Teacher Preparation Resource Part I

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x'g'kb{5 . o:tf lje]bnfO{ cGTo ug'{kb{5 . lzIfs lzIff cfof]hgfn] blnt, hghflt tyf
lk5l8Psf] ;d"x ljz]iftM dlxnfx¿nfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z u/fpg ;Ifd agfpg]
p2]Zo cg'¿k @%)) hgfnfO{ k"j{;]jfsfnLg k|fylds lzIfs tflnd 5fqj[lQ k|bfg
u/]sf] lyof] . k|fylds ljBfnodf sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf lzIfs /fVg] k|fjwfg lzIff
lgodfjnLdf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} lzIfs ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t b/jGbLdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] lzIfs kbdWo] $%∞
kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL ##∞ df dlxnf pd]b\jf/x¿aLrdf dfq
k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf 5 .
oL Joj:yfx¿ eP tfklg ljleGg lhNnfx¿df k'?ifeGbf dlxnf lzIfssf] ;ª\Vof Hofb}
sd ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnf lzIfs ePsf] ljBfnodf 5fqfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] b]lvG5
. ctM dlxnf lzIfssf] Go"g ;xeflutf ePsf lhNnfx¿df lzIf0f k];fdf dlxnf
lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpgsf nflu lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] lzIfsx¿sf] v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] k"j{ ;]jf k|j]z tof/L sIff ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . pQm tof/L
sIff z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|x¿df ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–*_ sf] lzIf0f cg'dltkq k|fKt
u/]sf pd]b\jf/x¿sf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf dlxnf pd]b\jf/x¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL o; tflnd sf];{÷;|f]t;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't ;fdu|L !) lbg] tof/L sIff ;~rfngsf] Pp6f ;xof]uL ;fwg dfq xf] .
pd]b\jf/x¿nfO{ cGo ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog ug{ klg cg'/f]w ub{5' .
of] ;fdu|L tof/Lsf] qmddf ;~rfng ePsf sfo{zfnfx¿sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt ljifosf
lj1x¿af6 of] ;fdu|L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . ctM ;fdu|L tof/Lsf] qmddf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf
;Dk"0f{ ljåtju{ wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . cGTodf, 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/ ePsf] of]
;fdu|LnfO{ cem :t/Lo agfpg ;Da4 ;a} dxfg'efjx¿;―u /fo ;'emfasf nflu o; s]Gb|
xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5 .
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sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
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! kf7\oqmd !
@ tflndsf] sfo{tflnsf ^
# ;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf] lzIffsf] ;+/rgf (
$ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] /fli6«o tyf txut p2]Zox¿ !!
% g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; - /f0ffsfnb]lv xfn;Dd _ !$
^ afnclwsf/ @(
& n}ª\lus ;dfgtf #@
* g]kfnsf] ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf / kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf #&
( lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf $@
!) /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$( %&
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!# lzIf0f l;sfO tyf sIff Joj:yfkg &%
!$ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# (%
!% lzIff P]g,@)@* tyf lzIff lgodfjnL,@)%( !))
!^ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%&, -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ !)$
!& gd'gf k|Zgx¿ !)%

kf7\oqmd
s_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|fylds / lgDgdfWolds txsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf]
kf7\oqmd b]xfo cg';f/ k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 M
tx M k|fylds >]0fL M t[tLo k"0ff{ª\s M !))
!_ lzIff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgM j:t'ut k|Zg -ax'j}slNks_ ;dfgfGt/ ;]6x¿_ – @) cª\s
s_ lzIff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L – !) cª\s
c_ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] /fli6«o tyf txut p2]Zox¿
cf_ g]kfnsf] ljBfno txsf]] ;+/rgf / kf7oqmdsf] 9f―rf
O_ k"j{k|fylds lzIff tyf k|f/lDes afn ljsf;sf] p2]Zo / sfo{fGjog
O{_ afn clwsf/ tyf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf
p_ lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfM
 /f=lz=k=sf] of]hgf -@)@*–)#@_ k|fylds lzIffsf] ;+/rgf / lzIfs
Joj:yfkg
 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] -!(((–@))$_, nIo /
sfo{qmd
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd -@))$–@))(_ p2]Zo, nIo / sfo{qmd
 rfn' cfjlws of]hgfdf k|fylds lzIffsf] nIo tyf sfo{qmd
pm_ lzIf0f l;sfO tyf sIff Joj:yfkg
 lzIf0f ljlw / k|lqmofM
 z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfM ljifout, sIffut / ax'sIff lzIf0f
 sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkgM ef}lts / ljBfyL{
 z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf / k|of]u M :yfgLo tyf cGo
 :yfgLo÷ dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / k|of]u
 ax'efiff lzIf0fsf] dxŒj / k|of]u
1
P_ z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf d"Nofª\sg
 jflif{s tyf b}lgs z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
 ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfo{fGjog
 lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds d"Nofªsg – ljleGg tl/sf / k|of]u
P]_ afn ljsf; tyf dgf]lj1fgM k"j{afNofj:yf / afNofj:yfsf l;sfO;―u ;DalGwt
ljz]iftfx¿, ljsf;fTds kIfx¿
v_ ;+ljwfg, lzIff;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿ – !) cª\s
c_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#M df}lns xs, lzIff;DaGwL xs
cf_ lzIff P]g, @)@* -;+zf]wg;lxt_
O_ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( -;+zf]wg;lxt_ M
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/,
 lzIfssf] ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfx¿,
 lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ cfrf/;+lxtf
O{_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& -;+;f]wg;lxt_
@_ k|fylds txsf] ljifo;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lk tyf cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw – *) cª\s
s_ ljifo;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lk – ^) cª\s
k|fylds txsf] g]kfnL, c+u|]hL, ul0ft, ;fdflhs , lj1fg / jftfj/0f cflb ljifox¿;Fu
;DjlGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ;se/ ;j} ljifo ;d]6\g] u/L
ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
v_ cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]h – @) cª\s
c_ b"/ tyf v'nf lzIff
cf_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff / ;fIf/tf, sfo{d"ns tyf nlrnf] / j}slNks ljBfno
O_ >Jo tyf b[Zo ;fdfu|Lsf] kl/ro / o;sf] k|of]u
O{_ ;dfj];L lzIffM p2]Zo, dxŒj / cfjZostf
p_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf]
k|of]u
2
txM lgDgdfWolds >]0fLM t[tLo k"0ff{ª\s !))
!_ lzIff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgM j:t'ut k|Zg -ax'j}slNks– ;dfgfGt/ ;]6x¿_ – @)cª\s
s_ lzIff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L – !) cª\s
c_ ;fs{ d'n'sx¿sf] lzIffsf txut p2]Zo tyf ljBfnosf] ;+/rgf;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L
cf_ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] /fli6«o tyf txut p2]Zox¿
O_ g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; -/f0ffsfnb]lv xfn;Dd_
O{_ g]kfnsf ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf
p_ afn clwsf/ tyf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf
pm_ lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfM
 /f=lz=k=sf] of]hgf -@)@*–)#@_M lg=df= txsf] txut ;+/rgf / p2]Zo
 ;j}sfnflu lzIff sfo{qmd -@))$–@))(_M p2]Zo, nIo / sfo{qmd
 dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd -@))#–@))*_ p2]Zo, nIo / sfo{qmd
 rfn' cfjlws of]hgfdf lgDgdfWolds lzIffsf] nIo tyf sfo{qmd
P_ lzIff;DaGwL cfof]usf k|ltj]bg M
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$(M lg=df= tyf dfWolds lzIffsf
ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfjx¿
P]_ z}lIfs of]hgf, Joj:yfkg tyf d"Nofª\sg
 jflif{s tyf b}lgs z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfo{fGjog
 ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
 lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds d"NofªsgM ljleGg tl/sf / k|of]u
cf]_ afn ljsf; tyf dgf]lj1fgM pQ/afNofj:yf tyf lszf]/ cj:yfsf l;sfO;―u
;DalGwt ljz]iftfx¿ / ljsf;fTds kIfx¿
3
v_ ;+ljwfg, lzIff;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿, – !) cª\s
c_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 df}lns xs
 lzIff;DaGwL xs
 sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yf
O{_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& -;+;f]wg;lxt_
@_ lgDg dfWolds txsf] ljifo;DaGwL 1fg / ;Lk – *) cª\s
s_ lgDgdfWolds txsf] ;DjlGwt ljifosf] kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf]
cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t
lzIf0f ljlw – ^) cª\s
v_ cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw / vf]h – @) cª\s
c_ b"/ tyf v'nf lzsfOsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj
cf_ >Jo tyf b[Zo ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u
O_ sIff lzIf0f l;sfO;―u ;DalGwt ;"Id sfo{d"ns vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg
O{_ ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] dxŒj / k|of]u
p_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] dxŒj, cfjZostf tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf]
k|of]u
4
v_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt cfwf/e"t -k|fylds / lgDgdfWolds_ txsf] v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ b]xfocg';f/ PsLs[t ul/Psf] 5 M
txM cfwf/e"t -sIff !–*_ >]0fLM t[tLo k"0ff{ª\s !))
!_ lzIff;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fgM j:t'ut k|Zg -ax'j}slNks– ;dfgfGt/ ;]6x¿_ – @) cª\s
s_ lzIff;DaGwL cfwf/e't hfgsf/L – !) cª\s
c_ ;fs{ d'n'sx¿sf] lzIffsf] txut p2]Zo, ljBfnosf] ;+/rgf;DaGwL cfwf/e"t
hfgsf/L
p_ g]kfnsf] ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf / kf7\oqmdsf] 9fFrf
pm_ lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf
 /f=lz=k=sf] of]hgf -@)@*–)#@_ k|f lj tyf lg df lj txsf] txut
;+/rgf, p2]Zo / lzIfs Joj:yfkg .
 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] - !(((– @))$_ nIo /
sfo{qmd
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd -@))$–@))(_ p2]Zo, nIo / sfo{qmd
 rfn' cfjlws of]hgfdf k|fylds tyf lgDg dfWoldstx;Ddsf] lzIffsf]
nIo tyf sfo{qmd
 dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd -@))#–@))*_
P_ lzIff;DaGwL cfof]usf k|ltj]bg M
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$(M lg df lj / dfWolds lzIffsf
ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfjx¿
P]_ z}lIfs of]hgf, Joj:yfkg tyf d"Nofª\sg
 lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds d"Nofªsg MljleGg tl/sf / k|of]u
5
cf]_ afnljsf; tyf dgf]lj1fg M k""j{afNofj:yf / afNofj:yfsf Pjd\ pQ/afNofj:yf
tyf lszf]/ cj:yfsf l;sfO;―u ;DalGwt ljz]iftfx¿ / ljsf;fTds kIfx¿
cf}_ lzIf0f l;sfO tyf sIff Joj:yfkg
 lzIf0f ljlw / k|lqmof M
 z}Ifl0fs Joj:yf M ljifout, sIffut / ax'sIff lzIf0f,
 sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg M ef}lts / ljBfyL{
 z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf / k|of]u :yfgLo tyf cGo
 :yfgLo ÷ dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / k|of]u
 ax'efiff lzIf0fsf] dxŒj / k|of]u _
v_ ;+ljwfg, lzIff;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿ !) cª\s
c_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 df}lns xs
 lzIff;DaGwL xs
 sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yf
O{_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& -;+zf]wg;lxt_
@_ cfwf/e"t -sIff ! –* _ txsf] ljifo;DaGwL 1fg,;Lk tyf cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs
k|ljlw / vf]h – *) cª\s
s_ k|fylds txsf] g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, ul0ft, ;fdflhs, lj1fg / jftfj/0f cflb ljifox¿;―u
;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ;se/ ;a} ljifo ;d]6\g] u/L
ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f
ljlw÷lgDg dfWolds txsf] ;DalGwt ljifosf] kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df
ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
– ^) cª\s
6
v_ cfw'lgs z}Ifl0fs k|ljlw tyf vf]h @) cª\s
c_ b"/ tyf v'nf lzIff
cf_ b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfOsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf
O_ cgf}krfl/s lzIff / ;fIf/tf, sfo{d"ns tyf nlrnf] / j}slNks ljBfno
O{_ ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] p2]Zo dxŒj, cfjZostf / k|of]u
p_ >Jo tyf b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro / o;sf] k|of]u
pm_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf]
k|of]u
P_ sIff lzIf0f l;sfO;―u ;DalGwt ;"Id sfo{d"ns vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg
7
tflndsf] sfo{tflnsf
cfwf/e"t - k|fylds / lgDg dfWolds _ txdf lzIf0f cg'dlt kq k|fKt u/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] v'nf
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf ljsf; tflndsf] sfo{tflnsf
lbg ;];g ljifoj:t'
! klxnf] c_ ;fs{ d'n'sx¿sf] lzIffsf] txut p2]Zo, ljBfnosf] ;+/rgf;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L
p_ g]kfnsf] ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf / kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf
låtLo pm_ lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf
 /f=lz=k=sf] of]hgf -@)@*–)#@_ k|f lj tyf lg df lj txsf]
txut ;+/rgf, p2]Zo / lzIfs Joj:yfkg .
 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] - !(((– @))$_
nIo / sfo{qmd
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd -@))$–@))(_ p2]Zo, nIo /
sfo{qmd
 rfn' cfjlws of]hgfdf k|fylds tyf lgDg dfWoldstx;Ddsf]
lzIffsf] nIo tyf sfo{qmd
 dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd -@))#–@))*_
t[tLo P_ lzIff;DaGwL cfof]usf k|ltj]bg M
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$(M lg df lj / dfWolds
lzIffsf ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfjx¿
@ k|yd P]_ z}lIfs of]hgf, Joj:yfkg tyf d"Nofª\sg
 lgdf{0ffTds tyf lg0f{ofTds d"NofªsgM ljleGg tl/sf / k|of]u
8
låtLo cf]_ afnljsf; tyf dgf]lj1fg M k""j{afNofj:yf / afNofj:yfsf Pjd\
pQ/afNofj:yf tyf lszf]/ cj:yfsf l;sfO;―u ;DalGwt ljz]iftfx¿
/ ljsf;fTds kIfx¿
t[tLo cf}_ lzIf0f l;sfO tyf sIff Joj:yfkg
 lzIf0f ljlw / k|lqmof M
 z}Ifl0fs Joj:yf M ljifout, sIffut / ax'sIff lzIf0f,
 sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg M ef}lts / ljBfyL{
 z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf / k|of]u :yfgLo tyf cGo
 :yfgLo ÷ dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / k|of]u
 ax'efiff lzIf0fsf] dxŒj / k|of]u _
# c_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 df}lns xs
 lzIff;DaGwL xs
 sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
O{_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%& -;+zf]wg;lxt_
$ k|yd cfwf/e"t txsf] g]kfnL ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf]
cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df
cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
låtLo cfwf/e"t txsf] cª\u|]hL ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf]
cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
t[tLo cfwf/e"t txsf] ul0ft ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf]
cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
9
% k|yd cfwf/e"t txsf],;fdflhs cWoog, hg;ª\Vof lzIff / g}lts lzIff
ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg
/ ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
låtLo cfwf/e"t txsf],;fdflhs cWoog, hg;ª\Vof lzIff / g}lts lzIff
ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg
/ ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
t[tLo cfwf/e"t txsf] lj1fg / jftfj/0f, ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf]
kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL
ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
^ k|yd cfwf/e"t txsf] :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lZfIff ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn]
tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf
;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
låtLo cfwf/e"t txsf] l;h{gfTds snf ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf]
kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL
ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
t[tLo cfwf/e"t txsf] :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff÷;+:s[t÷snf cflb ljifox¿;―u
;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf
cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
& k|yd cfwf/e"t txsf] :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff÷;+:s[t÷snf cflb ljifox¿;―u
;DalGwt kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf
cfwfl/t k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
låtLo cfwf/e"t txsf] k];f Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff ljifox¿;―u ;DalGwt
kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] kf7\oef/sf] cfwf/df ljifout 1fg / ;Lkdf cfwfl/t
k|Zgx¿ tyf ;f]xL ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t lzIf0f ljlw
t[tLo b"/ tyf v'nf lzIff ÷ l;sfOsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf
>Jo tyf b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro / o;sf] k|of]u
* k|yd cgf}krfl/s lzIff / ;fIf/tf, sfo{d"ns tyf nlrnf] / j}slNks ljBfno
;dfj]zL lzIffsf] p2]Zo dxŒj, cfjZostf / k|of]u
10
låtLo ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ lzIffsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf tyf lzIf0f l;sfOdf o;sf]
k|of]u
sIff lzIf0f l;sfO;―u ;DalGwt ;"Id sfo{d"ns vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg
t[tLo k|ZgpQ/ n]vg cEof;
( k|yd k|ZgpQ/ n]vg cEof;
låtLo k|ZgpQ/ n]vg cEof;
!) k|yd k|ZgpQ/ n]vg cEof;
låtLo k|ZgpQ/ n]vg cEof;
gf]6 M tflnd ;~rfngsf qmddf k|lzIfsn] ljifoj:t'df x]/k]m/ gu/L cfjZostfg';f/ o;
tflnsfnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
11
;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf] lzIffsf] ;+/rgf
!= dfnlbE;
 k"j{k|fylds lzIff M @ jif{ (Upper kindergarten / lower kindergarten)
 k|fylds lzIff M % jif{ - sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd _ ^ jif{sf] pd]/af6 k|f/De x'g] .
 ld8n :s'n tx M @ jif{ - sIff ^ / & _
 lgDgdfWolds tx (Lower secondary) M # jif{ - sIff * b]lv !) ;Dd _
 pRrdfWolds (Upper secondary) tx M @ jif{ - sIff !! / !@ _
@= ef/t
 k"j{k|fylds lzIff M @ b]lv # jif]{ x'g]
 k|fylds lzIff M % jif]{ - sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd _
 ld8n :s'n tx M # jif]{ - sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd _
 dfWolds lzIff M @ jif]{ - sIff ( / !) _
 pRrdfWolds (Senior secondary) lzIff M @ jif]{ - sIff !! / !@ _
#= aª\unfb]z
 k|fylds lzIff M % jif]{
 dfWolds lzIff M & jif]{ - sIff ^ b]lv !@ ;Dd _
lgDgdfWolds dfWolds pRrdfWolds

-# jif]{_ -@ jif]_{ -@ jif]_{
-sIff ^ b]lv *_ -sIff ( / !)_ -sIff !! / !@_
$= e'6fg
 k"j{k|fylds ± k|fylds M ^ jif]{ - sIff ! b]lv ^ ;Dd _
 dfWolds lzIff M $ jif]{ - sIff & b]lv !) ;Dd _
lgDgdfWolds dfWolds
-@ jif]_{ -@ jif]_{
-sIff & / *_ -sIff ( / !)_
 pRrdfWolds M @ jif]{ -sIff !! / !@_
12
%= e'6fg
 k"j{k|fylds lzIff M $ b]lv % jif{sf afnaflnsfnfO{
 dfWolds lzIff M * jif]{ - sIff ^ b]lv !# ;Dd _
lgDgdfWolds pRrdfWolds (Senior secondary) sn]h (Collegiate)

-$ jif]{_ -@ jif]_{ -@ jif]_{
-sIff ^ b]lv ( _ -sIff !) / !!_ -sIff !@ / !#_
^= kfls:tfg
 ldl8n :s'n lzIff M # jif]{ - sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd _
 lgDgdfWolds (Lower secondary) M @ jif]{ - sIff ( / !) _
 pRrdfWolds M @ jif]{ - sIff !! b]lv !@ ;Dd _
&= ckmuflg:tfg
 k|fylds lzIff M ^ jif]{ - sIff ! b]lv ^ ;Dd _
 ldl8n ;]s]08/L M # jif]{ - sIff & b]lv ( ;Dd _
 ck/ ;]s]08/L (Upper secondary) M # jif]{ - sIff !) b]lv !@ ;Dd _
*= g]kfn
 k"j{k|fylds lzIff M ! jif]{
 lgDgdfWolds lzIff M # jif]{ - sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd _
 dfWolds lzIff M @ jif]{ - sIff ( / !) _
 pRrdfWolds lzIff M @ jif]{ - sIff !! / !@ _
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog kZrft eg] ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf lgDgfg';f/
ul/g] ePsf] 5 M
 k"j{k|fylds lzIff M ! jif]{
 cfwf/e"t tx M * jif]{ - sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd _
 dfWolds tx M $ jif]{ - sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd _
13
g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] /fli6«o tyf txut p2]Zox¿
g]kfnsf lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿ ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts kl/jt{g;―u} kl/jt{g x'―b}
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kZrft\ & a'―b] lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo to
ul/Psf] lyof] . h'g lgDgk|sf/ /x]sf lyP M
1= k|To]s JolQmdf cGt/gLlxt k|ltef / JolQmTj ljsf;sf ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:k'ml6t ug{ ;xof]u
ug]{,
2= k|To]s JolQmdf ;fj{ef}d dfgjLo d"Nosf ;fy} /fli6«o tyf ;fdflhs dfGotf cf:yfx¿sf]
;Dj4{g u/L :j:Yo ;fdflhs hLjgsf] ljsf; lglDt ;xof]u ug]{,
3= JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u ub}{ ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg],
4= /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zdf cfk\mgf] klxrfg sfod /fVb} JolQmnfO{ cfw'lgs o'udf
;fdf~h:ok"0f{ hLjg ofkgsf lglDt ;/xof]u ug]{,
5= ;dfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;xof]u u/L b]z lgdf{0fsf lglDt dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{,
6= k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
7= ;dfhdf kl5k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«o d"nwf/df ;dflxt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
lj=;+= @)^# df ePsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kZrft\ lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿df kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 .
h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
1= k|To]s JolQmdf cGt/gLlxt k|ltef / JolQmTj ljsf;sf ;DefjgfnfO{ k|:k'ml6t ug{ ;xof]u
ug]{,
2= k|To]s JolQmdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d dfgjLo d"Nosf ;fy} /fli6«o ;+:s[lt / cl:dtf, ;fdflhs
dfGotf / cf:yfx¿sf] ;Dj4{g u/L hLjGt cg'ejx¿ ;d]6\b} :j:y ;fdflhs / ;fd"lxs
hLjg k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ rl/qjfg\ Pjd\ g}ltsjfg\ gful/s tof/ ug]{,
3= :yfgLo / /fli6«o:t/sf Joj;fo, k];f Pjd\ /f]huf/Lsf ;fy} cfjZostfcg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o
/f]huf/Ltk{m pGd'v pTkfbgd'vL / ;Lko'Qm gful/s tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
4= JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u ub}{ ;fdflhs PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg],
5= ;dfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;xof]u u/L b]z lgdf{0fsf lglDt dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{,
6= k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
7= ;fdflhs ;dfgtf / Gofoaf/] lrGtg ub}{ tbg'¿ksf] cfr/0f ljsf; ug]{ / ;dfj]zL ;dfh
lgdf{0fdf dbt ug]{,
8= :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zcg's"n zflGt, d}qL, ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf /
ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L tbg'¿ksf] cfr/0f ug]{ u/fpg] / x/]s k|sf/sf åGå
Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;Ifd gful/s tof/ ug]{,
14
9= cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw;―u kl/lrt eO{ To;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ljZjkl/j]z ;'xfp―bf] bIf
hgzlQm tof/ ug]{,
10= /fi6«, /fli6«otf, nf]stGq, dfgj clwsf/k|lt ;Ddfg ug]]{, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf /rgfTds ;f]r
ePsf :jfledfgL tyf c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / cfk"m g]kfnL ePsfdf uf}/j ug]{ gful/s tof/
ug]{,
11= g]kfnL snf, ;f}Gbo{, cfbz{ tyf j}lzi6\ox¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / lj:tf/tk{m clek|]l/t
gful/s tof/ ug{ dbt ug]{ .
txut p2]Zox¿
g]kfndf ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ePkl5 ljBfnosf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 .
o; of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ePkl5 ;fljssf] ‖%±#±@±@‗ k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/jt{g eO{ ‖*±$‗ cyf{t sIff
! b]lv * ;Dd cfwf/e"t tx / sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd dfWolds tx ePsf] 5 . tyflk kf7\oqmd
sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df eg] sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd ;fljss} k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd nfu" x'―b} cfPsf]
5 . To:t} sIff ^–* ;Dd ;fljss} lgDgdfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmd nfu" ePsf] 5 .
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] z}lIfs ;q @)^* df cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff ^–*_ ljsf; u/L
b]ze/sf !^ lhNnfsf !)) cf]6f ljBfnox¿df k/LIf0f u/]sf] 5 . o; kf7\oqmddf cfwf/e"t txsf]
sIff !–* sf] txut p2]Zox¿ /flvPsf] 5 eg] ;fljsdf k|fylds tyf lgDgdfWolds txsf
kf7\oqmddf eg] 5'§f5'§} txut p2]Zo /flvPsf 5g\ . ljleGg txut p2]Zox¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ k"j{k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo
k"j{k|fylds lzIffn] afnaflnsfx¿sf lgDglnlvt kIfdf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 M
1= zf/Ll/s, ;+j]ufTds, dfgl;s, eflifs / ;fdflhs efjgfsf] ljsf;df cj;/ k|bfg ug]{,
2= ;/;kmfO / ;'/Iff;DaGwL afgL a;fNg k|]l/t ug]{,
3= ;fdfGo lzi6frf/ ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{,
4= k|fylds lzIffsf nflu k"j{tof/L u/fpg] .
v_ k|fylds lzIffsf] p2]Zo - df}h'bf k|fylds lzIffsf] kf7\oqmdcg';f/ _
k|fylds lzIffn] afnaflnsfx¿df lgDglnlvt kIfdf ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 M
1= /fi6«, /fli6«o Pstf / nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] efjgf k}bf u/fO{ g}ltstf, cg'zf;g /
:jfjnDagh:tf ;fdflhs / rfl/lqs u'0fsf] ljsf; ug]{,
2= cfwf/e"t eflifs tyf ul0ftLo ;Lk ljsf; ug]{,
3= lj1fg, ;"rgf k|ljlw, jftfj/0f / :jf:Yo;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg tyf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf]
ljsf; ug]{,
15
4= snf, ;f}Gbo{k|lt cle?lr hufO{ l;h{gzLn ;Lksf] ljsf; ug]{,
5= ljleGg hfthflt, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / If]qk|lt ;defj hufO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
6= dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs d"NodfGotfk|lt ;r]t eO{ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ cfr/0fsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
u_ lgDgdfWolds lzIffsf p2]Zo - df}h'bf lgDgdfWolds lzIffsf] kf7\oqmdcg';f/ _
/fi6« / k|hftGqk|lt cf:yfjfg\, ;fdflhs / k|fs[lts jftfj/0fk|lt eflifs Jojxf/df ;Ifd,
>dk|lt ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ ePsf :j:y :jfjnDaL Pjd\ rl/qjfg\ gful/s tof/ ug]{ .
3_ cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff ^–*_, @)^* cg';f/ cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–*_ sf
;Ifdtfx¿ - xfn o; kf7\oqmd k/LIfsf] ¿kdf 5 . _
1= /fi6« tyf /fli6«otfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg / nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ cjnDag
ug{,
2= eflifs ;LknfO{ l;sfO / b}lgs Jojxf/df cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy k|of]u ug{,
3= ljljw ;"rgf / ljrf/x¿ :ki6;―u cfbgk|bfg u/L /rgfTds / ljZn]i0ffTds ¿kdf k|ltlqmof
hgfpg,
4= ul0ftLo ;LknfO{ b}lgs Jojxf/df pkof]u u/L ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg Pjd\ tYofª\sx¿sf]
JofVof, ljZn]if0f tyf k|of]u ug{,
5= dfgjLo d"NodfGotfdf cfwf/df JolQmut / ;fdflhs hLjg k4ltdf lhDd]jf/k"0f{ rfl/lqs
Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{,
6= ;fd"lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; u/L clwsf/ / st{Josf] kfngf Pjd\ vf]hL ug{,
7= ljljw kl/l:yltdf ;fd~h:ok"0f{ Jojxf/ u/L :jtGqtfk"j{ sfd ug{ / c¿sf] :jtGqtfsf]
;Ddfg ug{,
8= hg;ª\Vof, jftfj/0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx¿;―u kl/lrt x'g / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
ug{,
9= j/k/sf j:t' tyf 36gf;―u ;DalGwt j}1flgs cjwf/0ff, tYo, ;Lk, l;4fGt tyf
lgodx¿sf] 1fgsf] vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ Pjd\ tYodf cfwfl/t cleJolQm lbg,
10= zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf :jJoj:yfkg u/L :j:y / g}ltsjfg\ afgL Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{,
11= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'―r / k|of]u;DaGwL cfwf/e"t ;Lk xfl;n u/L Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{,
12= hLjg / Jojxf/df Joj;fosf] ;DaGw klxrfg u/L ;fdfGo Jofj;flos ;Lk (TEVT-Soft
Skills) k|of]u ug{ / sfd, k];f, Joj;fok|lt ;sf/fTds x'g,
13= :yfgLo / cfw'lgs k];f, Joj;fo tyf k|ljlwsf] cj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿sf] hfgsf/L /fvL
:jfjnDaL x'g,
14= snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Dj4{g / k|j4{g ug]{ /rgfTds lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g,
15= cg'ejsf cfwf/df lg/Gt/ l;sfO k|j4{g ug{ .
16
g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; - /f0ffsfnb]lv xfn;Dd _
/f0ffsfneGbf cufl8sf] lzIffnfO{ z}lIfs Oltxf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] k|frLgsfnLg lzIff elgG5 .

