dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfn

cf7f}+ ;fwf/0f;ef
@)^% d+l;/ !$
cfly{s jif{ @)^$.^% sf] k|ult k|ltj]bg tyf
k|:tfljt sfo{of]hgf–@)^%.^^
k|:tf]tfM sfo{;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ;lrj >L o'j/fh e§/fO{
dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfnsf] cf7f}+ ;fwf/0f;efsf ;efWoIf dxf]bo, cfb/0fLo k|d'v cltlyHo", cltlyu0f,
sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?, n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs tyf kbflwsf/Lx?, sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?,
ljleGg pk;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ldqx?, ;+:yfks Pj+ ;fwf/0f ;b:o -;ef;b_ ldqx?, kqsf/aGw'x?, k|lti7fgåf/f
;~+rflnt ljleGg z}lIfs tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{qmdsf k|d'v, k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L ldqx?, ljBfyL{ ju{, tyf pkl:yt
;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx?df dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg g]kfnsf] cf7f}+ ;fwf/0f;efsf k'gLt cj;/df sfo{;ldltsf]
tkm{af6 xflb{s :jfut clejfbg ub{5' .
hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/Lsf] :d[ltdf @)%) ;fn -;g\ !((#_ df ;fdflhs ;+:yf btf{ P]g @)#$ cg';f/ :yflkt o;
k|lti7fgn] y'k}| cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ub}{ æul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu k|fljlws lzIffÆ eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L k"jL{ g]kfnnfO{ cfkm\gf] d'Vo sfo{If]q agfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]sf] !% jif{
ePsf] 5 . of] cjlwdf k|lti7fgn] k|fljlws lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns Joj;flos tflnd;DaGwL y'k}| sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng
ul/;s]sf] tYo xfdL ;fd' k|i6} 5 . d'n'ssf y'k}| k|fljlws lzIffnox?dWo] of] k|lti7fg k|fljlws hgzlQm pTkfbgsf
nflu cu|:yfgdf /x]sf] s'/f ;Dk"0f{ ;ef;b\ ;dIf eGg kfpFbf uj{ nfu]sf] 5 .
hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/Lsf] k|yd jflif{s k'0o ltlysf cj;/df @)%! ;fn h]7 # ut] Ps eJo ;df/f]xaLr g]skf
-Pdfn]_ sf >4]o cWoIf s= dgdf]xg clwsf/Laf6 sfof{no pb\3f6g tyf ejg lznfGof; sfo{ ;DkGg eof] .
hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/Lsf] :d[ltdf k|fljlws lzIff, ;Lkd"ns Jofj;flos tflnd Pj+ r]tgfd"ns lzIff k|bfg u/L
;Lko'Qm, bIf, r]tgzLn Pj+ cfTdlge{/ hgzlQm pTkfbg u/L o'jf ju{nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt o; k|lti7fgn] @)%! ;fn h]i7b]lv l;PdP -sDo'lg6L d]l8sn cl;:6]06_ sIffsf] ;~rfng
k|lti7fgsf] klxnf] sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf z'? ul/of]] . o;} jif{ cfiff9b]lv Joj;flos tflndsf] k|f/De pnf{jf/L @ df
;]/flds tflndaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 cGo sfo{qmdx? qmdzM yk x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ .
æ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, z}lIfs / /fhg}lts r]tgf clej[l4n] dfq ;du| kl/jt{g x'g ;Qm5Æ eGg]
hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/Lsf] ljrf/nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;d'bfosf ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{sf] hLjg:t/ psf:gsf nflu
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd / clwsf/d'vL ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf If]qdf k|lti7fgsf ultljlwx? lqmofzLn
5g\ . k|lti7fgn] k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddfkm{t æul/aL lgjf/0fsf nlfu /f]huf/ tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu
k|fljlws lzIffÆ sf] 9f]sf x/]s clwsf/jfnfsf] nflu vf]Ng] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;d'bfosf] 1fg, ;Lksf] clej[l4
/ ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 pgLx?sf] cfo cfh{g tyf hLjgz}nL ;'wf/sf nflu ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf ultljlwx?
;+rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'ssf] ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmddf ;sf/fTds d2t k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
;Ddflgt ;efsf ;b:oHo"x?,
k|lti7fgsf] ultljlw, efjL sfo{of]hgf, ah]6 ;dod} ;fwf/0f;efdf kfl/t u/fO{ sfo{ ;~rfngnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;ftf}+
;fwf/0f;efsf] dfu{lgb]{zg cg';f/ g} ;fwf/0f;ef ;DkGg ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . k|lti7fgnfO{ cem cu|ult lbO{ ;d'bfodf
:yflkt u/fpg] bfloTj xfdL ;a}sf] xf] . o; lhDd]jf/Lsf nflu sfo{;ldlt ;fwg dfq xf] ;fWo xf]Og . ljt]sf
cfly{s jif{sf] sfo{k|ultsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf nflu pko'Qm dfu{lgb]{zg ug'{ o; ;efsf] k|d'v Pj+
dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ePsf]n] tL ljifox? dfly k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . cl3Nnf] ;fwf/0f;efn] u/]sf lg0f{ox?
k|lti7fgsf] Ifdtf, sfo{;ldlt, ljifout pk;ldltx? tyf sd{rf/L ju{sf] ljj]s / a'tfn] EofP;Dd sfof{Gjog ug]{
k|oTg ePsf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)^%.^^ sf nflu k|lti7fgn] ljutdf ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf sfo{qmdx?, n]6fª
3f]if0ffkq / /0fgLltsof]hgfn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf sfo{qmdx?;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L o; jif{sf] sfo{of]hgf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.
53
d'n'sdf nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . gofF cj;/x? ;[hgf ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
eO{ gofF ;/sf/sf] u7g, /fi6«kltsf] rog;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf{0f x'g] g]kfnsf] gljgtd
;+ljwfgdf lzIffnfO{ Joj;flos / cfTdlge{/ agfpg]tkm{ ;Dk"0f{ ;ef;bx?sf] Wofg cfs[i6 xf];\ tyf ;/sf/sf] ;fy}
;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn ;kmn /xf]; eGg] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .
d'n'sdf ljleGg ;dodf /fli6«otf / /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf nflu ePsf hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf y'k|} g]kfnL jL/
aL/ª\ugfx?n] Hofgsf] cfx'tL lbPsf 5g\ . b]z / hgtfsf] nflu cfkm\gf] Hofgsf] cfx'tL lbP/ zxfbt k|fKt ug]{
;Dk"0f{ zlxbx?k|lt efjk"0f{ zJb >4fGhnL ck{0f ub{5' . ;fy} xfdLn] ;bfsf nflu u'dfPsf k|lti7fgsf cfb/0fLo *
hgf ;+:yfks ;b:ox?k|lt klg efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5' . o; jif{ ;Ktsf];Lsf] afFw km'6\gfn] ;'b'/
klZrdf~rndf cfPsf] af9Laf6 ePsf] hgwgsf] csNkgLo Ifltk|lt xflb{s b'Mv JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
;Ddflgt ;ef;bHo"x?
ca d o; ul/dfdo ;efdf cf=j=@)^$.^% sf] sfo{k|ult k|ltj]bg tyf cf=j= @)^%.^^ jflif{s sfo{of]hgf k]z
ug]{ cg'dlt rfxG5' .
!= d'Vo sfo{If]qM
• k|fljlws lzIff
• Joj;flos tflnd
• ;fd'bflos ljsf;
• ;fdflhs tyf cGo sfo{xx?
@= k|fljlws z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?M
d'n'ssf] cfjZostf cg'?k /fli6«o :t/df hg:jf:Yo tyf s[lif If]qsf nflu bIf Pj+ /f]huf/d"ns u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm
pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] nIo /fvL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . k|lti7fgn] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] sfdnfO{
dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . k|lti7fgn] k|df0fkq txtkm{ gl;{ª, ;fdfGo lrlsT;f zf:q tyf s[lif l8Knf]df /
k|fljlws P;=Pn=;L= tkm{ l;PdP, cgdL, e]6h]l6P z}lIfs ljifox? ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .
o; k|lti7fgn] ;~rfng u/]sf] k|df0fkq tx gl;{ª, k|df0fkq tx ;fdfGo lrlsT;f -;l6{lkms]6 Og x]Ny ;fOG;_
ljifonfO{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lzIffWoIfsf] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^%.)#.@^ sf] r=g+= !@*$ sf] kqfg';f/ k|fljlws
k|df0fkq tx ;/x ;dsIftf k|fKt ePsf] s'/f ;xif{ hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' . k|df0fkq tx s[lif -l8Knf]df Og
Plu|sNr/_ ljifonfO{ o:tf] ;dsIftf klxn] g} k|fKt ePsf] 5 . sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ljBfyL{x?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf–! df
lbOPsf] 5 .
k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno, 5fqfaf; nufot cfjZos z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf] ;s];Dd /fd|f] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|lti7fgåf/f
pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] /]s8{, pgLx?sf] sfo{ If]qsf]
klxrfg, /f]huf/sf ;Defjgfsf] cWoog, k|lzIffyL{, tflnsf–! -k|fljlws lzIff / k|lzIfyL{ ljj/0f_
cleefjs tyf /f]huf/bftfx?sf nflu k/fdz{ tyf ljifo k|j]z ;kmn cWog/t
;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg sfo{nfO{ k|fljlws lzIffsf] cleGg != lPdP *!# ^$% $)
c+u dflgPsf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] k|j4{g / lj:tf/sf nflu @= cgdL %)! #^) $)
/f]huf/ k/fdz{ tyf ahf/Ls/0f OsfO ljut # jif{b]lv #= e]6 h]l6P #&@ @#( #!
lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfsf $= ;jcf]e/l;o/ @$@ !(# aGb
lx;fan] k5fl8kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf o'jfx?sf nflu %= s[lif l8Knf]6df !&) ^$ %)
lglZlrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;Lldt ;+Vofdf eP tfklg ^= k|df0fkq tx gl;{ª @*@ !%@ !@)
nlIft ju{ z}lIfs C0fsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
&= ;fdfGo lrlsT;f !%( ## !!*
k|fljlws lzIffdf ;LdfGts[t ju{sf o'afx?sf] kx'Fr
a9fpg æl;s, sfd u/, sdfp / lt/, clg csf]{ Ps hDdf @%#( !^*^ #((
ldqnfO{ k|fljlws lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/Æ eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ænlIft ju{ z}lIfs C0fÆ ;'ljwfsf]
yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ljsf; kl/of]hgf / :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k|ljlws P;=Pn=;L=
54
ljifox?df cWoog ug]{ k|lzIffyL{x?sf nflu 5fqj[ltsf] ;'ljwf klg k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd;DaGwL ljifout
ljj/0f tn tflnsf–@ df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf–@ -k|fljlws lzIff sfo{qmd;DaGwL ljj/0f_
qm; z}lIfs sfo{qmd cjlw Ifdtf :yfg k|f/De
! l;PdP !% dlxgf $) tf/faf/L, bds–*, emfkf @)%!
@ cgdL !* dlxgf $) tf/faf/L, bds–*, emfkf @)%#
# e]6 h]l6P !% dlxgf $) d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^, df]/ª @)%#
$ s[lif l8Knf]df (Isc.Ag) # jif{ $) d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^, df]/ª @)%*
% k|df0fkq tx gl;{ª # jif{ $) eb|k'/–!%, emfkf @)%(
^ ;fdfGo lrlsT;f # jif{ $) tf/faf/L, bds–*, emfkf @)^!
gf]6M ;acf]e/l;o/ sfo{qmd @)%# ;fndf z'? eO{ @)^) ;fndf aGb ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{gLltM k|fljlws z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo / glthfd"ns agfpg cfjZos sfo{gLltsf] cjnDag
ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu k':tsfno, k|of]uzfnf, k|bz{g sIf, sIff sf]7fsf] nflu cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf
;'wf/ u/L Go"gtd cfjZostf k"/f ul/g]5 . k|of]uzfnf tyf k|bz{g sIfsf ;fdu|L / cfjZos k':tsx?sf] Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 . k|lzIffyL{x?sf] ;[hgzLntf tyf k|ltefzfnL g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{ cltl/St lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
k|lzIffyL{x?sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/L / nfu" ul/g]5 .
#= Joj;flos tflndM
;Lkd"ns Joj;flos tflnd sfo{qmd k|lti7fgn] cfkm\gf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 .
tflndx? 5f]6f], dWod / nfdf] cjlwsf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf tflndaf6 xfn;Dd sl/a %)) JolQmx? k|ToIf ?kdf
nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . Joj;flos Pj+ :jfjnDaL hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /fvL ahf/sf] dfu / :j/f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ljleGg Joj;flos tflndx? ;+rfng ub}{cfPsf] 5 . tflndsf] kf7\oqmddf z}4flGts eGbf
k|of]ufTds Pj+ Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ a9L ef/ lbOPsf] 5 .
d'Vo tflndx?df ;fd'bflos s[lif ;xfos, ;fd'bflos kz' ;xfos, u|fdL0f s[lif ;xfos, u|fdL0f kz' :jf:Yo sfo{stf{,
gZn;'wf/ -vf;u/]/ s[ltd uef{wfg_, pBdzLntf tyf Joj;flostf ljsf;, ;d'bfo kl/rfng, g]t[Tj ljsf; cflb 5g\ .
ljBfnodf cWoog/t w]/} gfgLx? pgLx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts sf/0faf6 P;=Pn=;L= sf] kmnfd] 9f]sf
kf/ ug{ c;Ifd /x]sf] oyfy{ ;a}df ljlbt} 5 . o;/L P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ ug{ g;Sg]x? / a]/f]huf/ ag]sfx? lzIffdf
cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ cg]sg ljs[ltdf km:g ;Sb5g\ . cfkm\gf] clglZrt eljiosf] sf/0f lrlGtt ag]sf log}
gfgLx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;fd'bflos s[lif ;xfos / ;fd'bflos kz' ;xfos tflnd @)^! ;fnb]lv ;+rfng ul/Psf]
5 . of] nfdf] cjlwsf] ! jif]{ tflnd cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfsf lx;fan] k5fl8kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf * sIff plQ0f{
ePsf t/ !) plQ0f{ x'g g;s]sf o'afx?nfO{ nlIft u/L ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
o; tflndaf6 s]xL ug{ rfxg] lqmofzLn o'jf ju{sf nflu cufl8 a9\g] Pp6f 9f]sf vf]lnlbPsf] 5 . /, pgLx?sf]
nflu clglZrt eljionfO{ lglZrttftkm{ kl/0ft ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ePsf] 5 . o; tflndaf6 xfn;Dd !^) eGbf
a9L o'jfx? k|ToIf ?kdf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . o; tflndsf ;xefuLx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= # df lbOPsf] 5 .

