;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs k|ljlwo'Qm /t'jf–dfjf gbL k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f kl/of]hgf

kl/ofTds cGt/lqmof uf]i7L

ldlt @)^^ efb| $ ut]

k|ltj]bg

cfof]hs
hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f l8lehg sfof{no If]q g+ !
;xof]uL ;+:yfx?
lhNnf ag sfof{no, df]/ª
/fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~r, /fh3f6
dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfn, pnf{jf/L
 k[i7e"dLM
g]kfn gbL gfnfx?sf] 3gL b]z eg]/ lrlgG5 . oxfFsf] gbLx?af6
cToflws dfqfd ljh'nL lgsfNg ;lsG5 eg] o;nfO{ l;+rfO{sf]
?kdf k|of]u klg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf *) k|ltzt hgtf s[lif
k]zfdf /x]sf 5g\ . s[lifdf cfl>t hgtfx?n] l;+rfO{sf nflu s'nf],
jfFw, gx/sf] dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf] hdLgnfO{ l;+lrt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
t/ w]/} h;f] v]tL of]Uo hdLg ckm} klg jiff{sf] kfgLs} e/df
l;+rfO{df cfl>t /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf x/]s jif{ jiff{sf] ;dodf gbLx?df jf9L cfO{ gbLsf tl6o
If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] v]lt of]Uo hdLg, jfnLgfnL,
j:t'efp dfq geP/ hgwgsf] ;d]t Iflt ub}{ cfPsf] xfdL ;'Gg
kfpb5f} . o:tf] cj:yfdf gbLsf tl6o If]qsf dflg;x?sf nflu
gbL j/bfg geO{ cleiffksf] ?kdf lng] u/]sf 5g .
gbLnfO{ Jojl:yt / lgolGqt ug{ ;s]sf] v08df of] x/]s k|sf/n]
j/bfg ;fljt x'g ;Sb5 . gbL lgoGq0fsf ljleGg k|s[of /
tf}/tl/sfx? X'G5g . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f u/L tbL t6df 9'·f, l;d]G6, tf/hfnLsf :k/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .
csf]{ tl/sf eg]sf] xfd|f] k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]u u/L h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L gbL lsgf/df
jf]6lj?jf, 3fF;, df6f]sf]] l8n lgdf{0f u/L ug]{ k|s[of /x]sf] 5 . h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L gbLnfO{
lgoGq0f ug]{ k|rng k/Dk/fut / :yflgo ;Lkdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L xfd|f k"vf{n]
klg gbL lgoGq0f u/]sf lyP eg] xfn cfP/ o;nfO{ lj:tflkt ug]{ u/L l;d]G6 / 9'·fsf] k|of]u u/L ug]{
k|rn a9b} cfPsf] 5 . h;n] :yflgo ;Lk / k|ljlwnfO{ lj:yflkt dfq u/]g pgLx?sf] k|ljlwsf]
cjd"Nog klg u/]sf] 5 . eg] csf]{ tkm{ of] k"0f{?kdf ;kmn g} klg b]lvPsf] 5}g ;fy ;fy} o;n]
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;d]t ulDe/ c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . lo ljljw ;d:ofx?;Fu lg/Gt/ h'emb} cfPsf pnf{jf/L
/ /fh3f6sf gbL t6Lo If]qsf ;d'bfon] ljleGg !% j6f k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ;d"xdf cfj4e} ;d'bfo
:t/af6} h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L /t'jf–dfjf gbL lsgf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . h;nfO{ /fh3f6
hgsNof0f d~rn] ;+of]hg / ljleGg u};; tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :yflgo lgsfon] ;dxof]u k'¥ofpb}
cfPsf] 5 . h;sf] ;kmn pbfx/0f pnf{jf/Lsf] a};faf/L b]lv /fh3f6sf] l5Gtf·] 6f]n ;Ddsf] Ifq]df b]Vg
;lsG5 . o;} kl/k]Ifdf o; sfdsf] klxrfg / k|To;fx ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf dxz'; u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
;xof]udf /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~r, /fh3f6, /t'jf–dfjf gbL lgoGq0f d"n ;ldlt, emfkf÷df]/ª / dbg
e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfnsf] ;+oQm k|of;af6 df]/ª / emfkfsf] ;Ldfgfdf /x]sf] /t'jf–dfjf gbLsf]
lsgf/df cfw'lgs k|ljlw / k/Dk/fut k|ljlw -h}ljs k|ljlw_ sf] k|of]u u/L pQm gbLsf] k|sf]k Go'lgs/0f
ug]{ p2]Zon] kl/of]hgfsf] ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 .
o;} kl/k]Ifdf ldlt @)^^ efb| $ ut] lj/f6gu/ l:ylt k"jf{~rn If]lqo jg lgb]{zgfnosf] tflnd xndf
Ps lbg] ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ljr sfo{qmdsf] kl/ro lbg] p2]Zon] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
lyof] To;} u/L ldlt @)^^ efb| & ut] k"jf~rn l;rfO{ lgb]{zgfnodf dfglgo l;+rfO{ d+qL afns[i0f
vfF8, l;+rfO{ d+qfnosf ;lrj, hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefusf k|d'v ;lxtsf] ;xeflutfdf
sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L ;d]t u/fO{Psf] lyof] . pQm cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .
 sfo{qmdsf] ;+lIfKt ;f/fz+M

pb\3f6 zqM
sfo{qmd ljxfg !)M#) jh] b]lv z'? ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f
l8lehg sfof{nosf k|d'v >L w|'js'df/ >]i7n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng s[i0f sfsL{n] ug'{
ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v clylt :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L >L p4jk|;fb ltldlN;gf /xg'
ePsf] lyof] eg] clyltx?df ;xfos k|=lh=c= df]/ª, zq'3g k'8f;}gL, lhNnf jg sfof{no df]/ªsf k|d'v
c?0f zdf{ kf}8]n, If]lqo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnosf /jLgfy jfj' >]i7, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{no,
df]/ªsf k|d'v sdn >]i7, dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fgsf cWoIf u'?k|;fb j/fn, /fh3f6 hgsNof0f
d~rsf cWoIf d'lQm j/fn /xg' ePsf] lyof] .
clyltx?sf] cf;g u|x0f kZrft 1ft c1ft ;lxbx? k|lt Ps ldg]6 df}gwf/0f ;lxt efjk"0f{ >bfGhnL
ck{g ul/Psf] lyof] .
;lxbx? k|lt >4flGhn ck{0f kZrft ;xefuLx? ljr Ps
cfk;df kl/ro cfbfg k|bfg ePsf] lyof] . kl/rodf ;a}n]
gfd, 7]ufgf, cfkm'n] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] sfof{no jf ;+:yf /
kb eGg' ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf ;efklt w|'js'df/ >]i7n] clylt tyf
;xeflux?nfO{ :jfut ug'{sf ;fy} /t'jf–dfjf gbL k|efljt
If]qsf] kl/ro ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] .

