M. Ed.

(Semester System)
Educational Plan & Management
z}lIfs of]hgf / Joj:yfkg
Second Semester Subject & Code :
521 - Curriculum Practice -kf7\oqmd cEof;_
522 - Education & Development -lzIff / ljsf;_
525 - Recent Trends in Education Planning & Management
-z}lIfs of]hgf / Joj:yfkgsf] jt{dfg k|rng_
527 - Educational Management Information System
-z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL_
528 - Educational Resource Management -z}lIfs ;|f]t Joj:yfkg_
529 - Theory & Practices of Non Formal Education
-cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] l;4fGt / cEof;_
Evaluation system
Internal Evaluation 40%
1. Attendance 5 points
2. participation in learning 5 points
3. First assignment/assessment 10 points
4. Second assignment/assessment (Mid-term test) 10 points
5. Third assignment/assessment 10 points
Total 40 Points
External Evaluation ( Final Examination) 60%
1. objective type questions (101 point) 10 points
2. Short answer questions (56 points) 30 points
3. Long answer questions (210 poinst) 20 points
Total 60 points
 Theory & Practices of Non
Formal Education
Unit -1
Human Learning Contexts
-dfgj l;sfOsf ;Gbe{x?_

Specific Objective
1. Explore the indigenous education practices
-cfbLd÷:jb]zL lzIffsf cEof;x? cGj]z0f ug{_
Specific Objective
2 . Explain how education is fragmented into different
streams and how they converse with and complement each
other.
-lzIffsf ljleGg wf/x?sf v08 ltgLx?sf] larsf] cfkl; ;DaGw / Ps csf{
wf/ lar ePsf] k'/s JofVof ug{ _
3 . Explore and understand different streams of learning as
embedded in indigenous education practices.
-cfbLd÷:jb]zL l;sfOsf ;lDdlnt ePsf ljleGg km/s wf/x?sf cEof;
cGj]if0f ug{ / a'em\g ._
4. Understand and explain significance of different streams
of learning.
-l;sfOsf ljleGg wf/x?sf] cf}lrTo÷dxTj a'em\g / JofVof ug{_
Title :
1. Genealogy of NFE education : -cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pTkltzf:q_
(apprenticeship/situated, cultural/indigenous teaching
learning as practiced in different socio religious contexts
where practical as well theoretical knowledge and skills
were imparted, etc. E.g. Vedic education and Hindu's
different Kuls' education; Buddhist's monastery education;
Islamic education including Madarasa education; and
practices in ethnic groups, e.g. Kirat, education).
2. Streaming of learning situations -l;sfO kl/j]zsf wf/x?_
(Formal education, NFE, informal/ incidental education).
3. Significance of different learning situations in life.
4. Interaction among different streams of education
1. Genealogy of NFE education : -cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pTkltzf:q_
- Historical Development of Education -lzIffsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;_M
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft s;/L eof] eGg] ;Gbe{ a'em\g lzIffsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vf
yfx kfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . x/]s afnaflnsfsf] 1fg / k|ltef cGt/lglxt :j?kdf p;sf]
cGt/cfTdfdf n's]/ /x]sf] x'G5 . ;a} afnaflnsf;Fu Ps} vfnsf 1fg / k|ltefx? gx'g
;S5g\ . tyfkL cfkm\gf] k|ltefnfO{ k|ikm"6g u/fpg plrt lsl;dsf] lzIffsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 .
afnaflnsfdf cGt/lglxt k|ltefnfO{ phfuf/ ug{ s]–s:tf lzIff cfjZos x'G5g\ eGg]
;Gbe{df ljleGg lzIff ljb\x?n] ljleGg ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf
laleGg ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0fnfO{ Educational Thought elgG5 .
ljleGg lzIff ljb\x?af6 k|:t't ljrf/x?nfO{ k"jL{o ljrf/ / kfZrfTo ljrf/ u/L b'O
ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k"jL{o ljrf/n] Plzof dxfb]zsf] lzIffsf] P]ltxfl;s
k[i6e"ldsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . kfZrfTo ljrf/n] o'/f]k / cd]/LsL dxfb]zdf ljsl;t
ePsf] lzIff ljsf;sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
oxfF xfdL k"jL{o hutdf lzIffsf] ;'?jftnfO{ 5f]6f]df rrf{ ub{5f}+ .
Development of Eastern Education
-k"jL{o hutdf lzIffsf] ljsf;_M
k"jL{o lzIffljb\x?sf] lzIff ;DalGw wf/0ffnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s]xL egfOnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/G5 M

k[YjLdf 1fg eGbf a9L z'4

s]xL 5}g .
(Nothing is more
purifying on the earth
than wisdom)
– efujt uLtf
lzIff Tof] lrh xf] h;n]
dflg;nfO{ cfTdljZjd;L /
lgZjfyL{ agfpF5 .
(Education is something,
which makes man self-
reliant and selfles)
– Cu\j]b
dflg;df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{tfsf] klxrfg g} lzIff xf] .
(Education is the manifestation of perfection
already reached in man)
– :jfdL ljj]sfgGb
lzIff eGgfn] afns / dflg;sf]
z/L/, dg, cfTdfdf /x]sf] c;n
s'/fx?nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf aflx/
lgsfNg' xf] eGg] a'lemG5 .
(By education, I mean the
all-round drawing out of
the best is child and man
body mind and soul.)
– dfxfTdf ufGwL
qmdz========================
k"jL{o lzIffsf] ljsf;sf] P]ltxfl;s :j?k dfgj ;Eotf ljsf;sf] P]ltxfl;s
:j?k;Fu k|ToIf ?kn] ;DalGwt 5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmdb]lv g} k|To]s
k':' tfn] gofF k':tfnfO{ ;dflhs d"No, dfGotf, Jojxf/ tyf ;+:s[lt x:tfGt/0f ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts/0f / ;fdflhsLs/0f k|lqmofn] k"j]{nL lzIffsf] ;'?jftsf]
af/]df cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
k|f/lDes sfn v08df lzIff eGg' dfgj / dfgjLo ;Eotf, pgLx?sf] 1fg,
cjwf/0ff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] Oltxf; eGg' g} xf] . P]ltxfl;s sfnv08df
lzIff df}lvs tj/n] cyjf cjnf]sg tyf cg'z/0f4f/f u|xg ul/GYof] .
w]/} h;f] dfgj zf:qLn] lzIff ljsf;sf] k|f/Dles sfnv0sf] ?kdf O{= k"= @),)))
b]lv !), ))) sf] larsf] ;donfO{ cf}FNofPsf 5g\ . o; ;dofjlwdf dflg; Ps
lkm/Gt] lzsf/Lsf] ?kdf /xGy] . lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf, ;d"xdf hLjg ofkg
ub{y] . logLx?sf] cfkm\gf lgoldt lbgro{, k|rng, dfGotf, d"No, cEof; tyf
cg'ejx? lyP . h;nfO{ logLx? df}lvs tj/n] gofF k':tfnfO{ x:tfgt/0f ub{y] .