tflndsf ;xefuL k|lzIffyL{x?sf nflu tflnsf–# -;fd'bflos s[lif÷kz' ;xfos tflndsf ;xefuLx?_
lglZlrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df nlIft ju{
z}lIfs C0fsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljifo k|j]z ;kmn cWog/t z'? jif{
nfdf] cjlwsf] Jofj;flos tflndsf] kx'Fr != ;fd'bflos kz' ;xfos (@ &) !* @)^! ;fn
nlIft ju{sf o'afx?dfem k'¥ofpgsf nflu @= ;fd'bflos s[lif ;xfos &! %# !! @)^! ;fn
æl;s, sfd u/, sdfp / lt/, clg csf]{ Ps hDdf !^# !@# @(
ldqnfO{ k|fljlws lzIff k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ cNksfnLg tflndsf ;xefuLx?sf] ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5}g .
k|bfg u/Æ eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df ænlIft ju{ z}lIfs C0fÆ ;'ljwfsf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L s]xL
55
k|lzIffyL{x?sf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ljsf; kl/of]hgf / :yfgLo lgsfon] ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . o; sfo{sf] k|j4{g
tyf lj:tf/sf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg tyf /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hL / ;dGjo ug{ /f]huf/ k/fdz{ tyf ahf/Ls/0f OsfO
ljut # jif{b]lv lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 .
sfo{gLltM Joj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo / glthfd"ns agfpg cfjZos sfo{gLltsf] cjnDag
ul/g]5 . ahf/sf] dfu, :j/f]huf/sf] cj;/ / k|lzIffyL{sf] rfxgf Pj+ cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL tflnd ;~rfng
ul/g]5 . ;xof]uL ;+:yf tyf lgsfox?;Fusf] ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/Ldf ;|f]t tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ul/g]5 . tflnd
k|fKt k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu k/fdz{ tyf ;xhLs/0f ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 . k|lzIffyL{x?sf nflu
k|lt:kwf{Tsd 5gf}6 k|lqmofsf cfwf/df nlIft ju{ z}lIfs C0fsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g]5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf /
u'0f:t/sf nflu cfjZos kxn sbdL / ;dGjo lg/Gt/ hf/L /flvg]5 .
$= ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdx?M
-s_ kl/roM
;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / lg0f{osf cfwf/df pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts cj:yf / hLjg
z}nLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] nIo /fvL ;fd'bflos ;zQmLs/0f, ;fd'bflos ;+u7gx?sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4åf/f :j/f]huf/L, pTkfbg, cfocfh{g / pBdzLntf j[l4 tyf lj:tf/ u/fpg ;fdflhs kl/rfng k|lqmofsf
cfwf/df clwsf/df cfwfl/t ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng eO/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] /fli6«o
gLltdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg d2t ldNg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . d'Vo sfo{qmdx?df ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 hLjLsf]kfh{gsf]
;'lglZrttf, kz' pkxf/ tyf gZn ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf-df]/ª ;fd'bflos ljsf; kl/of]hgf_, Joj;flos kz' ljsf;
cleofg -j[xt kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd_, Joj;flos s[lif ljsf; cleofg / ;fd'bflos ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|jw{g tyf
lj:tf/ /x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo sfo{qmdsf ljj/0f tn tflnsf–$-s_ df lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf–$ -;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd / sfo{ If]q_

qm; sfo{s|dsf] gfd sfo{If]q ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf

! ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfWodåf/f -s_ df]/ªdf– ;'Gb/k'/sf] -^ / &_, b'nf/Lsf] -!/@_, PS;g P8 g]kfn
hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'lglZrttf OGb|k/' sf] -@,#,$/*_ / ao/jg -&, */(_
-v_ emfkf– bds g=kf= -^,&,*/(_ / nvgk'/ -!/@_
@ kz' pkxf/ ;f6f;f6 tyf gZn ky/L ( df kz' pkxf/ ;f6f;f6 sfo{qmd / kz' k|hgg\ x]km/ O06/g]zgn g]kfn
;'wf/ -df]/ª ;fd'bflos ljsf; s]Gb| :yfkgf -ky/L, pnf{jf/L, O6x/f, n]6fª / tf]kuf5L_
kl/of]hgf_
# Joj;flos kz' ljsf; cleofg emfkfsf] dfOklZrd / df]/ªsf] a'9L vf]nf k"j{sf Ps kz' ;]jf ljefu
gu/kflnsf / #) uflj;x? .
$ Joj;flos s[lif ljsf; cleofg ;'g;/L–df]/ª d'Vo l;+rfO{ gx/sf] pQ/ tkm{sf @& s[lif ;]jf ljefu
uflj;x? .
% ;fd'bflos ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|jw{g k|lti7fgn] ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf ;Defljt
tyf lj:tf/ If]qsf ;d'bfo . ;xof]uL÷;fem]bf/

-v_ pknlAwx?M
-!_ ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfWodåf/f hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'lglZrttf sfo{qmdM
o; sfo{qmdn] ;d]6]sf ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] sfd tyf txsf cfwf/df ;a} uflj;df ;d"x u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"x
kl/rfngsf cfwf/df ljsf;;DaGwL ljleGg ultljlwx? ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /
lg0f{osf cfwf/df cfjZostfsf] klxrfg, of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd
If]qdf ul7t ;d"x? tflnsf–% df lbOPsf] 5 .

56
art ;+sngM art ;d"xdf cfj4 dlxnf ;b:ox?n] dfl;s ?kdf tflnsf–% -;d"x;DaGwL ljj/0f_
hDdf u/]sf] /sd ;d"x u7g ePsf] cjlw / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljj/0f ;d"x dlxnf k'?if hDdf
?= * xhf/b]lv ?= $% xhf/;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L hDdf ePsf] art ;d"x @$ ^#( %& ^(^
/sdaf6 ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ kg]{ ;fgf]ltgf] v/vfFrf] 6fg{, afn ;d"x !) !%! !^* #!(
cf}iflwpkrf/ ug{ / ;fgfltgf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u h]i7 gful/s @ #^ # #(
k'u]sf] 5 . ;d"xn] ;b:ox?nfO{ pgLx?s} lg0f{oaf6 Go"gtd Aofh hgd'vL lzIff !) !%) @ !%@
b/df shf{ :j?k /sd pknAw u/fPsfn] ;b:osf] cfocfh{g
sfo{df 6]jf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 pgLx? ;fx' dxfhgsf] dxFuf] Aofh b/df shf{ lng] k|rng tf]l8Psf] 5 .
cfocfh{gsf nflu !%) kl/jf/n] Rofpv]tL ;~rfng u/L k|To]s kl/jf/n] % b]lv %) s]hL;Dd Rofp pTkfbg ug{
;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
;Lk ljsf; tflndM sfo{If]qsf !@ hgf blnt, cflbaf;L, hghflt dlxnfnfO{ ^ dlxg] l;nfO s6fO tflnd pknAw
u/fOPsf] 5 . tflnd k|fKt dlxnfx?n] ;d'bfodf Joj;fo z'?jft u/L hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cfocfh{g ug{ yfn]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} art ;d"xdf cfa4 !) ;d"xsf @)) hgf ;b:ox?nfO{ ;d"x Joj:yfkg tyf g]t[Tj ljsf;;DaGwL
Psb]lv tLg lbgsf] tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;d"x ;b:ox?nfO{ art kl/rfng tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df
;xof]u k'u]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .
k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|M k|lti7fgsf] kxn / lhNnf tflnsf–^ -afn ljsf; s]Gb|;DaGwL ljj/0f_
lzIff sfof{nosf] ;xof]udf k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|x? uflj; afns aflnsf hDd
;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . oL afn ljsf; s]Gb|af6 tLgb]lv b'nf/L !$ !@ @^
kfFr jif{ pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{l·0f ljsf;df 7"nf] ;'Gb/k'/ !) !$ @$
;3fp k'Ug] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . pnf{af/L uflj;sf] j8f
OGb|k'/ !@ !^ @*
gDa/ ! cGtu{t aqmfxf gbLsf] t6df a:g] lg/fIf/
dlxnfx?nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] cfwf/e"t ao/ag !! !$ @%
cgf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 ;d'bfosf @% hgf dlxnfx? ;fIf/ pnf{af/L * % !#
e} ;fdfGo k9\g, n]Vg, af]Ng ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . afn bds # !@ !%
s]Gb|;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf–^ df lbOPsf] 5 . nvgk'/ !$ !# @&
hDdf &@ *^ !%*
-@_ kz'wg pkxf/ ;f6f;f6 tyf gZn ;'wf/ kl/of]hgfM
df]/ª lhNnfsf] ky/L uflj; j8f g+= ( df kz'kfns s[ifsx?sf] 5j6f ;d"x u7g u/L To;sf ;b:ox?nfO{ kz'
pkxf/ ;f6f;f6 sfo{qmd cGtu{t ufO{, e};L / afv|f ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdaf6 ;d'bfosf !@) 3/
kl/jf/ k|ToIf ?kdf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . o;/L kz'pkxf/ kfpg] s[ifsn] cfkm"n] kfPsf] kz' a/fa/sf] kz'
l5d]ssf cGo s[ifsnfO{ pkxf/ lbg'kg]{ of] sfo{qmd Pp6f gf}nf] / gd"gfsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 .
kz'pkxf/sf ?kdf ljt/0fePsf ufO{, e};L / uf]? $& yfg, afv|f #@ yfg, a+u'/ !$ yfg 5g\ . ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{
;d"x Joj:yfkg tflnd ^ ;d"xdf, cfwf/zLnf tflnd !@ ;d"xdf / kz' Joj:yfkg tflnd % ;d"x k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
o;af6 ;d'bfodf d]nldnfk, kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u, ;+u7gsf] lj:tf/, ;/;kmfO, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;dosf] kfngftkm{
;r]tgf a9]sf] 5 . ;d"xsf ;b;ox?af6 ;+sng ePsf] ;d"x artsf] kl/rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . @)^% c;f/
d;fGtsf] art /sd ?= @ nfv ^# xhf/ k'u]sf] 5 . ;fy}} s[ltd uef{wfgsf pks/0fx? klg vl/b ul/Psf] 5 .
ky/L–( l:yt rf}tf/L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xnfO{ k|lti7fgsf] kxndf x]km/ O06/g];gn g]kfnaf6 ? %) xhf/
;xof]u k|Kt eO{ ;f}rfno lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo kz'af6 a+z ljsf; u/L c4{pGgt kz'x? a9fpg gZn
;'wf/sf nflu % :yfg -ky/L, pnf{af/L, O6x/f, n]6fª / tf]kuf5L_ uflj;df k|hgg\ s]Gb|x? :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfng
eO/x]sf 5g\ . k|hgg s]Gb|df ;f9] @, /fFuf] ! / af]sf ! yfgsf b/n] ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

-#_ Joj;flos kz' ljsf; cleofg -a[xt kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd_

emfkfsf] dfO{vf]nfb]lv df]/ªsf] a'9Lvf]nf;Dd kg]{ /fhdfu{ cf;kf;sf #) uflj;x? / ! gu/kflnsf If]qdf of]
sfo{qmd ljut # jif{b]lv cleofgsf] ?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf uflj;x?df
emfkfsf ;'?ªuf, ;tf;Lwfd, lzjuªh, tf]kuf5L, w/dk'/, uf}/fbx, dxf/fgLemf]8f, nvgk'/ / bds gu/kflnsf 5g\