k|frLgsfnLg lzIffcGtu{t d"VotM b'O{ lsl;dsf z}lIfs k4ltx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf lyP . tL x'g\ M
;+:s[t lzIff k4lt / af}4 lzIff k4lt .
;+:s[t lzIff k4ltcGtu{t /fhs'n k4lt, lkt[s'n k4lt, Clifs'n k4lt / u'?s'n k4lt k|rngdf
/x]sf lyP . h;dWo] u'?s'n lzIff k4lt cfw'lgs ljBfno k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft gx'―bf;Dd k|rngdf
/x]sf] lyof] . lziox¿ cfk\mgf u'?sxf― k'u]/ lzIff lng] x'gfn] g} ;+:s[t lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ u'?s'n
lzIff k4lt elgPsf] xf] .
;+:s[t lzIff k/Dk/fdf >j0f, dgg\, JofVof, k|bz{g, 5nkmn cflbsf dfWodaf6 lzIf0f x'GYof] eg]
ljBfyL{sf] rfl/lqs ultljlw / ;fd"lxs k/LIfftk{m wd{ / bz{gsf af/]df 5nkmn / ax; tyf
zf:qfy{ ljlwåf/f ljåfgx¿sf] ljåt ;efnfO{ cfk"mn] cfh{g u/]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, zLn, :jefj /
zf:qfy{n] ;Gtf]; u/fpg ;s]df ljBfdf :gfts sxnfpy] . To; ;dosf] ci6snzn] :gfg u/fO{
:gftsf]kflw k|bfg ug]{ k/Dk/fs} ¿kdf cfhef]nL klg bLIffGt ;df/f]x ul/G5 .
k|frLgsfnLg lzIff k/Dk/fcGtu{tsf] csf]{ k4lt xf] af}4 lzIff k4lt . of] lzIff k4lt a'4sf
pkb]z / af}4 bz{gdf cfwfl/t lyof] . o;cGtu{t kfs[t tyf kfnL efiff, af}4 bz{g tyf ;flxTo,
lqlk6s hfts cflb ljifox¿ k9fOGYof] eg] lzIff k|bfg ug]{ u'?x¿ leIf' x'Gy] .
g]kfnsf] k|frLgsfnLg lzIffnfO{ ljleGg zf;gsfndf vl08t u/]/ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
lnR5jLsfnLg lzIff pbf/ / ljBfk|]dLbftfx¿sf] bfg bfGtJoaf6 ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] bfg
bfGtJoaf6 ljleGg lzIff s]Gb|x¿ v'n]sf lyP . o;sf ;fy} /fhf /hf}6fx¿n] hUuf u'7L /flvlbGy] /
o;} u'7Laf6 klg lzIff s]Gb|x¿ ;~rflnt lyP . jf:tjdf lnR5jLsfndf /fHon] gful/snfO{ lzIff
k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ P]lR5s ¿kdf lnPsf] lyof] . t;y{ gful/sx¿ lzIffaf6 al~rt lyP . tyflk
o;sfndf lzIff x]g{sf nflu k|zf;gsf] Ps cª\u v8f ul/Psf] lyof] . h;nfO{ æcu|xf/Æ elgGYof] .
P3f/f}― ztfAbLsf] ;'?df kmlk{ª, kf6g / sf7df8f}―df u/L lzIffsf tLg 7"nf s]Gb|x¿ /x]sf lyP .
dNnsfndf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ lzIff k|bfg ug{' /fHosf] st{Jo g7flgP tfklg lzIff ljsf;df
;fdfGo ;xof]u eg] k'¥ofPs} lyP . /fhk|;fbdf /xg] cfrfo{, b}j1, Bf]efh', u'efh', k|wfg, df:s] /
e08f/L k|foM k9] n]v]sf x'Gy] . logLx¿dWo] w'/Gw/ ljåfgnfO{ /fhs'df/, /fhs'df/L k9fpg] sfddf
lgo'Qm ul/GYof] . rf}yf}― ztfAbLdf hol:ylt dNnn] cfk\mgf k|hfnfO{ ljleGg Joj;flos ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos ;Lk l;sfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . o;sfndf lzIffsf s]Gb|
dlGb/ / af}4 d7df s]lGb|t x'gfn] hol:ylt dNnn] ltgLx¿sf] x]/ljrf/ ug{ u'7Lsf] Joj:yf u/L
lzIff ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf lyP . To:t} u/L l;l4g/l;+x dNnn] wfld{s ;+:yf jf ltgsf k|d'vx¿af6
lzIff lbg] sfd aGb u/]sf lyP . o; cufl8 wd{ / lzIffnfO{ Ps} ¿kdf lnOGYof] . pgn] wd{af6
hg;fwf/0fnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] lzIff cnu u/fP .
17
afO;] rf}la;] /fHodf ;+:s[tsf ljåfgx¿af6 k/Dk/fut ;+:s[t lzIff k|bfg ul/GYof] . afO;] rf}la;]
/fHosfndf sf:sL lzIff ljsf;df cufl8 /x]sf] lyof] . sf:sLsf /fh l;l4gf/fo0f zfxåf/f kf]v/f
yf]sdf u'7Lsf] cfo:tfaf6 ljBfno ;~rfng u/fPsf lyP . o; ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu
lgMz'Ns k7gkf7g, 5fqfjf; / ef]hgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;;dodf uf]/vf, tgx'―, kfNkf,
dsjfgk'/, nDh'ª, 8f]6L, 88]nw'/f, dxf]Q/L, wg'iff, slknj:t'h:tf 7fp―df w'/Gw/ kl08t tyf
Hof]ltifx¿ /x]sf lyP . o:tf ljåfgx¿af6 g} afO;] rf}la;] /fHosf /fhfx¿n] cfk\mgf
/fhs'df/x¿sf] k7gkf7g u/fp―y] .
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kZrft\sf] zfxsfnLg zf;gsf] kfnfdf ePsf] lzIff ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfk\mgf ;}lgs hjfgsf 6'x'/fx¿nfO{ /fi6«sf] tk{maf6 ;}lgs lzIff lbO{ ;]gfdf
elt{ ub{y] . pgsf] kfnfdf klg af≈d0f kl/jf/df k/Dk/fb]lvsf] ;+:s[td"ns Jofs/0f, j]b, bz{g
cflbs} k9fO x'GYof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /fHosf] tk{maf6 5fqj[lQsf] ;'?cft u/L ljleGg
JolQmx¿nfO{ kmf/;L, ;+:s[t k9\g ef/t k7fPsf lyP . o;/L 5fqj[lQsf] >Lu0f]z ug]{ JolQmsf
¿kdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ lrlgG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxkl5sf /fhf tyf cGo b/jfl/ofx¿ cfk;L
snx / emu8fdf nfu]sfn] pQm ;dodf g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qdf vf;} kl/jt{g / ljsf; x'g ;s]g .
lj=;+= !()# ;fn cflZjg @ ut]sf] sf]tkj{kl5 g]kfndf /f0ffsfnsf] pbo eof] . /f0ffsfnsf k|yd
k|wfgdGqL hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ff eP . pgs} zf;gsfnb]lv g} g]kfndf cfw'lgs -cª\u|]hL _ lzIffsf]
;'?cft eof] . cfGtl/s ¿kdf /f0ffx¿sf] hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lzIff k|bfg ug]{ rfxgf geP tfklg
!)$ jif]{ /f0ff zf;gdf g]kfnsf] lzIffIf]qdf To; cl3sf] t'ngfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] lyof] . o;
zf;gsfndf lzIff If]qdf ePsf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ lgDg a'―bfx¿df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
lj=;+= !(!) cflZjg @& ut] -;g\ !*%# cS6f]j/ _
hª\uaxfb'/n] a]nfot e|d0faf6 kms]{/ cfPkl5 cfk\mgf ;GtfgnfO{ cª\u|]hL efiffsf] n]vfk9Ldf
;fdYo{jfg\ agfpg, cª\u|]h;―u ;Dks{ a9fO{ cfk\mgf] zf;g alnof] /fVg ;fydf NofPsf b'O{
cª\u|]hx¿sf] ;'k/Lj]If0fdf cfk\mg} yfkfynL b/jf/sf] bfvrf]ssf] e'O― tNnfdf cª\u|]hL
k|f/lDes :s'n :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
lj=;+= !(!% - ;g\ !(%*_
lzIff 8fO/]S6/sf] sfof{no tyf lzIff ljefu v'n]sf] . To; ljefusf k|d'v 8fO/]S6/ hg/n
ckm klAns OG:6«S;g hg/n aa/hª\u /f0ff lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= !(@&
hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffs} ;dodf rf/hgf u'? / %& hgf ;+:s[tsf ljBfyL{x¿ ePsf] gf/fo0flx6L
kf7zfnf rln/x]sf] . o;af6 o; cufl8 klg ;+:s[t kf7zfnf /x]sf] hfgsf/L .
18
lj=;+= !(#! - ;g\ !*&$ _
hª\uaxfb'/ k|wfgdGqL 5―bf pgsf ;flx―nf 5f]/f hg/n lhthª\un] ;+:s[tsf] k7gkf7g /
sd{sf08 u/fpg s]xL a|f≈d0f j6's hDdf u/L cfk\mgf] lghL vr{df Pp6f ;+:s[t kf7zfnf
;'? u/]sf lyP .
lj=;+= !(#! - ;g\ !*&% _
wL/zdz]/ lzIff 8fO/]S6/df lgo'Qm . hª\uaxfb'/sf] zf;gsfndf k"jL{ g]kfn ef]hk'/
lhNnfsf] lbª\nf e~Hofªdfly s}nfz 8f8fdf >L if8fgGb clwsf/Laf6 ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf]
:yfkgf .
lj=;+= !(#$ - ;g\ !*&& _
/fgLkf]v/L ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf .
lj=;+= !(#*
hg/n s]bf/ g/l;+x lzIff 8fO/]S6/df lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= !($@
 k|wfgdGqL jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ :s'ndf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/fn] k|j]z kfpg]
ePsf .
 /0ff]2Lk l;+xsf] xTofkl5 k|wfgdGqL jL/ zdz]/n] uf]qxTofsf] kfkdf]rgsf lgldQ ltgwf/f
u'7Lsf] cfo:tf u'7L rnfO{ af―sL /x]sf] /sdaf6 b/jf/ :s'nsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ vfhf v'jfpg]
Joj:yf ePsf] .
 sdfG8/ Oglrkm v8\u g/l;+x /f0ff lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/N; ckm klAns
OG:6«S;gdf lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= !($! j}zfv !
wL/ zdz]/n] %$ hgf a|f≈d0fx¿nfO{ lgTo ef]hg u/fO{ j}lbs lzIff lbg pkTosfleq sf7df8f}―,
kf6g, eQmk'/ / pkTosf aflx/ af/f, /f}tx6, dxf]Q/L cflb lhNnfsf ljleGg 7fp―sf hUuf ;ª\sNk
u/L u'7L /fvL tLgwf/f kfszfnfsf] k"jf{wf/ v8f ul/lbPsf .
lj=;+= !($$
 sdflG8ª hg/n rGb| zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/N; ckm klAns OG:6«S;gdf
lgo'Qm .
 lgTo ef]hgsf] Joj:yf lj=;+= !($# ;fnb]lv g} eP tfklg kfszfnf ejg /fgLkf]v/Lsf]
Ozfgsf]0fdf lj=;+= !($% ;fn j}zfv jbL $ /f]h @ df v8f ePsf] .
19
lj=;+= !($*
jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf b/jf/ :s'nsf] :yfoL ejg v8f ePkl5 dflyNnf] tNnfdf b/jf/ :s'n /
tNnf] v08df /fgLkf]v/L kf7zfnf rnfpg] u/L /0fd'Q]mZj/af6 :yfgfGt/0f ul/Psf] .
lj=;+= !(%%
/fgLkf]v/Lsf] kf7zfnfdf dWodf;Ddsf] k9fO x'GYof] . Toxf― k9]/ jgf/; k/LIff lbg hfg] 5fqx¿sf]
j]b, Jofs/0f / Hof]ltifsf] k/LIff lnO{ lbg] Joj:yf o;} ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] .
lj=;+= !(%^
jgf/;df ;+:s[t k9\g hfg dfl;s ¿ %.– 5fqj[lQ /sdsf] Joj:yf .
lj=;+= !(%& df3
k[YjL jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf] /fHosfndf k|wfgdGqL jL/ zdz]/n] d[To' x'g' s]xL cufl8
xg'dfg9f]sfdf k+= >L s]bf/gfysf] lhDdfdf /x]sf d"Nojfg b'n{e u|Gyx¿sf] Joj:yf ut{
k':tsvfgf - k':tsfno _ :yfkgf v8f u/]sf .
lj=;+= !(%*
 h]7 % ut] b]j zdz]/ ckb:t x'g'eGbf s]xL lbg cufl8 pgn] sf7df8f}― pkTosfdf !(
cf]6f kf7zfnf v'nfPsf .
 cflZjg !@ ut] rGb| zdz]/n] sf7df8f}― pkTosfdf @) kf7zfnf vf]nL lzIfs b/aGbL
/ jflif{s tnj lgwf{/0f .
 sDofG8/ Oglrkm eLd zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/N; ckm klAns
OG:6«S;gsf] kbdf lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= !(^@ sflt{s -;g\ !()%_
 c8\8fdf n]vfk9L ug]{ lx;fa lstfa /fVg], n]vGbf;, >]:t]bf/, alxbf/ cflb tof/ kfg]{
x]t'n] >]:tf kf7zfnf v'n]sf] .
 lqrGb| ef/tL ejg kf7zfnf l;nu9L 8f]6Ldf :yfkgf ePsf] .
lj=;+= !(^# -;g\ !()&_
ho k[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] cfk"m gS;fndf a:bf cfk\mgf] b/jf/leq ;TojfbL gfdsf] Pp6f k|fylds
kf7zfnf ;~rfng u/fPsf .
lj=;+= !(^* -;g\ !(!!_
k|ofu ljZjljBfnosf] Dof6«Ls'n];g k/LIffdf g]kfnL efiffsf] dfWodaf6 k/LIff lbg kfOg]
ePsf] .
20
lj=;+= !(&@
pkTosf aflx/ l;/fxfdf rGb| ldl8n :s'nsf] gfdaf6 klxnf] cª\u|]hL ldl8n :s'nsf] :yfkgf .
lj=;+= !(&% efb| @& ut]
lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf .
lj=;+= !(&^
 rGb| zdz]/n] efiff kf7zfnfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ kf7zfnf aGbf]a:t gfu/Lkm―f6 cGtu{t
OG;k]S6/L clkm; v8f ug{ nufPsf . km―f6sf tfn'sjfnfdf gfoj a8fu'?Ho" k+= x]d/fh
kf08]nfO{ tf]lsPsf] .
 >]:tf kf7zfnfdf n]vf, >]:tf / lx;fa kf7\oqmd lgwf{l/t ePsf] .
 lqrGb| sn]h, b/jf/ :s'n nufot c¿ cª\u|]hL :s'nx¿sf] qmdzM k|f]k]m;/, lzIfs, tyf cGo
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL cflbsf] Joj:yf, b}lgs k|zf;g, /]vb]v, ;'k/Lj]If0f, lg/LIf0f /
lgb]{zg;d]t lbg sn]h :s'n uf]Zjf/f v8f ePsf] .
 n]lk\m6g]G6 hg/n axfb'/ zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/N; ckm klAns OG:6«S;gdf
lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= !(&&
lqrGb| sn]hdf OG6/ ldl8o6 :t/sf] lj1fgsf] k9fO klg ;~rfng ePsf] .
lj=;+= !(&*
>]:tf kf7zfnfsf] kf7\oqmddf Ps ljifo cf}―7f klg ylkPsf] . n]v, >]:tf, lx;fa / cf}―7f oL rf/
ljifo kf; u/]sf sfl/GbfnfO{ rf/ kf;] elgGYof] .
lj=;+= !(*)
 rGb| zdz]/n] sf7df8f}― 9f]sf6f]ndf sGof kf7zfnf :yfkgf u/]sf .
 lqrGb| sn]hsf] ;DaGw snsQf ljZjljBfnoaf6 k6gf ljZjljBfnodf ;fl/Psf] .
 lqe'jg rGb| sn]hsf] gfd lqrGb| sn]h /xg uPsf] .
lj=;+= !(*!
kf6g / eQmk'/df PsPscf]6f ldl8n :s'n v'n]sf] - o; ;fndf v'n]sf] eQmk'/ ldl8n :s'n @@
jif{kl5 lj=;+= @))# df xfO:s'n ePsf] _ .
lj=;+= !(*$
21
k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/sf] kfnfdf pgsf ljZjf;kfq >L cd/ vf― kmf}hbf/n] cfk\mgf] ufp―df
tLghgf lzIfssf] c:yfoL b/aGbL lnP/ >L # rGb| ldl8n :s'n af/f lhNnfsf] ejfgLk'/df
:yfkgf u/]sf .
lj=;+= !(*%
 >]:tf kf7zfvfsf] kf7\oqmddf rf/ kf;sf] abnf g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfj]z u/L 5 kf; aGg
uof] .
 g]kfn /fhsLo cfo'j]{lbs ljBfno :yfkgf ePsf] .
lj=;++ !(*^
 k6gf ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIff s]Gb| o; ;fndf sf7df8f}―df v'n]kl5 k/LIff lbg ef/t hfg'kg]{
ljBfyL{x¿sf] b'Mv x6\of] .
 d]h/ hg/n d[u]Gb| zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/N; ckm klAns OG:6«S;gdf lgo'Qm
.
lj=;+= !(*&
 kmfNu'g !( df j;Gtk'/ s'df/L rf]sdf 6]lSgsn :s'n v'n]sf] .
 k':tsfno kj{ 36]sf] .
lj=;+= !(*(
 lj=;+= !(*& ;fndf sf7df8f}―df :yfkgf ePsf] 6]lSgsn :s'ndf To; ;fnsf] df3df
OlGhlgol/ª zfvf v'n]sf]
 cª\u|]hL lzIff / ;+:s[t lzIffk§L 5'§f5'§} lgb]{zssf] Joj:yf
 cª\u|]hL lzIffk§L d[u]Gb| zdz]/ h=a=/f= / ;+:s[t lzIffk§L dflxnf u'?Ho" k+= x]d/fh
kf08]nfO{ 8fO/]S6/df lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= !(()
 jL/ c:ktfnsf ;'kl/G6]8]G6n] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ u/L sDkfpG8/ / 8«];/ tof/ ug]{ u/L l;len
d]l8sn :s'nsf] Joj:yf ePsf] .
 sflt{s !^ ut]sf lbg P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff af]8{ - k|j]lzsf k/LIff af]8{ _ u7g ug]{ ;gb ePkl5
k6gf ljZjljBfno;―u b/jf/ :s'nsf] ;DaGw x6]sf] . P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff af]8{sf] klxnf]
k/LIff kf}if dlxgfsf] clGtd xKtfb]lv ;'? ePsf] / k/LIff s]Gb| b/jf/ :s'nb]lv blIf0fk§Lsf]
ejg dhln; 3/df /x]sf] . df3 b'O{ ut]sf] e"sDkn] k/LIff s]xL lbg :ylut .
22
 k|wfgdGqL h'4 zdz]/n] a};fv Ps ut] 6]lSgsn :s'ncGtu{t g]kfn cf6{ :s'n :yfkgf
u/fPsf .
lj=;+= !((@
c;f/ ! ut] ;gbaf6 k6gf ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIff s]Gb| lqrGb| sn]h tf]lsPkl5 sn]hsf
ljBfyL{x¿ k/LIff lbg k6gf hfgaf6 d'Qm .
lj=;+= !((#
@@ ;b:oLo lzIff ;ldlt -af]8{_ sf] u7g ePsf] .
lj=;+= !(($
lzIff af]8{ -!((#_ sf] ;'emfacg';f/ kf;hf―r c8\8fsf] gof― ;gb lg:s]sf] ;f] ;gbadf]lhd
>]:tf kf7zfnfsf] lgodfjnL kl/jt{g . lj/f6gu/df o; ;fnlt/ cfbz{ xfO:s'n vf]Nbf
s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnf y'gfdf k/]sf .
lj=;+= !((%
 kf7zfnf v'n]sf] #@ jif{ jif{klt >L ;TojfbL k|fylds kf7zfnfn] :jLs[lt kfPsf] . h'4 xfO
-cfbz{_ :s'n, lj/f6gu/n] :jLs[lt kfPsf] .
 r}q @* ut] ;f]daf/ b'lgofsf tk{maf6 k|fOe]6 :s'n v8f ug{ v8\u lgzfgf l/kf]6 ;b/ ePsf]
.
 g]kfn cf6{ :s'n h'4snf kf7zfnfdf kl/0ft ePsf] .
lj=;+= !((^
lj=;+= !((% ;fn r}q @* ut] /f]h @ sf lbg v8\u lgzfgf l/kf]6{ ;b/ eO{ lj=;+= !((^ ;fn
df3 * ut] /f]h ! sf lbg ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf lgldQ Ol:txf/ hf/L ul/Psf] - lzIff ljifosf]
klxnf] Ol:txf/ _ .
lj=;+= !((*
 lj=;+= !(*& df sf7df8f}―df :yfkgf ePsf] 6]lSgsn :s'ndf OlGhlgol/ª zfvf v'Nof] .
ljBfnosf] lj:tf/ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu OG;k]S6/ ckm :s'n clkm;sf] :yfkgf .
 d]h/ hg/n zf/bf zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/N; ckm klAns OG:6«S;gdf lgo'Qm
.
lj=;+= !(((
23
 lj=;+= !((* df v'n]sf] OlGhlgol/ª zfvfn] o; ;fnb]lv ;jcf]e/l;o/ tflnd ;~rfng
u/]sf] .
 OG;k]S6/ ckm :s'n clkm;sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 cflZjg @@ ut] klxnf] OG;k]S6/ ckm :s'nsf]
¿kdf >L ;"o{k|;fb pkfWofo -9'ª\u]n_ lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= @))!
df3 !@ ut]sf] ;gbaf6 sf7df8f}― pkTosf aflx/ jL/u~hdf klxnf] P;=Pn=;L= s]Gb| lqh'4
:s'ndf v]n]sf] .
lj=;+= @))@
d]h/ hg/n d[u]Gb| zdz]/ lzIff ljefusf] 8fO/]S6/ hg/N; ckm klAns OG:6«S;gsf] kbdf
lgo'Qm .
lj=;+= @))#
 z}lIfs k|zf;gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] sf7df8f}― pkTosf k"j{k§L k"jf{~rn / klZrdk§L klZrdf~rn
If]q ;d]t hDdf tLg OG;k]S6/ ckm :s'n /xg] ePsf .
 klZrddf kfNkf / k"j{df hgsk'/ . cfwf/ lzIff nfu" ug]{ of]hgf ePkl5 cfwf/ :s'nsf]
:yfkgf, lzIfs b/aGbL Joj:yf, lgsf;f, /]vb]v, lg/LIf0f tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd
kf7zfnf aGbf]a:t cª\u|]hL kmf―6af6 5'6\ofP/ lzIff ljefucGtu{t gof― sfod ePsf] cfwf/
lzIff uf]Zjf/fn] x]g]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] .
lj=;+= @))$
 lqrGb| sn]hdf ;j{k|yd tLg 5fqfx¿ egf{ ePsf .
 sGofx¿sf nflu klxnf] xfO:s'n kßsGof ljBf>d l8NnLahf/df v'n]sf] .
 cfwf/ :s'ndf k9fpg] lzIfs tof/ ug{ tfxrndf klxnf] lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf -h]7 !)
ut]_ .
 b/jf/ :s'nsf] k|fª\u0fdf eJo ;df/f]x aLr cfwf/ lzIffsf] pb\3f6g -sflt{s & ut]_ .
 g]kfne/ !$ 7fp―df !$ cfwf/ :s'n :jLs[lt - cflZjg !^ ut]_ .
 jg ljefucGtu{t /]Gh/ tyf km/]:6/x¿sf] b'O{ jif{ cjlwsf] tflnd sfo{qmd x]6f}―8fdf ;'? .
 s[lif c8\8fcGtu{t kz' lrlsT;s tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .
lj=;+= @))%
 cfk\mgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffdf ga;fO{ cGoq k7fpg] ljBfnosf] ;/sf/L
;xfotf /f]lsg] kl/kq hf/L ePsf] .
24
 tfTsfnLg lzIff 8fO/]S6/sf] cWoIftfdf @% ;b:oLo ljZjljBfno of]hgf sld;g u7g -
efb| !) ut]_ .
lj=;+= @))^
lj=;+= @))^ ;fn j}zfvb]lv cfwf/ lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|df tflnd ;'? .
lj=;+= @))&
@))& ;fnkl5 klAns :s'nx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L b/aGbLsf] k|=c= / PsfpG6]G6, Sns{ lbg] k|yf
aGb .
/f0ffsfnkl5sf dxŒjk"0f{ z}lIfs 36gf, kl/jt{g tyf ljsf;