qmdz========================
dfgjsf] cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf] qmdddf lj:tf/} lzIffsf] :j?k ;'lglZrt x'Fb} uof]
h; cGtu{t wd{ tyf k/Dk/f;Fu ;DalGwt ljlzi6 JolQmx?n] lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ sfo{sf] ljz]if cleef/f lng yfn] . s]xL k/Dk/fut 1fgx?, syf, pvfg,
wfld{s ;+:sf/ / uLt, nf]ssyf tyf sljtfsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f x'g yfn] . of]
;Dk"0f{ lzIff n]vgsnfsf] ljsf; gx'Fbf ;Dd df}lvs ?kdf g} x:tfGt/0f
x'GYof] .
k|flrg ef/tjif{df O{=k"= !%)) b]lv O{=k"= ^)) ;Ddsf] lzIff j]bdf cfwfl/t
lyof] of] lzIffn] z'4 pRrf/0f, j]bnfO{ s07:t kfg]{, wfld{s cg'i7fg,, Jofs/0f
tyf JofVof, jfSo ;+u7g, 5GbfTds k|:t'lt, k|s[ltsf /x:ox?sf] klxrfg,
ts{, lj1fg, lzNk h:tf If]qnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] cfo'j]{bzf:q
lzIffnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] . lxGb' juL{o lzIff u'?s'n k4tLdf
;~rfng x'GYof] h;df lziox? lzIff lng lgoldt u'?sf] cf>ddf a:g] ub{y]
.
qmdz========================
cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf ef/t dxfb]zdf
lzIff dxfef/t tyf /fdfo0fdf
cfwfl/t lyof] . dxfef/tn] JolQm
/ ;dfhsf] ;DaGw tyf sd{af/]
lzIff lbGYof]] eg] /fdfo0fn] dof{bf
/ st{Josf] af/]df cjut u/fpF5 .
cfheGbf nueu @%)) jif{
cuf8L -O{=k"= %^# –$*#_ lt/
g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf l;4fy{
uf}tdsf] hGd eof] logn]
af]wuofdf uO{ 1fg k|fKt u/] kl5
af}4 bz{gsf] k|ltkfbg u/] . a'4n]
lzIffsf] pb]Zosf] ?kdf k|1f zLn
/ ;dfwLnfO{ k|:t't u/] .
qmdz========================
k|flrgsfnLg rLgdf Zhou Dynasty -
O{=k"= !)$% b]lv @%^_ sf] zf;gsfndf
rLgdf /fli6«o ljBfnox? :yfkgf ePsf]
Oltxf; klg kfOG5 . oL ljBfnox?n] d'Vo
?kdf wfld{s ;+:sf/, ;+uLt, w'g, /y
rnfpg] snf, n]vg snf, ul0ft cflb
ljifo cWofkg u/fpFy] . 5fqx?n] Jojxf/
s'zntf, ;+:sf/, /]zdsf] s6fO cflb
l;Sby] . o;}sfndf - O{=k"= %%! b]lv
$&*_ rLgdf Confucius sf] cEo'bo
eof] h;sf] bz{gsf] k|efj rLgsf] lzIffdf
cWofjlw ?kdf b]lvof] .
qmdz========================
ef/tv08df dWosfndf pRr lzIffsf
ljleGg s]Gb|x? h:t} M duw ljxf/df
gfnGbf ljZj ljBfno -O{=k"= &))–
!@))_ tyf efunfk"/ ljxf/df
ljqmdzLnf ljZjljBfno -O{=k"= *))–
!@))_, kfls:yfgsf] /fjnlk08Ldf
tIozLnf ljZjljBfno -O{=k"= %))–
%))_ :yfkgf ePsf lyP . oxfF snf,
lzNksnf, lrqsnf, cy{zf:q,
/fhgLltzf:q, sfg'g tyf lrlsT;f
zf:q, ;flxTo, a'4bz{g, lxGb'bz{g,
cy{zf:q /fhgLltzf:q sfg'g tyf
lrlsTzfzf:q cflb ljifox? cWofkg
u/fOGYof] .
qmdz========================
dWosfn d} rLgdf s07:t ljlw k|of]u u/]/ efiff, sGkm\o"l;o;sf ljrf/x?
cWofkg ul/GYof] . rLgdf 5}6f}+ ztfAbLdf lnlvt Thousand Character
Classic gfds dxfsfJo klxnf] ;x>fAbLdf lzIffsf] d'n cfwf/ lyof] .
Song Danasty df Hundred family Surname gfds dxfsfJonfO{
lzIffsf] ?kdf k|:t't ul/GYof] . Hundred Classic !# cf}+ b]lv !( cf}+
ztfAbL;Dd lzIffsf] cfwf/e't k':tssf] ?kdf /x\of] .
qmdz========================
cfw'lgssflng lzIff cGtu{t ef/t v08df !*cf}+ ztfAbLsf lzIff Jofks ?kdf
k|rlnt eO ;s]sf] lyof] , b]zdf ljleGg efudf ljBfnox? :yfkgf eO ;s]sf
lyP . lzIf0f ljifo cGtu{t jfrg, n]vg, ul0ft, wd{zf:q sfg'g, vuf]nzf:q,
tTjlddf+;f, gLltzf:q, lrlsTzf:q, cflb k|of]u eO ;s]sf lyP . ef/t tyf
g]kfnsf cfw'lgssfnLg lzIff !*cf}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTob]lv k|f/De eP kZrft
dfxfTdf ufGwL, :jfdL ljj]sfgGb, hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x h:tf lzIffljb\x?n] lzIff
k|ltsf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ / b[lisf]0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
1.1.Genealogy of NFE education : -cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pTkltzf:q_
o; wtL{df dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ / ljsf; eP;Fu} s]xL g s]xL ?kdf lzIffsf] ;'?jft
ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . cyf{t lzIffsf] ;'?jft dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;'?jft;Fu} ePsf] xf] eGg
;lsG5 .
xfd|f k'vf{x?n] h+unL hLjg, cf]8f/df a:g] lkm/Gt] hLjgdf klg z}lIfs k|lqmofx? e'n
/ k|of;af6 :yflkt ub}{ cfPsf lyP . dfgj ;Eotfsf] k|f/Dedf dflg;n] kl/jf/sf]
lgdf{0f / kl5 kl/jf/–kl/jf/ ldnfP/ ;dfhsf] k|f?k tof/ kf/] . kl/jf/ / ;dfhsf]
;'/If / cfjZostf k'/f ug{ cfkm\gf cg'ejx?, cfkm"n] hfg]sf ef]u]sf s'/fx? gjfut
;GtltnfO{ Ps lkFl9af6 csf]{ lkFl9df x:tfGt/0f ub}{, x:tfGtl/s s'/fx?nfO{ lj:tf/}
Jojl:yt ub}{ lzIffn] k'Vof}{nL :j?j wf/0f u¥of] .