57
eg] df]/ªsf ;'Gb/k'/, b'nf/L, d[uf}lnof, x/}rf, OGb|k'/, a]naf/L, s;]gL, 8fFuLxf6, afx'gL, s]/f}g, ao/ag, zlgZr/],
ky/L, O6x/f, /fh3f6, pnf{af/L, dw'dNnf, 6fF8L, hfFt], n]6fª, s]/faf/L / ofªl;nf 5g\ .
emfkf lhNnfsf ^ j6f uflj; / Ps gu/kflnsf If]qdf k|lti7fgsf] kxndf kz';]jf ljefu, lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfo{no
emfkfsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ks]6 Kofs]h sfo{qm|d ;~rfng u/L nueu % xhf/ s[ifs kl/jf/nfO{ ;d"xdf cfa4 u/fO{ ;]jf
k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . o;af6 kz'hGo j:t' - b"w / b"UwhGokbfy{ / df;'_ sf] pTkfbfgdf j[l4 eO{ /f]huf/L,
Joj;flostf / cfocfh{gdf ePsf] j[l4af6 ul/aL Go"lgs/0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
df]/ª lhNnfsf] OGb|k'/ uflj;sf %)) s[ifs kl/jf/nfO{ ;d]6]/ lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfo{no;d]tsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf a[xQ/
ufO{ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] df]/ª lhNnfdf ufO{sf] ;+Vof / b"wsf] pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo
j[l4 ePsf] 5 . kmn:j?k /f]huf/L, Joj;flostf / cfocfh{gdf ePsf] j[l4af6 ul/aL Go"lgs/0fdf ;xof]u k'u]sf]
b]lvG5 .
gZn ;'wf/sf nflu k|fs[lts tyf s[ltd uef{wfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . gZn ;'wf/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf÷;d"xaf6 eO/x]sf 5g\ . oL s]Gb|x?df ky/L–@, ao/jg–(, pnf{af/L–^, pnf{af/L–
&, hfFt]–(, afx'gL, /fh3f6, ;tf;Lwfd -u}8]_, bds gu/kflnsf -x+;]b'+;]_ 5g\ .utjif{ df]/ª / emfkf lhNnfdf u/L
;fd'bflos jg If]qdf sl/a %)) x]S6/ hUufdf 3fF; nufOPsf] lyof] eg] o; jif{ klg lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5.

df]/ªsf] pnf{af/L–^ sf %) 3/w'/Ldf k|lti7fgsf] ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] kxn / lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{nosf]
;fem]bf/Ldf ;fdflhs kl/rfng k|lqmof ckgfO{ @*@ j6f afv|f ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . afv|fkfng Joa;fo;DaGwL
tflnd tyf pkrf/ ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] @* cf}+ ljZj vfB lbj;sf] pknIodf emfkf / df]/ª lhNnfdf kz'
ljsf; tyf gZn ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L ;fd'bflos kz' ljsf; sfo{df ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]df k|lti7fgnfO{
;Ddfg :j?k @)^% cflZjg @( ut]sf lbg sf7df08f}+df ePsf] ljz]if ;df/f]xsfaLr k|z+;f–kq k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

-$_ Joj;flos s[lif ljsf; cleofg

s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/L Joj;flos agfpg] nIo /fvL /fhdfu{ cf;kf;sf df]/ªsf @& uflj;x?nfO{
;d]6]/ Joj;flos s[lfi cleofg ;+rfngsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . tL uflj;x?df ;'Gb/k'/, b'nf/L, d[uf}lnof, x/}rf,
OGb|k'/, a]naf/L, s;]gL, 8fFuLxf6, afx'gL, s]/f}g, ao/ag, zlgZr/], ky/L, O6x/f, /fh3f6, pnf{af/L, dw'dNnf,
6fF8L, hfFt], n]6fª, ef]u6]gL, s]/faf/L, ofªl;nf, kf6LufpF, l;+xb]jL, /ldt]vf]nf / jf/ªuL kb{5g\ . s[lif pTkfbgnfO{
ljlzi6Ls/0fsf cfwf/df Joj;flos agfpg s[ifsx?nfO{ cled'vLs/0f Pjm pTk|]l/t u/L ;f] cg';f/sf] efjL of]hgf
tof/ ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fvL cu'jf s[ifsx?sf] klxnf] r/0fsf] !$ / bf];|f] ] r/0fsf] % :yfgdf :ynut e]nf tyf
cGt/lqmof ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

sfo{gLltM ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo / glthfd"ns agfpg cfjZos sfo{gLltsf] cjnDag
ul/g]5 . o;df clwsf/jfnfx?sf] k|fylds cfjZostf, dfu tyf lg0f{osf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{qmd k|:tfj /
;fem]bf/;Fu ePsf] ;+emf}tfsf cfwf/df sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos ;d"x tyf ;+u7gx?sf] klxrfg,
u7g, k'g{u7g, kl/rfng / Ifdtf -lg0f{o tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmof_ clej[l4sf nflu ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 . :yfgLo
;Lk tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;xhLs/0f ul/g]5 . sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf / tTsfnLg pknlAw dfkg ug{
;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nofªsgsf] glthf / sfo{d"ns cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df gLltut k|efjsf
nflu ax; k}/jL ul/g]5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/, :yfgLo lgsfo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf b"w / df;'sf] pTkfbg
j[l4sf nflu Joj;flos kz' ljsf; cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . o;df k|fs[lts tyf s[ltd uef{bfgåf/f ufO{,
e};L / afv|fsf] gZn ;'wf/df hf]8 lbOg]5 . o;}u/L cu'jf s[ifs, g]kfn ;/sf/sf lhNnf l:yt ljsf; lgsfox?,
:yfgLo lgsfo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;dGjo tyf ;fem]bf/Ldf Joj;flos s[lif ljsf;
cleofgnfO{ ;lqmotfsf;fy cufl8 a9fpg kxn ul/g]5 .

58
%= ;fdflhs tyf cGo sfo{x?
hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/Lsf] :d[ltnfO{ hLjGt / nf]slk|o agfO/fVg] nIo /fvL pxfFF;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;+u|x,
:yfkgf / ;+/If0f ug]{ ljljw sfo{x? ul/Psf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df @)^% c;f/df dbg e08f/L :d[lt u|Gy klxnf] efu
b'O{ xhf/ k|lt k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . kmf]6f] k':ts k|sfzgsf nflu ;fdu|L ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
;fd'bflos c:ktfn, dbg u|fd, k|f}Bf]lus ljZjljBfno, lj/f6 hg;+u|fxnosf] :yfkgf / k|jWb{gsf nflu lg/Gt/ kxn
ul/Psf] 5 . dbg sIfsf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkgsf nflu hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx?sf] vf]hL,
;+sng sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df k|lti7fgsf ;b:o, ;xof]uL, lxtlrGts / ljz]if1x?sf] ;Nnfx Pj+ ;xof]u
k|fKt ub}{ / Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . oL sfo{x?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;xof]uL ;+:yf tyf lgsfox?sf]
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]usf cfwf/df cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ;|ft] kl/rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

^= /0fgLlts of]hgf cg';f/ ePsf sfo{x?sf] sfo{k|ultM

k|lti7fgn] /0fgLlts of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf sfo{x?nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfO{ u/]sf sfo{x?sf] k|ult ;dLIff ul/Psf] 5 .
hf] lgDgfg';f/ kfOPsf] 5M
-s_ 5f]6f] cjlw -clk|n–cui6 @))&_ sf] sfo{of]hgfdf k/]sfdWo] ePsf sfo{x?M
!= ;fd'bflos ljsf; pk;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
@= hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu clwsf/d'vL sfo{qmd @))& b]lv ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .
#= s[lif l8Knf]df (Isc. Ag.) sfo{qmd ;~rfng k'gM lg/Gt/ ePsf] 5 . ljut jif{x?df ljBfyL{ ;+Vof sf]6fsf] %)–
&%Ü /xg] u/]sf]sf of] jif{ $) g} k'u]sf] 5 .
$= ;+ljwfg;ef / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL hgr]tgf sfo{qmd Jofks?kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
%= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw OsfO (ICT Unit) sf] :yfkgf / hgzlStsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
^= d+unaf/]df !$) hgf Ifdtfsf]] 5fqfaf; ejg lgdf{0ffwLg -klxnf] tNnfsf] 5t 9fNg] sfd eO{/x]sf] 5 .
&= dbg e08f/L ;fd'bflos c:ktfn lgdf{0f :yn -hUuf_ xfn} k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
*= k|lti7fgsf] cfrf/;+lxtf ;fwf/0f;efaf6 ;d]t :jLs[lt eO{ nfu" ePsf] 5 .
(= k|lti7fgsf] ljwfg ;fwf/0f;efaf6 ;+zf]wg u/L ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 utjif{ g} :jLs[t eO;s]sf] 5 .
!)= k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfkg -cfly{s÷k|zf;lgs;DaGwL_ lgodfjnL lgdf{0f÷kl/dfh{g sfo{ k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?
;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
!!= sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ljj/0f (JD) tof/ u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
!@= ;+:yfsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ;ftf}+ ;fwf/0f;efaf6 ;d]t :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . o;jif{ ;fdfGo kl/dfh{g
ul/Psf] 5 .
!#= cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf / sfof{Gjogsf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ o; jif{+ a9L k|efjsf/L
agfpg] sfo{gLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
!$= u'gf;f] tyf ;'emfj Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; qmlds ?kdf ul/Psf] 5 / u'gf;fx? pk/ oyf;Dej sfaf{xL
ul/Psf] 5 .
!%= k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lSt ul/Psf] 5 / o;jif{ klg k|lqmof rfn" /x]sf] 5 .
!^= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 .
!&= /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/L / cled'vLs/0f eO{ sfof{Gjog ;d]t eO/x]sf] 5 .
-v_ b'O{ jif]{ sfo{of]hgf -@))&–@))(_ df k/]sf sfo{x?sf] k|ultM
-!_ dbg u|fdsf] ;DaGwdf cjwf/0ffkq tof/L / ;DalGwt If]qsf ;fem]bf/x?;Fusf] 5nkmn / sfo{of]hgf cufl8
a9fOPsf] 5 .
-@_ dbg :d[ltsIfdf /flvg] hgg]tf dbgn] k|of]u u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;+sng ePsf] 5 . tL ;fdu|Lx?sf]
;+/If0f, ;hfj6 / k|bz{gsf] Joj:yf ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 .
-#_ lj/f6 hg;+u|fxno u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;DefJotf cWoogsf nflu ;|f]t -?= %nfv_ :yfgLo dGqfnoaf6
k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