k|efljt uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?M

df]/ªsf] dw'dNnf, pnf{jf/L, /fh3f6, O{6x/f, l;h'jf, em'ls{of,
dxfb]jf / emfkfsf] bds gu/kflns, nvgk"/, sf]xj/f,
vh'ufl5 /x]sf 5g\ .
If]qkmnM @$%=$* ju{ lsnf]ld6/
w/w'/L ;+VofM !)#$*#
hg;+VofM @&)^*)

pQm :jfut dGtJo kZrt sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L, df]/ª >L p4jk|;fb
ltldlN;gfaf6 kfg;df jlQjfln sfo{qmdsf] pb3f6g ePsf] lyof] .
kl/of]hgfsf] hfgsf/L / p2]Zo k|:t'ltM
sfo{qmdsf] cf}krf/Ls pb\3f6g kZrft dbg e08f/L :d[lt
k|lti7fgsf cWoIf u'?k|;fb a/fnn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs
k|ljlw4f/f gbL lgoGq0f / lbuf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf /x]sf P]g lgod
;'wf/;Fu ;DjlGwt kIfx?sf af/]df k|i6 kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] . jxfFn]
;d'bfon] k/fk'j{sfn b]lv cf–cfÇg} tj/af6 gbL lgoGq0fsfnflu
k|oTgx? Ul//x]sf h;nfO{ ;/sf/L tyf u};;af6 ;xof]u k|fKt eO{ cfPsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf]
lyof] . o;} ;Gb{edf ljut #)–$) jif{ b]lv k|ltjif{ tf/hfnLsf] k|of]uaf6 gbLs6fg lgoGq0f k|of; ePtf
klg o;sf] lbuf] lgoGq0f x'g g;s]sf] / o;sf nflu k|rlnt k|ljlw / k/Dk/fut h}ljs k|ljlwsf]
ld>0faf6 k|efjsf/L ?kdf ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ u/]sf] cg'/f]w cg'';f/ cfly{s jif{
)^^÷^& sf nflu /t'jf–dfjf gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf nflu ;/sf/n] kfFr s/f]8
ljlgof]hg u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] .
ljleGg If]qdf /x]sf] cfly{s lj;+ultsf ?kdf sld;g, e|i6frf/ h:tf sfo{x?sf] lj/f]w ub}{ o;df ;a}sf]
Wofg k'Ug' kg]{ / ;d'bfosf] nflu lg:jy{?kdf nfUg' kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ub}{ To;} cg'?k k|lti7fg o;
sfo{qmd nfUg] k|ltj4tf ;d]t JoQm ug'{ eof] .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f lbuf] ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu P]g lgoddf ePsf
;'wf/fTds kIfx? k|;:t} ePsf] eGg] ljrf/ JoQm ub}{ o;af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] eg] o;
;DjGwdf h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f gbL lgoGq0f ;DjGwdf /x]sf] cfly{s tyf cGo P]g lgod ;DjGwdf cf–
cfÇgf] k[i6kf]if0fsf nflu sf]=n]=lg=sf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;d]t cfu|x ug'{ eof] .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f gbL lgoGq0f / lbuf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu P]g
lgod ;'wf/;Fu ;Djlgwt kIfM
!_ :yflgo ;d'bfoaf6 afn'jf lu§L, 9'·f lgsfNg] k|rng;Fu ;DjlGwt lgodg / Jojxf/x?
@_ gbLsf] pbud :yn tyf t6Lo If]q cf;kf;sf vfgL pTvgg tyf ;+rfng cg'dlt;Fu ;DjlGwt sfg"g
#_ jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nof°g ;DjlGwt sfg"g
$_ ;8s If]q, k'n k'n];f, sNe{6 cflbsf] l8hfO{g, lgdf{0f tyf ;+/If0f;Fu ;DjlGwt P]g lgod / k|rlnt Jojxf/x?
%_ jg If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt P]g, lgod tyf k|rlnt Jojxf/x?
^_ :yflgo :jfoQ zf;gn] Joj:yf u/]sf gbLx?sf] 9'·f, lu§L, jfn'jfsf] k|of]u;Fu ;DjlGwt afFlemPsf sfg"g
&_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|rflnt cfly{s P]g / ljBdfg Jojxf/sf ljrdf b]vfk/]sf cGt/lj/f]wL kIfx?
*_ gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu tl6o If]qdf h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|j4{gsf nflu ;+ul7t ;d"x, ;ldlt, ;xsf/L Pj+ s+DkgLsf]
ljsf; / ;+/If0f;Fu ;DjlGwt P]g / lgodx?
(_ h}ljs k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/n] lbuf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf kfg]{ k|efjsf] d"Nof°g tyf clen]vLs/0f, cf]hf]g
tx / sfj{g 6«]8;Fu ;DjlGwt k|Zg

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zojf/]df k|i6kfg]{ qmddf lhNnf jg