Pp6f k':tfsf] 1fg, l;k / cg'ejnfO{ csf]{ k':tfn] l;Sg], cfTd;ft\ ug{ yfn] h;af6
lzIffn] j+zhut / :ynut :j?k lng yfNof] . o;/L j+zhut / :ynut ?kdf k|f/De
ePsf] lzIff cfhsf] h:tf] Jojl:yt / cf}krfl/s geP/ cgf}krfl/s lyof] . oxL g}
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft xf] .
qmdz=========
Genealogy of NFE eGgfn] kfl/jfl/s ?kdf jf j+zf0f'ut / :ynut ?kdf
cf–cfkm\gf] cfjZostf k'/f ug{, u/fpg lzIff lng] lbg] kl/kf6LnfO{ a'lemG5 .
afa'cfdfn] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ b}lgs ?kdf ug'{ kg]{ sfd, cfr/0f Jojxf/
l;sfpFb} hfFbf Pp6faf6 csf]{df x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfthfltut ?kdf, wd{ut ?kdf
/ ;Dk|bfout ?ksf] klg x'g k'Uof] . h:t} M ;'gsf] uxgf agfpg], wft'sf efF8f
agfpg], n'uf l;nfpg], k'hfkf7, sd{sf08, Hof]ltif;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'
l;s]sfn] gjfut lkF9LnfO{ l;sfpFb} hfFbf cgf}krfl/s lzIffn] j+zut ?k lnPsf]
dfGg ;lsG5 .
h] xf];\ k|lrg sfnb]lv cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] :j?kdf :ynut / j+zut ?kdf
lzIff lng] kl/kf6L cem ;Dd klg xfd|f] b]zsf] u|fdL0f / b'u{d :yfgdf b]Vg
;lsG5 .
xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;'?jft (Genelogy) nfO{ k|i6 kfg{
lgDgcg';f/sf] lzIff kl/kf6LnfO{ qmd};Fu 5f]6f]df rrf{ ul/G5 .
s_ j}lbs lzIff (Vedic Education) M
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljsf; cGtu{t lxGb' a|fDx0fx?sf nflu ;+:s[t efiffdf
cfwfl/t eP/ ;'? ul/Psf] lzIff Ps k|sf/sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k|f?k dfGg
;lsG5 . o;df ljz]if u/L cfo{x?n] hLjgnfO{ Ps lglb{i6 af6f] tkm{ n}hfg /
cfbz{ JolQm aGg j0f{>d kl/kf6L cGtu{t /x]/ j}lbs lzIff k|rngdf NofPsf
lyP .
dg':d[ltdf cf}FNofP cg';f/ hGdb]lv @% jif{ ;Dd j|xfrfo{>d -lzIff k|fKt ug]{_,
@^ b]lv %) jif{ ;Dd u[xf>ddf /xg] -;fdflhs pknlAw, sfd / cy{ k|fKt ug]{_
; %! b]lv &% jif{ ;Dd jfgk|:yf>d - cfWoflTds pTsif{ k|flKt_ / &^b]lv !))
jif{ ;Gof>d -df]If k|flKt_ df ljeQm u/L dfgjsf] sfd st{Jo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
lyof] .
j}lbs sfndf Clif, dxli{f / u'?x? 1fgsf ;|f]t Pj+ k|d'v dflgGy] . d7 dlGb/x?
lzIff cfh{gsf :yn agfOGy] . lzIff 3f]s]/ s07 k/L ;'gfpg' kg]{ df}lvs k|s[ltsf]
lyof] . j}lbs slng lzIff leq klg Clifs'n, b]js'n, lkt[s'n, /fhs'n / u'?s'n
u/L % k|sf/sf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd lyof] . h;nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ rrf{ ul/G5 .
Clifs'n lzIff M Clifd'gLx?sf] cf>ddf ;~rfng ul/Psf] lzIffnfO{ Clifs'n
lzIff elgGYof] . hxfF ;fdfGo ?kn] Clifcf>dsf] dof{bf kfngf u/L j]b ljBfsf]
cWoog u/fpg] ljBf :gfts, Clifcf>dsf] lgod s8fOsf ;fy kngf u/L j]b
cWoog ug]{ j|t :gfts / Tof] eGbf lg s7f]/ cg'zf;gdf a;]/ j]b ljBfcfh{g ug]{
ljBfj|t :gftssf ?kdf k7gkf7g ul/GYof] . o;sf s'g} lnlvt kf7\oqmd x'Fb}gYof]
. s'g} lglZlrt ;do / d"Nof+sgsf] ljlwut k|lqmof x'Fb}gYof] s]jn Clifsf]
thlahdf ;~rfng x'Gy] . h;nfO{ cfhsf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff :j?k dfGg ;lsG5 .
b]js'n lzIff M lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx?n] dlGb/x?df ul/g] k"hf k|fy{gfaf/] u'?
k'/f]lxt / tfGqLsx?n] dGq, k"hfljlw l;sfpg] lzIffsf] of] :j?k j+zhut ?kdf
k|rlnt lyof] .
/fhs'n lzIff M Clifd'gLx?sf /fhfsf 5f]/f5f]/L tyf ;Gtltx?nfO{ /fHo
;~rfngsf tf}/t/Lsf l;sfpg /fhsfh ;DalGw gLltlgod / /fhgLltzf:qsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg] z}lIfs sfo{amd /fhs'n lzIff xf] / of] klg cgf}krfl/s ?kd}
s]lGb|t /xGYof] .
lkt[s'n lzIff M dfgj k"j{hx?sf] af/]df cWoog u/fpg lkt[s'n lzIff
;~rflnt lyof] . of] klg cgf}krfl/s k|s[ltd} ;~rfng ul/GYof] .
u'?s'n lzIff M j}lbs lzIff cGtu{tsf] u'?s'n lzIff ;a}eGbf ;zQm lyof] .
h'g cfhef]nL ;d]t xfd|f] b]zsf] s]xL :yfgdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . k|flrg sfndf vf;
u/L a|fDx0fsf nflu ;+:s[t efiffdf kx]nf] sk8f nufP/ j]b, Jofs/0f, Hof]ltif;Fu
;DalGwt ljifoj:t', If]qLox?sf] nflu o'4snf, j}Zosf nflu Jofkfl/s tyf z'b|sf
nflu ;/;kmfO ;DalGw 1fg l;k l;sfOg] ul/GYof] . lzIff cfh{g u/fpg] t/Lsf
s07:t 3f]Sg], 3f]s]sf] s'/f ;4;Fu noj4 ;'gfpg] ul/GYof] .
u'?s'ndf l;s]sf] s'/f lj4t\ d08nL ;dIf k|:t't u/] kl5 ci7 snz4f/f cle;]s
lbP/ kf/+ut ePsf] ;+1f lbOGYof] . lzIffdf k|fo k'?ifx?s} ;xeflutf x'GYof] . s]xL
dlxnfx?n] klg o:tf] lzIff k|fKt u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f ufuL{, d}qLoLaf6 k'li6 x'G5
. lzIff k|fKt u/L u[xcf>ddf nfUg] dlxnfnfO{ ;wf]jw' / ;Gof;L eP/ hLjg
ljtfpg] dlxnfnfO{ a|DxjflbgL eGg] ul/GYof] . o:tf u'?s'n lzIff cf}krfl/s lzIff
k|f/De x'g eGbf cuf8L lgs} k|rlnt lyof] eg] cfhef]nL klg s]xL dfqfdf o:tf]
lzIff ;~rflnt 5 .
v_ af}4 lzIff (Buddha Education) M
l;4fy{ uf}tdn] a'4Tj k|fKt u/] kZrft\ a'4 bz{df cfwfl/t eP/ kfnL efiffdf
lqlk6s ;DalGw 1fg cfh{g ug{] kl/kf6Laf6 af}4 lzIffsf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] .
k|lrgsfnb]lv g} nfdf tyf leIf'x?4f/f af}4 bz{g / wd{u|Gyx? ljxf/, r}To,
u'Dafdf af}4 bz{gdf cfwfl/t 1fg l;sfpg] ul/GYof] .