59
 -$_ k|f]Bf}lus ljZj ljBfno (MBTU) :yfkgf;DaGwL 5nkmn, ljw]os lgdf{0f, ;+DefJotf cWoog / g]kfn
;/sf/sf ;DalGwt lgsfox?;Fu 5nkmn÷cGt/lqmof eO/x]sf] 5 .
-%_ k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu Joj:yfkg lgodfjnLsf] ;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{g, To;sf] nfu", sDKo'6/ ;Ç6j]/
Kofs]hsf] lgdf{0f, sfo{ljj/0f nfu", k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;'ljwfdf j[l4 h:tf sfo{x? ePsf 5g\ .
-^_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t clwsf/d'vL ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
-&_ ;fd'bflos ;~rf/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgftkm{ kxn eO/x]sf] 5 .
-*_ ;fd'bflos c:ktfnsf] nflu lgdf{0f :yn -hUuf_ ef]uflwsf/sf ?kdf pknJw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf dGqL
kl/ifbaf6 lg0f{o lg0f{o eO;s]sf] kq k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
-(_ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflndnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ /f]huf/Ld"ns agfpg] sbdx? rflnPsf] 5 .

-u_ kfFrjif]{ sfo{of]hgf -@))&–!@_ cg';f/ ePsf] k|ult M

!= d+unaf/] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo s]Gb| (PHC) k|fKt ug]{tkm{ kxn eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 xfn} hUuf pknAw
u/fpg];DaGwL lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .
@= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljsf; sfo{qmdx? dfly tflnsf $ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd lgwf{l/t If]qdf ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo
;xeflutfsf cfwf/df sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;d'Ggt gd"gf dbg u|fdx?sf] :yfkgfsf nflu sfdsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . k|f/lDes afn ljsf; k|j4{gsf]
sfo{df xft]dfnf] eO/x]sf] 5 .
$= dbg :d[ltsIfsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngsf] k|f/lDes sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .
%= hgg]tf dbg e08f/Lsf] :d[ltdf lj/f6 hg;+u|fxno;DaGwL cjwf/0ffTds sfo{sf] yfngLtkm{ ;DefJotf
cWoogsf nflu ;|f]t k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
^= dbg e08f/L k|f}Bf]lus ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf nflu k|f/lDes sfo{x? cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .
&= /f]huf/Ld"ns u'0f:t/Lo k|fljlws lzIff k|bfgsf nflu sfo{ ;ldlt ;w}+ nfluk/]sf] 5 .
*= ahf/df cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lo Joj;flos tflnd k|bfgtkm{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
(= dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fgleq cfw'lgs Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; sfo{ yfngL ePsf] 5 .

&= ;b:otf ljt/0fM

o; k|lti7fgsf] klxnf] ;fwf/0f;ef @)%# df !** hgf ;b:ox?
/x]sf]df @)^! ;fndf yk eO ;+:yfks ;b:o !** ;lxt #@& tflnsf–& -;b:otf ljj/0f_
k'u]sf] lyof] . To;dWo] xfn #!( hgf sfod /xsf 5g\ . lbj+ut qm; ;b:otfsf] ;b:o
x'g]df k|]dl;+x wfdL -!)^_, ;"o{k|;fb e08f/L -!$%_, /fdrGb| e§/fO{ lsl;d k'?if dlxnf hDdf
-!)%_, sfnLk|;fb kmfuf] -!!)_, xl/ cf]nL -@^_, s'df/ s§]nL -@$_, ! ;+:yfks !&) !) !*)
1fg]Gb| af]xf]/f -%*_, b'uf{k|;fb 9'+ufgf -%(_ ;d]t * hgf 5g\ . @ ;fwf/0f !#@ & !#(
;b:otf;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf–& df lbOPsf] 5 . hDdf #)@ !& #!(
o; k|lti7fgnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] JolQmTjx?nfO{
k|lti7fgn] Jofks ?kdf ;b:otf k|bfg ug{sf nflu sfo{;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
bvf{:tsf] cfJxfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ljleGg If]qsf $&! hgf JolQmx?af6 k|fKt cfj]bgx?dWo] ;b:otf 5fgljg
pk;ldltn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] cfwf/df sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s g+= !@) ldlt @)^%.^.!* sf] a}7sn] ljljw kIfnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL @^) hgfnfO{ ;fwf/0f / Ps hgfnfO{ dfgfy{{ ;b:otf lbg] lg0f{o u/L To; cg';f/ ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{
@)^% sflt{s d;fGtleq ;b:otf lngsf nflu r=g+= @)# ldlt @)^%.^.@^ sf] kqåf/f ;"rgf ul/Psf]df !(*
hgfn] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' .
cfb/l0fo ;ef;b dxf]bo,
ca d k|lti7fgsf] cfly{s ;|f]t, hgzlQm, ;Dkltsf] l:ylt cflb ;DaGwdf 5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug]{ cg'elt rfxG5' .

60
!= cfly{s ;|f]tM
o; k|lti7fgsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngsf d'Vo ;|f]tx?df -!_ ;b:otf z'Ns -@_ z}lIfs z'Ns÷;]jf z'Ns
-#_ k|lti7fgsf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfe -$_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg -%_ :yfgLo lgsfo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u
-^_ bft[ lgsfo÷;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]u cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

@= ;xof]uL tyf ;fem]bf/ lgsfo tyf ;+:yfx?M

k|lti7fgn] ;xsfo{ u/]sf / cfly{s, ef}lts tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf d'Vo lgsfo÷;+:yfx?df– -s_ k|fljlws
lzIff tyf Joj;flos tflnd kl/ifb (CTEVT), -v_ ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if (PAF), -u_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, -3_
:yfgLo ljsfz dGqfno, -ª_ ag tyf e"Ifo ;+/If0f dGqfno, -r_ ko{6g tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno, -5_ kz';]jf ljefu
-k"jf{~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, If]qLo tflnd s]Gb|, If]qLo k|of]uzfnf, lhNnf kz';]jf sfo{no df]/ª tyf emfkf ;d]t_,
-h_ s[lif ljefu -If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfo{no df]/ª ;d]t_, -em_ If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|,
t/x/f, -`_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt df]/ª+ tyf emfkf, -6_ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no df]/ª+ tyf emfkf, -7_ PS;g P8 g]kfn,
-8_ x]km/ O06/g]zgn g]kfn, -9_ n'y|g ljZj km]8/]zg g]kfn, -0f_ cf/=cf/=Pg= -t_ Ol;df]8, -y_ /f]huf/Lsf nflu
tflnd, -b_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfo{no df]/ª, -w_ lhNnf jg sfo{no df]/ª, -g_ /t'jfdfO{ j[Iff/f]k0f cfof]hgf,
-k_ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]tmf dxf;+3, -km_ ;fd'bflos ;xof]u sfo{qmd, -a_ ljZj vfB ;+u7g, -e_ o'=Pg=Pr=;L=cf/=,
-d_ sfl/6f; g]kfn, -o_ Pl;ofnL ljsfz a}+s, -/_ g]kfn u|fdL0f ljsf; ;dfh s]Gb|, -n_ lna8{, -j_ km8{jf8{, -z_
lk;s|f]K;, -if_ :yfgLo uflj; tyf gu/kflnsf cflb 5g\ .