lj=;+= @))& ;fndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo ePkl5 lzIff If]qdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g tyf lzIff
ljsf;df 7"n} nx/ b]vf kg{ yfNof] . kmn:j¿k b]zdf ljBfnox¿ v'Ng] qmd a9\b} uof] . lzIff
ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf hgtfsf tk{maf6 lzIff ljsf;df w]/} k|oTg /
cEof;x¿ ul/P . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] pbo ePkl5 ePsf z}lIfs kl/jt{g tyf
ljsf;x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
 lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfNu'0f & ut]sf lbg cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 lzIff;DaGwL sfd ug{
lzIff ljefusf] ;§f lzIff dGqfnosf] u7g .
 k|hftGqsf] k|flKt tfsf g]kfndf #!! cf]6f k|fylds ljBfno, !! cf]6f dfWolds ljBfno /
Ps cf]6f dxfljBfno -lqrGb| sn]h_ dfq lyP .
 lj=;+= @))( ;fndf ;/bf/ ¿b|/fh kf08]sf] cWoIftfdf @) ;b:oLo ‖/fli6«o lzIff af]8{‗
u7g ul/Psf] . o; af]8{sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ lj=;+= @)!) ;fn r}q ( ut] $^ ;b:oLo
/fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u u7g ePsf] .
 b]ze/df hgtf, lzIff k|zf;s, lzIfs tyf lzIffk|]dL, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, a'l4hLjL, ;fdflhs
sfo{stf{;―u k|ToIf ;Dks{ tyf k|ZgfjnLsf dfWodaf6 /fo ;ª\sng u/L Ps jif{df
‖g]kfndf lzIff‗ gfds k|ltj]bg @)!! kmfNu'0f !^ df k]z u/]sf] .
 ‖g]kfndf lzIff‗ gfds pQm k|ltj]bg g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|sflzt lzIff b:tfj]h /x]sf] .
 lj=;+= @)!) df3 !^ ut] z}lIfs ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ p2]Zon] b]zsf] e"efunfO{ & If]qdf af―8L
l8lehgn OG:k]S6/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] -wgs'6f, hgsk'/, sf7df8f}―, kf]v/f, tf}lnxjf,
g]kfnu~h / l;nu9L _.
 lj=;+= @)!) df k|fylds lzIfsnfO{ tflnd lbg] p2]Zon] /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| v'n]sf] .
 lj=;+= @)!! efb|df g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lzIfs tflndsf] ;'?cft ePsf] .
25
 lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf lzIfsnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{ gd{n :s'nsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] / lj=;+=
@)@# ;fndf o;sf] gfd k|fylds lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| /xg k'u]sf] .
 lj=;+= @)!$ df sn]h ckm Ph's];gsf] :yfkgf ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)!$ b]lv g]kfne/sf ljBfnox¿df g]kfnL efiffaf6 k9fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)!% ;fndf g]kfndf z}lIfs k|zf;gnfO{ @* lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] .
 lj=;+= @)!^ j}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L k|fylds :s'nsf] kf7\oqmd ;/sf/L tj/af6
k|sflzt ul/Psf] .
 lj=;+= @)!^ cfiff9 !! df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] a8fkq 3f]if0ff eO{ lqe'jg
ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] .
 lj=;++ @)!& ;fnb]lv k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;'?cft ePsf]n] ;f]xL Joj:yfadf]lhd lzIff k|0ffnL
nfu" ug{ lj=;+= @)!* ;fn j}zfv @% ut] tfTsfnLg lzIff dGqL ljZjaGw' yfkfsf]
cWoIftfdf ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldlt agL ;f] ;ldltn] ;f]xL ;fndf g} k|ltj]bg
a'emfPsf] .
 o; ;ldltn] lbPsf ;'emfa / l;kmfl/; Pjd\ lzIff Jojxf/ ljlw -lgodfjnL_ sf cfwf/df
lzIff P]g tyf lgodsf] d:of}bf @)!( df k|sflzt ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)!* cfiff9 #! ut] kf; jf hf―r c8\8fnfO{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf uflePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf kf7\ok':ts n]Vg / pTkfbgsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf ;/sf/sf]
;xof]udf lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf lzIff lgodfjnL k|sflzt ePsf] / o;n] lhNnf lzIff lg/LIfs tyf
ljBfno ;~rfns ;ldltsf] sfd tf]s]sf] lyof] .
 lj=;+= @)@# ;fndf ;+:s[t lzIff ;'wf/ k/fdz{ bft[ ;ldlt u7g .
 lj=;+= @)@& sflt{s ! ut]sf lbg @)!* df :yflkt !$ c~rn lzIff lzIff clwsf/L vf/]h
ul/of] . To;kl5 @( cf]6f lhNnfdf lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L / af―sL $^ lhNnfdf /f=k=cg+=
k|yd >]0fLdf lh=lz=lg= g} sfod eP .
 lj=;+= @)@* df gof― lzIff of]hgf nfu" eof] -o;nfO{ /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf klg
elgG5_ .
 lj=;+= @)@* efb| % ut] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 b]ze/ Pp6} /fli6«o
kf7\oqmd nfu" ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)#! kmfNu'0f !@ ut]b]lv lzIff lbj; dgfpg ;'? ul/Psf] / To;} cj;/df k|fylds
lzIff lgMz'Ns 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
 z}lIfs ;q @)#@÷)## b]lv ;/sf/n] b]zsf b'u{d @* ljBfnodf lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts
ljt/0f ug{ yfn]sf] .
26
 lj=;+= @)#& ;fnb]lv /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 lzIfs tflnd sfo{qmd k|zf/0f ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)#& b]lv lghL If]qdf sn]h :yfkgf ug{ :jLs[t lbg yflnof] .
 lj=;+= @)#( efb| ! ut] /0fwL/ ;'Aafsf] cWoIftfdf zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]u u7g ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)#( b]lv Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}―ssf] ;xof]udf lj1fg lzIff kl/of]hgf ;'? ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)$! b]lv k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf ljZj a}―ssf] C0f ;xof]u / o'lg;]kmsf] k|fljlws
;xof]udf ;~rfng ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)$# df lzIffzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgnfO{ lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfodf kl/0ft ul/Psf] . ;f]xL
;fndf bfªsf] j]ne'm08Ldf dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)$^÷!!÷!# df lzIffdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\
u7g .
 lj=;+= @)$* ;fndf lghL If]qdf klxnf]kN6 sf7df8f}― ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)$( cfiff9 !^ ut]sf lbg tfTsfnLg ;/sf/n] @)$( >fj0fb]lv pRrdfWolds
lzIff !)±@ sf sIff ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] .
 lj=;+= @))& df k|hftGq pbo ePkl5 g]kfndf ag]sf cfof]u tyf ;ldltx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf
5g\ M
qm=;+= cfof]u÷;ldlt u7g ldlt
! /fli6«o lzIff af]8{ @))(
@ /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u @)!)
# ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldlt @)!*
$ x\o'u aL= p8sf] 6f]nL u7g @)!(
% /fli6«o lzIff ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\ @)@$
^ /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@*
& zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]u @)#(
* /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$&
( pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)%$
!) lzIff sfo{bn @)%&
!! lzIff;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo sfo{ ;ldlt @)%*
 lzIff If]qdf sfof{Gjog ePsf kl/of]hgf, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿

27
qm=;+= of]hgf÷kl/of]hgf÷sfo{qmd
! ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf lj=;+= @)^^ b]lv @)&@
@ ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd ;g\ @))$ b]lv @))(
# dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;g\ @))# b]lv @))*
$ lzIfs lzIff kl/of]hgf ;g\ @))@ b]lv @))*
% cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd – bf];|f] lj=;+= @)$( b]lv @)%%
^ cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd – k|yd lj=;+= @)%^ b]lv @)^!
& k|fylds lzIff ljsf; sfo{qmd
* /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd kl/of]hgf lj=;+= @)#&
( dfWolds lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf lj=;+= @)%) b]lv @)%^
!) lj1fg lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf ;g\ !(*$ b]lv !((!
!! k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf lj=;+= @)$@ b]lv % jif{sf

nflu
!@ ;]tL kl/of]hgf -u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu lzIff ;g !(*! b]lv !((!
kl/of]hgf_
!# ;fd'bflos ljBfno ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;g\ @))# b]lv @))*
!$ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lk kl/of]hgf ;g\ @))^ b]lv @)!!
 lzIff dGqfno / ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] hfgsf/L