sfof{nosf k|d'v c?0f zdf{ kf}8]nn] 1fg ;Lkdf cfwfl/t
p2]Zo / pQd l;sfO{sf] cfwf/df cfwf/Lt p2]ZonfO{ k|:t't
ub}{ 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] k|of]usf] ;DjGwdf cfw'lgs
cWoog tyf cg';+wfg jf lstflj cWoogaf6 k|fKt
a}1flgs 1fgnfO{ ;d'bfo;Fu /x]sf] ;kmn k/Dk/fut 1fg,
;Lk / Ifdtf;Fu ldnfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] v08df h}ljs
k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 gbLdf /x]sf] k|sf]knfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{
;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] lo b'j} 1fgnfO{ Ps 7fFpdf /fvL k|of]u
ug'{ kg]{ wf/0f JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . To;}n]
cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df gbLsf] t6df tf/hfnL k|of]u u/L :k/ lgdf{0f ug]{ / cGo :yfgdf h}ljs k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u / j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ug'{ kg]{ atfpg' eof] . o;sf] pTs[i6 pbfx/0f /fh3f6
/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 xfdLn] l;Sg' kb{5 / o;sf] l;sfO{nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ cGo :yfgx?df o;sf] k|j4{g
ug{ nflu kg'{ kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;Kt/Lsf] df}nL vf]nf, emfkfsf] ;tf;L vf]nf-@)@* ;fnb]vL
oyfjt /x]sf]_, df]/ªsf] dfjf vf]nf, nf]Gb|f vf]nf -s]lx efu_ o:tf vf]nfx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;d'bfon]
cfkmgf] Jojxf/ / 1fgn] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . l;Sg xfdLn] aflx/ hfg' kb}{g l;S5f} xfdL olx
;d'bfoaf6, log} ul/j g]kfnL hgtfaf6 pgLx?sf Jojxf/af6 To;} o:tf ;kmn 7fpFaf6 k|fKt 1fgnfO{
k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 .
1fg / ;Lkdf cfwf/Lt p2]ZoM
!_ gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] jfof]OlGhlgol/· ;DjlGwt 1fgnfO{ k|j4{g u/L hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
@_ gbL lgoGq0f ;DjGwdf ljwdfg :yflgo / k/Dk/fut ;Lk, 1fg / Jojxf/x?sf] klxrfg, clen]vLs/0f u/L
;+:yfut ?kdf k|j4{g ug]{ .
#_ :yflgo / k/Dk/fut gbL lgoGq0fsf 1fg / ;LknfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ lt l;sfO{sf] cfwf/df jfof]OlGhlgol/·sf]
k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf; ub}{nfg :yflgo kf7zfnfx? ;+rfng ug]{.
$_ jfof]OlGhlgol/· ;DjGwdf k|fKt l;sfO{, ;Lk / 1fgnfO{ :yflgo ;d'bfo ;Dd k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug]{ .
pQd l;sfO{sf] cfwf/df cfwf/Lt p2]ZoM
!_ pQd l;sfO{x?sf] klxrfg u/L ltlgx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ n}hfg] .
@_ pQd l;sfO{x?nfO{ ljleGg 7fpFx?df k'gMk|of]u (Replicate) ub}nfhfg] .
#_ gbL lgoGq0f ;DjGwdf jfof]OlGhlgol/· k|of]usf] ;+:yfut k|s[ofsf] ljsf; ub}{nfg] .

sfo{qmdsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf cfwfl/t p2]Zojf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpb} /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~rsf cWoIf
d'lQmfgyf a/fnn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs k|ljlwo'Qm /t'jf–dfjf gbL k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f kl/of]hgf
cGt{ut gbLdf x'g] 9'·, u'§L, jfn'jf cfbLaf6 x'g] cfosf] pkof]usf] clwsf/ :yflgo ;d'bfonfO{ g} ePsf]
eP ;d'bfon] gbL lgoGq0f ug{ ;Ifd x'g] hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] . ;fy} jxfFn] /fhh3f6 hgsNof0f
d~rn] pnf{jf/L / /fh3f6 If]qdf gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of; / To;af6 k|fKt pknlAw /
;d'bfodf ;+ul7t k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ;d"xaf/] ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
;fem]bf/Ldf cfwfl/t p2]ZoM
!_ /t'jf dfjf gbL t6jlt{ k|sf]k lkl8t df]/Ë lhNnfsf dw'dNnf, pnf{af/L, /fh3f6, O6x/f, l;h'jf, e"mls{of, dfxfb]jf
/ emfkf lhNnfsf vh'/uf5L, sf]xj/f, nvgk'/ uflj;x? / bds gu/kflnsfsf pkef]Qmfx? .
@_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{no / To;sf] dflyNnf lgsfox? .
#_ df]/ª lhNnfsf dw'dNnf, pnf{af/L, /fh3f6, O6x/f, l;h'jf, e"mls{of, dfxfb]jf / emfkf lhNnfsf vh'/uf5L,
sf]xj/f, nvgk'/ uflj;x? / bds gu/kflnsf sfof{nox?
$_ lhNnf lasf; ;ldltx? emfkf÷df]/ª
%_ lhNnf jg sfof{nox? emfkf÷df]/ª
^_ lhNnf e"M;+/If0f sfof{no emfkf
&_ k"jf{~rn If]lqo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfno cGu{utsf l8lehg sfof{nox? emfkf÷ df]/ª
*_ hLljsf]kfh{g / ul/jL Go"lgs/0fsf nflu sfo{/t /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u};;
(_ lhNnf s[lif tyf kz';]jf sfof{nox? emfkf÷ df]/ª
!)_ lhNnf k|zfzg sfof{no emfkf÷ df]/ª
!!_ /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~r, pnf{jf/L
!@_ /t'jf÷dfjf gbL lgoGq0f k|efljt d"n ;ldlt, emfkf÷df]/ª
!#_ dbg e08f/L :d[tL k|lti7fg g]kfn, pnf{jf/L
pQm k|:t'lt kZrft dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fgsf cWoIf u'?k|;fb j/fnn] kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjodf
cfwfl/t p2]Zo dfly k|sfz kfb}{ sfo{qmd agfpg] qmddf :yflgo xsjfnf / ;/f]sf/jfnf ljrdf Jofks
5nkmn x'g' kg]{ . To;} u/L gbLdf /x]sf xsjfnfx?sf] ;d"x ljrsf] ;xsf/L / s+kgLsf] lj:tf/ ug'{
kb{5 . s[lifdf s+kgL :yfkgfsf nflu xfdL lg/Gt/ jsfnt ul//x]sf 5f} . jxfFn] ljleGg pbfx/0f lbb}
s+kgLx? :yflgo hgtfsf] :jfldTjdf gx'g] xf] eg] To;df cfpg] ;d:ofx?af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L lbg'
eof] . To;}n] :yflgo ;d'bfo jf s[ifssf] :jfldTjdf s+kgLx?sf] :yfkgf x'g' kb{5 / o;sf] nfe klg
pgLx?n] g} k|fKt ug'{ kb{5 . To;af6 pgLx?sf] ckgTj ljsf; x'G5 . ;xsf/L jf s+kgLsf] :yfkgfsf]
;DjGwdf :yflgo ;d'bfosf] gbL t6df /x]sf] cfkm\gf] hdLgnfO{ d"Nof°g u/L To; a/fa/sf] z]o/ x'g'
kg]{ u/L Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . To;} u/L ;xsf/L jf s+kgLsf] xsdf vf]nf jf/L / kf/L b'j}sf] :jfldTjdf
Pp6f :yfkgf ug'{ kb{5 h;n] ubf{ vf]nfnfO{ jf/Lsfn] kf/L s6fpg] / kfl/sfn] jf/L s6fpg] eGg] eGbf
b'j} lt/ cfkm\g} ;DklQ x'bf vf]nfnfO{ plrt lgoGq0fsf] pkfox? :yflgo ;d'bfon] g} vf]hg] 5g\ .
h}ljs k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 vf]nfsf] lgoGq0fsf] k|of;;Fu vf]nf lsgf/df ljsf; ePsf] jgaf6 k|fKt x'g]
cfDbfgLx?sf] plrt ljt/0fsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fd'bflos jg tyf cGo o:tf ;+:yfx?sf]
cg'ej tyf ;kmn l;sfO{x?nfO{ ;d]t cjnDjg ug'{ kb{5 .
vf]nfsf] lsgf/sf] xfd|f] cleofgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;fem]bf/x? w]/} kfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu
;fem]bf/x?sf] klxrfg u/L ;+hfn lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 / o; ;+hfn dfkm{t sfdsf] ;+of]hg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fy} o; sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjosfnflu ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg, d"Nof°g / ;fdflhs n]vf
kl/If0f h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ eof] .
kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfwfl/t p2]ZoM
!_ lj:t[t ?kdf kl/of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu :yflgo txdf xsjfnf tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf ljr Jofks 5nkmn cGt/lqmof
ug]{ .
@_ sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf nflu :yflgo txdf tl6o If]qsf :yflgo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] :jfldTj x'g] u/L ;d"x, ;ldlt,
;xsf/L tyf sDkgL ljsf; ug]{ .
#_ :yflgo xsjfnfx?sf] ljrdf h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f k|fKt x'g] kl/0fd / nfesf] ;d'lrt ;b'kof]u / ljt/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
$_ p2]Zodf ;xdt x'g] ;fem]bf/x?sf] klxrfg, ;xsfo{ / /0fgLlt agfpg ;+hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ .
%_ ;dp2]Zo ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o gLlh, ;/sf/L tyf u};;x?;Fu p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu k|fljlws, dfgljo
;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ xft]dfnf] ug]{ .
%_ p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lj:t[t kl/of]hgf kq (DPR) lgdf{0f ug]{ .
^_ :yflgo xsjfnfx?;Fu cfwfl/t eP/ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{÷u/fpg] .
&_ sfo{qmdsf] ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg, d"Nof°g / ;fdflhs n]vfkl/If ug]{÷u/fpg] .

sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly df]/ªsf :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L, p4jk|;fb

ltldlN;gfn] gbL lgoGq0fsf] ;DjGwdf xfdLn] gbLaf6 lg:sg] 9'·f,
lu§L, jfn'jfaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLdf @)–@% k|ltzt To;} If]qdf nufgL
ug]{ ;xdlt klg ePsf] xf] t/ To;nfO{ sfof{Gjodf Nofpg ;lsPg\ .
o;f] ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . To;} u/L /fh3f6 If]qdf
h'g sfd d'lQm j/fn / jxfFsf] ;+:yf /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~rn] ug''{
ePsf] 5 To:tf sfdnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;s]sf] v08df / o:tf
cleofgsdL{x? / o:tf lqmofsnfk x/]s gbLsf lsgf/df nfu' ug{ ;s]sf] v08df o;n] /fd|f] k|efj kfg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 . To;} u/L o; sfddf dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfnn] pQm If]qx?df lgs} /fd|f/fd|f
sfdx? klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sfdsf] c;n l;sfO{x?nfO{ sd;]sd %–& j6f gbL lsgf/sf
pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ /fv]/ cg'ej cfbfg k|;fgsf] cj;/ ldnfPsf] v08 o;n] /fd|f] ;+b]z lbg ;Sg] cg'/f]w
klg ub{5' eGg' eof] . ;fy} h}ljs k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 gbL lgoGq0fsf] nflu ul/Psf] of] k|of;sf]
;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf ;d]t JoQm ug'{ eof] .
k|d'v cltyLsf] dGtJo kZrft sfo{qmdsf ;efklt w|'js'df/ >]i7n] h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f gbL lgoGq0f /
o;nfO{ Jol:yt ug{ xfdLn] Wofg lbg' kg]{ kIfsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fpb}, gbLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu o;sf]
pbud -r'/]_ If]qb]lv g} Jojl:yt ub}{ nfg' kg]{ hfgsf/L
lbg' ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} gbLn] cfkm\gf] af6f] kl/j{tg /
o;n] ljgf; ug'{sf] k|d'v sf/0f pbud:yndf ePsf]
jg ljgf;n] ubf{ ePsf] xf] . jxfFn] gbL lgoGq0fdf
h}ljs k|ljlwn] s;/L sfd ub{5 eGg] ljifonfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] . jxfFn] h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f
gbL lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd ;–;fgf gbLx?df w]/} g} ;kmn
ePsf pbfx/0fx? xfdL ;fd' /x]sf hfgsf/L ;d]t lbg'
ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf clylt df]/ª ;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, zq'3g k'8f;}gLn] o; lhNnf /t'jf–dfjf vf]nfn]
w]/} g} c;/ ul//x]sf] ;'Gg cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gb{edf /t'jf–dfjf gbLnfO{ h}ljs k|ljlwo'Qm tl/sfn]
gbLsf] k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|of;sf] yfngLsf] nflu 5nkmn /
lgrf]8 lgsfln sfo{If]qdf hfg] k|of; ul//x]sf 5f} . h;sf
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s]lx ah]6 ;d]t ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5
eGg] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . o; ;DjGwdf pQm tl6o If]qsf
k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ klg o; cleofgdf ;fd]n ug'{ kb{5 /
o;df pgLx?sf] ckgTjsf] ljsf; ul/ plgx?nf O{ lqmoflzn
agfpg' kb{5 . xfdL;Fu clxn] k|ljlwn] ;fy lbPsf] 5 h;/L
oxfF u'un cy{n] lbPsf] gS;f cWoog u/L /x]sf 5f} To;} u/L
o;nfO{ cWoog u/]sf] v08df olx j;]/ gbLsf] jxfj / o;n]
s'gaf6f] lnPsf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lng / o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu k|f]h]S;g ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf
5f} . To;}n] cfw'lgs k|ljlw / :yflgo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut, 1fg, cEof; / k|ljlwsf] ;+of]hgaf6
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn agfpg' nfuf} . o; ufi7Ln] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ;djGwdf ;a}sf] Psdt, Psdg / Ps
k|of; agfpg ;sf];, cfh oxfF pQm k|efljt If]qsf pkef]Qmf, uflj; ;lrj / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] klg
pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 jxfFx? o;nfO{ s;/L ;+rfng ug]{ eGg] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fVg' x'g] g} 5 . uflj;
;lrjx? lg/Gt/ ;"rgf / ;Dk{sdf /xg' x'g]g} 5 o; ;jfndf eGg] cfzf ub}{ o; sfo{qmdsf]
;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf JoQm ug'{ eof] .
lhNnf e";+/If0f sfof{no emfkfsf clws[t xl/k|;fb cfrf{on]
sfof{no @)%@ ;fndf :yfkgf eP b]lv g} ljleGg pkhnfwf/
If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L :yflgo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk
/ k|ljlwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg plgx?s} ;d"x u7g u/]/ h}ljs k|ljlwsf]
dfWodaf6 gbL lgoGq0fsf] sfdx? ub} cfPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'
eof] . o;} u/L jxfFn] emfkfsf] v'b'gfjf/Ldf o; k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
ePsf] pbfx/0f ;d]t k|:t't ub}{ gbL lsgf/df l;len
O{lGhlgo/·sf] ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ;+u;+u} j[Iff/f]k0f u/L h}ljs
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ;d]tsf] dfWodaf6 gbL lgoGq0fsf] k|of;
u/LPsf] hgsf/L lbg' eof] .
gbL lsgf/df j[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;Gb{edf xfdL k9]/ ePsf 1ftf eGbf k/]/ ePsf 1ftf :yflgo ;d'bfosf]
1fgnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{df hf]8 ;d]t lbg' eof] . To;} u/L jxfFn] gbL lgoGq0fsf]
;Gb{edf ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f gbL lgoGq0f ug]{ k|s[of lbuf] ePtf klg lj:tf/} x'g]
k|lqmof ePsf] x'gfn] xtf; x'g' gx'g] eGg' eof] . ;fy} jxfFn] gbLsf] hnfwf/ If]q ;+/If0f k|d'v ljifo
/x]sf] ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpb} ljb]zdf /x]sf gbLx? hlt 7"nf] eP klg ;+Unf], Ps} k|sf/n] alu /xg]
k|s[ltsf x'G5g t/ xfdLsxf wldnf] kflg cfof] eg] dfq afl9 cfP5 eGg ;f]rfO{ 5 t/ ljb]zdf jfl9