u'?s'n lzIff h:t} af}4 lzIff klg wd{df cfwfl/t lyof] / of] klg cgf}krfl/s
k|s[ltsf] x'GYof] . cfhef]nL klg xfd|f] b]zsf lxdfnL e]usf u'Djfx?sf ;fy;fy}
sf7df08f} / n'lDagLdf klg leIf' leIf''0fLx? o:tf] lzIff cfh{df ;xeflu ePsf]
b]Vg ;lsG5 .
af}4 bz{g cg';f/sf] lzIffn] ljz]ifu/L dfgjLo st{Jo / ug'{kg]{ cfr/0fnfO{ hf]8
lbG5 . sd{dfyL hf]8lbg] o; bz{gn] ug'{kg]{ st{Jo / sfo{x?larsf] sf/0f /
k|efjsf] ;DaGw pNn]v ub{5 . sd{af6 d'lQm, k''j{hGdsf] qmdsf] cGTo, lgjf{0fsf]
k|flKt / cGTodf a'4Tj k|flKt x'G5 eGg] af}4 bz{g cg';f/ g} of] lzIff k|efljt
x'G5 .
qmdz=========================
l;bfy{ uf}tdn] Wofg ub}{hfFbf #^ jif{sf] pd]/df j'4Tj k|fKt u/]kl5 pgn] lbPsf]
klxnf] pkb]znfO{ dWod dfu{ elgG5 . sfd ;'vsf] vf]hL ug'{ / z/L/nfO{ b'Mv
lbg' r/d sfo{x? x'g\ . oL b"O{ larsf] dfu{ g} dWodfu{ xf] eGg] nufotsf
zflGtsf y'k}| b[li6sf]0fx? pgn] cl3 ;f/]sf lyP .
;+If]kdf eGg' kbf{ a'4wd{sf cg'ofoLx?sf] z}lIfs ljrf/ a'4 bz{g cg'?ksf] /x]sf]
x'G5 / oxL a'4 bz{g cg';f/ lbOg] lzIff af}b lzIff xf] . h'g k/Dk/fut ?kdf
cgf}krfl/s ?kn] rlncfPsf] / xfn ;Dd klg k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 .
a'4sf] bfz{lgs ljrf/ M
a'4n] cfkm\gf] bz{gdf lgDglnlvt ljrf/x? JoQm u/]sf 5g\ M
s_ Ifl0fsjfb M ;+;f/sf x/]s j:t'x? kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\, cfpg] hfg] qmd
rln/xG5 cyf{t ltgLx? l:y/ x'Fb}gg\ .
v_ k|ltTo ;d'Tkfb M s'g} klg 36gf cfpg'sf] cuf8L s'g} g s'g} sf/0f x'G5
cyf{t s'g} s'/fsf] ?k / ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g cfpg] lglZrt sf/0fx? x'G5g\ .
u_ cgfTdjfb M OZj/, k/nf]s h:tf s'/fsf] ljZjf; dfGg ;lsb}g . cfTd /
k'gh{Gd h:tf s'/fx? sfNklgs nx8sf ;f]rfO{ x'g\ . cfTdjfbsf] ts{n] hLjg
ajf{b u/fpg' dfq xf] .
3_ cef}ltsjfb M k/nf]s, k"j{hGd, k"j{hGdsf] wd{ / kfkn] o; hGddf ;'v b'Mv
ePsf] s'/fdf k6Ss} ljZjf; ub}{g .
a'4 bz{gsf] rf/ cfo{ ;To M
!_ ;+;f/ b'Mvn] JoKt 5 M ;+;f/df b'Mv} b'Mv 5 . hGd, d[To', zf]s, cnfk, ljnfk,
kL8f, lrgt, /f]bg, si6, e]6, lj5f]8, OR5fk"lt{ gx'g' ;a} b'Mv xf] / z/L/ g} b'Mv
xf] .
@_ b'Mvsf sf/0fx? 5g\ M o;df b'Mv pTkltsf] af/]df elgPsf] 5 . b'Mv vf;u/L
t[i0ff, sfd, cfzlQm, ;'vsf] rfxgf, cflbn] ubf{ k}bf x'G5 . clg dflg;
tF5f8d5f8, sf6df/ / n'5fr'F8L h:tf s'sd{ ug{ k'Ub5g\ .
#_ b'Mv x6fpg] cf7j6f dfu{x? 5g\ M l7s b[li6, l7s ;+sNk, l7s jrg l7s sd{,
l7s hLljsf, l7s k|oTg, l7s :d[tL / l7s ;dflwo'Qm cf7 dfu{sf] cg';/0fn]
dfq} b'Mv x6fpg ;lsG5 .
$_ a'4 x'g' lgjf{0f k|flKt xf] M u[x, ;'v, ;on, kl/jf/ ;a} TofuL hj dflg;n]
d[To"j/0f/ ub{5 ta lgjf{0f k|flKt ub{5 .
a'4 bz{g cg';f/ lzIffsf] p2]Zo M
!_ k|1f jf 1fgsf] k|flKt ug'{
@_ zLn / Jojxf/sf] pTyfg ug'{
#_ ;dflw k|fKt ug'{
a'4 bz{g cg';f/ lzIffsf] ;+/rgf M
wfld{s lzIff leIf' leIf'0fLsf] nflu lbOg'kb{5 . % b]lv !@ jif{ ;Dd k|f/lDes
lzIff / ;f] kl5 @% jif{ ;Dd pRr lzIff k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . af}4bz{g / af}4wd{sf
u|Gyx? nfdfu'?x?4f/f k9\g] k9fpg] ul/g' kb{5 .
af}4 lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd M
!_ clewDj lk6s M af}4 bz{gsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .
@_ ;'Qlkts M a'4 wd{sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .
#_ ljgolk6s M dflg;n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ gLlt, lgod / cfr/0fsf] 1fg k|bfg ug]{ .
$_ k~r:sGwsf] 1fg M ?k, j]bgf, ;+1f, ;+:sf/ / lj1fgsf] 1fg lbg] .
%_ kfnL efiffsf] kf7\oqmd M af}b lzIff kfnL efiffdf lbOg] u/L agfOPsf] x'G5 .
ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf M ljBfyL{x?n] skfn vf}/g], u]?jf j:q wf/0f ug]{ / rf/ cfo{
;TonfO{ cg'z/0f ug'{ kb{5 . ^ jif{df klxnf] / @) jif{ kl5 bf];|f] sd{ ug'{kb{5 .
tt\kZrft leIf' jf u[x:yL s] aGg] xf] ;f]xL aGg' kb{5 .

lzIfssf] e"ldsf M u'Dafx?df nfdfx?n] k|f/lDes txsf] lzIff / sdf{rdo{x?n]

ljz]if1 txsf] lzIff kfnL efiffdf k|bfg ub{5g\ . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] /]vb]v /
;'/Iff ub} lgjf{0f k|flKt tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t u/fpFb} a'4d\ z/0fd\ uR5fdLsf] d"n
dGq Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' kb{5 .

ljBfno M af}4 lzIff u'Djf, r}To / ljxf/df k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5 .