qm=;+= lgsfo :yfkgf ldlt b"/b[li6
! lzIff dGqfno, lj=;+= @))& -@)%&÷!÷^ /fi6«sf] lzIff;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
s]z/dxn, sf7df8f}― b]lv lzIff tyf v]ns'b gLlt lgwf{/0f, of]hgf, sfo{qmd
dGqfno gfdfs/0f sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf
ul/Psf] / ldlt d"Nfoª\sg ug{ tyf d'n'sdf
@)^%÷%÷!% df o'jf tyf ePsf] lzIff If]qsf] of]hgf,
v]ns'b dGqfnosf] 5'§} Joj:yfkg / ;]jf k|bfg ug'{ .
:yfkgf ePkl5 o;
dGqfnosf] gfd k'gM lzIff
dGqfno sfod ePsf]_
28
@ lzIff ljefu @)%^÷@÷( df ljlwjt lzIffnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;+jfxs
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ ¿kdf :yfkgf agfpg] b[li6sf]0fn] ;a}nfO{
cfwf/e"t lzIff pknAw u/fpg]
tyf ;f]eGbf cufl8sf]
ljBfno:t/Lo z}lIfs cj;/
;xh agfpg] .
# kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| @)@*÷%÷% - o; ldlt ljBfno txsf] kf7\oqmd,
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\ok':ts, lzIfs lgb]{lzsf,
lg/LIf0f ljsf; s]Gb| afn ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tyf lzIfs
gfdaf6 :yfkgf ePsf] / ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; tyf
@)%$ ;fndf kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g ug]{ .
ljsf; s]Gb| gfdfs/0f
ul/Psf]
$ z}lIfs hgzlQm @)%)÷$÷! - lj=;+= cg';Gwfg / gof― k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; s]Gb| @)^! ;fndf dfWolds dfWodåf/f u'0ffTds lzIffsf]
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ lzIff ljsf; s]Gb| / b"/ k|Tofe"ltsf nflu pTs[i6 z}lIfs
lzIff s]Gb|nfO{ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg / z}lIfs
hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|df lqmofsnfkx¿ clej[l4 ug{ ;Sg]
PsLs[t ul/Psf] _ . ;Ifd / ultzLn hgzlQm tof/
ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng] .
% k/LIff lgoGq0f lj=;+= @)@*  dfWolds txdf ljBfyL{sf]
sfof{no pknlAw k/LIf0fsf] sfo{ ug]{
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/  /fli6«o / lhNnf:t/df
k/LIffx¿sf] ljZj;gLotf /
j}wtf sfod /fVg]
 k/LIff;―u ;DalGwt gof―gof―
k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; /
k|af]wLs/0f ug]{
^ cgf}krfl/s lzIff lj=;+= @)%^ -@))& k|To]s gful/snfO{ u'0f:t/Lo
s]Gb| ;fndf dGqfnosf] hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ :yfkgf;―u} dGqfnodf k|f}9 ;Lk, bIftf clej[l4;―u} ;Gt'lnt
lzIff zfvfsf] :yfkgf /fi6« lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg
ePsf] / /f=lz=cf=@)$( ;Ifd tyf k"0f{ ;fIf/ ;dfhsf]
sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ @)%^ ljsf; ug]{
29
df u7g _
& ljBfno lzIfs @)%$÷!@÷@^ cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
lstfavfgf j}1flgs / Jojl:yt clen]v
tfxfrn, sf7df8f}― Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6
;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf
k|jfx ub}{ e/kbf]{ clen]vsf
cfwf/df ;'wf/fTds gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/nfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
* lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u @)%*÷!)÷@% ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf
;fgfl7dL, eQmk'/ lzIfsx¿sf] :yfoL lgo'lQm,
cWofkg cg'dlt kq k/LIff
;~rfng tyf k|df0fkq tyf
:yfoL lzIfssf] a9'jfnufotsf
sfo{x¿ ug]{
( z}lIfs u'0f:t/ lj=;+= @)^^ lzIffsf] kx'―r, ;dtf / u'0ff:t/
k/LIf0f s]Gb| clej[l4sf nflu ;du| z}lIfs
lzIff dGqfno, ;+/rgf tyf sfo{ k|0ffnLsf]
s]z/dxn k/LIf0f u/L lzIff dGqfno;dIf
jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{
!) If]qLo lzIff lj=;+= @))# df hgsk'/  lzIff dGqfno / lzIff
lgb]{zgfno / kfNkfdf pklg/LIfssf] ljefusf] lgb]{zgdf
-wgs'6f, x]6f}―8f, sfof{nosf] :yfkgf;―u} If]qleqsf sfo{qmdx¿
kf]v/f, ;'v]{t / 8f]6L_ lzIffdf If]qLo k|zf;gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
;'?cft, ljBdfg  cfk\mgf] If]qleqsf z}lIfs
If]=lz=lg=x¿ /f=lz=k=of]= sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfksf]
@)@* nfu" ePkl5 ;dGjo ug]{
:yfkgf ePsf]
 If]qleq z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿
cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf
lg/LIf0f ug]{
!! lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lj=;+= @)@& lhNnfdf :t/Lo z}lIfs ljsf;
-&% lhNnf_ sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df u/L
-ljBfno ;ª\Vofsf sfof{Gjog ug]{ / /fli6«o gLlt /
cfwf/df lhNnf lzIff sfo{qmdsf ;fy} ;DalGwt If]qLo
30
sfof{nonfO{ ‖s‗, lzIff lgb]{zgfno, lzIff ljefu
‖v‗, ‖u‗ / ‖3‗ u/L tyf lzIff dGqfnosf]
$ ju{df ljefhg lgb]{zfg';f/ lhNnfdf k7gkf7g
ul/Psf] 5 . ‖s‗ k|lqmof eP gPsf] ;'kl/j]If0f /
ju{df sf7df8f}― cg'udg ug]{
lhNnf kb{5 eg]
‖v‗,‖u‗ / ‖3‗
cGtu{t qmdzM &,
%( / * lhNnf
kb{5g\_
!@ ;|f]ts]Gb| -d'n'se/ ljleGg lhNnfdf  of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog
s'n !)(! km/skm/s ldltdf  ljBfno lg/LIf0f
;|f]ts]Gb|x¿ ;|f]ts]Gb| k|0ffnL nfu"
 tYofª\s ;ª\sng / clen]v
tf]lsPsf]df xfn ul/Psf]
Joj:yfkg
!)%# ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿
;~rflnt_  sIff cjnf]sg÷gd'gf kf7
k|bz{g
!# z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|  lzIfs tflnd;DaGwL sfo{
z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| ug
‖s‗ -( cf]6f_  Joj:yfkg tflnd;DaGwL
z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| sfo{ ug]{
‖v‗ -@) cf]6f_
z}lIfs tflnd
pks]Gb|‖u‗ -% cf]6f_
!$ o'g]:sf]sf lglDt @)!!÷$÷!!  z}lIfs, j}1flgs tyf
g]kfn /fli6«o cfof]u, ;f+:s[lts sfo{x¿sf]
lzIff dGqfno, dfWodaf6 g]kfnL hgtfsf]
s]z/dxn cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\
af}l4s ljsf; ug]{
 lzIff, ;+:s[lt, lj1fg,
cfd;~rf/ tyf ;fdflhs
If]qdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg,
tflnd, uf]i7L, ;ef, ;Dd]ng
cflb ug]{ u/fpg] cflb
31
!% pRrdfWolds lzIff @)$^÷!!÷!@ pRrdfWolds lzIff;DaGwL
kl/ifb\ sfo{ ug]{ h:t} M
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/
 p=df=lj=nfO{ ;DaGwg k|bfg
ug]{
 p=df=txsf] kf7\oqmd tyf
kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; tyf
kl/dfh{g ug]{
 p=df= txsf] k/LIff ;~rfng
tyf k|df0fkq k|bfg ug]{
!^ k|fljlws lzIff tyf @)$% ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm tof/ kfg'{
Jofj;flos tflnd
kl/ifb\
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/
-@% cf]6f k|fljlws
lzIffno /
ax'k|fljlws lzIffno,
Pp6f k|fljlws
k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, @
cf]6f Jofj;flos
tflnd s]Gb|, #)
cf]6f Pg]S; ljBfno_
!& hgs lzIff ;fdu|L @)!*–lzIff ;fdu|L g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
s]Gb| lnld6]8 pTkfbg s]Gb| / n]vg s]Gb| /fli6«o lzIff gLlt cg'¿ksf
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ @)@$–hgs lzIff ;fdu|L sIff ! b]lv !) ;Ddsf
s]Gb| kf7\ok':ts k|sfzg u/L ljqmL
@)#%÷^÷*– hgs lzIff ljt/0f ug'{
;fdu|L s]Gb| lnld6]8
!* ljZjljBfno cg'bfg @)%)÷*÷&  ljZjljBfnox¿sf] ;~rfng
cfof]u tyf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg
;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/ ;|f]taf6 k|fKt cg'bfg /sd
;d'lrt tj/af6 ljt/0f ug]{
 ljZjljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs
:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{
32
 u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug{
k|f]T;fxg lbg]
 g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gof―
ljZjljBfno :yfkgfsf
;DaGwdf k/fdz{ lbg]
 g]kfnsf lzIff;―u ;DalGwt gLltx¿
1= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos ;Lk ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, @)^$
2= cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt, @)^#
3= b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfO gLlt, @)^#
4= lghL nufgLdf ;~rfng ul/g] k|fljlws dxfljBfno -sn]h÷SofDk;_ ;DaGwdf ag]sf]
cfwf/e"t gLlt, @)^#
5= z}lIfs hzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|sf] tflnd gLlt, @)^@
6= ljz]if lzIff gLlt, @)%#
33
afnclwsf/
afnaflnsf ;dfhsf cleGg cª\u x'g\ . clfy{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs ljsf; tyf :jR5
jftfj/0f nufotsf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] xsbf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf afnaflnsfn] ;a}sf] dfof, ;+/If0f
tyf ;'/Iff kfpg] clwsf/;d]t /fVb5g\ . plNnlvt clwsf/sf] pkef]usf] nflu kl/jf/, ;dfh
/ /fHosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cfk\mgf] ljifodf cfk}mn] lg0f{o ug{ g;Sg], cfk\mgf] v'§fdf
pleg g;Sg] tyf /fd|f] g/fd|f] Plsg;fy 5'6\ofpg sl7g x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿sf nflu ;+/If0fsf]
cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] . ;+/IfsTj k|bfg ug]{n] h:tf] lzIff bLIff tyf cj;/x¿ pknAw
u/fp―5g\ ;f]xLcg'¿k afnaflnsfsf] eljio lgwf{/0f x'G5 . To;sf/0f afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf
;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . o;dWo]
afnclwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( ;a}ebf dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfj]hsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] af―Rg kfpg] clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f x'g kfpg]
clwsf/, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] clwsf/ / afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ljz]if
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
s_ af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ (Survival rights)
uef{j:yfb]lv g} afnaflnsfsf] af―Rg kfpg] clwsf/cGtu{t d"ntM afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo
pkrf/;―usf] kx―'r / Joj:yf, s'kf]if0fsf] Go"gLs/0f, ;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf, dft[lzz'
:jf:Yo;DaGwL Joj:yf cflb kb{5g\ . ;fy} o;n] :jf:y ;]jf;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] kx'―r,
pkrf/fTds tyf lgbfgfTds :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ljsf;, kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL Joj:yf cflb
;a} af―Rg kfpg] clwsf/ ;d"xleq k5{g\ .
af―Rg kfpg] clwsf/cGtu{t kof{Kt hLjgsf] :t/ (living standard), :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kx'―r
(Access to medical services), af―Rg] / ljsf; x'g] clwsf/ (Survival to development),
cleefjssf] lhDd]jf/L (Parental responsibilities), z/0ffyL{ tyf ckfª\utf afnaflnsf
(Refugee and disable children), ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / cflbjf;L afnaflnsf (Social
security and children of minorities or indigenous people) ;―u ;DalGwt Joj:yf ;a}
af―Rg kfpg] clwsf/cGtu{t k5{g\ . wf/f ^,(, !), @@, @#, @$, @^ / @& nfO{ o;cGtu{t
/fVg ;lsG5 .
v_ ;'/lIft÷;+/lIft x'g kfpg] clwsf/ (Protection rights)
of] ;d"xcGtu{t To:tf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ h;n] afnaflnsfsf] af―Rg kfpg] / ljsf; x'g
kfpg] jftfj/0faf6 jl~rt ug]{ sfo{af6 ;'/lIft ub{5 . o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ zf]if0f x'g]
cj:yfaf6, cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft u5{ . hf]lvdk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf
lhpg kg]{ cj:yfaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ s'/f;―u ;DalGwt ;a} clwsf/x¿
Protection rights cGtu{t k5{g\ . To;}n] Right to name and nationality (17), Right to
equality (2), Right to protection against sexual exploitation and abuse (34, 35),
34
Protection from abuse and neglect (19), Protection of privacy (10), Protection of
child without family (20), / Protection from other forms of exploition (36, 37) cflb
Joj:yfx¿ kb{5g\ .
Uf_ ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf/ (Development rights)
of] clwsf/ ;d"xcGtu{t afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, af}l4s tyf dfgl;s, g}lts, cfWoflTds
/ ;fdflhs ljsf;;―u ;DalGwt clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ . To;}n] lzIff;DaGwL Joj:yf,
;"rgf;DaGwL kx'―r, v]n tyf cfgGb, ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk, ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf, wd{ /
wd{;DaGwL :jtGqtf;―u uf―l;Psf clwsf/x¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwn]
u/]sf Joj:yfx¿, h:t}– Right to education (28), right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion (14), Right to play (31), Adminstration of juvenile justice
(40) cflb o; ;d"xcGtu{t /fVg] ul/G5 .
3_ ;xeflutf;DaGwL clwsf/ (Participation rights)
o; ;d"xcGtu{t d"ntM afnaflnsfn] cfk\mgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs
lqmofsnfkdf, kfl/jfl/s lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ kb{5g\\ .
afnaflnsf;―u ;DalGwt ljifodf pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] ljrf/ tyf egfO /fVg kfpg] clwsf/
;'/lIft x'g]tk{m of] ;d"xsf] ljz]if hf]8 /xG5 . ctM Freedom of expression (13),
Freedom of association (7), The child's opinion (12) o;;―u k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg]
Joj:yf x'g\ .
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, !(*( ;“u uf“l;Psf d'Vo l;4fGtx¿
 /fHon] yk Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;a} afnaflnsf hf] !* jif{ eGbf sd 5g\ ltgdf
nfu" x'G5 .
 Non-discrimination -s'g} klg sf/0f jf cj:yfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ lje]b ug{ gkfpg]_ .
 afnaflnsfsf] Best interest n] k|d'v :yfg k|fKt ug{'kg]{ .
 /fHon] ljljw k|lqmof, pkfox¿ ckgfO{ afnclwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kg]{ .
 afnaflnsfsf] ;Ifdtf ljsf; qmd;―u} cleefjsn] plrt ;/;Nnfx / k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ .
 afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/sf] efjgfsf] pRr ;Ddfg ug]{ .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|of;sf] ljsf;qmd
!(@# – afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
!(@# – afnarfp cGt/f{li6«o o'lgogn] afnclwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg
!(@$ – lnu ckm g];G;af6 kf―r a'―b] afnclwsf/ 3f]if0ff kq kfl/t
!($* – ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3af6 dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0f kq kfl/t
!(%( – ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3af6 afnclwsf/;DaGwL !) a'b― ] 3f]if0ffkq kfl/t
35
!(&( – ;+oQ
' m /fi6« ;ª\3 afnjif{÷kf]Nof08 ;/sf/af6 afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfj
!(*( – ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 dxf;efaf6 afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw kfl/t
!(() – afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw nfu"
!(() – !$ ;]K6]Da/df g]kfnn] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ,;g\ @))) ;DdDff ljZjsf ;a} /fi6«af6
afnclwsf/ / dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/fO{ ;j{dfGo ljZjJofkL b:tfj]h agfpg] k|of;
hf/L .
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ kl5 g]kfnn] u/]sf k|of;x¿M
 afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* lgdf{0f
 afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%! lgdf{0f
 s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g
 lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g
 @) gf]e]Da/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o afnclwsf/ lbj; dgfpg] 3f]if0ff
 dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
 /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u cGtu{t afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;Dj4{g PsfOsf] :yfkgf
 afnaflnsfnfO{ Goflos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg afn Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf
 afnaflnsfsf nflu sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4
 afn>d dxf;lGw !*@ df x:tfIf/
 hgr]tgf clej[l4sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
 hGd btf{df j[l4 tyf afnljjfxdf sdL
 le6fldg P, kf]lnof] tyf vf]k sfo{qmd ;~rfng
 k|fylds ljBfno kf}li6s cfxf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog
 lzIffsf nflu ljleGg 5fqj[lQ tyf kf];fsx¿sf] Joj:yf .
36
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf
æn}ª\lusÆ eGg] zAb ;'Ggf;fy ;a}n] dlxnf eGg] u/]sf] xfdLn] ;'g]sf 5f}― . t/ jf:tjdf lnª\u
-sex_ n] h}ljs -Biologically_ ¿kdf dlxnf / k'?if eGg] hgfp―5 eg] n}ª\lus -Gender_ eGgfn]
;dfhn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu agfPsf] wf/0ff / pgLx¿k|ltsf] Jojxf/ a'lemG5 .
n}ª\lus eg]sf] dlxnf jf k'?ifsf] zf/Ll/s e"ldsf tyf ljz]iftfsf] ;§f dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf]
;fdflhs leGgtf xf] . o;nfO{ xfdL n}ª\lus lje]b -Gender difference_ eG5f}― .
;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?if emNsfpg] zAbx¿, k|foh;f] To; ;dfhsf] Jofjxfl/s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts kIfdf
cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . t;y{ æn}ª\lusÆ eGg] zAb j}1flgs / ;f+:s[lts kIf;―u ;DalGwt 5 . Robert
stoller sf] k':tssf cg';f/ olb lnª\usf nflu pko'Qm zAb dlxnf / k'?if x'g\ eg] n}ª\lus
-Gender_ nfO{ a'emfpg] ;dfg zAb :qLTj -Feminine_ / k'?ifTj -Masculine_ x'G5 . oL zAbx¿n]
hLjnfO{ x}g hLjsf] cfgLafgL, Jojxf/, ;f]r÷ljrf/nfO{ hgfp―5g\ . ;dfh, ;do, :yfg / cfly{s
cj:yf h:tf s'/fcg';f/ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] e"ldsf km/skm/s x'G5 . To;}n] ;dfhn] k'?if / dlxnfn]
ug]{ eg]/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf e"ldsfx¿ g} n}ª\lus e"ldsf x'g\ .
n}ª\lus cjwf/0ffsf af/]df s'/f p7fp―bf xfdLn] t];|f] lnª\uLsf af/]df klg af]Ng' plrt x'G5 . t];|f]
lnª\uL -Third gender_ -hGdbf afns jf aflnsf h];'s} ePklg_ o:tf] JolQm -x'sb{― f_ h;sf] n}ª\lus
klxrfg -Gender identity_, n}ª\lus k|:t'lt -Gender Expression_ JolQmTj cflb k/Dk/fut ¿kdf
dlxnf / k'?ifaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf] eGbf km/s x'G5 .
k|fs[lts cyf{t\ h}ljs lnª\u / n}ª\lus jf ;fdflhs lnª\u -Gender_ aLrsf] leGgtf
k|fs[lts lnª\u ;fdflhs lnª\u
1= h}ljs cyf{t\ k|fs[lts / hGdhft xf] . 1= ;dfhaf6 lgld{t xf] .
2= leGg of}gfª\u / To;sf] sfdnfO{ hgfp―5 . 2= ;dfhåf/f lgld{t e"ldsfnfO{ hgfp―5 . of]
3= k|fs[lts ¿kdf leGg x'G5 . kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
lxhf]cfh cfw'lgs lj1fgn] s]xL xb;Dd kl/jt{g 3= ;fdflhs, ;f+s[lts, :yfgcg';f/ lgwf{l/t
ug{ ;lsg] pkfo k|of]udf NofO;s]sf] eP tfklg xG5 . t;y{ kl/j]zcg';f/ leGg x'G5 .
dlxnf / k'?ifsf] k|fs[lts ;+/rgf ckl/jt{gzLn ;do, kl/l:ylt jf kl/j]zcg';f/ e"ldsf
5 . lhg -Gene) tyf xdf]{g -Hermone) sf klg km/s km/s x'g;S5 .
sf/0faf6 k'?ifdf bf/L cfpg', z'qmsL6 pTkfbg 4= dlxnf 3/fo;L sfddf ;Lldt x'g',
ug]{ Ifdtf x'g', XY qmf]df]hf]d x'g' cflb ljz]iftf afnaRrf x]g'{, vfBfGg ;ª\sng ug'{ /
x'G5 eg] dlxnfsf] :tg a9\g', l8Da pTkfbg k'?ifn] ;fj{hlgs sfo{ ug'{, aflx/ sfd
37
ug'{, XX qmf]df]hf]D; x'g', ue{wf/0f ug'{, aRrf u/]/ klg 3/kl/jf/ kfNg] sfd ug'{
hGdfpg', :tgkfg u/fpg' h:tf ljz]iftf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ¿kdff lgwf{l/t
k'?if / dlxnfdf x'g] qmf]df]hf]ds} sf/0faf6 e"ldsf x'g\ . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf w]/} g}
5f]/L jf 5f]/f hGdg] s'/f k'?ifsf] z'qmsL6df g} kl/jt{g eO{ dlxnfx¿ klg 3/aflx/sf]
lge{/ x'G5 . dlxnfsf] z/L/n] o;sf] lgwf{/0f sfddf ;xefuL x'g yfln;s] . o;
ub}{g . cj:yfdf sltko k'?ifn] 3/leqsf] sfd
;3fpg'kg]{ eO;Sof] / ;3fpg ;'? klg
ul/;s] .
dlxnf / k'?ifn] hGd lnPkl5 hLjg wfGg] jf lhGbuL lhpg] qmddf ug]{ hltklg sfdx¿ 5g\
tL hGd―b} efu nfu]/ jf tf]lsP/ cfPsf x'―b}gg\ eGg] s'/f dflysf] tflnsfaf6 k|:6 x'G5 .
n}ª\lus ;dtf tyf ;dfgtf

h}ljs lnª\u tyf ;fdflhs lnª\usf ;fy} n}ª\lus ljifosf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ cjwf/0ffx¿df
n}ª\lus ;dtf (gender equity) / n}ª\lus ;dfgtf (Gender Equality) k5{g\ . x]bf{v]l/ oL b'O6}
zAbx¿ Ps} vfnsf] b]lvP tfklg oL b'O{aLrsf] cy{df eg] leGgtf kfOG5 . n}ª\lus lx;fadf oL
b'O{ cjwf/0ff lgs} ljjfb / 5nkmnsf] ljifo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . n}ª\lus ljsf;sf nflu n}ª\lus
;dfgtf x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf ;'? ;'?df b]vf k¥of], t/ o; dfGotf dfqn] n}ª\lus ljsf;df
kof{Kt ;xof]u u/]sf] eg] b]lv―b}g . dlxnfnfO{ klg k'?if ;/x ;dfg cj;/ lbOP tfklg 3/
u[x:yLsf] sfo{ef/, k/Dk/fut ?9LjfbL ljrf/wf/f, ljleGg afwf, Jojwfg Pjd\ k'?if tyf gf/Ldf
x'g] zf/Ll/s Ifdtf OToflb sf/0fn] ubf{ dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgtf sfod x'g ;s]g .
n}ª\lus ;dtf
n}ª\lus ;dtfn] dlxnf k'?ifsf] k|fs[lts ;+/rgf, cj:yf / k|j[lQ cg';f/ ul/g] Gofof]lrt,
ljj]szLn Jojxf/nfO{ hgfp―5 . csf]{ zAbdf n}ª\lus ;dtfn] ;fdflhs Gofo -social Justice)
df hf]8 lbG5 . of] cj:yf ;a}eGbf Jofjxfl/s / ;d:ffdlos klg 5 . ;dtfn] Gofo, lgikIftf
/ plrt Jojxf/nfO{ a'emfp―5 . dlxnf / k'?ifaLr g};lu{s Gofo sfod ug'{ g} n}ª\lus ;dtf
xf] . ;dfhdf ha;Dd ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf dlxnfx¿n] sfo{ ug]{
jftfj/0f kfp―b}gg\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] cj:yf cg'¿k cj;/ lb―b}gg\ ta;Dd ;dfg
clwsf/ lbP/ klg dlxnfx¿n] ;dfg lsl;dn] To;nfO{ pkef]u / kl/rfng ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
dlxnf / k'?if b'j}sf] Ifdtfcg';f/ Jojxf/ ug'{ b'j}sf] cj:yfcg';f/ cj;/ pknAw u/fpg'
sfo{ef/ cg';f/ ljj]szLn Jojxf/ ug'{ k|fs[lts ;+/rgf, Ifdtf :jefj, cj:yfcg';f/ ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug'{ / cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ n}ª\lus ;dtf xf] . n}ª\lus ;dtf g} n}ª\lus ;dfgtf k|fKt ug]{
Pp6f k|d'v dfWod xf] . n}ª\lus ljsf;sf nflu oL b'j} kIfx¿ ckl/xfo{ 5g\ . o;/L pknAw
38
u/fOPsf clwsf/ tyf cj;/x¿sf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / pgLx¿nfO{
;zQmLs/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf (Gender Equality_
n}ª\lus ;dfgtfn] ;fdlhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts cflb If]qdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf
jf kx'―r eGg] hgfp―5 . sltko ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] ;dfgtfsf wf/0ffn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLrdf emg}
c;dfgtf l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] s'/f k|:6\ofPsf 5g\ . ;dfhdf lzIff, :jf:Yo, /fhgLlt, /f]huf/,
cj;/, ;'ljwf, cfo cfh{g nufotsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] kx'―rdf dlxnf k'?ifaLrsf] c;dfgtf 5
eGg] s'/f xfdL gsfg{ ;Sb}gf}― . k/Dk/fut ?9LjfbL wf/0ff Pjd\ lnª\us} cfwf/df ul/g] Jojxf/
/ e"ldsfx¿df kl/jt{gsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ lbg]
n}ª\lus of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug'{kb{5 . o;/L ;dfg lsl;dsf]
clwsf/ / kx'―rsf] pknAwtfn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgtf sfod x'g ;S5 eGg] dfGotf g}
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf (Gender Equality ) xf] .
k|fs[lts lnª\u kl/jt{g x'g g;Sg] s'/fdf b'Odt 5}g . cfdf Pp6L dlxnf g} x'lG5g, cyf{t\
aRrf hGdfpg] Ifdtf dlxnfd} x'G5 eg] z'qmsL6 pTkfbg k'?ifn] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ . To:t}
;dfhn] agfPsf] dlxnf k'?ifsf] wf/0ffdf, aRRffsf] x]/ljrf/ ug]{, vfgf ksfpg], ufOj:t' x]g]{ /
3/leqsf] sfd ug]{ dlxnfsf] sfd tyf 3/aflx/ uP/ kl/jf/ kfNg] k'?ifsf] sfd x'G5 . t/ oL
b'j} sfd aRrf / 3/af/ x]g]{ clg 3/aflx/ /f]huf/L ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ dlxnf / k'?if b'j}n] ug{
;Sg] Ifdtf /fV5g\ . dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x sfd ug{ tyf clwsf/af6 jl~rt ug'{ x'―b}g . s'g} klg
k|ltkmn dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg x'g]u/L ljt/0f ug'{ g} ;dfgtf xf] . ;dfgtfn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf]
nflu a/fa/ k|flKt, pknlAw, kx'―r / ljt/0f cflbsf] cj:yf hgfp―5 . o:tf lje]bnfO{ cGTo ug'{
/ o:tf lje]bk"0f{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g glbg' g} n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xf] .
o;sf] ;fy;fy} n}ª\lus ;dfgtf eg]sf] lnª\u, hflt, wd{, k];f, j0f{, efiff, ;f+s[lts cfwf/df
c;dfg Jojxf/ x'g glbg' xf] . dlxnf k'?if b'j}sf] :jf:Yo h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fdf ;dfg kx'―r,
lzIff, vfBfGg, ;dfg ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts, cj;/ ;dfg cfly{s cj;/ tyf kx'―r, lg0f{o tx
tyf gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;d]t ;xeflutf hgfpg] ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu
;dfhn] lbPsf] n}ª\lus e"ldsfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
lzIff If]qdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf nflu eP u/]sf k|of;x¿

ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@)^^–@)&@_
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@)^^–@)&@_ n] n}ª\lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf
If]qdf lgDgfg';f/sf /0fgLlts sfo{snfk clVtof/ u/]sf] 5 M
39
s_ k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf;
 ;a} afnaflnsf, vf;u/L 5fqf, ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsf, alx:s/0fdf
k/]sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'―r tyf ;xeflutf a9fpg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|f/lDes afn
lzIff tyf ljsf; s]Gb|sf] k|j4{g ul/g] .
 blnt, 5fqf / ;LdfGts[t ju{nfO{ ljz]if¿kdf nlIft ub}{ ;a} afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff /
;Ddfg ug{ cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ul/g]5 .
v_ cfwf/e"t tx
 5fqfx¿nfO{ ljz]if¿kdf nlIft ub}{ s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿,
blnt ;d'bfosf / ckfª\utf ePsf ;a} ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ljz]if
k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]
 lzIf0f k];fdf dlxnfnfO{ k|j]z u/fpg ljz]if k|fjwfg tyf of]Uo dlxnf, blnt tyf
lk5l8Psf] lzIfssf] kbf]Ggltsf nflu ;/n cfwf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]
 ;'Ts]/L x'―bf dlxnfn] tyf >LdtL ;'Ts]/L x'―bf k'?ifn] kfpg] labf, aRrfnfO{ v'jfpgsf
nflu lj>fd ;do tyf j}slNks lzIfssf] Joj:yf ul/g] .
u_ dfWolds tx
 blnt, ;LdfGts[t ;d"x, ckfª\u, 5fqf tyf ljkGg ju{sf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfsf]
dfWolds lzIffdf kx'―r k'¥ofpg] tyf k9fO k"/f ug]{ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu k|f]T;fxg
sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf ul/g]
 ;a} txsf k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿df dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d"xsf]
;dfg'kflts ;xefuLtf xf];\ eGgfsf nflu ;sf/fTds pkfosf] gLlt canDag ul/g]
 dfWolds lzIffdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu lgDglnlvt k|fjwfgx¿ to ul/Psf] M
s_ ;'Ts]/L tyf >LdtL ;'Ts]/L x'―bf k'?ifn] kfpg] labf, lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg] lj>fd ;do
/ ;§f lzIfssf] k|fjwfg .
v_ lk5l8Psf ;d"x / dlxnfnfO{ lzIfs kbdf a9'jfsf nflu sd cjlw eP klg
pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] k|fjwfg
 ljkGg ju{sf kl/jf/sf sIff (–!) df cWoog/t 5fqfx¿n] 5fqj[lQ kfpg] .
 s0ffnL c~rnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ;Dk"0f{ / cGo lhNnfsf %)∞ 5fqfnfO{ k|lt
ljBfyL{ ?= #%).–sf b/n] 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/g] .
40
;d'bfo kl/rfng
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ufp― lzIff ;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff ;ldltdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj
clgjfo{ ul/Psf]
 aflnsf lzIffsf nflu ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf]
 k|f/lDes afnljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;xhstf{df dlxnfsf] lgo'QmLnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf]
 n}ª\lus ;dljsf;sf nflu aflnsf lzIffsf] /0fgLlt tyf sfof{Gjog of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L
nfu" ul/Psf]
 lzIff dGqfno / o; cGtu{tsf s]lGb|o lgsfo tyf x/]sf lhNnfsf lzIff
sfof{nox¿df n}ª\lus ;Dks{ JolQm tf]lsPsf]
 lzIffsf of]hgfx¿df n}ª\lus ;Dj]bgzLntfnfO{ x]g]{ ul/Psf]
 h]G8/ cl86 / h]G8/ ah]6sf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbOPsf] .
n}ª\lus ;dtfsf nflu lzIff dGqfno / ;f]cGtu{tusf lgsfox¿af6 ul/Psf s]xL k|of;x¿
pk/f]Qm l;4fGt tyf /0fgLltsf cfwf/df lzIff P]g tyf lgodfjnL / lgb]{lzsfx¿dfk{mt\
k|fylds lzIffdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ lbg / n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{
lbzfdf lgDg cg';f/sf ljlw tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cjnDag ul/Psf 5g\ M
 vf;u/L aflnsfx¿ tyf ;'ljwfljxLg afnaflnsfsf nflu ljljw k|sf/sf 5fqj[lQ tyf
k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmdx¿ k/LIf0f u/L k/LIf0f d"Nofª\sg cWoogn] l;kmfl/; u/]cg'¿k xfn
sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ cufl8 a9fp―b} nfluPsf],
 lhNnf lzIff, ufp― lzIff / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] clgjfo{
k|ltlglwTj u/fOPsf],
 xfn # cf]6f b/aGbL ePsf k|To]s k|fylds ljBfnodf sDtLdf ! hgf, $ b]lv &
cf]6f;Dd b/aGbL ePsfdf sDtLdf @ hgf / & cf]6feGbf a9L b/aGbL ePsfdf
sDtLdf # hgf dlxnf lzIfssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf],
 5fqfx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ, kf];fs / ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf tyf lkm8/ xf]:6]nsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf],
 k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffsf] ;xhstf{df dlxnfsf] lgo'lQm clgjfo{ ul/Psf],
41
 blnt, hghflt tyf lk5l8Psf] ;d"xsf ljz]iftfM dlxnf lzIffsf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{
nlIft ;d"xnfO{ lzIf0f ;]jfdf k|j]z u/fpg ;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zon] k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg
k|fylds lzIfs tflnd, 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmddf @%)) hgfn] tflnd k"/f u/L ;s]sf
lzIfsx¿nfO{ cem a9L 6]jf k'¥ofpg !) lbg] lzIfs ;]jf tof/L sfo{zfnf h:tf
sfo{qmd tof/ ul/Psf],
 k|fylds txsf] ljBfnodf ul/aLsf cfwf/df 5gf]6 ePsf %) k|ltzt 5fqfx¿nfO{
5fqj[lQ k|bfg ul/Psf],
 k|fylds txsf ljBfnodf %) k|ltzt dlxnf lzIfs lgo'lQm ug]{ ljBfnonfO{ yk
cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf],
 $% k|ltzt eGbf a9L 5fqfx¿ egf{ ug]{ / jif{el/ l6sfO /fVg] ljBfnonfO{ yk
cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf],
 ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf aflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfnoleq Nofpg / ltgnfO{ ljBfnodf l6sfO
/fVg ;s] jfkt ljBfnonfO{ yk ;x'lnot÷;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf],
 ljBfno hfg] pd]/ gfl3;s]sf aflnsfsf nflu dlxnf ;fIf/tf lzIff sfo{qmd
;~Rffng ul/Psf],
 aflnsf÷dlxnf lzIff tyf n}ª\lus ljifosf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;hu
u/fpgsf nflu ljljw dfWodaf6 k|rf/k|;f/ eO/x]sf],
 dlxnf lzIfs ;dfhsf] u7g eO{ dlxnf lzIfssf] ;~hfnLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf],
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf -@))!–@)!%_ sf]] p2]Zo g+= % n}ª\lus
c;dfgtfsf] lgd"{nLs/0f (Eliminating Gender Disparity) xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df lzIff
ljefusf] ;lqmotfdf tof/ ul/Psf] n}ª\lus ;dljsf;sf nflu aflnsf lzIffsf]
/0fgLlt tyf sfof{Gjog of]hgf @)^# lzIff dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjog
eO/x]sf] .
42
g]kfnsf] ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf / kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf
s_ g]kfnsf] ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf

g]kfnsf] ljBfno txsf] txut ;+/rgfnfO{ ljutb]lv lgofNbf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] kfOG5 M
 /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf, @)@* sf] sfof{Gjogsf ;dodf ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf
‖#±$±#‗ lyof] . cyf{t sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd k|fylds tx, sIff $ b]lv & ;Dd
lgDgdfWolds tx / sIff * b]lv !) ;Dd dfWolds tx .
 kf7\oqmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf, @)#* sf] sfof{Gjogkl5 ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf ‖%±@±#‗
/xg uof] . cyf{t sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd k|fylds tx, sIff ^ / & lgDgdfWolds tx /
sIff * b]lv !) ;Dd dfWolds tx elgof] .
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u, @)$( sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ ljBfno txsf] ;+/rgf ‖%±#±@±@‗ eof] .
cyf{t sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd k|fylds tx, sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd lgDgdfWolds tx / sIff
( / !) dfWolds tx / sIff !! / !@ pRrdfWolds txdf /flvof] .
 ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogkl5 ljBfno txsf] sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd cfwf/e"t tx
/ sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Dd dfWolds tx egL 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 .
v_ kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf
xfn sfof{Gjodf /x]sf] cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–%_ sf] kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
sIff !–#
qm=;+= ljifo sIff !–#
kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL * !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft ^ !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf l;h{gfTds snf ^ !))
% lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff % !))
^ :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff $ !))
43
hDdf #$ ^))
sIff $ – %
qm=;+= ljifo sIff $–%
kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL * !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft ^ !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog % &%
% l;h{gfTds snf # @%
^ lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f $ %)
& :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff $ %)
* :yfgLo ljifo÷dft[efiff $ !))
hDdf #( ^))
xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ sf] kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M
s_ ;fwf/0f ljBfno
qm= ljifo sIff ^ sIff & sIff *
;+= kf7\o k"0ff{ª\s kf7\o k"0ff{ª\s kf7\o k"0ff{ª\s
ef/ ef/ ef/
! g]kfnL % !)) % !)) % !))
@ ul0ft ^ !)) ^ !)) ^ !))
# cª\u|]hL ^ !)) ^ !)) ^ !))
$ ;fdflhs lzIff % !)) % !)) % !))
% lj1fg % !)) % !)) % !))
^ :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff # %) # %) # %)
44
& ;+:s[t # %) # %) # %)
* hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f lzIff # %) # %) # %)
( snf jf k"j{ Jofj;flos # %) # %) # %)
hDdf #( &)) #( &)) #( &))
snf ljifodf ;ª\uLt tyf g[To cyjf lrqsnf tyf x:tsnfdWo] Ps ljifo lng ;lsg] .
v_ ;+:s[t ljBfno
ef/ ef/ ef/
! g]kfnL % !)) % !)) % !))
@ ul0ft ^ !)) ^ !)) ^ !))
# cª\u|]hL ^ !)) ^ !)) ^ !))
$ ;fdflhs lzIff # %) % %) % %)
% lj1fg % !)) % !)) % !))
^ :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff # %) # %) # %)
& ;+:s[t, Jofs/0f / cg'jfb % !)) # !)) # !))
* hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f lzIff # %) # %) # %)
( ;+:s[t efiff # %) # %) # %)
hDdf #( &)) #( &)) #( &))
u_ ;+:s[t ljBfno -j]bljBf>d_

ef/ ef/ ef/
! g]kfnL % !)) % !)) % !))
45
@ ul0ft ^ !)) ^ !)) ^ !))
# sd{sf08 cyjf Hof]ltif % !)) % !)) % !))
$ ;fdflhs lzIff # %) # %) # %)
% j]b cyjf gLltzf:q ^ !)) ^ !)) ^ !))
^ ;+:s[t, Jofs/0f / cg'jfb ^ !)) ^ !)) ^ !))
& hg;ª\Vof / jftfj/0f lzIff # %) # %) # %)
* ;+:s[t efiff % !)) % !)) % !))
hDdf #( &)) #( &)) #( &))
xfn b]ze/sf !^ lhNnfsf !)) cf]6f ljBfnox¿df k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] cfwf/e"t
lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff ^–*_ cg';f/ sIff ^ b]lv * ;Ddsf] kf7\oqmd 9f―rf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf]
5M
c_ ;fwf/0f lzIff -sIff ^–*_
qm=;+= ljifo ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ k"0ff{ª\s
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
$ ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;ª\Vof lzIff % !))
% lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f % !))
^ :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff @=% %)
& g}lts lzIff @=% %)
* k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff % !))
( dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifo÷;+:s[t÷snf % !))
tyf cGo
hDdf $) *))
46
b|i6Jo M qm=;+ g+= ^ / & df /x]sf ljifosf] ;fKtflxs kf7\oef/ @=% /x]sf]df jif{el/sf] s'n
kf7\oef/sf cfwf/df ldnfg u/L k7gkf7g ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{ 5 .
cf_ ;+:s[t lzIff -sIff ^–*_
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
% lj1fg, :jf:Yo / zf/Ll/s lzIff % !))
^ ;+:s[t Jofs/0f @=% %)
& k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff* @=% %)
* ;+:s[t efiff % !))
( dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifo÷;+:s[t÷snf % !))
tyf cGo
hDdf $) *))
b|i6Jo M *k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffcGtu{t sd{sf08÷kmlntHof]ltif÷cfo'j]{b÷of]u÷k|fs[lts
lrlsT;f÷hl8a'6L v]tL÷k'ik v]tL÷a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL÷kz'kfng÷u[x lj1fg÷l;nfO a'gfO
nufotsf ljifo cWoog cWofkg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
O_u'?s'n lzIff -sIff ^–*_

! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL÷;+:s[t efiff % !))
# ul0ft % !))
47
% ;+:s[t Jofs/0f % !))
^ j]b jf gLltzf:q % !))
& k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff* % !))
* ;+:s[t /rgf % !))
hDdf $) *))
b|i6Jo M
*
1= k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffcGtu{t sd{sf08÷kmlntHof]ltif÷cfo'j]{b÷of]u÷k|fs[lts
lrlsT;f÷hl8a'6L v]tL÷k'ik v]tL÷a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL÷kz'kfng÷u[x lj1fg÷l;nfO
a'gfO nufotsf ljifo cWoog cWofkg ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
2= u'?s'n ljBf>dtk{msf] -sIff ^–*_ kf7\oqmd :jLs[t ePkl5 j]bljBf>dtk{m klg u'?s'n
ljBf>ds} kf7\oqmd nfu" x'g]5 .
O{_uf]Gkf tyf ljxf/ lzIff -sIff ^–*_
! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
^ ef]6efiff÷kfnL efiff÷;+:s[t÷cGo efiff % !))
& k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff* % !))
* :yfgLo ljifo÷af}4 lzIff÷;Def]6f % !))
Jofs/0f÷cGo**
hDdf $) *))
b|i6Jo M
*
1= k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIffsf ¿kdf snf, sDKo'6/, k|ljlw, cfo'j]{b, k|fs[lts lrlsT;f,
yfGsf, bLk–w"k lgdf{0f, sfi7snf, d"lt{snf, jf:t'snf, s[lif, kz'kfng, jfBjfbg / ;ª\uLt
48
cflb ljifodWo]af6 u'Daf÷ljxf/ :jod\n] 5fg]sf] Ps ljifo /xg] 5 . o;sf] kf7\oqmd,
kf7\ok':ts :yfgLo lgsfosf] k/fdz{df u'Daf÷ljxf/ :jod\n] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ 5 .
**
2= :yfgLo ljifo÷af}4 lzIff÷;Def]6f Jofs/0f÷cGo ljifosf ¿kdf k7gkf7g x'g] ljifosf]
5gf]6 kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog :yfgLo lgsfosf] k/fdz{df
u'Daf jf ljxf/ jf ljBfno cfk}―mn] ug]{ 5 .
p_ db/;f lzIff -sIff ^–*_

! g]kfnL % !))
@ cª\u|]hL % !))
# ul0ft % !))
^ cfrf/ lzIff -lblgoft_ % !))
& s'cf{g -c/las_ % !))
* pb"{ efiff % !))
hDdf $) *))
b|i6Jo M ;fdflhs cWoog -hg;ª\Vof lzIff;d]t_ ljifo pb"{ efiffdf cWoog cWofkg ug{
;lsg]5 .
lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf
/fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf -@)@*—@)#@_

/fli6«o p2]ZoM bnljxLg k|hftflGqs k~rfotL Joj:yf cg's"n Gofok"0f{, ultzLn / zf]if0f/lxt
;dfhsf] l;h{gf, /fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnLsf] :j:y / ;'lgof]lht cfof]hgfaf6 dfq ;Dej ePsf]n] g]kfn
clw/fHodf lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿ b]xfoadf]lhd lglb{i6 ul/Psf 5g\ M
/fi6« / /fli6«otfk|lt jkmfbf/ /xL /fli6«o Pstf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fhd's'6 / :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug]{ tyf
k~rfotL Joj:yf cg's"n cfk\mgf] clwsf/ st{Jok|lt ;hs / ;lqmo /xg] gful/s tof/ ug]{,
49
b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjXo 1fg, lj1fg, k|fljlws bIftf / ;Lksf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f,
;Da4{g / k|;f/ u/L b]z ljsf;sf] k|To]s sfo{If]qdf cfjZos of]Uo sfo{stf{x¿ tof/ ug]{,
k|To]s JolQmdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{M
s_ g}lts rl/q
v_ kl/>d ug]{ afgL
u_ :jfnDaL x'g] k|j[lQ
3_ l;h{gfTds k|j[lQ
ª_ j}1flgs 9ª\un] ljrf/ ug]{ k|j[lQ
r_ c¿sf] c;n efjgf / ljrf/sf] sb/ ug]{ afgL
5_ s'zn snf / ;f}Gbo{k|lt cg'/fuk"0f{ efjgf
h_ ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgf
/fi6« efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;flxTo / snfsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / k|;f/ ug]{ .
lzIffsf] ;ª\u7g
k|fylds lzIffsf] xfnsf] cjlw % jif{sf] 5 . of] cjlw ;fIf/tfsf] ;Lk dfq l;sfpgnfO{ a9L / c¿
;Lk, k|j[lQ / 1fg l;sfpgnfO{ ckof{Kt 5 . cj gof― lzIff ;ª\u7g o; k|sf/ x'g]5 M
!= k|yd tx M sIff ! b]lv sIff # ;Dd -k|fylds lzIff_ M o; txsf lzIffsf p2]Zo ;fIf/tfsf
lzIff lbg' x'g]5 .
@= bf];|f] tx M sIff $ b]lv sIff & ;Dd -lgDg dfWolds lzIff_ M o; txsf] lzIffsf] p2]Zo
b]zelQm, /fhfelQm l;sfO rl/q lgdf{0f ug'{ x'g]5 / k"j{Jofj;flos lzIffsf] k|f/De ug'{ x'g]5 .
#= t];|f] txM sIff * b]lv sIff !) ;Dd -dfWolds lzIff_
of] txsf] lzIffsf] p2]Zo Jofj;flos lzIffdf hf]8 lbO{ pTkfbgzLn / pkof]uL gful/s tof/
ug'{ x'g]5 .
sIff & ;Dd b]ze/L ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu Ps} k|sf/sf] lzIff lbg] Joj:yf x'g]5 . sIff *
b]lv ljljwLs/0f k|f/De x'g]5 . sIff & kl5 dfWolds ljBfnodf egf{ ug{sf nflu k/LIff lng'
cfjZos 5 . o:tf] k/LIffsf] p2]Zo of]Uotf k'u]sf ljBfyL{x¿n] pko'Qm dfWolds lzIff kfpg]
Joj:yf ug'{ x'g]5 .
50
kf7\oqmd
kf7\oqmd lzIffsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu agfOPsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd xf] . dfly plNnlvt lzIffsf]
p2]Zo / gLltcg';f/ kf7\oqmd lgwf{l/t x'g'kb{5 . t;y{ kf7\oqmd lgDg s'/fx¿df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
!= k|fylds sIffdf efiff / ul0ftsf k|f/lDes ;Lkx¿ l;sfpgdf hf]8 lbg] / ljBfyL{sf] jf:tljs
hLjg;―u ;DalGwt k];fsf] ljz]if u/L s[lifsf] k|f/lDes 1fg klg lbOg]5 .
@= lgDgdfWolds sIffx¿df rl/q lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] / >dk|lt cfb/sf] efjgfsf] ljsf;df hf]8
lbg] .
k|fylds sIffx¿df l;sfOg] ljifox¿ -sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd_
ljifo ljBfno 306fsf] k|ltzt k"0ff{ª\s
g]kfnL efiff $) #))
ul0ft lzIff #) @))
;fdflhs lzIff @) !))
zf/Ll/s lzIff, ;kmfO, x:tsnf / lrqsnf !) %)
k|fylds sIffx¿df l;sfOg] ljifox¿ -sIff $ b]lv & ;Dd_

ljifo ljBfno 306fsf] k|ltzt k"0ff{ª\s
g]kfnL efiff #) @))
g]kfnL efiff @% !&)
;/n ;+:s[t efiff -sIff ^ / & df_ % #)
;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo efiffx¿dWo] Ps !) ^))
;fdflhs lzIff !# !))
ul0ft @) !%)
lj1fg !) !))
k"jJ{ ofj;flos lzIff !) !))
zf/Ll/s lzIff / :jf:Yo lzIff & %)
51
of] tx rl/q lgdf{0f ug]{ pko'Qm ;do xf] . t;y{ sIffleqsf] k9fOdf b]zsf lje"ltx¿sf] hLjgL /
b]zsf] /Iff / ljsf;df /fhkl/jf/sf] b]g ljifodf hf]8 lbP/ k9fpg] / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkåf/f
b]zelQm, /fhelQm / cg'zf;gsf] efjgf, k|j[lQ / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{df hf]8 lbOg]5 .
To:t} cfTdlge{/ x'g], hjfkmb]xL lng], Odfgbf/ x'g], ;xof]u ug]{ afgL a;fNgdf o;} txdf hf]8 lbg'
kb{5 . of] txdf >dk|lt OHht / k|]d hufpg] jf:tljs sfd ;'? kg'{kb{5 . lzIfsx¿n] s'g} pkof]uL
sfd u/fpg] of]hgf agfpg'kb{5 . h:tf] sf7sf] ;fdfg agfpg], sfutsf] kmfOn, vfd cflb agfpg]
/ v]tdf nuL afnL pTkfbgdf ;xfot u/fpg] sfd cflb u/fpg' kb{5 . lzIffnfO{ Joj;fopGd'v
(vocational oriented) cyjf ;dfhsf nflu pkof]uL agfpg] of]hgf o;} txaf6 x'g'kb{5 .
52
lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfdf ;'wf/
lzIffsf] ;'wf/ / pGglt ug{ of]Uo JolQmx¿nfO{ lzIfs agfpg' / pgLx¿nfO{ lzIffdf g} a:g /fhL
u/fpg' Hofb} h?/L 5 . t;y{ lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfdf ;'/Iff, kbf]Ggltsf] cfzf / tna b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs
agfpg] sfo{qmdnfO{ of]hgfsfndf ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
;]jfsf] ;'/Iff
xfn ;/sf/L lzIfsx¿ / k|Wofksx¿ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 lgo'Qm x'G5g\ / lghfdlt ;]jf P]g /
lgodfnLcGtu{t pgLx¿sf] ;]jfdf ;'/Iff 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf ;/sf/L :s'n / sn]hx¿eGbf klAns
sn]hx¿ tyf :s'nx¿ w]/} dfqfdf 5g\ . o;/L klAns :s'n / sn]hdf /x]sf lzIfs tyf
lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfdf ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 .
lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ tnsf Joj:yfx¿ x'g]5g\ M
!= lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfsf] u7g
k|To]s lhNnfdf lzIff ;]jf cfof]u u7g x'g]5 . pQm cfof]un] lhNnf lzIff ;]jf cfof]u u7g
ug]{5 / lhNnfleqsf] ;a} k|sf'/sf lzIfsx¿sf] b/aGbL ug]{, egf{ ug]{, kbf]Gglt ug]{, ;?jf /
vf/]h ug]{ sfd lhNnf lzIff ;]jf cfof]]un] g} ug]{5 . pQm cfof]un] lzIfsx¿sf] ljj/0f
/fVg]5 .
@= lhNnf lzIff sf]if
k|To]s lhNnfdf Pp6f lhNnf lzIff sf]if v8f x'g]5 . pQm sf]ifdf ;/sf/L cg'bfg, z'Nsaf6
p7\g] /sd, lzIff s/af6 p7\g] /sd / rGbf /xg]]5g\ . ;f]xL sf]ifaf6 k|To]s dlxgfdf
lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;dodf g} tna v'jfpg] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
#= lzIfsx¿sf] tna :s]n
lzIfsx¿sf] tna :s]n tf]lsbf ;dfg of]Uotf ePsfx¿ k];fdf sfd ug]{x¿n] kfP ;/x kfpg]
Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 / a9\bf] ahf/ efpcg';f/ tf]lsPsf] tna b/df a/fa/ ;+zf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf
x'g'kb{5 . lzIfsx¿sf] tna b/df k|To]s jif{sf] cg'ejcg';f/ yk j[l4 kfpg] tyf ljz]if tflnd
kfPcg';f/ yk eQf kfpg] Joj:yf klg ug'{ /fd|f] x'g]5 / b'u{d :yfgdf vl6O{ hfg] lzIfsx¿n]
b'u{d :yfg eQf kfpg] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
$= ljBfndf lzIfssf] b/aGbL
k|fylds ljBfno
bhf{ ;ª\Vof Go"gtd of]Uotf tna tflnd eQf s}lkmot
k|wfg cWofks ! P;=Pn=;L=jf ;f] !%%÷– !%÷– k|=c=EfQf
53
;/x tflnd k|fKt @%÷–
lzIfs # ,, !%%÷– !%÷–
lgDgdfWolds ljBfnodf
bhf{ ;ª\Vof Go"gtd of]Uotf tna tflnd eQf s}lkmot
k|wfg cWofks ! cfO=P8= cyfj cfO=P= @%) %) k|=c=EfQf
cyjf ;f] ;/x / tflnd
k|fKt
lzIfs # cfO=P8= cyfj cfO=P= @%)
cyjf ;f] ;/x / tflnd
k|fKt
lzIfs ! P;=Pn=;L= jf ;]f ;/x / !%% !%
tflnd k|fKt
%= 5fq lzIfs cg'kft
k|fylds lzIffdf !M#), lgDgdfWolds lzIffdf !M@% lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
5.
^= kbf]Ggltsf] Joj:yf
lzIfsx¿sf] kbf]Ggltsf] Joj:yf ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿sf] cfwf/df ul/g]5 M
-s_ z}lIfs of]Uotf -v_ gf]s/L jif{ cyjf cg'ej
-u_ pNn]lvt sfd u/]jfkt kfPsf] tSdf jf sb/kq
-3_ :jf:y -ª_ b'u{d If]qdf sfd u/]sf] cg'ej
-r_ ljefuLo k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/; -5_ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd
-h_ cg';Gwfg sfo{
&= cjsf; k|fKt ePkl5sf] Joj:yf
u}/;/sf/L ljBfnox¿df lzIfsx¿n] cjsf; k|fKt u/]kl5 lgj[lQe/0f gkfpg] ePsfn] xfnnfO{
Psd'i6 cfly{s cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ tk{m ljrf/ x'g]5 .
*= c¿ ;'ljwf
k|ltjif{ lglZrt ;ª\Vofdf lzIfsx¿nfO{ tSdf, lje'if0f lbg] k/Dk/f a;flng]5 .
54
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] -!(((–@))$_
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff ljsf;sf nflu g]kfndf ljleGg of]hgf kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . ;g\ !(() df yfONof08sf] hf]d6]gdf ;a}sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t
lzIff pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ljZjJofkL ¿kdf k|lta4tf hgfpg ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] ljZj
;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t k|lta4tfdf g]kfnn] klg x:tfIf/ u/]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf] ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf lhNnfx¿df ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng ul/Psf] u|fdL0f
ljsf;sf lglDt ;]tL kl/of]hgfsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df / ;a}sf nflu g]kfnn] cGt/fli6«o:t/df u/]sf]
k|ltj4tfadf]lhd g]kfndf k|fylds lzIffdf kx'―r, u'0f:t/ / Joj:yfksLo ;Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
p2]Zon] cf7f}― k~rjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf ;g\ !((@ b]lv cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf
nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . of] kl/of]hgfsf] k|yd r/0f ;dfKt eP kl5 o;af6 k|fKt ;kmntfsf cfwf/df
g]kfn ;/sf/n] gjf―} k~rjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIffnfO{ bf];|f] r/0fsf]
sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] .
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff bf];|f r/0fsf d'Vo p2]Zox¿

cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff bf];|f] r/0fsf p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!= cfwf/e"t tyf k|flylds lzIffdf k|fylds pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿ ljz]if u/L aflnsf /
;'ljwfljxLg ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'―r a9fO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf l6sfO{ /fVg] .
@= ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs pknlAwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
#= ljBfnosf] sfo{ s'zntfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg, of]hg lgdf{0f ug{ / cg'udg ug{sf nflu ;d'bfo:t/,
lhNnf:t/ / /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
pko'{Qm p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff bf];|f] r/0fn] b]xfoadf]lhd ;"rs
;lxtsf nIox¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] M
s_ kx'―r tyf ljBfnodf l6sfpg] nIox¿
;"rsx¿ ljBdfg @))#÷)$ @))*÷)(
cj:yf sf] cj:yf sf] cJf:yf
;du| ;xh} b]lvg] egf{b/ !!& !)^ !))
5fqfsf] ;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/ !)) !)) !))
blntsf] ;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/ %) *) !))
55
;du| v'b egf{ b/ &( () (%
;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/ / v'b egf{ b/aLrsf] leGgtf $& !^ )
k|fylds tx rqm k"/f ug]{ b/ $! &% ()
ljBfno k"j{tof/Lsf] cj;/ $) &) ()
v_ l;sfO pknlAw a9fpg] nIox¿

