17

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 21

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 23

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 25

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 27

/fhgLlts cl:y/tf / /fhgLltx x:tIf]k

sfg'gsf] kfngf gug'{

b08 ;hfosf] cefj

:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k|ToIf ;dGjo ug'{ kb{5 .

;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts kl/j]znfO{{ Vofn u/L sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog ug'{ kb{5 .

-ª_ k|Zg g+= ª sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ of]hgf agfpg]

klx/f] hfg ;Sg] Ps7fpFdf 9'ª\ufsf] hfnL eg]{ .

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 29

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 31

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 33

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 35

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 37

;fIf/tf k|ltzt j[l4 x'g',

ufpFufpF;Dd oftfoftsf] ;]jf k'Ug',

ljleGg vfnsf cfod"ns sfo{qmdx¿ nlIft ju{;Dd k'Ug' .

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 39

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 41

-u_ k|Zg g+ u / 3 sf nflu o;} kf7sf] tflnsfx¿ cWoog ug'{xf];\ .

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 43

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 45

;b:o – /fhg >]i7 -cleefjs_

;b:o – d}ofF s];L -lzIfs_

;b:o – uª\uf gu/sf]6L -cleefjs _

;b:o – sfhL yfkf

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 47

wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿ ;f“:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿

dlGb/, dl:hb, efiff, snf, e]ife'iff, lxdfn, kxf8, em/gf, tfntn}of,

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 49

ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 51

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 55

dfbn ;f/ª\uL af;'/L, d'/nL e\mofnL g/l;ª\uf

6'ª\gf onDa/ Pstf/] bdfxf÷gu/f

v'nf ljBfnosf nflu :jfWoog ;fdu|L, ;fdflhs cWoog 57

tkfO{Fn] s] s;/L cfk"mnfO{{ ;kmn agfpg'eof] <

uLt, ;ª\uLtsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu s] ug'{knf{ <

xfdLh:tf uLt ;ª\uLtsf kf/vLx¿nfO{{ s]xL eGg' 5 ls <

6]lnkmf]g – ^^#)$%&, ^^#)!), ^^#!%)