u_ O:nfd wd{;Fu ;DalGwt lzIff (Islamic Education) M
O:nfd wd{sf] k|d'v wd{u|Gy s'/fg xf] . zf:qLo c/aL ;flxTodf o;nfO{ pTs[i6 sfo{sf]
¿kdf lnOG5 . o;df !!$ cWofox¿ ;dfj]; ul/Psf 5g\ . d';ndfgx¿n] s'/fg
d'xDdbn] cfˆgf b"t u]la|on sf] dfWodaf6 df}lvs ¿kdf k|s6 ul/Psf] lyof] eGg]
ljZjf; u5{g\ .
O:nfd wd{;Fu ;DalGwt !!$ ;'/fsf] s'/fg lzIff ljz]if u/]/ d'l:nd hfltx?df
;~rflnt lzIff xf] . wfld{s k|s[ltsf] of] lzIffn] ;dflhs ;'wf/ / ;bfrf/df hf]8
lbPsf] kfOG5 . u/La b'MvLnfO{ dfof ug'{ , pbf/ efjgf b]vfpg', eft[jt\ Jojxf/ ug'{
ljjfx / ;DaGw ljR5]bdf ;dflhs lgod cg';f/ rNg'kg]{ s'/f O:nfd wd{df elgP
d'tfljs To:t} lzIff cfgf}krfl/s ?kdf k|bfg ul/g] rng rlncfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf klg cfhsn s'/fg u|Gy;Fu ;DalGwt /x]/ sf7df08f}sf] hfd] dl:hb,
g]kfnu~h, e}/xjf, gjnk/f;L nufotsf d';ndfg al:tx? /x]sf 7fpFdf dl:hbdf
clxn] klg o:tf] lzIff lbg] ul/G5 . db/f;fdf k|bfg ul/g] lzIffnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
klg dfGotf lbPsf] 5 .
3_ ls/fFt wd{;Fu ;DalGwt lzIff (Kirat Education) M
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8L efu vf; u/L d]rL, sf]zL ;u/dfyf c~rnsf kxf8L
lhNnfx?df klxn] b]lv g} a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf /fO{, lnDa, ;'g'jf/ cflbnfO{ ls/fFt
;d"bfo leqsf hflt dfGg] ul/G5 . ls/fFt wd{df k|s[lt k"hfnfO{ ljZjf; ul/G5 .
gbL, h+un, kxf8nfO{ k'hf ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 .
ls/fFt lnkLsf lgdf{tf >Lh+u / wd{u'? kmfNu'gfgGbnfO{ dflgG5 . >Lh+u lnkLdf
n]lvPsf] ls/fFt wd{ u|Gy km]bfª\df -u'?_ af6 l;sfOg] of] lzIff klg wfld{s
cgf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] lzIff xf] .
oL dfyL pNn]v ul/Psf rf/} k|sf/sf wd{ ljz]if;Fu ;DalGwt z}lIfs
sfo{qmdx? Indigenous lzIff x'g\ . o:tf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? xfd|f]
b]z g]kfnsf] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] hggL x'g eGg ;lsG5 .
 1.2. Streaming of Learning Situation :
-ljleGg k|sf/sf l;sfOsf wf/x?_
"Education starts in the womb and ends in the tomb" - Plato
Or
Education Starts from cradle and ends to grave.
lxlGbdf Pp6f egfO 5 – æl;sfO – ue{ ;] sa| tsÆ

l;sfO hLjgko{Gt rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . JolQmn] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf x/]s If0fdf s]xL g
s]xL s'/f l;ls/x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L hLjgko{Gt l;Sg] s'/fdf ;a}n] Pp6} t/Lsfn]
l;Sb5g\ eGg] 5}g . JolQmn] s'g} a]nf Pp6f wf/af6 l;Sb5 eg] s'g} a]nf csf]{ wf/af6
l;Sb5 .
o;/L lzIff k|fKt ug]{ ljleGg tl/sfx?nfO{ l;sfOsf wf/x? elgG5 . lzIffsf]
k|sf/nfO{ l;sfO{ x'g] k|sf/sf] ?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmn] lzIff xfFl;n ug{
cyf{t gofF gofF 1fg, l;k wf/0ffx? cfh{g ug{ k|of]u ug]{ ljleGg wf/x?nfO{
cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s , clgoldt÷cfsl:ds kl/j]zx?nfO{ lj:t[tdf tn rrf{
ul/G5 .
!= cf}krfl/s l;sfO kl/j]z (Formal Learning Situation) M
;fdfGotof ljBfno tyf dxfljBfnodf uO cf}krfl/s lzIffsf dfWodaf6 xfl;n
u/]sf] l;sfOnfO{ cf}krfl/s kl/j]zaf6 l;s]sf] l;sfO elgG5 . cyf{t cf}krfl/s
lzIffaf6 dflg;n] l;s]sf] l;sfOnfO{ cf}krfl/s kl/j]z elgG5 .
cf}krfl/s lzIff lglZrt k|sf/sf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t l;sfOsf nIo / p2]Zox? k|flKtsf nflu
of]hgfj4 ?kdf lglZrt cjlwleq xfFl;n ug]{ u/L th'{df ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] l;sfO
x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cf}krfl/s ;+3;+:yf leq cf}krfl/s JolQmx? x'G5g\ .
æcf}krfl/sf lzIff txut?kdf ;+/rgf ul/Psf] / ;docg';f/ >]0fLj4 ul/Psf] z}lIfs
k4tL xf], h'g k|fylds ljBfnoaf6 ;'? eP/ ljZj ljBfno;Dd k'Ub5 .Æ
- Phillip H Coombs
æcf}krfl/sf l;sfO ljlzi6 pd]/ / ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 , o;df k'/f ;do
sIffsf]7fdf pkl:ylt x'g' cfjZos x'G5 / cGTodf k|df0fkq, l8Knf]df jf o:tf k|sf/sf
dfGotfx? k|bfg ul/G5 . d'Vo ?kn] o;df bIf4f/f l;sfO u/fOG5 . clwsf+z ljsl;t
b]zx?df o;sf] k|zf;g / lgoGq0f lzIff dGqfnon] u5{, o;df ul/Psf] nufgL
dfkgof]Uo x'G5 ;fy} o;sf] k|ltkmn / pTkfbg ;xh} klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ
- xlj{;g
cf}krfl/s l;sfO kl/j]zsf sdhf]/Lx? (Weakness of Formal
Learning Situation) M
cfnf]rsx?sf cg';f/ o;df lgDg sdhf]/Lx? /x]sf x'G5g\ M
s_ afFlwPsf] l;sfO k4ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
v_ dx+uf] / vlr{nf] x'G5 .
u_ s7f]/ jf cnlrnf] x'G5 .
3_ zf]lift, kLl8t ju{sf] kx'Fr eGbf aflx/ s'lng ju{d'lv x'G5 .
cf}krfl/s l;sfO kl/j]zdf /x]sf sdhf]/Lx? ;'wfg]{ pkfox? (Ways
to improve Weakness of Formal Learning Situation) M
s_ l;sfOsf sfo{qmdnfO{ sd aGwgdf /fVg] / nlrnf] agfpg] .
v_ lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] kx'Fr leq Nofpg] .
u_ ;fwf/0fsf ;fy} Joj;fod'vL l;kx? l;sfpg] .
3_ l;sfO k|lqmof ;xeflutfTds vfnsf] agfpg] .
ª_ df}lns, Plss[t / ;fGble{s l;sfO agfpg k|of;/t /xg] .
r_ wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g ug]{ .