;"rsx¿ ljBdfg @))#÷)$ @))*÷)(
cj:yf sf] cj:yf sf] cJf:yf
sIff ! b]lv # ;Dds]f pQL0f{ b/ &) !)) !))
sIff $ b]lv % ;Ddsf] pQL0{f b/ &) () !))
sIff # / % df Go"gtd l;sfO :t/ k|fKt ug]{ $% &) (%
afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt
sIff # / % sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] cf};t k|fKtfª\s $% &% ()
ljBfyL{sf] cf};t b}lgs xflh/L k|ltzt ^) () (%
lzIfsx¿sf] cf};t b}lgs xflh/L k|ltzt *) ()
l/s/]G6 tflnd k|fKt ug]{ lzIfssf] k|ltzt !)) !))
klxnf] df]8\o'n tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] k|ltzt $) () !))
b; dlxg] tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] k|ltzt %) ()
Uf_ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ nIfx¿
lhlzsf ;'9[9Ls/0f ufp― lzIff ;ldltx¿ u7g / ;'b[9Ls/0f ePsf] x'g]

cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| ;'9[9Ls/0f ufp― lzIff of]hgf tof/ ePsf] x'g]
lzIff dGqfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tflnd ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ tflnd
lnPsf] x'g] k|fKt ePsf] x'g]
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf k|wfgfWofks tflnd k|fKt ePsf] x'g]
sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL
56
:yfldt ePsf] x'g]
ljs]lGb|t 9f―rfadf]lhd lhNnf lzIff ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfx¿ tof/ ePsf] x'g]
of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ePsf] x'g]
dflysf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd -bf];|f]_ n] lgDgfg';f/
ljleGg !& k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] M
s_ kx―'r a9fpg] / ljBfnodf l6sfpb/ ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo;―u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿
1= ljBfno ef}lts ;'wf/
2= j}slNks ljBfno lzIff
3= 5fqfx¿sf nflu lzIff
4= nlIft ;d"xsf nflu lzIff
5= ljz]if lzIff
6=k"j{ afNofj:yf lzIff
7= ;d'bfo kl/rfng
8= ;fIf/tf sfo{qmd
v_ l;sfO pknlAw a9fpg] p2]Zo;―u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿

1= kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts gjLs/0f ug]{
2= lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k4lt
3= l/s/]G6 ;d"x ljBfnodf cfwfl/t tflnd / ;xof]u
4= k|df0fLs/0f tflnd
u_ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] p2]Zo;―u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿

1= lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
2= lhNnf lzIff of]hgf lgdf{0f ;'b[9Ls/0f
3= :yfgLo :t/df Ifdtf ljsf;
4= ;LcfkL sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg ÷lzIff ljefu
5= k|fljlws ;xfotf ;NNffxsf/ ;d"x
57
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd -bf];|f]_ sf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿
 :yfgLo :t/df ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof / dfgjljsf; u/L ;d'bfo ;r]tgf, ;d'bfo kl/rfng
/ ;"Id of]hgfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] .
 5fqfx¿ tyf ljz]ifu/L z}lIfs / ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfodf nlIft sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/Psf] .
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] Go"gtd l;sfO :t/ sfod ug]{ nIo lnPsf] .
 k|wfgfWofksnfO{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg tflnd / lzIfsx¿ tyf ;xhstf{x¿nfO{ lzIfs tflnd
dfkm{t k];fut ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg], ax'sIff lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]u, kf7\ok':ts / cGo
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ ljBfnodf ;dodf g} pknAw u/fO{ l;sfO pknlAwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of;
ul/Psf] .
 lzIff ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo / k|fljlws Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ / :yfgLo
:t/b]lv s]Gb|Lo :t/;Dd ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L k|fylds lzIffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of;
u/]sf] .
 ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf, ufp― lzIff of]hgf / lhNnf lzIff of]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f u/L ljs]lGb|t
cEof;df hf]8 lbOPsf] .
 lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg / pbf/ sIff]Gglt k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ul/Psf] .
 k|fylds txdf dlxnf lzIfs /fVgsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] .
;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd -@))$–@))(_

kl/ro
;g\ !(() df hf]d6]gdf ePsf] ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] ;a}sf nflu u'0f:t/Lo
cfwf/e"t lzIffdf kx'―r k'¥ofpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . b; jif{sf] cg'ejaf6 ;a}sf nFlu
lzIffsf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf k|of;x¿ ckof{Kt ePsf] dx;'; u/L ;g\ @))) df ;]g]unsf]
8sf/df æ;a}sf nflu lzIffÆsf] ljZj lzIff d~rsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . of] cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ngn]
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf nflu k|lta4 s'g} klg b]zn] ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] cefjdf ;a}sf nflu lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ sfo{df kl5 kg'{ gk/f]; egL ljleGg 5 cf]6f p2]Zox¿df k|lta4tf hgfPsf] lyof] . 8sf/df
ePsf] ljZj lzIff ;Dd]ngn] ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{9f―rf tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dxf;efaf6
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo cg'df]bg eP kZrft\ g]kfnn] æ;a}sf nflu lzIff /fli6«o sfo{ of]hgf
@))!–@)!%Æ tof/ u/L lzIffdf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] kx'―r ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL
sfo{of]hgfsf cfwf/df kf―rjif]{ /0fgLltsf ¿kdf ;a}sf nflu nflu lzIff -;g\ @))$—@))(_
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd bf];|f] r/0fsf pknlAw /
58
cg'ejnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] o; sfo{qmdsf gLltut vfsf b;f}― of]hgf -ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlts kq_, /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t dWofjlws Joo vfsf, :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g, @)%% / lzIff P]g ;ftf}― z+;f]wgdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;/L ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] b[li6sf]0f /
p2]Zo cg'¿k cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ¿kdf of] sfo{qmd tof/
ul/Psf] xf] .
p2]Zox¿
8sf/ sfo{9―Frfn] to u/]sf ^ cf]6f p2]Zodf cfwfl/t eO{ o; sfo{qmdsf lgDgfg';f/
sDkf]g]G6x¿ /x]sf 5g\ M
 afnljsf;sf] lj:tf/ tyf ;'wf/ .
 ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf .
 cflbaf;L, cNk;ª\Vos eflifs ;d'bfo nufotsf afnaflnsfx¿sf l;sfO cfjZostfx¿sf]
kl/k"lt{ .
 k|f}9 lg/If/tfdf sdL .
 u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf ;a} kIfx¿sf] ;'wf/ .
o; sfo{qmdn] nlIft glthfsf ¿kdf ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf Pp6f afns, Pp6f sIff sf]7f, Pp6f
lzIfs, Pp6f ljBfno / Pp6f ;d'bfo / lhNnf s:tf] x'g]5 egL kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;a}sf
nlfu lzIff -@))$—@))(_ d'Vo p2]Zo ;g\ @)!% sf] klsNkgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ sfddf k|ult ug{
/ ;a}sf nflu lzIffdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf nIo k|fKt ug'{ xf] . ;g\ @)!% sf] nIo / ;g\ @))( sf]
cGtl/d nIox¿nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
qm= ;"rs @))! @))*÷)( @)!%
;+=
! afn ljsf;÷k"j{ ljBfno !# %! *)
@ afn ljsf;;lxt sIff ! df egf{ x'g]x¿sf] k|ltzt )* ^) *)
! sIff ! df s'n cfudg b/ !$! !!) !)@
$ sIff ! df v'b cfudg b/ %#=& (% (*
% s'n egf{ b/ !@# !)$ !)%
^ v'b egf{ b/ *! (^ !))
& k|fylds lzIffsf nflu lgb]{lzt s'n /fli6«o pTkfbgsf !=& @=# @=%
59
k|ltzt
* k|fylds lzIffdf lgb]{lzt s'n lzIffsf] ah]6sf] k|ltzt %%=^ ^) ^%
( cfjZos of]Uotf / tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] k|ltzt !% (( !))
!) cfjZos k|df0fkq ;lxtsf lzIfssf] k|ltzt (( !))
!! ljBfyL{ lzIfs cg'kft #( #& #)
!@ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/
sIff ! #( !) !)
sIff % ( # *
!# sIff ! b]lv %;Dd k'Ug]x¿sf] b/ ^^ *% ()
!$ sfo{bIftfsf] u'0ffª\s ^) *# *)
!% sIff % sf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] k|ltzt $) ^) *)
!^ ;fIf/tf b/
pd]/ ;d"x !%–@$ &) *@ (%
pd]/ ;d"x ^ jif{ %$ &^ ()
!& k|f}9 ;fIf/tf -!% jif{_ $* ^^ &%
!* ;fIf/tf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf ;"rs -!% jif{_ )=^ )=( !=)
-;|f]tM ;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( d'Vo b:tfj]h, lzIff ljefu_
pk/f]Qm nIox¿ k"/f ug{ ;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( sf tLgcf]6f p2]Zo o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= k|fylds lzIffdf kx'―r ;dGofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
@= k|fylds txsf] u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stfsf] clej[l4 ug]{ .
#= ;a} txdf ljBfno / ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{bIftf / ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
lzIff k|To]s afnssf] clwsf/ ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( n] jf:tljs egf{
b/ *! k|ltztnfO{ j[l4 u/]/ () k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] . csf]{ zAbdf sfo{qmdn]
ljBfnodf egf{ gePsf ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfnosf] kx'―r / ljBfnodf
60
lgoldt ¿kdf cWoog/t afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ydf}tL ;'lglZrt ug{ k|lt nlIft /xsf] lyof] . To;}n]
ckfª\utf, wd{, ul/aL, hfthfltotf, If]qLo tyf eflifs k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;a}
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|fylds lzIff kx'―r of]Uo agfpg pkfox¿df hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
;a}sf nflu lzIff @))$–@))( sf] bf];|f] p2]Zo afnaflnsf ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf cg's"n
;fGble{s agfpg] lx;fan] k|fylds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . To;}n] u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff tyf afn ljsf; sfo{qmd, lzIfs tflnd, k|]/0ffbfoL l;Sg] jftfj/0f, pTk|]l/t ug]{ z}lIfs
;fdu|L, ljBfno ;~rfng x'g] jf:tljs lbg / ;do -306f_ df j[l4, :yfgLo cfjZostf / kl/l:ylt
cg's"nsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug]{ Go"gtd /fli6«o dfkb08 / cfly{s ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf t];|f] p2]Zo sfo{ bIftf tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ ug'{ xf] . of] p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] k|of;x¿df lzIfs tyf lzIff ;]jfdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ bIftf ljsf;
ug{ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgf nfu" / sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;a} txsf lzIff ;'wf/sf of]hgf tyf
sfof{Gjogsf ultljlwx¿df ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] a9L ;xeflutf h'6fpg] s'/f d'Vo
x'g\ . oL s'/f k|flKtsf nflu kf/blz{tf, lhDd]jf/L tyf ;dGofodf hf]8 lbb} k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wf/
Nofpg]h:tf s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
;a}sf nflu lzIffsf d'Vo /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿

kx'―r tyf ;dGoflostf;DaGwL /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ h:t}M lgz'NsM k|fylds lzIff / cj;/sf]
vr{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ / k|f]T;fxgsf sfo{qmdx¿, lgz'NsM kf7\ok':ts, nlIft ljBfnox¿df ljBfno
vfhf / kf]if0f sfo{qmd ;xof]u, dlxnf Pjd\ lk5l8Psf ;d"xnfO{ lzIf0f ;]jfk|lt cfslif{t ug]{
sfo{qmdx¿, ;dGoflos 9ª\uaf6 gof― ljBfno lgdf{0f / ;'ljwfx¿sf] pknAwtf, uflj;, ljJo;,
lzc;+ tyf :yfgLo u};;;―u ;xsfo{, ;dflxt lzIff, k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIff, j}slNks k|fylds
ljBfno sfo{qmd, ;Lk ljsf;df cfwfl/t k|f}9 lzIff cflb .
u'0f:t/;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿df h:t}M k|efjsf/L lZfIfssf] Joj:yf, k|efjsf/L kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts /
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿, dft[efiff Pjd\ å}eflifs lzIffsf] cj;/, ljBfno Joj:yfkg / ;'wf/, pko'Qm
l;sfO jftfj/0f, Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'wf/;DaGwL /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmd?df ;d'bfodf ljBfno Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f,
ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf, dGqfnosf] dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog / :yfgLo ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t ;+:yf / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;―u ;fem]bf/L ug]{ /0fgLltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
rfn" lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*—@)^(÷&)_ df lzIff;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf

bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
61
;Dj[4, cfw'lgs / Gofok"0f{ g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ nf]stflGqs ;dfj]zL Pjd\ ;dtfd"ns u'0f:t/Lo
cfwf/e"t lzIff ;'lglZrt u/L ;r]t, ;Ifd / pTkfbgzLn gful/s / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/sf] dfucg';f/ u|fx|o x'g] dfgj ;|f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ lzIff If]qsf] b"/b[li6 x'g]5 .
p2]Zo
1= ;fIf/tf lzIffnfO{ hLjg k4lt;―u cfa4 u/L ;Lk / sfdsf] cGt;{DaGw :yflkt ub}{ ;a}
g]kfnL / ljz]if u/L dlxnf tyf ljkGg ;d'bfosf JolStx¿nfO{ ;fIf/tf / lg/Gt/ lzIffsf
cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg] .
2= k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3= ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns, clgjfo{ / u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIff -sIff !–*_ k|bfg ug]{ / dfWolds
lzIff -(–!@_ / pRr lzIffdf ;dGoflos Pjd\ ;dfj]zL kx'―r lj:tf/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
4= ;Lkd"ns / /f]huf/d"ns lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
5= pRr lzIffnfO{ 1fg s]lGb|t ;dfh l;h{gf ug]{ tkm{ nlIft ub}{ /fli6«o pTkfbg / ljsf;;―u
cfa4 u/L If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
6= ;a} txsf] lzIffnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, ;fGble{s, hLjgf]kof]uL Pjd\ ;d;fdlos agfp―b} ;sf/fTds
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ .
7= ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnoaLr ;fem]bf/L / ;dGjo sfod u/L ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf]
z}lIfs:t/ clej[l4 ug{ oL b'j}df /x]sf c;n cEof;sf] pkof]u ug]{ .
/0fgLlt
1= of]hgf cjlwdf lg/If/tfdf pNn]Vo ¿kn] sdL Nofpg] . ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL
;Lk;―u cfa4 u/L ;~rfng ug]{ .
2= k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
3= lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ :ki6 sfo{of]hgf;lxt nfu" ug]{ .
4= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{] .
5= lzIfs Joj:yfkg tyf z}lIfs k|zf;gdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ :ki6 sfo{of]hgf;lxt ;dfwfg
ug]{ .
6= lzIffdf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ;xeflutf, To;sf] Joj:yfkg, lgodg, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs bfloTj
tyf u'0f:t/Lo kIfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6 gLltut Joj:yf ug]{ .
7= k|fljlws lzIff / Jofj;flos tflndnfO{ cnucnu wf/sf ¿kdf ljsf; u/L Jofj;flos
tflnddf clwsflws o'jfx¿nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ /f]huf/f]Gd'v agfpg] .
8= pRr lzIff gLltsf] th'{df u/L o;nfO{ cg';Gwfg, /fli6«o pTkfbg / ljsf;;―u cfa4 ug]{ .
ljZjljBfno :yfkgf / ;~rfngnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ pRr lzIff P]g -5ftf P]g_ hf/L ug{] .
62
9=;a} txsf] lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd, k7gkf7g ;fdu|L tyf ljlw / u'0f:t/df ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g
tyf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
10= :yfgLo lgsfo Pjd\ ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno, k|fljlws lzIffno, SofDk; / ljZjljBfno
;~rfngdf lhDd]jf/L;lxt ;xefuL agfpg] .
11= ;a} txsf] lzIff;DaGwL tYofª\s Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
sfo{gLltx¿ -cfwf/e"t tx;―u ;DalGwt dfq_

1= k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffdf ljkGg, blnt / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfsf] kx'―r
lj:tf/ u/L o; sfo{df ;+nUg ;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos tyf cGo lgsfosf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
;dGjofTds ¿kdf cl3 a9fp―b} afnljsf; s]Gb|x¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ lqmofzLn agfOg]5 .
2= lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/g]5 / cfjZos ;|f]t
;fwg ljlgof]hg u/L :ki6 sfo{of]hgf;lxt nfu" ul/g]5 .
3= cª\u|]hL efiff lzIf0f ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L eflifs ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo efiffsf
lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm / kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; ub}{ ax'eflifs lzIffsf cj;/x¿ lj:tf/
ub}{ nlug]5 .
4= cfwf/e"t txdf lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ lzIffsf nflu j}slNks lzIffsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] kx'―rdf
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . ljBfnotxdf xfn ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ;~rflnt v'nf lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{
k|0ffnLut ¿kdf ;dGjofTds 9ª\un] sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
5= ;a} txsf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L tyf lzIf0f l;sfO
lqmofsnfkdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g ul/g]5 .
6= ;a} txsf] lZfIff k4lt cGtu{tsf z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;~rfngdf cg';Gwfg / ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .
63
kl/df0ffTeds nIf
qm=;+= ljj/0f cf=j= )^^÷)^& lqjifL{o

sf] l:ylt of]hgfsf] nIo
! k|f}9 ;fIf/tf b/ ^#=) ^&=)
@ !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf b/ *^=% ()=)
# sIff Psdf afnljsf;sf] cg'ej;lxt egf{ x'g $(=( %&=)
cfpg] afnaflnsfsf] b/
$ cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–%_ v'b egf{ b/ (#=& (*=)
% cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ sf] v'b egf{ b/ ^#=@ &%=)
^ dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_ df v'b egf{ b/ $)=* %)=)
& cfwf/e"t tx -sIff !–*_ df v'b egf{ b/ *#=@ (!=#
* sIff % ;Dd l6sfp b/ &&=( *%=%
( sIff * ;Dd l6sfp b/ ^@=) &)=)
!) dfWolds tx -sIff (–!@_ df v'b egf{ b/ @#=( #%=)
!! pRr lzIffdf ;xh} b]lvg] egf{ b/ &=% !)=)
k|d'v sfo{qmd -cfwf/e"t lzIff_M ljBfno lzIffdf k'g;+/rgf, clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] lj:tf/,
u'0f:t/df ;'wf/, 5fqj[lQnufotsf pTk|]/s sfo{qmdx¿, ax'eflifs / ax'sIff lzIff sfo{qmd lj:tf/,
lzIfs / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Ifdtf clej[l4, kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L / lgb]{lzsfx¿sf]
;'wf/, lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k4lt ;'b[9Ls/0f, lzIffdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf lj:tf/,
n}ª\lus ;dljsf; tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f sfo{qmd, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f Pjd ;Def/, lzIfs
Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xof]udf lzIff ljz]if Kofs]h sfof{Gjog, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu
;fj{hlgs / lghL ljBfnox¿aLr ;xsfo{nufotsf sfo{ ul/g]5g\ .
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd -@))#—@))*_

;fd'bflos dfWolds lzIffsf] lj:tf/df ljutsf b;sdf ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvP tfklg u'0f:t/df eg]
cem} ;'wf/ x'g af―sL g} /x]sf] 5 . of] s'/f w]/}h;f] cleefjsx¿n] cfk\mgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lghL
64
If]qsf ljBfnodf k9fpg] rfxgf u/]af6 k|i6 x'G5 . k|fylds lzIffsf] clws pRr egf{ b/ /
k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug]{x¿sf] b/df j[l4 ePsf] sf/0faf6 cfPsf] a9\bf] dfu / u/Lad'vL /0fgLltsf]
Pp6f efusf] ¿kdf u/Lax¿sf nflu a9LeGbf a9L cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug{'kg]{ cfjZostfaf6 g]kfndf
dfWolds lzIffsf] If]qdf Jofks ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ :ki6 b]lvG5 . To:tf] sfofkn6 ug{ / ;fj{hlgs
dfWolds lzIffsf] lj:tf/sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s -P8LjL_ / 8flg8fåf/f
dfWolds lzIff If]q sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . /fli6«o ljsf;sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ u'0f:t/Lo
dfWolds lzIffsf] lj:tf/ ug{' g} dfWolds lzIff lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf lgDglnlvt tLg dWojtL{ p2]Zox¿ /x]sf lyP M
s_ ;fj{hlgs dfWolds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
v_ aflnsfx¿, ckfª\u, u/La / ;'ljwfljd'v ;d"x / lhNnfx¿af6 cfPsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljz]if
hf]8 lb―b} ;fj{hlgs dfWolds lzIffdf kx'―rsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
u_ of]hgf / Joj:yfkgsf] ljs]Gb|Ls[t k|0ffnLnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;fj{hlgs dfWolds ljBfnox¿ /
s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf:t/Lo lzIff;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / ;ª\u7gfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf;
ug]{ .
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd g]kfn ;/sf/, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s / 8flg8f åf/f ;+o'Qm ¿kdf
ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] . ;fy} of] sfo{qmd o;eGbf cufl8sf ljleGg b:tfj]h nufot b;f}― k~rjifL{o
of]hgf / dWofjlws vr{ ;+/rgf, lzIff P]g, @)%( -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_ / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g,
@)%& nufotsf ;/sf/L sfg'gx¿, 8flg8f ;DefJotf cWoog -@)%*_ Pjd\ dfWolds lzIff
ljsf; of]hgf -@)%&_ h:tf b:tfj]hx¿df cfwfl/t 5 .
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf d'Vo p2]Zox¿

dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf tLgcf]6f d'Vo p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\, tL x'g\ M–
s_ dfWolds lzIffsf] kx'―r / ;dtfdf ;'wf/,
v_ dfWolds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ / ;fGble{stfdf ;'wf/ /
u_ ljBfno–s]lGb|t dfWolds lzIff k|0ffNfLnfO{ 6]jf lbg ;:+yfut Ifdtfdf ;w'f/ .
o;af6 lgDglnlvt glthf k|fKt x'g] nIo /flvPsf] lyof] M
!= lgDgdfWolds tx / dfWolds txdf v'b egf{ b/nfO{ ;g\ @))& ;Dddf qmdzM %%∞ af6
^%∞ / #%∞ af6 %%∞ df k'¥ofpg] .
65
@= ;g\ @))& ;Dddf lgDg dfWolds tyf dfWolds tx b'j} txdf 5fqfx¿sf] ;xeflutf $)∞
af6 a9fP/ %)∞ df k'¥ofpg] / ;'ljwfljd'v ;d"xsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ klg ;f]xL k|ltztn] j[l¢ ug]{ .
#= sIff * / P;=Pn=;L= kl/Iffsf z}lIfs kl/0ffdx¿df clej[l4 u/L dfkg ug{ ;lsg]
;'wf/x¿nfO{ :yfloTj k|bfg ug{] . To:t} lsl;dsf] j[l¢sf] cg'kft 5fqfx¿ / k/Dk/fut ¿kdf
;'ljwf ljd'v ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿df ;d]t b]lvg' k5{ .
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] /0fgLlt