cfpbf klg o:tf] x'b}g of] ;a} h}ljs k|ljlwsf] b]g ePsf] / hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f kl/0ffd xf] eGg]
hfgsf/L ;d]t lbg' eof] . To;}n] gbL lsgf/sf jf]6lj?jfn] slxn] sflx l;ljn OlGhlgol/·sf] ;d]t
sfd ug]{ hfgsf/L u/fpb} of] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ ;kmn agfpg' kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ eof] .
n'y/g ljZj km]8/zgsf j]baxfb'/ yfkfn] ;+:yfn] k|sf]k
Go"lgs/0fsf nflu /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~r;Fu h}ljs k|ljlwsf]
dfWodaf6 gbL lgoGq0f ;DjlGw sfddf ;fem]bf/L ub}{ cfPsf] /
o;sf] ;kmn pbfx/0fx? klg xfdLn] b]Vg kfO{/x]sf] hfgsf/L
lbb}, :yflgo :t/df /x]sf] k/Dk/fut ;Lk, k|ljlw / 1fg /
cfw'lgs 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] ;dfof]hgaf6 sfd ug{ ;s]sf]
v08df ;kmn x'g] h;sf nflu n'y/g ljZj km]8/]zg ;fem]bf/L
ug{ tof/ /x]sf] nflu ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ eof] .
sfo{qmdsf] k|:t'lt kZrft ;d'bfo4f/f h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L
gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu u/]sf ;kmn k|of;x?sf] s]lx pbfx/0fx? lel8of]df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
;d"x k|:t'lt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjosf nflu k[i7kf]if0fM
dfly k|:t't p2]Zox? / ljrf/ dfly ;xeflux?sf] $ j6f ;d"x ljefhg u/L ;d"x 5nkmnaf6
sfo{qmdsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu k[i7kf]if0f lbg] p2]Zon] lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d"x ljefhg / 5nkmn /
k|:t'lt ePsf] lyof] .
P]g, lgod, sfg"gdf ;'wf/;Fu ;DjlGwt ;d"x 1fg / pQmd l;sfO{ ;DjlGwt ;d"x
;fem]bf/L;Fu ;DjlGwt ;d"x kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DjlGwt ;d"x
dflysf pQm ;d"xx?df jl; ;xeflux?n] ;d"x 5nkmn kZrt lgDgfg';f/sf] cfkm\gf] /fo, ;'emfj
;lxtsf] k|:t'lt / To;df cGo ;d"xaf6 ;d]t ;'emfj k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
 P]g, lgod, sfg"gdf ;'wf/;Fu ;DjlGw
vf]nf ;+/If0f
!_ vf]nfaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;fdu|Lx? aLr efuaf6 dfq lgsfNg kfpg] k|fjwfg /xg' kg]{ .
@_ ;fj{hlgs 7"nf afwF, s'nf] tyf k"jf{wf/x?sf] %) ld6/ b]lv !)) ld6/ ;Dd afn'jf lu§L vgL lgsfNg gkfO{g] .
#_ vf]nfsf] b'j} lsgf/df /x]sf hdLgx?df ;/f]sf/jfnf jf xsjfnfx?sf] :jfldTj /xg] k|fjwfg ;lxtsf] ;xsf/L
tyf sDkgL :yfkgf u/L j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
$_ vf]nfaf6 ePsf] /fhZj cfh{g lx:;f uflj;sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ Go"gtd #) k|ltzt ah]6 To;} vf]nfsf] If]qdf vr{
ug'{ kg]{ .
jg j[Iff/f]k0f
!_ j[Iff/f]k0f sDkgLn] jf ;xsf/Ln] >dbfg ug'{kg]{ ;/sf/n] k|fljlws / cfly{s of]ubfg lbg' kg]{ .
@_ ;xsf/L, sDkgLn] jg, j[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ . ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df /fHon] ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ .
#_ j[Iff/f]k0f ePsf lj?jf, ?vx?sf] Iflt s;}n] u/]df To;sf] arfj6 ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ug{ ;Sg] sfg"g k|fjwfg x'g'
kg]{ . arfj / ;+/If0f ubf{ ub}{ Iflt u/]df Ifltk"lt{ :yflgo lgsfoaf6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ lbg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
$_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] t6jGw lgdf{0fsf nflu ljlgof]hg u/sf] ah]6sf] Go"gtd @% k|ltzt h}ljs k|ljlwsf nflu
5'§ofpg] Joj:yf x'g]kg]{ .
%_ j[Iff/f]k0f;Fu ;DjlGwt sDkgL jf ;xsf/Ldf :yflgo ;+3;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ljBfno, ;xsf/L, :yflgo lgsfox?sf]
lglZrt z]o/ k"lh nufgL ug'{kg]{ .
^_ jg k}bfjf/nfO{ ;xsf/L, sDkgLn] :jtGq?kn] pkef]u ug'{ kfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
&_ ;fd'bflos jg ljdf sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
*_ xfn rng rNtLdf /xsf P]g sfg"g / lgodx? / h}ljs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;+rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?sf nflu
aflemPsf] xsdf tTsfn cWoog u/L kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ .
(_ ;fdflhs n]vfkl/If0f / u'0f:t/ n]vfkl/If0fsf] c+uk'/f u/Lsg dfq ljlQo n]vfkl/If0fsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
!)_ s'g}klg kl/of]hgfsf] nfut Oli6d]6 :yflgo ;Lk, ;fdu|L, >d -dfgj ;+zfwg_ pknAwtfsf cfwf/df ug'{ kg]{
/ jt{dfg lhNnfsf] ;dli6ut b//]6nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ .
cGo ;d"xaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx?M
• ;fj{hlgs 7"nf afwF, s'nf] tyf k"jf{wf/x?sf] ! lsnf] ld6/ ;Dd afn'jf lu§L vgL lgsfNg gkfO{g] Joj:yf x'g'
kg]{_ .
• lgoldt ?kdf g]kfnaf6 ljb]z lgof{t ePsf afn'jf, lu§LnfO{ lgodg ug'{ kg]{ .
 1fg / pQmd l;sfO{ ;DjlGw
!_ gbL lgoGq0f ug{sf] lglDt k|of]u ul/g] ;–;fgf txsf l;len ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] ;fy} jf]6 lj?jfx?sf]
k|of]u ul/g] g} h}ljs k|ljlw (Bio-Engineering) xf] .
@_ Plss[t ?kdf gbL lgoGq0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{sf nflu lglDt x/]s ;DjlGwt lgsfon] ;+o'Qm
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
#_ gbL lgoGq0f ug{ pQd l;sfO{ / /fd|f sfof{Gjog ePsf If]qx?sf] klxrfg u/L pQm 1fg, ;Lk /
hfgsf/LnfO{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf k|of]udf Nofpg] . cfjZostf cg';f/ pQm :yfgdf ;DjlGwt
lgsfox?n] Plss[t ?kdf :ynut lgl/If0f ;d]t ug]{ . h:t} pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;tf;L vf]nf –
emfkf_ /fh3f6sf] rqm]6f]n -df]/ª_ To;} u/L g]kfndf ePsf cGo cg's/0fLo pbfx/0fnfO{ Jojxf/df
ptf{g] .
$_ Sofrd]G6 If]qsf] klxrfg u/L gbLsf] pbud :yfgx?df ljleGg ;–;fgf vf]N;fx?nfO{ ljleGg
lsl;dsf lj?jfx? tyf l;len OlGglgol/· ;+/rgfx?sf] k|of]u u/L To;sf] e|efjnfO{ sd ug{
;lsG5 . ;y} o; lsl;dsf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ u/fpg] .