#= dfgj ;+;fwgM
k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L b/aGbL cf=j= @)^$÷^% df s'n b/aGbL !)# df jf:tljs ** /x]sf lyP . d'Vo
sfof{notkm{ @! /x]sf]df jf:tljs !% hgf, ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdtkm{ !$ hgf /x]sf]df jf:tljs !@ hgf,
k|df0fkq tx gl;{·tkm{ @( hgf /x]sf]df @^ hgf, k|df0fkq tx ;fdfGo lrlsT;ftkm{ @) /x]sf]df !& hgf, l;PdP
tyf cgdLtkm{ !! / s[lif tyf kz' lj1fgtkm{ !) /x]sf]df jf:tljs klg Tolt g} /x]sf] 5 . o;/L k|lzIfstkm{ @( /
;fd'bflos ljsf;tkm{ !@ / k|zf;gtkm{ $& ut cf=j=df sfo{/t /x]sf lyP . k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L;DaGwL ljj/0f
tn tflnsf–* df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf–* -sfo{/t sd{rf/L tyf k|lzIfsx?sf] ljj/0f cf=j= @)^$.^%_
qm; ljj/0f sd{rf/Ltkm{ k|lzIfstkm{ lkmN8tkm{ hDdf
clws[t ;xfos cGo k|lzIfs k|lzIfs
! d'Vo sfof{no % $ # !@
@ z;QmLs/0f÷hLljsf]kfh{g sfo{qmd ! @ ^ (
# kz'pkxf/ tyf gZn ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf ! @ #
$ k|df0fkq tx gl;{ª @ !! ( $ @^
% k|df0fkq tx ;fdfGo lrlsT;f @ !@ # !&
^ ;LPdP÷cgdL @ # ^ !!
& s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg ! @ ^ ! !)
hDdf & !# @! @& !$ ^ **
o; k|lti7fgdf cf=j= @)^$÷^% df k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L b/aGbL df !% hgf yk u/L !)# /x]sf]df o; cf=j= sf
gofF b/aGbLdf % hgf yk eO{ !)* ul/Psf] 5 . utjif{ z}lIfs sfo{qmdtkm{ ^* hgf, ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdtkm{
!$ hgf / d'Vo sfof{nodf @! hgfsf] b/aGbL /x]sf] lyof] . o; cf=j= df d'Vo sfof{nodf @ hgf yk u/L @#
hgf, z}lIfs sfo{qmdtkm{ tLg hgf yk eO{ &! hgf, ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdtkm{ !$ hgf /x]sf 5g\ . To;df
k|lzIfstkm{ $% / cGo k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lx? ^# hgf /x]sf 5g\ .

61
$= ef}lts ;'ljwfx?M
hUuf, ejg, ;jf/L ;fwg, l6eL, l8le8L, d'eL Sofd]/f, l8lh6n tflnsf–( -;jf/L ;fwg ljj/0f_
Sofd]/f, :Sofg/, sDKo'6/, Nofk6k, dlN6ldl8of k|f]h]S6/, ljj/0f d'sf SofDk; hDdf
cf]=Pr=kL=, lk|G6/, kmf]6f]skL d]l;g, 6]lnkmf]g, km\ofS; d];Lg, ldgLa; ! ! !
/]lk|mh/]6/, :nfO8, x6Po/ cf]eg, :6]l/nfOH8, jf]oPn/ d]l;g, 6«ofS6/ ! ! !
On]S6«Ls df]6/, cfjZos sfof{no ;fdfg, pks/0f tyf kmlg{r/ df]6/;fOsn # @ %
cflb . ef}lts ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf (–!# df lbOPsf] 5 . ;fO{sn !! # !$
tflnsf–!) -hUufsf] ljj/0f_M
hUuf !$ lj3f !# s¶f /x]sf] 5 .
d+unaf/] pnf{af/L–@ tf/faf/L eb|k'/ l;h'jf O6x/f
^–)–@ la3f !–!&–) la3f $–%–!* la3f )–*–!) la3f )–@–!) la3f !–!(–) la3f

tflnsf–!! -ejgsf] ljj/0f_M

kSsL ejg % / l6gsf 6x/f !# u/L sl/a Ps ;o #) eGbf a9L sf]7fx? 5g\ .
qm; ljj/0f ;+Vof :yfg k|of]hg Ifdtf
! kSsL ejg–b''O{ tnf ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ d'Vo sfof{no !@ sf]7f
@ kSsL ejg–tLg tnf ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ k':tsfno, ;efsIff & sf]7f
# O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ sIff ;~rfng !) sf]7f
$ O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ SoflG6g ! sf]7f
% O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ Nofa tyf :6f]/ & sf]7f
^ O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ uf8{ cfjf; @ sf]7f
& kSsL @ d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ ;f}rfno / :gfg 3/ @ sf]7f
* kSsL ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ ;f}rfno–dlxnf / k'?if !@ sf]7f
( O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf @ pnf{af/L–@ sIff tyf tflnd % sf]7f
!) kSsL ejg–b''O{ tnf ! tf/faf/L, bds–* sIff tyf sfof{no ;~rfng #) sf]7f
!! O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! tf/faf/L, bds–* sd{rf/L cfjf; @ sf]7f
!@ O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! tf/faf/L, bds–* ;af/L rfns cfaf; # sf]7f
!# O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf @ tf/faf/L, bds–* 5fqfaf; !^ sf]7f
!$ O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf @ tf/faf/L, bds–* ;fOG; Nofa tyf :6f]/ ^ sf]7f
!% O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf @ tf/faf/L, bds–* SofG6g @ sf]7f
!^ O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! tf/faf/L, bds–* rf}sLbf/ cfaf; # sf]7f
!& O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf @ tf/faf/L, bds–* uf8L U0of/]h ! sf]7f
!* O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf $ tf/faf/L, bds–* rkL{÷:gfg 3/ $ sf]7f
!( kSsL ejg–b''O{ tnf ! d+unaf/], pnf{af/L–^ 5fqfaf; lgdf{0ffwLg
@) O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf @ eb|k'/–!% sIff tyf k':tsfno ;~rfng ^ sf]7f
@! O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftf ! eb|k'/–!% k|bz{gL sIff tyf :6f]/ $ sf]7f
@@ kSsL ejg–b''O{ tnf # eb|k'/–!% sfof{no / 5fqfaf; ef8fsf]
gf]6M eb|k'/df ag]sf O{6f ufx|f] h:tfkftfsf ejgx? ef8fsf] hUufdf agfOPsf x'g\ .