lzIf0f l;sfOsf] u'0f:t/df cfjZos ;'wf/ Nofpg, kf7\oqmd / l;Sg] jftfj/0fsf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg' dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v p2]Zo
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo :t/sf] Ifdtf j[l4 lj:tf/ ub{}+ o:tf ;'wf/x¿nfO{ eljiodf
;d]t cl3 a9fpg / cfk\mg} ;|f]taf6 pRr :t/sf] cfjt{s sf]if h'6fpg / ljsf; vr{ h'6fpg] Ifdtf
j[l4 u/fpg] p2]Zo dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v /0fgLlt /x]sf] 5 .
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf tLgcf]6f d'Vo p2]Zox¿sf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/sf /0fgLltx¿
ckgfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
66
s_ u'0f:t/ Pjd\ ;fGble{stf (Quality and Relevancy)
 /fli6«o cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ Pjd\ If]qLo tyf :yfgLo cfjZostfcg's"n x'g] vfnsf]
kf7\oqmdsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
 ;Dk"0f{ dfWolds ljBfnodf kf7\oqmd k9fpg ;Sg] of]Uo lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'QmL Pjd\ k|efjsf/L
pkof]u ug]{ .
 k|To]s dfWolds ljBfnodf dfWolds kf7\oqmdsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ kof{Kt dfqfdf
u'0f:t/Lo kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 ljBfnodf dfWolds lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBfno Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ .
v_ kx'―r / ;dtf (Access and Equity)
 k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug]{ ;a}nfO{ dfWolds lzIffdf kx'―rsf] cj;/ k|bfg .
 hflt, wd{, ju{, hftLotf jf zf/Ll/s c;dy{tf cflbsf] sf/0fn] dfWolds lzIffaf6 jl~rt
/x]sfx¿;d]tnfO{ ;dfhsf ;a} ju{sf cfZostfx¿nfO{ k|ltlalDat ug] vfnsf] dfWolds
lzIffsf] pknAwtf .
 aflnsfx¿sf] cfjZostf kl;/k"lt{ ug]{ vfngsf] dfWolds lzIffsf] k|aGw .
u_ ;+:yfut ;Ifdtf (Institutiohnal Efficiency)
 dfWolds lzIffdf ;+:yfut Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} ;a} txdf a9L ;xeflutfd"ns k4lt
(Participatory Approach) sf] ljsf; .
 ljBfnosf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o gLlt / /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] lj1tf / ;IfdtfnfO{
ljBfnosf] cfjZostf;―u ldnfP/ ljs]lGb|t of]hgf Pjd\ Joj:yfkg k|0fnL (Decentralized
Planning and Management System) sf] ljsf; .
 dfWolds lzIff Joj:yfkg tyf ;ª\u7gsf ;a} txx¿df ;'zf;gsf l;4fGt / cEof;sf]
k|Tofe"lt (Maintenance of Principle and Practices of Good Governance)
 pko'Qm tx / u'0f:t/sf] dfWolds lzIffsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg' kof{KTf x'g] u/L
s]Gb|Lo Pjd\ lhNnf / :yfgLo b'j} :t/df ;|f]t cfwf/x¿ sfod ug]{ (Maintainacne of
Resource Base ) .
 dfWolds ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu sfo{qmddf rf/cf]6f cª\ux¿
(Components) ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
 l;sfO jftfj/0f (Learning Environment)
 kf7\oqmd ljsf;, d"Nofª\sg tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|L (Curriculum Development , Assessment
and Education Materials)
 lzIfs lzIff / ljsf; (Teacher Education and Development)
67
 ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg tyf Ifdtfdf clej[l4 (Institutional Managment and capacity)
68
dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;~rflnt k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
sDkf]g]G6 !M l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] ljsf;
o;cGtu{t dfWolds lzIff 5fqj[lQ, blnt 5fqj[lQ, ljBfno ckfos k/]sf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf
cWofkg/t dlxnf lzIfssf nflu cfjf;Lo ;'ljwf, alx/f ljBfyL{sf] lzIffsf nflu ljBfnonfO{
cg'bfg, b[li6ljxLg ljBfyL{sf lzIffsf nflu ljBfnonfO{ cg'bfg, zf/Ll/s ckfª\u / ;':tdgl:yltsf
afnaflnsf nflu ;Lkd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cg'bfg, 3/]n' sfdbf/ afnaflnsf tyf ;8s
afnaflnsfsf nflu z}lIfs sfo{qmd, ;dflxt lzIff;DaGwL ;|f]ts]Gb|:t/Lo k|af]wLs/0f sfo{qmd,
;LdfGt ul/asf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ, lxdfnL
5fqfjf;df cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ, lkm8/ 5fqfjf;df cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf nflu
5fqj[lQ, ckfª\u ljBfyL{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ, åGå lkl8t /fxt 5fqj[lQ, v'nf ljBfno sfo{qmd /x]sf
5g\ .
sDkf]g]G6 @M kf7\oqmd tyf d"Nofª\sg
o;cGtu{t lhNnf kf7\oqmd ;ldltsf nflu kf7\oqmd, ljBfno d"Nofª\sgsf ;DaGwdf lgdflj
ljifout lzIfssf nflu cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd, /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿k ;DaGwdf ;|f]t s]Gb|:t/df
cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd, :yfgLo kf7\oqm;DaGwdf lzIfs tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu cled'vLs/0f,
;3g ;xof]u ljBfnox¿sf nflu z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, s0ff{nL c~rnsf lgdflj /
dfljdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{NffO{ lgz'NsM lzIffsf nflu ljBfnonfO{ cg'bfg, P;Pn;L k/LIffsf
s]Gb|WoIfNffO{ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd, cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿nfO{ k':tsfno ;xof]u sfo{qmd, sIff * sf]
National Assessment ;~rfng, P;Pn;L k/LIffsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, wfld{s ljBfnox¿nfO{
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
sDkf]g]G6 #M lzIff lzIff ljsf; / Joj:yfkg
o;cGtu{t dfudf cfwfl/t lzIfs tflnd, dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu 5fqj[lQ,
z}tfs]x¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t b; dlxg] ljifout ;]jfsfnLg tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf
5g\ .
sDkf]g]G6 $M ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; clej[l4
o;cGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿df ljBfno lg/LIfs, ;|f]tJolQm, k|cx¿sf nflu ljBfno :t/Ls/0f
;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f, ljBfno cg'bfg lgb]{lzsf, ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf
cg'udg ;DaGwdf cled'vLs/0f≤ ljBfno gS;fª\sg, cfrf/;+lxtf / ljBfno :t/Ls/0f;DaGwL
sfo{qmd≤ dfWolds txdf v'nf ljBfno ;~rfng≤ lgz'Ns lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmd, k|csf nflu
ljBfno Joj:yfkg tflnd, ljJo; / k|csf nflu ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf;DaGwL tflnd,
lhlzsfx¿df sDKo'6/ tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf 5g\
69
-;|f]tM SESP Evaluation Report, 2009)
70
/fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$(
lj= ;+= @)$^ ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf ePkl5 kl/jlt{t kl/j]zcg';f/sf] lzIff k|0ffnL
ckgfpg k|rlnt lzIff k4ltdf s] s:tf] km]/abn ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] p2]Zon] lj=;+= @)$&
;fn kmfu'g !$ ut] tfTsfnLg lzIffdGqL s]z/hª\u /fodfemLsf] cWoIftfdf !^ ;b:oLo /fli6«o
lzIff cfof]usf] u7g ul/of] . hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] u7gkl5 /fdxl/ hf]zL / ;/sf/ k'g{u7g
ePkl5 uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL ;f] cfof]usf cWoIf ePsf lyP . cfof]un] cfk\mgf] k|ltj]bg
lj= ;+= @)$( ;fn c;f/ !$ ut] tfTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;dIf k|:t't u/]sf]
lyof] .
cfof]usf] sfo{If]q !& cf]6f tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ljleGg kIfsf] cWoog ug{ gf} cf]6f sfo{6f]nL u7g
ul/Psf] lyof] . b]zsf ljleGg rf/ If]qdf If]qLo uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgfsf] qmddf rf/ If]qcGtu{t
cf7 :yfgdf uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . If]qLo uf]i7Laf6 k|fKt ;'emfax¿df k[i7kf]if0f lng
@)$( efb| ^ ut] /fli6«o lzIff uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf If]qdf
ePsf ljsf;sf] cjnf]sg ug{ sfo{6f]nLn] Pl;ofsf d'n'sx¿ aª\unfb]z, yfONof08,
OG8f]g]l;of, dn]l;of / sf]l/ofsf] cWoog e|d0f u/]sf] lyof] . d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn ug{
@)$( j}zfv @# b]lv @% ut];Dd /fli6«o lzIff uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
pQm cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg !# efudf plNnlvt 5 . k|ltj]bgcg';f/ dfWolds lzIff;DaGwL
l;kmfl/;x¿dWo] s]xL tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ M
 ef}uf]lns b[li6n] 3/af6 @ 3G6feGbf a9L lx―8\g gkg]{ u/L sIff * ;Ddsf] lzIff lbg'kg]{ .
 lzIffsf] ;+/rgf %±#±@±@±#±@ to ul/of]
 sIff !–% nfO{{ k|fylds,
 sIff ^– * nfO{{ lgDgdfWolds,
 sIff (–!) nfO{{ dfWolds,
 sIff !!–!@ nfO{{ pRrdfWolds
 pRrlzIffdf lgDgfg';f/sf] ;+/rgf x'g] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 M
 # jif{sf] :gfts,
 @ jif{sf] :gftsf]Q/,
 ! jif{sf] Pd= lkmn=,
 # b]lv % jif{sf] ljBfjfl/lw
71
 cf7f}― of]hgf cjlwdf dfWolds txsf] pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{df ;/b/ egf{ k|ltzt
lgDgdfWolds txdf ^), dfWolds txdf $% / pRrdfWolds txdf #) k'¥ofpg] .
 cf7f}― of]hgf cjlwdf ;a} lhNnfdf sIff !@ ;Ddsf] cWoog ug]{ ;x'lnot k'¥ofpg'kg]{ /
cf}krfl/s ljBfno vf]Ng ;Dej geP ljBfyL{nfO{ glhssf] lhNnfdf 5fqj[lQ / cGo
;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ .
 lgDgdfWolds tx -sIff ^–*_ df &%) k"0ff{ª\s / ( cf]6f ljifosf] k7gkf7g ug'{kg]{ .
 dfWolds tx -sIff (–!)_ df &%)±!)) k"0ff{ª\s / & cf]6f ljifosf] k7gkf7g ug'{kg]{ .
 ;ª\uLt tyf gf6\o ljBfno vf]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
 s]Gb|Lo txdf P;Pn;Lsf] tof/L u/L If]qLo txdf k/LIff ;~rfng / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f tyf
k/LIffkmn k|sfzg ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .
 sDkf6{d]G6nsf] Joj:yf s]xL jif{;Dd sfod} /fVg] .
k|ltj]bgsf cGo pNn]Vo kIfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

 lzIffsf] /fli6«o Pjd\ txut p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f, tL p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ckgfpg'kg]{ lzIff gLlt,
 txut ;+/rgf,
 k|fylds txb]lv dfWolds tx;Dd cWofkg ul/g] ljifosf] kf7\oqmd, kf7\oef/ tyf k"0ff{ª\s
lgwf{/0f
 k|fylds tx;Dd dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf,
 lj=;+= @)%& ;fn;Dddf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txnfO{{ pRrdfWolds tx -±@_ df :yfgfGt/0f
ug'{kg]{,
 ;+:s[tdf pRrlzIffsf nflu cnu Joj:yf,
 ;a} txsf lzIffdf dlxnfnfO{{ k|fyldstf,
 ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] :yfkgf,
 lghL If]qnfO{{ lzIf0f ;+:yf vf]Ng k|f]T;fxg
 sIff ! df k|j]z ug]{ ljBfyL{ ^ jif{ nfu]sf] x'g'kg]{,
72
 pRr dfWolds lzIff ;fwf/0f, k];fut, k|fljlws, ax'k|fljlws / ;+:s[t u/L % lsl;dsf]
x'g'kg]{,
 ljBfno txsf] lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z ug{ lzIfs k|lzIf0f clgjfo{ ug'{kg]{,
 k|fylds ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;fwf/0ftof cnUu} x'g'kg]{
o;} cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ lzIffsf /fli6«o p2]Zox¿df kl/dfh{g, pRrdfWolds lzIff

kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf, ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf] :yfkgfh:tf sfo{x¿ eP . lghL If]qaf6
ljZjljBfno tyf pRr lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ vf]Ng] qmd a9\of] .
73
z}Ifl0fs of]hgf
lgwf{l/t p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] lglZrt sfo{k4ltsf] lglZrt 9f―rfnfO{{ of]hgf
(Planning) elgG5 . s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntf jf pknlAw Tof] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf
nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] of]hgfdf k"0f{¿kn] lge{/ /xG5 . lzIf0fl;sfOsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{
lglZrt kf7\oqmdcg';f/ lgwf{l/t ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ 1fg, ;Lk Pjd\
clej[lQx¿;―u ;DalGwt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf nflu ul/g] k"j{tof/L g} z}Ifl0fs of]hgf xf] .
t;y{ lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{sf] ;'?cft of]hgfaf6 ul/G5 . of]hgfdf kf7\oqmdåf/f lgwf{l/t
p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ lzIf0f ug'{eGbf klxn] s], lsg, slt, slxn] / s;/L lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{
;~rfng ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] k"j{tof/L ul/Psf] x'G5 . k|To]s ul0ft lzIfsn] lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{
;~rfngsf nflu of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . lzIfsn] of]hgf tof/ kfbf{ ljlzi6 p2]Zox¿sf]
lgdf{0f ug]{, ljifoj:t'x¿sf] qmd ldnfpg], pko'Qm z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug]{, j}w /
ljZj;gLo d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug]{ / l;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿sf] tof/L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
lzIfsn] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx¿df jflif{s of]hgf (Annual work plan), PsfO of]hgf
(Unit plan) / b}lgs kf7 of]hgf (Daily lesson plan) kb{5g\ .
k|To]s of]hgfdf ;fdfGotof z}Ifl0fs p2]Zox¿sf] lgdf{0f, lzIf0fl;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] tof/L, lzIf0f
ljlw tyf k|lqmofsf] lgwf{/0f / d"Nofª\sg ljlw pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf]
lzIf0f ug'{eGbf cufl8 g} s], lsg / s;/L lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ / ljBfyL{sf]
d"Nofª\sg s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf lzIfs :ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . oxL :ki6tfsf nflu lzIfsn]
of]hgf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, cfjZostf / Ifdtfcg'¿k kof{Kt ;do /
ljifoj:t'aLr cg's"ntf sfod u/L p2]Zod"ns¿kdf qmda4 lzIf0fl;sfOsf nflu z}Ifl0fs
of]hgf clt cfjZos x'G5 . kf7\oqmdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf nIox¿ k|flKtsf nflu of]hgf agfpg],
of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ -lzIf0f ug]{_ / nIo k|flKt eof] jf ePg eGg]af/] d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 .
oL sfo{x¿ Pskl5 csf]{ rqm (cycle) sf ¿kdf 3'ld/x]sf x'G5g\ . Pp6f p2]Zo k"/f ePkl5
k'gM csf]{ Tof]eGbf pRr:t/sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu of]hgf agfpg], lzIf0f ug]{ / d"Nofª\sg
ug]{ sfo{ Pp6f lgoldt k|lqmof (continuous process) sf] ¿kdf rln/xG5 .
lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf of]hgfsf] dxŒj
lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf of]hgfsf] dxŒjnfO{{ lgDglnlvt a'―bfdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
 kf7\oqmdsf lgwf{l/t l;sfOpknlAw÷p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{ z}Ifl0fs of]hgfn] ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 .
 kf7\oqmdsf p2]Zox¿ / kf7\oj:t'aLr ;dGjosf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp―5 .
 lgwf{l/t p2]Zox¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu cfjZos lzIf0f ljlw / lzIf0f lqmofsnfkx¿ 5gf}6
ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 .
74
 cfjZos lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] rog / k|of]u ug{ z}Ifl0fs of]hgfn] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 .
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / cfjZostf klxrfg u/L lzIf0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
 Pp6f of]hgfaf6 k|fKt pknlAwsf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df eljiodf ul/g] z}lIfs of]hgfsf] vfsf
tof/ kfg{df dbt ub{5 .
 lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf lgoldttf, lg/Gt/tf / :yfloTj sfod u5{ .
 lzIf0fl;sfOk|lt ljBfyL{nfO{{ pTk|]l/t ug{df ;xof]u k'U5 .
 lzIfsdf lzIf0fsf nflu ;Ifdtf / cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; u5{ .
 d"Nofª\sgsf pko'Qm ljlw tyf k|ljlw 5gf]6 ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
 ;dosf] plrt ;b'kof]u ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 .
 lzIf0fl;sfOdf ;'wf/sf nflu lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u5{ .
 l9nf] l;Sg] jf sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfcg';f/ lzIf0f ug{sf nflu z}Ifl0fs
of]hgfn] ;3fp k'¥ofp―b5 .
z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
ljBfyL{x¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lQsf] ljsf;df z}Ifl0fs of]hgfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf]
x'G5 . lzIfsn] kf7 k|j]z ug]{ tl/sf, ljifoj:t'sf] cy{k"0f{ ¿kdf k|:t'lt, lzIf0fsf] ult, lzIf0f
lqmofsnfksf] ljljwtf, lzIf0f lqmofsnfkdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] dfqf cflb z}Ifl0fs
of]hgf;―u ;DalGwt s'/fx¿df lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf e/ kb{5 . To;}n] z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0f
ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 M
!= cfufdL xKtfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ cu|Ld¿kdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] . o;af6
ljBfyL{x¿sf] pT;fx a9fpg ;lsG5 .
@= kf7sf] ;'?cft cfsif{s agfpg k|of; ug]{ cyf{t\ uLt, sljtf, n3'syf, r'6\lsnf cflbaf6
kf7 ;'? ug]{ .
#= k|:t'tLs/0fdf b[ZofTds -Visual_ kIfx¿nfO{{ hf]8 lbg] . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿sf] Wofg
cfslif{t ug{ dbt k'Ub5 .
$= lzIf0f lqmofsnfk tyf k|:t'ltdf ljljwtf Nofpg k|of; ug]{ . ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lrnfO{{
k|fyldstf lbg] .
%= 5nkmnsf a]nf sd af]Ng] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ gfdaf6 af]nfP/ k|Zg /fvL af]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
^= lgb]{zg lb―bf jf ;"rgfsf] k|:t'tLs/0fsf a]nf af]nLsf] ult / tLj|tfdf ljljwtf Nofpg
k|of; ug]{ . s'g s'/fn] ljBfyL{sf] Wofg cfslif{t ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ljBfyL{sf
cf―vf÷d'vfs[lt x]/]/ kQf nufpg] .
75
&= s'g} lqmofsnfksf nflu lgb]{zg lbO/x]sf] a]nf s'g} ljBfyL{sf] Wofg cGoq 5 eg] Psl5g
/f]s]/ p;sf] klg Wofg s]lGb|t u/fpg] .
*= af]8{df n]v]/ lgb]{zg jf ;"rgfx¿ k|:t't ubf{ ljleGg /ªsf rsx¿ k|of]u u/L k|:t'ltnfO{{
cfsif{s agfpg] .
(= ljBfyL{x¿ lbgel/ Ps} 7fp―df a;L/x―bf lbSs nfUg ;S5, To;}n] pgLx¿sf] sfo{ynf]
a]nfa]nf kl/jt{g u/L /fVg] .
!)= dlxgfdf PseGbf a9L k6s sIffsf] a;fO Joj:yf kl/jt{g ug]{ . o;af6 klg pgLx¿sf]
k9fOk|ltsf] Wofg÷?lr s]lGb|t ug{ ;lsG5 .
!!= k|To]s xKtf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{{ kl/of]hgf sfo{ lbg] .
!@= x/]s ljBfyL{sf] sfo{nfO{{ Wofgk"j{s cjnf]sg ug]{ / cfjZostfcg';f/ JolQmut¿kdf
;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ .
!#= sIffsf l9nf] ultdf l;Sg], dWod ultdf l;Sg] tyf l56f] l;Sg] ;a} vfnsf ljBfyL{x¿sf]
cfjZostfnfO{{ Vofn u/L of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .
z}Ifl0fs of]hgfsf] dxŒj
z}Ifl0fs of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] dxŒj lgDgfg';f/sf sfddf x'g ;S5 .
 lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg,
 lgwf{l/t ;dodf kf7 k"/f ug{,
 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{,
 lzIf0f÷l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ qmda4 agfpg,
 sIffdf k;]/ lzIfsn] ug]{÷u/fpg] sfd;DaGwL cGof}n x6fpg,
 l;sfOnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{,
 d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg,
 l;sfpg] qmddf k[i7kf]if0f lbg÷lng,
 lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{x¿df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg /
 lzIfsdf lzIf0f;DaGwL cfTdljZjf; hufpg .
z}Ifl0fs of]hgfx¿
s_ b}lgs kf7of]hgf (Daily Lesson Plan)
76
k|To]s kf7sf] cWofkgk"j{ sIffsf]7fdf ;~rfng ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lnlvt tof/LnfO{ b}lgs
z}Ifl0fs of]hgf elgG5 . o; of]hgfdf ljBfyL{n] l;Sg' kg]{ 1fg, wf/0ff, ;Lk clej[lQnfO{
p2]Zosf] ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . lzIf0fdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|L, lzIfl;sfO lqmofsnfk,
d"Nofª\sg / u[xsfo{h:tf kIfx¿ o;df ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ . b}lgs kf7\oof]hgfdf ;d]l6g' kg]{
s'/fx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
!= p2]Zo
o;nfO{ kf7of]hgfsf] Ps k|d'v kIfsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . b}lgs z}Ifl0fs of]hgfdf o;n]
cu|:yfg u|x0f ub{5 . k9fOcGtu{t ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ o;}n] lgb]{zg lbG5 . s'g} klg
kf7 k9fO ;s]kl5 ljBfyL{x¿df cfpg' kg]{ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff ug]{ sfd o;}n]
u5{ . lzIf0fl;sfOcGtu{t ul/g] ;a} sfdx¿ p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu g} x'g . p2]Zo ls6fg
ubf{ kf7\oqmdn] tf]s]sf] l;sfOpknlAwn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd 1fg, wf/0ff, ;Lk, / clej[lQ
;d]l6g' kg]{ x'G5 . p2]Zo Jojxfl/s, dfkgLo / pkof]uL x'g'k5{ . p2]Zo n]Vbf SMART x'g]
u/L n]Vg'kb{5 .
S = Specific -ljlzi6_
M = Measurable -dfkgLo_
A = Achievable -k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]_
R = Reliable -ljZjzgLo_
T = Time bound -;do;Ldfa4_
@= z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
b}lgs kf7of]hgf th'{df ubf{ lzIf0f÷l;sfOsf qmddf k|of]u ul/g] z}lIfs ;fdu|L pNn]v x'g
cfjZos x'G5 . z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cufl8
a9fpg ;xof]u u5{ . ;fdu|Ln] ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] / lzIf0f ÷l;sfOdf /f]rstf
k|bfg ub{5 . ;fdu|L pNn]v ubf{ ;fGble{s / pkof]u x'g]÷gx'g] s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{
x'G5 .
#= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk
lzIf0fl;sfOsf qm|ddf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsn] ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿ g} lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk
x'g\ . kf7of]hgfdf lgwf{l/t kf7sf p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ s]s] u/fpg] / lzIfsn]
s]s] ug]{ egL :ki7 ¿kdf n]lvPsf] x'g'kb{5 . tL lqmofsnfkx¿ kf7sf] lzIf0fsf nflu
pknAw ;doleq EofOg] u/L lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . lqmofsnfkx¿ ;s];Dd ljBfyL{s]lGb|t x'g]
u/L rog ug'{kb{5 . lzIfssf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;s];Dd ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf /xg' kb{5 .
kf7of]hgfsf] ‖z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L‗ cGtu{t pNn]v ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ sxf― / s;/L k|of]u ug]{
77
egL k|:6l;t n]vPsf] x'g'kb{5 . kf7sf] ;'?df ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7k|lt pTk|]/0ff hufpg] / kf7sf
ljifoj:t'l;t ;DaGw hf]8\g]÷kl/j]z tof/ ug]{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 .
$= d"Nofª\sg
d"Nofª\sg kf7of]hgfsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;~rfng ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿ p2]Zo /
l;sfOpknlAw k"/f ug{ k|efjsf/L eP÷gePsf s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t o;n] lbg] x'―bf o;nfO{
lqmofsnfkdf cfwfl/t agfP/ pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . p2]Zodfkg x'g] lsl;dsf k|Zgx¿ x'g'
kg]{ s'/f of]hgfdf d"Nofª\sg ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk ;dfj]z ug'{ k"j{ g} ;f]Rg' k5{ .
%= u[xsfo{
kf7of]hgfsf] clGtd efu u[xsfo{n] cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . kf7df u/fpg] lqmofsnfkx¿n] p2]Zo
k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg eGg] x]t'n] ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] cltl/Qm 3/df klg cEof;
u/fpgsf nflu u[xsfo{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'―bf b}lgs lzIf0f of]hgfdf o; efunfO{ pNn]v
ubf{ p2]Zo / lqmofsnfksf cfwf/df ;fGble{s x'g]÷gx'g] s'/fdf Vofn ug'{k5{ . of]hgfdf
u[xsfo{ pNn]v ubf{ k/LIf0f ug{ / k[i7kf]if0f lbg ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf ljrf/
k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
78
b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf] 9f―rf
sIff M ljifo M 3G6L M