%_ ;;fgf l;len ;+/rgfx?

;fdYo{ (Strength N/mm2)

jf]6lj?jfx

)=========@)===========#)===================!))
jif{ ;+Vof

^_ pko'Qm 1fg / ;LknfO{ :yflgo hg;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ / r]tgf clej[l4sf] sfo{ ;fy} pko'Qm
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
&_ gbL lgoGq0f ug{ ul/Psf ljleGg ;kmn cg's/0fLo pbfx/0fx?nfO{ /t'jf÷dfjf gbL ug{ Jojxf/df
Nofpg] .
cGo ;d"xaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx?M
• j[Iff/f]k0f ubf{ gbLn] lnPsf] jf6f] / kfgLsf] jxfj slt 5 To;nfO{ slt 5f]8g' kb{5 To;nfO{ Wofg
lbg' kb{5 .
• j[Iff/f]k0f / h}ljs k|ljlwsf] ;DjGwdf :yflgo ;d'bfodf /x]sf] 1fgnfO{ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . h;nfO{
cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0fsf] qmddf g} :yflgo ;d'bfosf] j[If;Fu ;DjlGwt 1fgnfO{ vf]tNg' kb{5 .
• ljBfnosf] kf7\qmddf h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f gbL lgoGq0faf/] yk ug'{ kb{5 .
 ;fem]bf/L;Fu ;DjlGwM
;/sf/L lgsfoM
!_ hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f l8lehg sfof{no If]q g+ !
@_ lhNnf e";+/If0f sfof{no
#_ lhNnf jg sfof{no df]/ª÷emfkf
$_ l;+rfO{ l8lehg sfof{no df]/ª÷emfkf
%_ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no df]/ª÷emfkf
^_ lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no df]/ª÷emfkf
&_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ª÷emfkf
*_ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no df]/ª÷emfkf
(_ ;DjlGwt If]qsf uflj;, gu/kflnsf
u};; ;+3;+:yf
!_ :yflgo pkef]Qmfx?
@_ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3 df]/ª÷emfkf
#_ :yflgo k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;d"x
$_ n'y/g ljZj km]8/]zg, emfkf
%_ sfl/tf; g]kfn
^_ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L nufot /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ;+3;+:yfx?
 kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{GjogM
!_ ;r]t l;sfO{M
• gbL lsgf/ b'j} tkm{sf ls;fg To;df klg gbL lsgf/;Fu hf]l8Psf ls;fg;Fu -;d"xx?_ ;Fu 5nkmn ug]{
cfof]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L lng] lbg] .
• cfof]hgf If]q cGt{ut kg]{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo / ;+3;+:yf h:t} uflj;, lhlj;, gkf, /fh}lgs bn, u};;, jrt
;+:yf cfbL;Fu cfof]hgf ;kmntfsf] jf/]df 5nkmn / cg'ejsf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ .
• h}ljs k|ljlw4f/f k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ul/Psf df]8nx? / :yfgsf] e|d0f / k|b{zgL .
• g;{/L, pTkfbg, j[Iff/f]k0f, ;'/Iffsf jf/]df ul/g] lqmofsnfkx? / j[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf ul/g] hl8j'6L, t/sf/L
v]tLaf/] hfgsf/L d"ns ;r]tgfsf nflu c;n l;sfO{sf gd"gf cWoog ug]{ k|ljlw ;DjlGw 1fg k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0fsf nflu tflndsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf nflu sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ .
• jrt ;+:yf, ;d"x / sDkgL btf{ ug{ k|jGwkq tof/ kfg]{ z]o/ / nfef+; ljt/0f ;DjlGw hfgsf/Ld"ns l;sfO{sf]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
@_ ;fd"lxs nIf lgwf{/0fM
• gbL lsgf/ b'j{tkm{sf pkef]Qmfx?sf] :jldTj /xg] u/L sDkgL cjwf/0ff cGtu{t j}wflgstf lbg] h]h:sf] hlt
hldg cfof]hgfdf vr{ ePsf] 5, To;}sf cfwf/df d"Nof°g u/L æPs gbL Ps sDkgLÆ btf{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
gbL lsgf/df e"ldlxgsf] j;f]jf; x'g ;Sb5 To;sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .
#_ ;d"lxs sfo{M
• ;fd"lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; ul/ ;fd"lxs j[Iff/f]k0f, ;fd"lxs t/sf/Lv]tL, hl8j'6Lv]tL, 3fF;, jfF; h:tf pTkfbg
hGo j:t'sf] v]tLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . d]/f] xf]O{g xfd|f] eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . l;+rfO{;Fu ;DjlGwt ;+:yf jf
k}gx?;Fu klg ;xsfo{sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . rl/r/0fnfO{ lgif]w ug'{kb{5 .
$_ lgo0f{o k|lqmofdf -?kfGt/0fd"vL_ Gofof]lrttfM
• pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;+hfn lgdf{0f, lg0f{o k|s[ofdf ;xeflutf, pTkfbg / nfef+; ljt/0fdf Gofof]lrttf, ;dfg
lhDd]jf/L / ;dfg j'emfO{sf cfwf/df HOPE to LIFE sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
%_ k|efjsf/L ;+rf/M
• pkef]Qmfx? lar b'j} lsgf/df ePsf] ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g] . cfof]hgf / cfof]hgf;Fu ;DjlGwt