62
tflnsf–!@ -On]S6«f]lgs ;fdfg tyf pks/0fx?_M
qm; ;fdfgsf] gfd yfg d'Vo sfof{no :jf:Yo lj1fg gl;{· s[lif÷kz'
SofDk; SofDk; lj1fg SofDk;
! sDKo'6/ @) ( ( ! !
@ lk|G6/ ,, % # ! !
# kmf]6f]skL d]l;g ! !
$ ÇofS; d]l;g ! !
% Nofj6ksDKo'6/ @ @
& l8lh6n Sofd/f d'Vo sfof{no $ $
* d"le Sofd]/f d'Vo sfof{no ! !
( dlN6ldl8of d'Vo sfof{no ! !
!) cf]e/x]8 k|f]h]S6/ ^ ! @ #
!! 6L=eL= % ! ! #
@) 8L=eL=8L= d'Vo sfof{no ! !
@! /]lk|mh]/]6/ -lk|mh_ z}=sf= @ ! !
/]lk|mh]/]6/ -lk|mh_ z}=sf= @ ! !
tflnsf–!# -cGo ef}lts ;DklQ_M
k|lti7fgsf] ef}lts ;DklQsf] ;Dk"0f{ clen]v lhG;L OsfO cGtu{t /flvPsf 5g\ . k|lti7fgsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
k|of]ufTds sfd / tflndsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] d]l;g/L j:t'x? cGo ef}lts ;fdu|Lx?dWo] d'Vod'Vo j:t'x?sf]
cj:Yffaf/] ;+lIfKt lgj]bg ub{5' .
ƒ 6]an ljleGg ;fO{hsf @!% yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_ .
ƒ s';L{ ljleGg ;fO{hsf @$* yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_ .
ƒ 6'n !%) yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_
ƒ 8]S; a]~r ;]6 !&& yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_
ƒ l:6n b/fh !# yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_
ƒ sf7sf] b/fh @) yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_
ƒ ¥ofs a's /fVg] k|of]uzfnf #^ yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_
ƒ dfOqmf]isf]k !# yfg -rfn' cj:yfdf_
;Ddflgt ;ef;bx?
k|lti7fgsf] ;ftf}+ ;fwf/0f;efdf k|:t't n]vf;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx?, To;dfly ePsf]
sfaf{xL ;DaGwdf ;+If]kdf hfgsf/L u/fpg cg'dlt dfUb5' . eP u/]sf sfo{sf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5M
-!_ k|lti7fgsf] sf/f]jf/df ePsf] j[l4 / sfo{ef/sf cfwf/df d'Vo sfof{nodf sd{rf/Lx? yk ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ k|lti7fgsf] ;fwf/0f;efnfO{ lgoldt ug]{ / cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfleq ;DkGg ug]{ gLlt sfo{;ldltn]
lng'kg]{ dx;'; u/]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ k|lta4 /x]sf] 5 .
-#_ k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/sf sfo{x?sf] yfngL
utjif{b]lv g} ePsf] 5 . Joj:yfkg lgodfjnLdf pko'Qm kl/dfh{g;lxt bf]>f] ;+zf]wg u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
lj:tf/} sDKo'6/ ;Ç6j]/sf] k|of]u a9fpg] / clen]vLs/0fnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ :yfg lbg] sfo{ o;} jif{b]lv k|f/De
ul/Psf] 5 . r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/Lsf;fy ;dfwfg ug{ / cj;/x?sf] pkof]u ug]{ ;jntf
j[l4sf nflu ljefuLo k|d'v tyf sd{rf/Lx?aLr cfjlws a}7snfO{ lgoldt / k|efjsf/L agfpg kxn ePsf]
5 . a]nfavtdf sfo{;ldltn] k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx?l;t cGt/lqmof ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
-$_ k|lti7fgsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] /]s8{ /fVg] / b'?:t ug'{kg]{ ljifodf sfo{;ldltaf6 5f]6f]
cWoog tyf ;DalGwt kIf;Fu cGt/lqmof u/L o; ljifodf lg0f{o lng' pko'Qm / Jojxf/Ls x'g]5 eGg]
63
 sfo{;ldltn] 7fg]sf]5 . sfo{;ldltn] n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldlt, n]vfk/LIfs / k/fdz{bftfsf] ;Nnfx
;'emfjnfO{ dxTjsf;fy cfTdf;ft ug]{ / oyf;Dej s8fOsf;fy sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] k|lta4tf ub{5 .
-%_ rfn' k]ZsL tyf a]?h'x? oyf;dodf c;'npk/ tyf km5\of{]6 ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv b]lvPsf]]
jSof}tf /x]sf]df /sd ?= !*),&!*.– c;'npk/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; jif{ sfo{;ldltn] pko'Qm pkfox?sf]
cjnDag u/L To;sf] glthf cfufdL ;fwf/0f;efdf k|:t't ul/g] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5' .
-^_ ;b:o ljj/0f;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gogdf NofPsf] 5 .
-&_ k|lti7fgn] ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx?n] cf=j= @)^$.^% b]lv g} cfkm\gf] jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 tof/ u/L
:jLs[ltsf nflu d'Vo sfof{nodf k]z ug'{kg]{ / To;} cfwf/df jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 agfpg] ljlw
ckgfO{Psf] 5 . / ;f]xL cg';f/ Joj:yfkg lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ah]6 vr{ ug]{ tyf
vr{sf] lgoGq0f u/fpg] kl/kf6Lsf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5 .
-*_ k|lti7fgdf /x]sf k'/fgf lhG;L ;fdfgx?sf] oyfy{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L Joj:yfkg lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] Joj:yfg';f/
lnnfd ljqmL ug]{, ;f] x'g g;Sg] ePdf /]s8{af6 x6fpg] ;d]tsf] k|lqmof o;}jif{ ckgfpg] c7f]7 u/L o;sf
nflu ef}lts ;Dklt d"Nof+sg pk;ldlt u7g ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
-(_ k|lti7fgn] ;~rfng u/]sf z}lIfs ;+sfox?df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x?af6 c;'npk/ ul/g'kg]{ afFsL aSof}tf
b]lvPsf] z'Ns c;'npk/ ug{ k|fKt ;'emfjx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ plrt sbd rflnPsf] 5 / o;nfO{ cem
s8fO ul/g]5 .
-!)_ >4]o hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/Lsf] ljrf/, cfbz{ / sfo{x?sf] ljifodf o; k|lti7fgaf6 ;~rflnt z}lIfs
sfo{qmddf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng ug]{tkm{ k6sk6s k|fKt ;'emfjx?nfO{
uDeL/tfk"j{s lnPsf] s'/f hgfsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' .
-!!_ k|lti7fgsf] z}lIfs ;+sfosf k':tsfnox?af6 x/fPsf k':tsx?sf] cg'dflgt ;+Vof %%@ yfg ePsf] pNn]v
ePsf] ;DaGwdf oyfy{ ;+Vof / d"Nosf] ;"rL ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg dfly g+= * df pNn]lvt pk;ldltn] tof/ u/L
k|:t't u/]kl5 ;f]xL cfwf/df cfjZos sfaf{xL rnfOg]5 .
-!@_ lhG;L ;fdu|L vl/b ubf{ dfu kmf/fd, vl/b cfb]z, sf]6]zg, :6f]/ bflvnf / :6f]/af6 vr{ ug]{ k|lqmof /
Joj:yfkg lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ oyf;Dej ckgfOPsf] 5 .
-!#_ dbg e08f/L :d[lt 5fqj[lQ sf]ifaf6 k|lti7fgn] @)^! ;fndf uf}td a'4 xfO8«f] kfj/ sDkgLdf ?=% nfv
z]o/ nufgL u/]sf] 5 . To;sf] lgdf{0fsfo{ ;DkGg eO{ ljB't pTkfbg k|f/De ePsf] 5 . lgs6 eljiodf nfe
k|fKt x'g yfNg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; jif{ a?0f xfO8«f]kfj/ 8]en]kd]G6 sDkgL ln=-;+v'jf;efsf] x]jf
vf]nfdf lgdf{0f x'g]_df ?=@% nfv nufgL ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 . o;/L nufgL
ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo 5fqj[lQ sf]ifsf] j[l4 u/L nlIft ju{ z}lIfs C0f ;'ljwfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' /x]sf] 5 .
a}7s tyf ;fwf/0f;ef;DaGwL ljj/0fM
k|lti7fgsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ;~rfng ug]{ / sfjf{xLnfO{ Jojl:yt Pj+ lgoldt u/fpgsf nflu
sfo{;ldlt, n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldlt / ljifout ;ldlt÷pk;ldltx?sf] a}7snfO{ / ;fwf/0f;efnfO{ oyf;dodf
;DkGg u/fpg] k|oTg ePsf] 5 . sfo{;ldlt nufotsf ;dlt tyf pk;ldltsf] cf=j= @)^$.^% df ePsf a}7sx?
/ xfn;Dd ePsf ;fwf/0f;ef;DaGwL ljj/0f tn tflnsf !$ df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf !$ -a}7s tyf ;fwf/0f;efsf] ljj/0f_M
cf=j= @)^$.^% df ;ldltx?sf] a}7s / k6s ;fwf/0f;ef ePsf] ldlt / ;b:o ljj/0f
qm; ;ldltx? k6s qm; ;fwf/0f;ef hDdf pkl:yt
! sfo{;ldlt !# ! klxnf] @)%# kmfu'g $ / % !** !)%
@ ejg lgdf{0f ;ldlt !# @ bf];|f] @)%% cflZjg @$ !*^ *(
# sfo{qmd ah]6 th'{df ;ldlt !# # t];|f] @)%^ kmfNu'0f !@ !*% *%
$ kbk"lt{ ;ldlt !# $ rf}yf] @)%( h]7 #–$ !*$ !))
% sd{rf/L a}7s !^ % kfFrf} @)^) d+l;/ @& !*$ ($
^ k'/fgf ;fdfg lnnfd÷laqmL a}7s !) ^ 5}6f}+ @)^@ d+l;/ # #!( !^!
& n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldlt # & ;ftf}+ @)^$ c;f/ !$–!% #!( @#^
64
 * ljz]if @)^% a}zfv @* #!( !(@
cfb/0fLo ;ef;bx?
ca d k|lti7fgn] jt{dfg ;dodf ef]Ug' kl//x]sf sl7gfO÷r'gf}ltx? / efjL sfo{of]hgf a'Fbfut ?kdf k|:t't ug{
rfxG5' .

r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofx?M

1= s[lif k|wfg b]z eP tfklg s[liftkm{ ;/sf/L gLlt cfsif{s gx'g' . :j/f]huf/L ;[hgftkm{ k|lzIffyL{x?sf] cfsif{0f
a9\g g;Sg' .
2= ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ;d'bfo / dlxnfsf] pGglt / ljsf;tkm{ kl/nlIft k|fljlws z}lIfs sfo{qmd / nfdf]
cjlwsf] Joj:fflos tflndsf k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ nlIft ju{ z}lIfs C0f sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L / lbuf] agfpg
sl7gfO kg'{+ .
3= n]6fª 3f]if0fkq cg';f/ k|lti7fgsf] gLlt, ljwfg / lgofdfjnLsf] d"Nofª\sg, kl/dfh{g / Joj:yfkg gLltdf
ul/Psf] kl/jt{g cg';f/ s8fOsf;fy kfngf ug{ cfk;L ljZjf;sf] sdL b]lvg' .
4= d+unaf/] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo s]Gb| k|fKt eO{ ;~rfng / dbg e08f/L ;fd'bflos c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof
k|f/De ug{ hUuf k|flKt x'g l9nfO x'g' .
5= cfÇgf] c:ktfn gx'Fbf :jf:Yo lj1fg / gl;{ª sfo{qmdsf k|lzIffyL{x?sf nflu cEof; lzIff rnfpg ;/sf/L
lgsfoaf6 ;]jf k|fKt ug{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf ;/n / ;xh gx'g' .
6= k|fljlws lzIff k|bfg / Joj;flos tflndnfO{ ck]lIft ?kdf /f]huf/sf] cj;/;Fu ;DaGwg u/fpg g;Sg' .
7= cfjlws /0fgLlts of]hgf cg'?k ljifout gLlt Pj+ lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0f sfo{df ultzLntf Nofpg g;lsg' .
8= ;Lldt ljQLo Pj+ dfgjLo ;|f]tdf lge{/ eP/ k|lti7fgsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / ljljw sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{kg]{
cj:yf ljBdfg /xg' .