@= cgf}krfl/s l;sfO kl/j]z ( Non-Formal Learning Situation) M
æcf}krfl/s kl/j]zsf] l7s pN6f] k|sf/sf] lzIff cgf}krfl/s lzIff xf] .Æ
- Evan Ellich
æcgf}krfl/s lzIffdf hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if u/L l;kd"ns kIf / To;df k|efj kfg]{
o;sf kIfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ tyf efjL hLjg ;kmn agfpg JolQmnfO{ dfu{bz{g
u/fpg] ljifoj:t' l;sfOG5 .Æ
- xlj{;g
æ cgf}krfl/s kl/j]zaf6 k|fKt x'g] l;sfO cf}krfl/s k4tLeGbf aflx/ a[xt\ Pp6f
c+zsf ?kdf jf 5'§} sfo{ ug]{ u/L ;+ul7t x'g] s'g} klg l;sfO{sf] lqmofsnfk xf] . h;n]
vf; k|sf/sf l;sf?sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zo /fVb5 . of] lglb{i6 nIo lnP/ ;r]t
?kdf qmda4 lsl;dn] ;~rfng ul/Psf] ;a} / vf; vf; ;d"xnfO{ lbOPsf] ljz]if
k|sf/sf] l;sfOnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lsl;daf6 lnPsf] l;sfO elgG5 .
– lkmlnk s'Da;
qmdz===========================
cgf}krfl/s lzIff / o;af6 x'g] l;sfOsf ;DaGwdf dfly pNn]lvt egfOx?nfO{
ljZn]if0f ubf{ cf}krfl/s lzIf0f ;+:yfx?df l;Sg hfg gkfPsf ;a} ju{, hft,
hflt / ;Dk|fbfosf JolQmx?, b[li6ljlxg tyf ckfª\utfx?, sd ;'ljwf k|fKt
JolQmx?, Go"g cfo ePsf JolQmx? / dlxnfx? ;a}sf nflu pgLx?s} OR5f,
cfjZostf / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df l;k sf}znx? clej[l4 u/fpg] dg;fon] ljz]if
u/L Joj;flos k|s[ltsf ljBfyL{nfO{ 7fpF, lgod / k|j]zsf] nlrnf] k|lqmof agfO{
cf}krfl/ssf] ;Dk'/ssf] ?kdf k|bfg ul/g] l;sfOsf] kl/j]z eGg] a'lemG5 .
h:t} M k|f}9 ;fIf/tf, afnlzIff, dlxnf ;fIf/tf, sfg'gL lzIff sfo{qmd, u|fdL0f
s[lif sfo{qmd, sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L cflb cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf pbx/0f x'g\ .
cgf}krfl/s l;sfOsf] cEo'bo ( Emergence of Non-Formal
Learning) M
dflg;sf] pTklt / ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes sfnv08df l;sfO ug{ cgf}krfl/s
z}nLsf] k|of]u ul/GYof] . nf]sfEof; ;fIf/tf (Ethno-literacy) cgf}krfl/s
l;sfOaf6 ePsf] ;fIf/tf xf] .
cf}krfl/s ?kdf lzIff k|bfg ug]{ lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] z'Ns nufotsf] dx+uf] vr{
u/Lj tyf lgd'vf ju{n] h'6fpg g;sL o:tf] lzIffaf6 jl~rt x'g k/]sf]
l:yltnfO{ a'em]/ John Addams n] ;+o'Qm /fi6« cd]/Lsfdf ;g\ !**( df x'n
xfp;sf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/]klg ;g\ !(^)–&) sf] bzsdf lkmlnk s'Da;\
nufotsf lzIfljb\x?n] ul/a, lgd'vf, z]lift–lkl8t ju{sf] lxt cg's'n x'g] u/L
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ k4ltsf] ?kdf
ljsl;t u/fP .
o;/L cf}krfl/s ?kdf wgL ju{df dfq l;Sg kfpg] kl/kf6LnfO{ ul/a / tNnf
ju{sf JolQmsf] 3/cfFugdf lzIff k'¥ofpg] u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cEo"bo eof]
.
g]kfndf cgf}krfl/s ?kaf6 l;sfOsf] ;'?jft ( Practice of Non Formal
Education in Nepal) M
g]kfndf Jojl:yt ?kdf cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf dfWodaf6 l;sfO x'g] k|lqmof lj=;++
!(*# sf] u|dL0f lzIff sfo{qmdaf6 ;'?jft eP tfklg lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf]
k|hftGq k|flKt kl5 lzIff dGqfnosf] u7g kZrft @))* ;fndf k|f}9 lzIff
;~rfngdf NofOPsf] xf] .
lj= ;+= @)@@ ;fndf k|f}9x? k9\gsf nflu æ:jo+ k9fpm / k9Æ cleofgsf ?kdf
sfo{d'ns ;fIf/tf ;+~rfng ul/of] .
lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf /f=lz=k=of] nfu'eP kl5 o; sfo{qmd cem kl/:s[t ?kdf
;~rfng ul/of] / @)$( ;fnsf] /f=lz=cf= n] klg dlxnf lzIff, afn lzIff / k|f}9
lzIffnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf hf]8 lbof] .
g]kfndf vf;u/L lzIff dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|,
;fgf]l7dLn] cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ a9fpg hf]8 lbP/ ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf6 ;~rflnt cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd M
tflnd
sfo{qmdx? p2]Zo cjlw kf7\o;fdfu|L
-;=sf=_
lzIff ;bg ;fIf/ agfpg], klxnf] tx ( dlxgf b}lgs (±# gf}nf] ljxfg
-k|yd_ k'/f u/]sfnfO{ ljBfnodf @ 306f lbg efu ! / @
egf{ u/fpg]
lzIff ;bg ;fIf/tfnfO{ :yfloTj lbg], ( dlxgf b}lgs ^ lbg gofF km8\sf]
-bf;|f]_ sfo{d'ns lzIff lbg] @ 306f efu ! / @
dlxnf lzIff ;fIf/ agfpg], sfo{d'ns ^ dlxgf b}lgs !@ ± # dlxnf ;fIf/tf
-k|yd_ 1fg / l;k lbg], 3/ @ 306f lbg k'l:tsf 3/
kl/jf/ ;DalGw 1fg / cfFug
l;k lbg]
dlxnf lzIff ;fIf/tfnfO{ :yfloTj lbg], ^ dlxgf b}lgs ^ lbg ufpF j];L efu
-bf];|f]_ sfo{d"ns l;k lbg] @ 306f !/@
 tflnd
sfo{qmdx? p2]Zo cjlw kf7\o;fdfu|L
-;=sf=_
k|f}9 lzIff ;fIf/ agfpg], / ^ dlxgf b}lgs (±# gofF uf]/]6f] klxnf] /
sfo{d"ns 1fg / @ 306f lbg bf];|f] kfOnf
l;k lbg]
;fIf/f]Q/ ;fIf/tfnfO{ :yfloTj # dlxgf b}lgs ^ lbg ;a}sf nflu
lzIff lbg], sfo{d'ns l;k @ 306f ;fIf/tf k'l:tsf,
lbg] hLjgsf] af6f]
;a}sf nflu lzIff
gj ;fIf/ l;s]sf l;knfO{ nuftf/ ! lbg :t/ ;'xfpFbf] kf7\o
sfo{qmd :yfloTj lbg], 1fg ;fdu|L k':ts
/ l;k lbg]
pko'{qm sfo}qmd afx]s cfwf/e't lzIff, ;fIf/f]Q/ sfo{qmd, r]lna]6L lzIff sfo{qmd,
k|f/lDes afNofj:yf ljsf; sfo{qmd, dlxnf lzIff ;fIf/tf cleofg, a}slNks k|fylds
lzIff, SOP, Opem School cflb sfo{qmd klg cgf}krfl/s lzIfffsf] ?kdf ;~rflnt
5g\ .