;/f]sf/jfnf kIf;Fu ;"rgf ;+rf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ kb{5 . k|sf]ksf] k"j{;"rgf cyjf k|sf]k Go"lgs/0fsf] nflu
;DjlGwt lgsfo, k|x/L cyjf ;'/IffsdL{ b}lj k|sf]k p4f/ ;ldlt, /]8qm;, ;/sf/sf ;DjlGwt lgsfox?;Fu
;"rgf lng] / lbg] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fVg' kb{5 .
^_ clglZrtf / hf]lvdsf] klxrfg tyf lg?k0fM
• pkef]Qmfx?sf] Ps cfk;df ;xsfo{n] dfq hf]lvdsf] Go"lgs/0f gx'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] clglZrtf / hf]lvdsf]
klxrfgdf ;DjlGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfn] k|fljlws ;xof]udf lg/Gt/tf lbg' kb{5 . cTofjZos :yfgdf :k/
lgdf0f{ ug'{ kb{5 . pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 vf]nf jxfj kl/j{tg, ;tx kl/j{tg u/L hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf
ug'{kb{5 .
• hf]lvd lg?k0fsf nflu cWoog u/L gbL pbud :yn r'/] ;Dd ;3g u? of]hgf tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 .
• cfof]hgfaf6 Ps 7fpFdf gd"gf If]qsf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .
• k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf tTsflng /fxt lbg ;/sf/L tyf u};;;Fu /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
&_ k|efjsf/L 4Gb Joj:yfkg / 4Gb ?kfGt/0fM
• pkef]Qmfx? ljr slxn] sflx Ifdtf, zlQm, 1fg;Lk, :jfy{, cflwsf/Lstf, d"NodfGotf, ;"rgf, cljZjf;, >f]tsf]
jf8kmf8, ;fdflhs, k|fs[lts, dfgljo :jefj, cfly{s, ef}lts, /fhg}lts sf/0fn] 4Gb x'g' ub{5 . ;dod} 4Gb
Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ plrt sfo{ u/L 4Gb ?kfGt/0f u/L zlQmdf kl/j{tg sfo{qmd cyjf Ps ;]n-lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg'
kb{5_ sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
*_ lrGtg ddg -cg'dug / lgl/If0f_M
• ;du| cfof]hgfdf ePsf cltljlw ;sf/fTds sd / ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ kIfsf jf/]df q}dfl;s l/kf]{6 tof/ ug{
 pRr:t/sf] Ps ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/Lg' kb{5 .
(_ l;·f]kf·f] ljZn]if0fM
• cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg kIf, ;xhLs/0f ug]{ kIf, pkef]Qmfx? ljr cfof]hgfsf ;du| kIfsf] / lhDd]jf/L s] s:n] slt
e"lsf lgjf{x u/] ;sf/fTds kIf / b'j{n kIfsf] ;d]t pNn]v u/L cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt l;sfO{ / pknlAw ;lxtsf]
l;·f]kf·f] ljZn]if0f l/kf]{6 tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
!)_ l;sfO{sf] Joj:yfkg / gLltdf ;'wf/ ug{ pRrtd pkof]uM
• ;du|kIfsf] cWoog, l;sfO{af6 k|fKt 1fgnfO{ pkof]usf nflu b]lvPsf] gLltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;j} kIfnfO{ pRrtd
pkof]u ug'{ kb{5 / 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ejdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 .
sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf ;xefuLx?sf] tkm{af6 n'y/g jN8{ km]8/]zgsf j;Gt sfsL{n] sfo{qmdsf ;a} kIfx?
/fd|f] /x]sf] t/ o;sf] sfof{Gjog kIf eg] r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf tyf
sfofGjog kIfn] ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ eof] .
To;} u/L nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qdf sfo{ cg'ej ePsf csf{ ;xefuL vu]Gb| k|= l;Sb]nn]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f eg]sf] b]lv g] sfd xf] t/ gbL lgoGq0fsf ;Gb{edf h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u nfdf]
;do nfUg] k|s[of xf] . o;sf nflu ;d'bfosf] ;r]t ;xeflutf cfjZos /x]sf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ eof] .
jxfFn] of]hgf agfpbf ;j} hft, lnË, ju{sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf /xg' kg]{ ljrf/ ;d]t JoQm ub}{ cfkm' of]
cleofgsf] ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf] If]qdf :jo+ ;]jL ?kdf k/fdz{ ;]jf lbg tof/ /x]sf] ;d]t hfgsf/L
JoQm ug'{ eof] .
To;} u/L csf{ ;xefuL af]w/fh Gof}kfg]n] ljutdf /t'jf–dfjf gbL ;/sf/L tj/af6} pk]lIft x'b} cfPsf]df
o; jif{ ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ ah]6 dfkm{t ;Djf]wg u/]sf]df v';L JoQm ub}{ sfo{qmdnfO{ uflj; :t/af6}
;+rfng ug'{ kg]{df hf]8 lbg' eof] .

sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf uf]i7L÷cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ;efklt w'|js'df/ >]i7n] ;a}sf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu
wGojfb lbb} sfo{qmd ;dfkgsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ eof] .