sfo{of]hgf–@)^%—^^
9= k|lti7fgn] lnPsf] nIo, p2]Zo / /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfO o; cf=j= sf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/]sf]
5 . o;df /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] tTsfnLg sfo{of]hgfdf k/]sf t/ sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL ljifox?nfO{ ;d]t
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{of]hgf lja/0f lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M
1= sfo{of]hgfsf cfwf/df ;a} sfo{qmdx? ;~rfgng / cg'udg ul/g]5 .
2= ;a} k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ sDKo'6/ k|ljlw;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg, ;Lk k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 .
3= nlIft ju{ z}lIfs C0f lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g] 5 .
4= k|lti7fgåf/f pTkflbt hgzlQmsf] /]s8{, pgLx?sf] sfo{ If]qsf] klxrfg, /f]huf/sf ;Defjgfaf/] kxn ug{
/f]huf/ k/fdz{ tyf ahf/Ls/0f OsfOsf] sfdnfO{ cem ;lqmo / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 .
5= ;fd'bflos ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb|| :yfkgftkm{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf kxn ul/g]5 .
6= ;xof]uL ;+:yf tyf lgsfox?sf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ub}{ k|lti7fgsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] clwstd
kl/rfng / ;b'kof]u ul/g]5 .
7= hgg]tf dbgs'df/ e08f/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx? -kmf]6f] tyf s[ltx?_ sf] vf]hL, ;+sng, Joj:yfkg, k|sfzg
/ Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/g]5 . pxfFsf] hLjgL n]vg sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . dbg :d[lt u|Gysf] bf];|f]
efu k|sf;gsf nflu ;fdu|Lx? ;+sng ul/g]5 .
8= dbg :d[lt sIfdf /flvg] hgg]tf dbgn] k|of]u u/]sf yk ;fu|Lx?sf] ;+sng, ;+/If0f / k|bz{gsf] cfjZos
Joj:yf / ;hfj6sf] sfo{ ul/g]5 .
9= d'Vo sfof{nodf /x]sf] dbg e08f/L k'ik afl6sf / zflns lgdf{0f sfo{ ul/g]5 .
10= O6x/f uflj;df k|lti7fgsf] tkm{af6 yk hUuf vl/b u/L To;sf] pkof]u gLlt tof/ ul/g]5 . hgg]tf
dbg'df/ e08f/Lsf] :d[ltdf hf]l8Psf] pxfFsf] 3/sf] ;Def/ Pj+ ;+/If0f ul/g]5 .
11= k|lti7fgn] eb|k'/df vl/b u/]sf] hdLgdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] yfngL ug{ ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ul/g]5 .
12= d+unaf/] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo s]Gb| (PHC) / ;fd'bflos c:ktfn ?kfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof k|f/De u/L k|flKtsf]
nflu lg/Gt/ kxn ul/g]5 .
65
 13= ;fd'bflos c:ktfn lgdf{0f ;DaGwL k|f/lDes sfo{sf] yfngL ul/g] 5 .
14=k|f}wf]lus ljZjljBfnosf] k|j4{gsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 .
15= dbg u|fdsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf ;fem]bf/ / :yfgLo hg;xeflutfsf cfwf/df of]hgfa4
sfo{sf] yfngL u/Lg]5 .
16= pnf{jf/L @ lgjf;L k|lti7fgsL hUufbftf tyf dfgfy{ ;b:o >LdtL g/dfof clwsf/L / pxfFsf 5f]/fx?af6
k|lti7fgnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] pnf{jf/L @sf] hUufdf k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ tyf lgdf{0f u/L tflnd sfo{qmd :yfO ?kdf
;~rfngsf] yfngL ul/g]5 .
17= lj/f6 hg;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgfsf] nflu ;+efJotf cWoog ul/g]5 .
18=n]vf clen]vLs/0f (Accounting Package), ;Dklt clen]vLs/0f (Property Inventory Package), k':tsfno
clen]vLs/0f (Library Inventory Package) / ljBfyL{;DaGwL clen]vLs/0f (Students Recording Package)
tof/ sf] sfd ;DkGg u/L nfu" ul/g]5 .
19= k|lti7fgsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg ;'wf/sf nflu cfw'lgs Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g / ljsf;df nuftf/
lqmofzLn /xg]5 .
20= k|lti7fgn] la=lk=Pr -Jofrn/ ckm klAns x]Ny_ jf la=Pg -Jofrn/ Og gl;{·_, k|df0fkq tx l;len
Ol~hlgol/ª / sDKo'6/ l8Knf]df ljifosf] k9fOsf nflu ;+efjtf cWoog ul/g] 5 .
cGTodf o; ul/dfod ;efdf pkl:yt k|d'v cltly, cltlyu0f, kqsf/aGw', cfdlGqt tyf pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{
dxfg'efjx?, ;ef;b ldqx?k|lt cfef/ tyf wGoafb 1fkg ub{5' . k|lti7fgnfO{ cu|ult lbO{ ;d'bfodf :yflkt u/fpg
;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?, h;n] k|lti7fgnfO{ cfly{s, ef}lts, k|fljlws tyf
g}lts ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\, ;a}k|lt s[t1tf;fy cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . k|lti7fgsf] pGglt Pj+ k|ultdf lg/Gt/
nflukg]{ sfo{;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?, n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?, ljifout pk;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?,
z}lIfs tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{qmdsf k|d'v, k|lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L ldqx?, ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
o; k|ltjbgdfly ;ef;bx?af6 aGb ;qdf uxg 5nkmn eO{ kfl/t x'g] ck]If /fVb} ljbf x'g rfxG5' . wGojfb .
k|lti7fgsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ sfo{of]hgf cg';f/ ;~rfng ug]{ / sfd sfaf{xLnfO{ Jojl:yt Pj+ lgoldt u/fpgsf nflu
sfo{;ldlt, n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldlt / ljifofut ;ldlt÷pk;ldltx?sf] a}7snfO{ / / ;fwf/0f;efnfO{ oyf;dodf
;DkGg u/fpg] k|oTg ePsf] 5 . cf=j= @)^$.^% df ePsf a}7sx? / xfn;Dd ePsf ;fwf/0f;efx?sf] ljj/0f
tn lbOPsf] 5 .

66
 @)^% a};fv @* df lgjf{lrt sfo{;ldlt @)^$ c;f/ !% df lgjf{lrt sfo{;ldlt
! >L u'?k|;fb a/fn cWoIf ! >L u'?k|;fb a/fn cWoIf
@ >L /f]dgfy cf]nL pkfWoIf @ >L /f]dgfy cf]nL pkfWoIf
# >L /f]dgfy cf]nL ;lrj # >L /f]dgfy cf]nL ;lrj
$ >L e'kfnl;+x hLdL /fO{ sf]iffWoIf $ >L 3gZofd e08f/L sf]iffWoIf
% >L nf]saxfb'/ lwdfn ;x;lrj % >L nf]saxfb'/ lwdfn ;x;lrj
^ >L ch'{g /fO{ ;b:o ^ >L uf]kfn e08f/L ;b:o
& >L vu]Gb| l;St]n ;b:o & >L b]j]Gb| bxfn ;b:o
* >L ;'ldqf e08f/L ;b:o * >L g/]z kf]v/]n ;b:o
( >L bLks sfsL{ ;b:o ( >L ef]hs'df/ l3ld/] ;b:o
!) >L Ps/fh e§/fO{{ ;b:o !) >L bLks sfsL{ ;b:o
!! >L s]zj ;'gfd ;b:o !! >L k|]d e08f/L ;b:o
!@ >L eflu/yf l;6f}nf ;b:o !@ >L ;'ldqf e08f/L ;b:o
!# >L lbnk|;fb /fO{ ;b:o !# >L vu]Gb| l;St]n ;b:o
!$ >L dw';'bg Gof}kfg] ;b:o !$ >L s'Gbg e§/fO{ ;b:o
!% >L ;"o{k|;fb u'/fufO{+ ;b:o !% >L s]zj ;'gfd ;b:o
!^ >L cUgLk|;fb e§/fO{ ;b:o !^ >L hfg'sf lzjfsf]6L ;b:o
!& >L k'ik 9sfn ;b:o !& >L e'kfnl;+x hLdL /fO{ ;b:o
!* >L xl/r/0f l;jfsf]6L ;b:o !* >L dfgaxfb'/ >]i7 ;b:o
!( >L /fwfs[i0f yfkf ;b:o !( >L r08L /fO{ ;b:o
@) >L g/]z kf]v/]n ;b:o @)
@! @!

n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldlt n]vf tyf cg'udg ;ldlt

! >L s[i0fk|;fb bfxfn ;+of]hs ! >L an/fd uh'/]n ;+of]hs
@ >L 3gZofd e08f/L ;b:o @ >L /fdrGb| pk|]tL ;b:o
# >L ;f]dgfy lg/f}nf ;b:o # >L lkts'df/ >]i7 ;b:o
$ >L /d]z kf]v/]n ;b:o $ >L hLjg l3ld/] ;b:o
% >L uf]ljGb yfkf ;b:o % >L Ps/fh e§/fO{ ;b:o

67