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf pb]Zox? (Objectives of Non Formal Education) M
g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfnosf] cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 lzIffsf] gofF uf]/]6f]sf] ;xof]uL
k'l:tsf cg';f/ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pb]Zox?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] 5 M
s_ ;xefuLx?df dfgjLo u'0fsf] ljsf; u/fpg' M
– cfkm\gf ;d:of cfkm}+ ;dfwfg ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ .
– lg8/ eO{ cfkm\gf s'/f eGg k|]l/t ug'{ .
– cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; ug'{ .
v_ ;xefuLx?df Jojxfl/s l;ksf] ljsf; ug'{ M
– 3R sf] 1fg l;k l;sfpg' .
– b}lgs hLjgdf sfd nfUg] s'/fx? h:t} M s[lif, :j:Yo, jg, lzz' :ofxf/
cflbsf] ;DaGwdf 1fg lbg' .
– Psh'6 eO of]hgfj4 9ª\un] sfd ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ .
cgf}krfl/s l;sfOsf ljz]iftfx? (Features) M
s_ cf}krfl/s k4lteGbf aflx/ k|of]udf NofOg] .
v_ l;kd'vL, Jojxf/d'vL, ;dfh;fk]If x'g] .
u_ nlrnf] k|s[ltsf] x'g] .
3_ ldtJooL x'g] .
ª_ cfd l;sfOsf ?kdf /xg] .
r_ :ygLo ;|f]t / ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ul/g] .
5_ l;sf?sf] ?lr / cg'ejdf cfwfl/t x'g] .
cgf}krfl/s l;sfO kl/j]z;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? (Problems of Non Formal
Learning Situation M
s_ cle?lrsf] cefj
v_ c7f]6sf] sdL
u_ ;|f]t kl/rfngdf pbf;Lgtf
3_ l;sfO ;fdu|L c;fGble{s
ª_ ;dGjosf] cefj cflb .
cgf}krfl/s l;sfO kl/j]znfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox? (Suggestion for the
Improvement of Non Formal Learning Situation M
s_ cg}krfl/s l;sfOsf] gLlt lgdf{0f ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .
v_ k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws kIfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
u_ ;|f]t kl/rfngdf :yfgLo :t/df g} lhDd]jf/ agfpg] .
3_ /fhgLlts bafaaf6 6f9f /fVg] .
ª_ sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}n] OdfGbfl/tf b]vfpg] .
r_ k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{ u/fpg] .
#= cltl/Qm l;sfO kl/j]z (InFormal Learning Situation) M
cltl/Qm lzIffdfkm{t x'g] l;sfOnfO{ hLjgko{Gt l;sfOsf] ?kdf klg lng ;lsG5
. of] o:tf] l;sfO dfWod xf], h;df l;Sg] / l;sfpg]sf] p2]Zo k"j{ lgwf{l/t x'Fb}g
/ JolQmn] hLjg cg'ejaf6 l;sfO k|fKt ub{5 .
o; l;sfOdf cf}krfl/s l;sfO h:tf] lglZrt / s7f]/ ;+/rgf x'Fb}g . of] t
cfkm\gf] clefjs, kl/jf/ ;dfhn] æu/ jf gu/Æ eg]/ l;sfpg] c;+ul7t :j?ksf]
x'G5 . o; l;sfOdf cu|hsf Jojxf/sf] gjfut lkF9Ln] cg's/0f u/]/ 1fg,l;k /
clej[lQ l;Sg] ub{5 .
cltl/Qm l;sfO vf;u/L wfld{s sfo{qmd, d7 dlGb/, k':tsfno, ;ef;Dd]ng
cflbaf6 l;Sg] l;sfO xf] . of] dflg;sf] hLjgsf] cleGg c+u / hLjGko{Gt
;j{JofkL?kdf dfgj ;d"bfodf k|rngdf /x]sf] l;sfO xf] .
cltl/Qm l;sfO kl/j]zsf ljz]iftfx? (Features) M
s_ of] hLjgko{Gt l;sfOdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
v_ b}lgs cg'ej, cg's/0f / cGtlqm{ofaf6 l;sfO x'G5 .
u_ of] lbuf] / Jojxfl/s k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
3_ l;k x:tfGt/0fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
ª_ JolQmut k|ltef / IfdtfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u5{ .
cltl/Qm l;sfO kl/j]zsf sdhf]/Lx? (Weakness) M
s_ o:tf] l;sfOsf] lglb{i6 pb]Zo x'Fb}g .
v_ lgod / cg'zf;g x'Fb}g .
u_ of] l;sfO ;Fw} Jojxfl/s / plrt x'Fb}g .
3_ unt ;+ut ePdf unt s'/f g} l;sfO x'G5 .
$= cfsl:ds l;sfO kl/j]z (Incidental Learning Situation) M
cfsl:ds ?kdf lxF8\bf 8'Nbf, s;};Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{, st} 3'Dg hfFbf jf
s'g} kl/j]zaf6 JoLqmn] em\jf§ ?kdf :jtM s]xL s'/f l;Sb5 / Jojxf/
kljt{g ub{5 eg] o:tf] tl/sfn] cflh{t 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffnfO{
cfsl:ds l;sfO elgG5 .
dgf]a}1flgsx?sf cg';f/ of] l;sfO k|oTg / e'n;Fu cfwfl/t x'G5 .
o; k|sf/sf] l;sfO kl/j]z, 36gf jf k|s[ltdf lge{/ ub{5 . of] cj;/
s]lGb|t x'G5 . ;f+:s[lts ?kn] ljlzli6s[t Joxf/ ug'{, efiff, k|j[lQ /
ljZjf;df cfwfl/t /xg'of] l;sfOsf] d"n Wo]o /x]sf] x'G5 .
cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt / cfsl:ds l;sfOsf kl/j]z lar t'ngf M
ljleGg l;sfOsf kl/j]zx?
kIfx?
cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s clgoldt cfsl:ds
lglb{i6, lb3{sflng, Jofks If]q ;d]6\g], Joks If]q cfsl:ds,
;+/rgfTds, cfd hg;d"bfodf ;d]6\g], 36gfd"ns,
;+u7gfTds, s]lGb|t, l;ksfo{df clglZrt, cfd jtfj/0f jf
txut, k|df0fkqdf cfwfl/t, ;fdflhs ;d"bodf kl/l:yltd"ns
cfwfl/t, hfu/0fsf] pb]Zo, s]lGb|t,
ljifoj:t'df cfjZostfd'vL, ;fdflhs
pb]Zox? s]lGb|t, lzIfs / ;xof]ufTds / hfu/0f ePsf],
ljBfnod'vL, s7f]/, ;xeflutfd"ns, ;xof]ufTds,
Jofks ;|f]tsf] k'm;{bsf] ;dosf] cfjZostf"'vL,
kl/rfng ug]{, gofF ;b'kof]u ug]{, cgf}krfl/s÷
gofF ljlw pTkfbg nrstfd'vL, cltl/Qm
ug]{, 7"nf] nufgLsf] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] pb]Zosf] cflb .