;xefuLx?sf] gfdfjnL
qm; gfd÷y/ kb sfof{no÷;+:yf
! sdns'df/ >]i7 k|d'v sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{no, df]/ª
@ 1fg]Gb|s'df/ emf OlGhlgo/ k"jf{~rn l8lehg l;+rfO{ sfof{no, g+ #,
lj/f6gu/
# lqe"jg rf}w/L ;=j=c= lhNnf jg sfof{no, df]/ª
$ lr/~hLlj vgfn ;lrj nvgk"/ uflj; sfof{no, emfkf
% df]xg lg/f}n ;lrj em'ls{o uflj; sfof{no, df]/ª
^ x/Lk|;fb kf}8]n ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3 df]/ª
& wd{ e§/fO{
* d'lQm a/fn cWoIf /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~r, /fh3f6
 

qm; gfd÷y/ kb sfof{no÷;+:yf

( c?0f zdf{ kf}8]n k|d'v lhNnf jg sfof{no, df]/ª
!) s[i0f/fh af;'snf pklgb]{zs k"jf{~rn If]lqo jg lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/

!! /jLgfy jfj' >]i7 lg= lgb]{zs k"jf{~rn l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/

!@ zflGt bxfn l/kf]{6/ /f=;=;=
!# dbgs'df/ >]i7 ;+of]hs jg ;/f]sf/ ;d"x g]kfn
!$ lnnfgfy clwsf/L ;lrj /t'jf–dfjf gbL lgoGq0f d"n ;ldlt, pnf{jf/L
!% hfgsLk|;fb clwsf/L ;lrj l;h'jf uflj; sfof{no, df]/ª
!^ ldgjxfb'/ >]i7 ;lrj dxfb]jf uflj; sfof{no, df]/ª
!& af]w/fh Gof}kfg] bds–!(
!* b]jLk|;fb sf]O{/fnf jg clws[t lhNnf jg sfof{no, df]/ª
!( u'?k|;fb a/fn cWoIf dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfn, pnf{jf/L
@) j]b yfkf k"jf{wf/ clws[t n'y/g ljZj km]8]/]zg, bds
@! j;Gts'df/ yfkf sfo{qmd k|jGws n'y/g ljZj km]8]/]zg, bds
@@ dbg kf]v/]n ;lrj ;fd'bflos jg
@# zq'3g k'8fz}gL ;=k|=lh=c= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, df]/ª
@$ ;'/]z s'df/ /fpt ;b:o /t'jf–dfjf g= lg= k|= d"n ;ldlt
@% u0f]z bxfn ;b:o /t'jf–dfjf g= lg= k|= d"n ;ldlt
@^ lqnf]s g]pkfg] cWoIf k|of; g]kfn, lj/f6gu/
@& Sdn /hj+zL hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{no, lj/f6gu/
@* lnnfsfGt kf}8]n hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{no, lj/f6gu/
@( sdn 7fs'/ hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{no, lj/f6gu/
#) v8ujxfb'/ vqL hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{no, lj/f6gu/
#! w|'js'df/ >]i7 k|d'v hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{no, lj/f6gu/
#@ vu]Gb| l;St]n O{6x/L
## rGb|k|;fb u'/fufO{ Bds
#$ b]j]Gb| kf}8]n ;b:o O{6x/f gd"gf dbg ufpF pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, O6x/f
#% d]3/fh s§]n ;lrj O{6x/f gd"gf dbg ufpF pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, O6x/f
#^ rGb|k|;fb k/fh'nL dw'dNnf
#& s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ lh=lj=;= sfof{no, df]/ª
#* p4jk|;fb ltldlN;gf :yflgo lj= lh=lj=;= sfof{no, df]/ª
clwsf/L
#( x/Leb| cfrf{o clws[t lhNnf e";+/If0f sfof{no, emfkf
$) O{Zj/ j/fn ;lrj hgsNof0f k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, /fh3f6
$! s[i0faxfb'/ v8sf ;f=k=lh=lj=;=, vh'/uf5L, emfkf
$@ lgd{n tfdf· lj/f6gu/
$# ;+hf]u n'O{6]n ;"=k|=clws[t dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|ltif7fg g]kfn, pnf{jf/L
 ;Ddfglgo l;+rfO{ d+qL afns[i0f vfF8;Fusf] 5nkmn
ldlt @)^^ efb| & ut] ;Ddfglgo l;+rfO{ d+qL afns[i0f vfF8 tyf d+qfnosf ;lrj, hnpTkGg
k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{nosf k|d'v ;lxtsf] 6f]nL sf]zL s6fg tyf k"j{sf cGo vf]nfx?4f/f s6fg
/ lj:tflktx?sf] cj:yf j'emg] qmddf k"j{sf] e|d0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df k"jf{~rn
If]lqo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnosf] sfof{nodf Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . pQm
cj;/df k"jf{~rndf /x]sf l;+rfO{ d+qfno / ljefu;Fu ;DjlGwt sfdsf] ;ldIff ug'{sf ;fy}
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t h}ljs k|ljlwo'Qm /t'jf–dfjf gbL k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f kl/of]hgf
sf] ;Gb{edf, hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f l8lehg sfof{no, lj/f6gu/sf k|d'v w'|js'df/ >]i7, dbg
e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfnsf cWoIf u'?k|;fb j/fn, /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~rsf cWoIf
d'lQmgfy j/fn ;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] pQm kl/of]hgfaf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] . kl/of]hgf
;Gb{edf k|lti7fgsf cWoIf u'?k|;fb a/fnn] kl/of]hgfsf ;Defljt ;fem]bf/ lgsfo, kl/of]hgf
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjosf s]lx ;}bflGts kIf / sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 lzif{sdf Wofg lbg' kg]{ kIfaf/]df
d+qL Ho", ;lrj tyf ljefluto k|d'vsf] Wofg cfs{if0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
o;} u/L /fh3f6 hgsNof0f d~rsf cWoIf d'lQmgfy a/fnn] d~rn] pQm If]qdf k|j4{g u/]sf]
h}ljs k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 gbL lgoGq0f sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/Ltf x]g{sf nflu cfdGq0f ub}{ jiff{sf]
;dodf ;a} lt/ k|sf]k cfPtf klg pQm If]qdf s]lx c;/ gk/]sf] hfgsf/L ;d]t lbg' eof] .
pQm k|:t'lt kZrft k|dv' cltyL tyf l;+rfO{ d+qL afns[i0f vfF8n] s'g} ;do df}sf ldnfP/ cj:o
pQm If]qsf] e|d0f ug]{ / gbL lgoGq0fsf] nflu ;+rflnt pQm sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L ;+rfngsf nflu
z'esfdgf ;d]t lbg' ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu l;len ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0fn]
dfq} gx'g] To;sf nflu h}ljs k|ljlwsf] ;d]t k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] / k|t't sfo{qmd,
ah]6x?df cfkm\gf] ;xdlt / o;sf] ;kmn sfo{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] arg
;d]t k|bfg ePsf] lyof] .