nIo /fv]sf] cflb kl/k"/s cflb
cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt / cfsl:ds l;sfOsf kl/j]z lar t'ngf M
ljleGg l;sfOsf kl/j]zx?
kIfx?
cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s clgoldt cfsl:ds
• ;fwf/0f, kqfrf/ lzIff, b'/ s'g} k|sf/ / s'g} t/Lsf
Jo;flos tyf lzIff, v'nf lzIff, ljlwdf ljefhg ljlw /
k|ljlws, lg/Gt/ lzIff, 6]ln;ef gul/Psf] . k|sf/df
• jf:tljs, cflb k|sf/ ljefhg gx'g]
lrqfTdsm cfwf/e't ;fIf/tf, cfjZjstf
lnlvt / ;fIf/f]Q/ / lg/Gt/ cg';f/ cfsl:ds tyf
k|sf/ ÷ k|of]uffTds jf:tljs, lrqfTds, cgf}krfl/s kl/l:ylthGo
ljlw t/Lsfdf lnlvt / k|of]ufTds lzIffsf] ljlw t/Lsf .
cfwfl/t ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{
•k|jrg, 5nkmn, k|of]u ;lsg] .
k|Zgf]Tt/, cIf/ ljlw, d'Vo zAb
gf6sLs/0f ljlw, eflifs k'0f{eflifs
nuotsf ljlGeg / l/km\6]S6 ljlw
cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt / cfsl:ds l;sfOsf kl/j]z lar t'ngf M
ljleGg l;sfOsf kl/j]zx?
kIfx?
cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s clgoldt cfsl:ds
• >Jo, b[Zo • l;sf?4f/f, :yfgLo • s'g} lglZrt • s'g}
tyf >Jo–b[Zo lzlIft JolQmx?4f/f ;fwgx?sf] lzIf0fsf
;fdu|L lgld{t ;fdu|L k|of]usf] ls6fg ;fwgsf] k|of]u
• :jcWogsf •>Jo, b[Zo tyf >Jo– gePsf] ls6fg gePsf]
;fwgx?sf] k|of]u b[Zo ;fdu|L tyf •cgf}krfl/s
;fwg
• sd d'No kg]{ ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u . lzIff;Fu glhs
:ygLo :t/df /x]/ ;fwgx?sf]
lgld{t k|of]u ug{
;fwgx?sf] k|of]u ;lsg]
cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt / cfsl:ds l;sfOsf kl/j]z lar t'ngf M
ljleGg l;sfOsf kl/j]zx?
kIfx?
cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s clgoldt cfsl:ds
• ;dfhdf cf}krfl/s •;fdflhs r]tgfsf] •hLjgko{Gt • hLjg
lzIffsf] Jokstf ljsf;df k|efj nlrnf] / ko{Gt,
/x]sf]n] ;dflhs •g}ltstfsf] ljsf; / cfjZostfdf cg'ejdf
dfGotfsf] /fd|f] k|efj ;fd"lxs sfo{df k|efj cfwfl/t cfwfl/t
•bIftf, u'0ffTdstf, •;xeflutd"ns ePsf]n] ePsf] /fd|f]
k|df0fkq k|flKtdf lzIffdf cfwfl/t hgdf;df /fd|f] k|efj
k|efj /fd|f] k|efj ePsf]n] cfly{s k|efj •cfsl:ds
•hLjgko{Gt, ljsf;df /fd|f] k|efj lzIff
l;kd"ns, lk/fld8 •;fIf/tf, lg/Gt/ ePsf]n]
cfsf/sf] ;+/rgf l;sfO, v'nf l;sfOdf cj:yf
•d"Nof+sg tyf lzIf0f k|efj cg';f/
ljlwdf dgf}j1 } flgs •hLjgko{Gt, l;kd"ns k|efj kg{
l;4fGtx?sf] k|of]u lzIffdf /fd|f] k|efj ;Sg] .
 !=# hLjgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf l;sfO kl/j]zsf] dxTj (Significance
of Different Situation of Learning in Life) M
!= ljZje/ k|rngdf cfPsf] 1fg cfh{gsf] d"n dfWod, of]Uotf k|0ffnL
k|df0fkqdf cfwfl/t, /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]uf/Lsf] nflu cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljz]if
dxTj 5 .
@= l;sfOsf nflu ;a}nfO{ 9f]sf v'nf x'g], ;a}sf] kx'Fr ePsf], Jojxfl/s 1fg
l;kdf hf]8 lbg] l;sf?sf] l;sfOnfO{ hLjGt agfO/fVg], :j/f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{
;Sg], cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]zug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] dxTj 5 .
#= JolQmdf /xg ;xg, afgLJoxf]/f, dgf]j[lQ nufotsf ;fdflhs u'0fx? k|flKtx'g],
l;sf?x?nfO{ ;fdflhlss/0fdf d4t k'¥ofpg], ;dfhdf ;dfof]hg x'g / kl/l:ylt
cg';f/ rNg l;sfpg] ePsf]n] clgoldt÷cltl/Qm lzIffsf] dxTj 5 .
$= l;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ lbuf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg, JolQmnfO{ ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug{
JolQmnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf l;Sg k|]l/t ug{, ;r]tgfljxLg x'gaf6 /f]Sg cfsl:ds
lzIffsf] dxTj 5 .
 !=$ cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt / cfsl:ds lzIfflarsf] cGt/;DaGw
(Inter relation between among four stream Education) M
cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt / cfsl:ds lzIff l;sfO{sf km/s kl/j]z x'g\
eGg] s'/f t dfyL g} k|i6 eO ;s]sf] 5 . t/ klg dfgj hLjgsf l;sfOsf ljleGg
If0fx?df lo rf/j6} kl/j]zx? Ps csf{;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .
lzIff tyf l;sfO{ hLjge/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . JolQmn] cfkm\gf] hLjg calwe/
s'g} g s'g} kl/j]zaf6 l;ls/x]sf] x'G5 . Ps kl/j]zaf6 l;s]sf] l;sfOnfO{ k"0f{ /
kl:s[t agfpg csf]{ kl/j]zn] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
cf}krfl/s ?kdf sIffsf]7fdf l;s]sf ;}4flGts 1fg l;knfO{ k|of]ufTds /
Jojxfl/s agfpg cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt tyf cfsl:ds lzIffn] ;xof]u ub{5 .
cf}krfl/s ;+u7gdf k|j]z u/L l;sfO l;Sg] cj;/ gkfPsfx?nfO{ klg cGo l;sfO
kl/j]zn] l;Sg d4t ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
Ps kl/j]zaf6 dfq l;s]sf] l;sfO{n] k"0f{ gx'g] x'Fbf / JolQmsf] hLjgko{Gt
l;sfO{nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg lo ;a} kl/j]zsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'Fbf rf/ j6} l;sfO
kl/j]zx? Ps csf{df cGt;{DalGwt 5g\ .
cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt / cfsl:ds l;sfO{ kl/j]zsf]
cGt/;DaGenfO{ lgDg /]vf lrqaf6 klg k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M