;do M
kf7 zLif{s M
!= p2]Zo M
-s_
-v_
=================
@= z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M
#= lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfk M
-s_
-v_
===============
$= d"Nofª\sg M
%= u[xsfo{ M
v_ PsfO of]hgf (Unit Plan)
ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpg' kg]{ ljifoj:t'nfO{, ljleGg efudf af―8\g] sfd kf7\oqmdn] ul/lbPsf] x'G5 .
:t/, qmd, k"jf{g'ej cflbsf cfwf/df oL efux¿ 5'6\ofOPsf 5g\ . oL efux¿nfO{ g} PsfO
elgG5 . Pp6f PsfOdf Ps jf w]/}cf]6f kf7 kg{ ;S5g\ . lgwf{l/t PsfOnfO{ cWofkg ug{ ul/g]
k"j{ tof/LnfO{ PsfO of]hgf elgG5 . o; of]hgfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg] 9f―rf lgDgadf]lhd x'g ;S5 M
PsfO of]hgfsf] 9f―rf
sIff M ljifo M
qm= ;= PsfO p2]Zo l;sfO ljifoj:t' lzIf0f lzIf0f d"Nofª\sg s}lkmot
zLif{s pknlAw ;fdu|L ljlw
79
3_ jflif{s of]hgf (Annual Plan)
lzIfsn] jif{el/df cfk"mn] k9fpg' kg]{ ljifosf] kf7\oj:t'nfO{ dlxgf, xKtf jf b}lgs cfwf/df
u/]/ k9fpgsf nflu agfOPsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf elgG5 . jflif{s z}Ifl0fs
of]hgf agfp―bf dlxgf, PsfO kf7\oj:t' -kf7_, PsfO k"/f ug{ nfUg] ;do, cg'dflgt 306L,
k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|L, lzIf0f ljlw tyf d'Vo lqmofsnfkx¿ pNn]v ug'{k5{ . o; of]hgfsf] Pp6f
gd'gf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
jflif{s of]hgfsf] 9f―rf
sIff M @ ljifo M d]/f] ;]/fk]m/f]
dlxgf ljifoj:t' PsfO k"/f cg'dflgt cfjZos z}lIfs lzIf0f ljlw
ug{ nfUg] 3G6L ;fdu|L
;do
j}zfv d ;fgf] ljBfyL{ @ xKtf !! 3G6L kl/jf/sf] lrq 5nkmn lrq j0f{g
d]/f] cg'xf/ ljBfyL{sf] lrq
h]7 d]/f] cfFvf-d]/f] $ xKtf @@ 3G6L dflg;sf] lrq 5nkmn, k|bz{g,
gfs, d]/f] sfg_ s'rf], cGo cEof; clego, lrq
d ;kmf u5'{ j0f{g
;fdu|L
c;f/ afgL Aoxf]/f @ xKtf !) 3G6L kmf]xf]/L / ;kmf k|bz{g, clego,
d]/f] n'uf sk8f lrq lrq j0f{g
ljBfyL{ lg/LIf0f
>fj0f d]/f] 3/ $ xKtf @) 3G6L 3/sf] lrq k|bz{g, j0f{g,
vfg]s'/f ljBfyL{ lg/LIf0f 5nkmn,
efb| d]/f] kl/jf/ $ xKtf @@ 3G6L ljBfnosf] lrq k|bz{g, cjnf]sg,

d]/f] sIffsf]7f cfk\mgf] ljBfnosf] 5nkmn, lrq
j0f{g
80
cjnf]sg
cflZjg xfd|f] ljBfno $ xKtf @) 3G6L ljleGg hgfj/sf] lrq, \5nkmn,
s:tf s:tf lrq, af]6lj?jfsf] cjnf]sg
hgfj/ lrq
sflt{s s:tf s:tf af]6 $ xKtf @@ 3G6L hdLg / kfgLsf] lrq j0f{g,
la?jf lrq, ufp―sf] lrq 5nkmn, cjnf]sg
dª\l;/ xfd|f] ufp― klxn] # xKtf @) 3G6L 3fdkfgL lrq 5nkmn, lrq
/ clxn], oftfoft ;fwgsf] j0f{g
3fdkfgL lrq
k'if s;/L hfg] $ xKtf @$ 3G6L ljleGg rf8kj{sf 5nkmn, lrq
slxn] hfg] lrq j0f{g
df3 xfd|f] em08f $ xKtf @@ 3G6L g]kfnsf] em08f 5nkmn, lrq

k'g/fjnf]sg j0f{g
gd'gf k|Zgx¿
kmfu'g k/LIff ;~rfng @ xKtf !) 3G6L
k/LIffkmn
k|sfzg
r}q labf
81
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg
d"Nofª\sg eg]sf] s] xf] <
æljBfno, sIff / ljBfyL{ :jo+n] to u/]sf z}lIfs p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug]{ lbzfdf ljBfyL{n] xfl;n
u/]sf] k|ult g} d"Nofª\sg xf] .Æ
– h]D;= Pd= nL
æz}lIfs p2]Zox¿ s'g xb;Dd cfTd;ft ul/of] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmof g} d"Nofª\sg
xf] .Æ
– 6]n/
æljBfyL{x¿n] z}lIfs p2]Zox¿df s'g xb;Dd pknlAw xfl;n u/] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{
l;nl;n]jf/ Pjd\ lgoldt k|lqmof g} d"Nofª\sg xf] .Æ
–
u|f]gn08
obfsbf d"Nofª\sg / k/LIffnfO{ Pp6} ¿kdf klg a'e\mg] ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . oL b'O{ cnu s'/fx¿
x'g\ . d"Nofª\sg Pp6f k|lqmof xf] eg] k/LIff d"Nofª\sgsf] Pp6f ;fwg dfq xf] . k/LIff;DaGwL
hfgsf/Lx¿ -hf―rx¿af6 k|fKt_ sf] k|of]u lglZrt ;d"x;―u ;Da4 5 eg] d"Nofª\sg lg0f{o ug]{
s'/f;―u . d"Nofª\sg cTolws ljZn]if0ffTds / Jofks¿kdf k|of]u x'g] kbfjnL xf] eg] k/LIff Ps
lsl;dsf] dfkg k|0ffnL xf] .
d"Nofª\sg / k/LIffaLrsf] leGgtfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
d"Nofª\sg / k/LIffaLrsf] leGgtf

d"Nofª\sg k/LIff
1= 1fg jf ;Lksf] dfqf dfq lgwf{/0f gu/L 1= ljifoj:t';DaGwL 1fg / ;Lksf] dfqf
;d:t z}lIfs ljsf;sf] n]vfhf]vf /fVg', dfkg ug'{,
2= d"Nofª\sgdf ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k/LIffnufot 2= k/LIffsf ;fwgsf] ¿kdf ljleGg
JolQmTj k/LIf0f, cjnf]sg, cflb ljlwx¿ lsl;dsf pknlAw k/LIff / cGtjf{tf{
k|o'Qm x'G5g\, k|o'Qm x'G5g\,
3= lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof, 3= lglZrt ;dfofjlwdf ;~rfng x'g] k4lt
4= k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/g] k¢lt 4= d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ k¢lt
82
5= lzIfs, ljBfyL{, ;/f]sf/jfnfnufotsf 5= vf; u/L lzIfs / ljBfyL{ dfq ;xefuL
cfGtl/s Pjd\ jfx\o kIfsf] ;xeflutf /xg] k¢lt, ljz]if cj:yfdf cGo kIfsf]
/xg] k4lt klg ;xeflutf ck]lIft x'g] .
d"Nofª\sg ljlw
d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . oL d"Nofª\sgsf k|sf/x¿ x'g\M
 sIffsfo{
 u[xsfo{
 PsfO k/LIff
 q}dfl;s tyf cw{jflif{s k/LIff
 Jojxf/sf] cjnf]sg -lgoldttf, cg'zf;g cflb_
 cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk -v]ns'b, ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd cflb_
 ;xz}Ifl0fs lqmofsnfk -lxHh], xflh/L hjfkm cflb_
k|rngdf /x]sf d"Nofª\sg ljlwx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
 df}lvs
 lnlvt
 j:t'ut k|Zg
- ax'j}slNks k|Zg
- 7Ls ÷ a]7Ls
- hf]8f ldnfpg]
- vfnL 7fp― eg]{
 ljifout k|Zg
- 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg

83
;fwf/0f cy{df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg xf] . ljBfyL{
d"Nofª\sgaf6 l;sfOPsf s'/fx¿ pgLx¿n] s] slt l;s] jf l;s]gg eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt
x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftofM d"Nofª\sg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\M lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds . lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nofª\sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ ;do d} kQf nufpg ;lsg] / tTsfn ;'wf/fTds
lzIf0f u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eg] lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff
r9fpg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lng k|of]u ul/G5 . ctM ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fsf nflu ul/g] d"Nofª\sgnfO{
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg / ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff r9fpg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lng ul/g] d"Nofª\sgnfO{
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg elgG5 .
d"Nofª\sgsf] pko'Qm k4ltnfO{{ z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ ug]{ Pp6f cª\usf ¿kdf :jLsf/
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] dfWolds lzIffsf] ;Gbe{df d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL sIff pQL0f{ ug]{ p2]Zoaf6
qmdzM ljBfyL{df ;j{kIfLo lqmofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sgtkm{ pGd'v x'―b} uO/x]sf] 5 . lzIf0fl;sfOsf]
cfGtl/s cª\usf ¿kdf lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o;nfO{ pro-active evaluation
klg elgG5 . o;sf] lgoldt k|of]uaf6 lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{nfO{{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u
ldNg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg sfo{qmd jf z}lIfs ;qsf] cGtdf lnOG5 . o;nfO{ recto-active
evaluation klg elgG5 . s'g} k|lqmof, tflnd, lzIf0fl;sfO, kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0fkZrft\ To;sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{, sfof{Gjog ug]{ gug]{ lg0f{o ug'{, kf;k]mn ug'{
cflb lgof{ofTds d"Nofª\sgl;t ;DalGwt 5 . of] clGtd d"Nofª\sg ePsfn] o;nfO{ of]hgfsf/
jf of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ JolQm tyf ;+:yfn] gu/L afx\o JolQm tyf ;+:yfn] ug'{ pko'Qm dflgG5 .
z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ;~rfng x'g] cw{jflif{s k/LIff, jflif{s k/LIff Pjd\ cGo afx\o k/LIffx¿
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg / lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgdf km/s
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\s
 ljBfyL{nfO{{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u/L ;xL  kf; km]nsf] lg0f{o u5{ .
l;sfOsf nflu af6f] b]vfp―5 .  k|df0fkq k|bfg u5{ .
 ;d:ofnfO{{ ;dod} kQf nufO{ lg/fs/0f ug{  ljBfyL{sf] :t/ yfxf x'G5 .
;xof]u u5{ .
 lzIffsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] n]vfhf]vf u5{
 lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkdf g} ;'wf/ Nofp―5 .
 z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf
 kf; km]nsf] lg0f{o ub}{g . d"Nofª\sg u5{ .
 lzIffsf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]u ub{5 .
84
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k¢lt (Continuous Assessment System - CAS)
;fj{hlgs k/LIffk|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 lnOPsf k/LIffdf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf glthfn]

pgLx¿sf] ;du| JolQmTjsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;ls―b}g eGg] ljifodf ;fdfGotM
;a}sf] ;xdlt /x]sf] kfOG5 . lglZrt cjlwdf JolQmsf ljsf;sf ljljw kf6fx¿ v'n]sf x'G5g\
/ pgLx¿n] xfl;n u/]sf pknlAwx¿ ljleGg ;dodf cnucnu 9ª\un] d'vl/t eO/x]sf
x'G5g\, h;nfO{ jfx\o k/LIff k|0ffnLaf6 ;d]6\g ;ls+b}g . t;y{ lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf]
cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fl/Psf] xf] . z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf ;fy} JolQmsf] JolQmTjsf ;du| kf6fx¿nfO{
;d]6\g] u/L lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul//xg] d"Nofª\sgsf] kl/kf6LnfO{ g} lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k4lt eGg]
ul/G5 .
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k4ltn] ;d]6\g' kg]{ d'Vo a'b― fx¿ M
 ljBfnosf] k|f]kmfOn -lj:t[t ljj/0f_
 ljBfyL{sf] :jf:Yo cj:yf
 z}lIfs pknlAw
 JolQmut / ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ -h:t}M lgoldttf, cg'zf;g, ;/;kmfO cflb_
 d"No, dfGotf / dgf]j[lQ -lzIfs, ;xkf7L, z}lIfs sfo{qmd cflb_
 cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk -;ª\uLt, g[To, :jcWoog, n]vg, snfsfl/tf, v]ns'b, zf/Ll/s cEof;
cflb_ .
lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k¢lt lsg <

 lzIf0fl;sfOsf] cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf lg/Gt/ hf/L /xg] k|lqmofsf ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{
ljBfyL{sf] ;dli6ut JolQmTjsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{,
 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t (Competency based) lzIf0f Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg 9f―rfk|lt
hfu?s u/fpg,
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;du| ljsf;sf ljZj;gLo / hfoh k|df0fx¿ h'6fpg
 ljBfyL{, lzIf0f / l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f af/] ;dofg's"n Pjd\ pko'Qm lg0f{ox¿ lng,
 lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{df lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{sf ;fy}
pgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ;Lk clej[l4 ug{ .
ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf (School Improvement Plan)

85
z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] ;fljs cEof;af6 ck]lIft ¿kdf z}lIfs u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ g;lsPsf]
eGg] lgisif{df cfwfl/t eO{ z}lIfs ;'wf/sf] /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf ljs]lGb|s[t z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f
k|of; jt{dfgdf k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . ljs]lGb|t z}lIfs of]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff d'tfljs :yfgLo
z}lIfs of]hgfsf] ¿kdf xfn ;fn} k|To]s ljBfnon] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf (School
Improvement Plan) tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBfnosf] ;du| ljsf; u/L ljBfyL{sf] pRr l;sfOpknlAw:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ kIfdf s]lGb|t /xL
ljBfnosf ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿ -cleejs, k|=c=, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / ;d'bfo_ sf]
;xeflutfdf ljBfno d} lgdf{0f ul/g] of]hgfnfO{ School Improvement Plan (SIP) elgG5 .
:yfgLo cfjZostf, rfxfgf / k|fyldstf k|ltlglwTj u/L ljBfno k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug]{
clek|foaf6 SIP sf] yfngL u/]sf] kfOG5 . lzIff ljefuaf6 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff
sfo{qmdb]lv SIP df cfwfl/t cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/
SIP lgdf{0f u/L ;f] adf]lhd sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ ljBfnonfO{ k|fylds ljBfnosf] xsdf %–
( jif{ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf cg'kftdf k|lt ljBfyL{ lglZrt /sdn] x'g cfpg] Psd'i6 ah]6
jflif{s ¿kdf ljBfnonfO{ cg'bfg :j¿k k|bfg ul/G5 . To:tf] ah]6 ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs
pknlAw:t/ a9fpg] Pjd\ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{ ;f]e}m ;3fp k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd h:t}M
lzIfs tflnd, z}lIfs ;fdu|L v/Lb÷lgdf{0f, lzIfssf] k];fut a}7s÷;]ldgf/ cflb ;~rfng
ug{ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .
lzIff If]qdf ;fdfGotof z}lIfs of]hgf eGgfn] p2]Zox¿ (Targets) sf] lgwf{/0f / tL p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu /0fgLltx¿ to ug]{ sfo{nfO{ a'emfp―5 . o;df s] k|fKt ug]{ / s] klxn] g} k|fKt
ul/of] eGg] s'/fn] cxd\ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . z}lIfs of]hgfdf p2]Zox¿n] ljBfnosf] uGtJo
(Where to reach) sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5g\ eg] SWOT analysis cyf{t\, ;an kIf
(Strengths), b'a{n kIf (Weaknesses), cj;/ (Opportunities) / r'gf}tL (Threats) x¿sf]
lr/kmf/ (Diagnosis) n] ljBfnosf] jt{dfg l:ylt (Where we are) sf af/]df ;"rgf k|bfg
ub{5 .
To;}n] SWOT analysis ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf (SIP) sf] th'{dfsf nflu k|f/lDes sfo{ xf] eGg]
a'lemG5 . SWOT analysis Pp6f o:tf] k|lqmof xf] h;n] jt{dfgdf xfl;n ul/Psf
pknlAwx¿sf] oyfy{k/s n]vfhf]vf ub{5 . o;/L ljBfnosf ;an / sdhf]/ kIf kQfnufO{
To;}sf] n]vfhf]vfsf] cfwf/df p2]Zox¿ (Targets) to ul/G5g\ .
z}lIfs of]hgfdf SWOT analysis jf Diagnosis n] pknlAw (Achievements) / Jojwfgx¿
(Constraints) sf] plrt 9ª\un] n]vfhf]vf (Assessment) ub{5 . ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{
k|foMh;f] pknlAwx¿sf] k|flKt ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfn] ck]Iff u/]cg'¿k gx'g ;S5 . ctM
SWOT analysis n] oL ljleGg Jojwfgx¿ kQf nufpg ;xof]u ub{5 tfls csf]{ k6s th'{df /
sfof{Gjog ul/g] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfaf6 oL Jojwfgx¿ x6fpg ;lsof];\ .
86
!= of]hgf lgdf{0fsf d'Vo r/0fx¿
sfof{no ;~rfngsf] ;Gbe{df of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ ljleGg r/0fx¿ k"/f ug'{kb{5 . To;dWo]
d'Vod'Vo o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M–
s_ jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f (Diagnosis of situation)
ljBfnosf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ ljBdfg cj:yf h:t} ljBfnosf] ef}lts Pjd\ dfgjLo Ifdtf,
jf≈o kl/j]z, cfjZostf, sfo{ k|0ffnL cflb kIfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf nflu jfws
kIf cyjf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 .
v_ eljiosf] sfo{lbzf lgwf{/0f (Projection for the future)
k|ult pGd'v ;'wf/sf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nlfu eljiodf lng'kg]{
jfl~5t kxnsf af/]df b"/b[li6k"0f{ sfo{lbzfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ bf];f| ] dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f xf] .
o;nfO{ uGtJo lgwf{/0f jf p2]Zo rog sf] k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf klg x]l/G5 .
u_ of]hgf tof/L (Plan preparation)
lgwf{l/t p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ckgfpg' kg]{ sfo{k|0ffnL Pjd\ sfo{snfksf] klxrfg u/L
To;sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t;fdu|L / lhDd]jf/L af―8kmF―8sf] Jojl:yt k]mxl/:t tof/ ug]{
sfo{ o; r/0f cGtu{t kb{5 .
@= ljBfno:t/sf] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿
;fljssf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Ls[t z}lIfs of]hgf\sf] cEof; hf/L /x]sf] eP tfklg z}lIfs
Joj:yfkgdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|of; yfngL ePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf :yfgLo:t/df of]hgf
lgdf{0fsf] kl/kf6L yfngL ul/―b}5 .
z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo of]hgf eGgfn] ljBfno:t/df lgdf{0f x'g]
of]hgfnfO{ klg a'e\mg ;lsG5 . o:tf] :yfgLo of]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo cleefjs, ljBfyL{,
lzIfs, ;d'bfo h;nfO{ ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿ klg elgG5, cflb ;+nUg eO{ ;fd"lxs
¿kdf of]hgf tof/ u/L ljBfnosf] ;du| ljsf;df ;fd"lxs k|of; yfngL ul/G5 .
o:tf] of]hgf :jtGq geO{ ljleGg tTjx¿sf] clwgdf /xg' kg]{ x'G5 . tL tTjx¿ dWo] d'Vod'Vo
tTjx¿ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M–
s_ ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / rfxgf
v_ /fi6««sf] z}lIfs gLlt / k|fyldstf
u_ lzIff Joj:yfkg;DaGwL P]g÷lgod
87
3_ ljBfnosf] Ifdtf
ª_ ;'wf/sf nflu ljBfnosf] tof/L (Preparedness for development)
88
SIP lgdf{0fsf r/0fx¿
lzIff ljefuaf6 k|sflzt SIP lgdf{0f;DaGwL b:tfj]hx¿sf cfwf/df SIP lgdf{0f ubf{ ckgfpg'
kg]{ r/0fx¿sf] ;lj:tf/ j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\If]kdf tL r/0fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
s_ ljBfno Pjd\ ;d'bfosf] ljj/0f
!= ljBfnosf] cjl:ylt
o; efudf ljBfno /x]sf] c~rn, lhNnf, uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=, jf8{ g+= tyf 6f]n ;d]t pNn]v
ug'{k5{ / ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg sxf―g]/ k5{, ;f];d]t v'nfpg'k5{ .
@= ljBfnosf] ;]jfIf]qsf] klxrfg
o; efudf ljBfnosf] ;]jf If]qleq kg]{ ufp―‘6f]nx¿sf] gfd, ljBfnosf] ;]jfIf]q;―u
hf]l8Psf cGo ljBfnox¿ / ltgLx¿aLrsf] cg'dflgt b"/L ;d]t pNn]v ug'{k5{ . d'Vo j:tL
/ ;d'bfoaf6 ljBfno k'Ug nfUg] ef}uf]lns b"/L, ;do / To;df kg]{ k|fs[lts cj/f]wx¿
;d]t :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{k5{ . o;df ljBfnosf] rf/ lsNnf, l;dfgf tyf
;b/d'sfdb]lv k'Ug] ef}uf]lns ljj/0f cflb pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
#= ljBfno ;]jf If]qsf] ;d'bfo;―u ;DalGwt ljj/0f
ljBfnon] cfk\mgf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ ljBfnoleqsf kIfx¿df ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 eGg]
klg k|jn ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ljBfno–;d'bfon] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf tof/ ug]{ ljBfno
;'wf/ of]hgfdf ljBfno ;]jf If]qleqsf] ljj0f lnO{ To;nfO{ klg of]hgfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5
eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ .
$= ljBfno;―u ;DalGwt ljj/0f
ljBfnosf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;
;j{k|yd ljBfno :yfkgf;DaGwL ljj/0f,;+:yfksx¿ tyf ;'?df s;/L ;~rfng ePsf]
lyof] < slxn]b]lv k"0f{ ¿kdf ;~rfng sfo{ ;'? eof] < cflb s'/fx¿sf] ;fy} ljBfno
;~rfng ug{ ;d'bfon] v]n]sf] e"ldsf :ki6 pNn]v ug'{k5{ M
ljBfyL{;DaGwL ljj/0f
 ljBfyL{ egf{
 sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg], 5f]8\g] / pQL0f{ x'g] b/
 ljBfyL{sf] ljifout tyf sIffut l;sfO cf};t pknlAw
lzIfs;DaGwL ljj/0f
89
lzIfsx¿sf] xsdf k"/f gfd / kb;lxt hDdf, k'?if, dlxnf, pd]/, of]Uotf, tflndsf]
l:ylt, hfthflt, 3/df af]lng] efiff, gful/stf, :yfgLo jf aflx/af6 cfPsf] cflb ;fy}
k|To]s lzIfsx¿sf] a;f]jf; ePsf] lhNnf hGd ldlt, lzIf0f cg'ej, :yfoL, c:yfoL, lghL
;|f]t cflb .
ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf
 ljBfnon] 9fs]sf] If]q / cGo hldgsf] If]qkmn, :jfldTj / agf]6 tyf jl/kl/sf]
j:t'l:ylt, e–"Ifo, e"–;+/If0f cflbsf] ljj/0f .
 ljBfnosf] ejg, sIffsf]7f tyf aflx/L jftfj/0f, h:t} – vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno,
sDkfpG8 jfn, ejgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof Pjd\ ltgLx¿sf] jt{dfg cj:yf, hDdf sIffsf]7f,
sf]7fx¿sf] ;fOh tyf k|of]u, v]nd}bfg, sDkfpG8 kvf{n ePsf]÷gePsf] cflb .
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f
ljBfnodf ljBdfg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kf/L tL z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cj:yf
cflb .
ljBfnosf] cfDbfgL / vr{ ljj/0f
o;df ut cfly{s jif{sf] ljleGg zLif{sx¿ cGtu{tsf /sd, ltgLx¿sf] ;|f]t tyf ljleGg
zLif{s cGtu{tsf vr{x¿ pNn]v ug'{k5{ . tf]lsPsf] zLif{sdf pNn]v ug{ g;lsg] /sdnfO{
vfnL dxndf zLif{s hgfP/ pNn]v ug'{k5 .
v_ d'Vo d'2f÷;d:ofx¿ (Major Issues and Problems)
klxnf] v08df plNnlvt ljj/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;DalGwt ljBfnosf k|d'v

;d:of tyf d'2fx¿nfO{ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfn] d'Vo ¿kdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . d'2f tyf
;d:ofx¿ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v u'g{'k5{ .
u_ cfjZostfsf] klxrfg
ljBfno;―u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 oL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lgldQ ug'{kg]{
pkfox¿sf] klxrfg g} cfjZostfsf] klxrfg xf] . ;a} cfjZostfx¿ Ps}rf]6L kl/k"lt{ ug{
;lsb}g . To;sf/0f ljBfnosf cfjZostfx¿sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;f]
ubf{ cToGt h?/L s'/fx¿ klxn] / c¿ s'/fx¿ qmlds ¿kn] cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg
;f]rsf cfwf/df ;DkGg ug]{ u/L ;dfj]z ub}{ /fVb} hfg'[kb{5 . k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ubf{
klxrfg ePsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5 . cfjZostfsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ubf{
ljBfno cfk}mn] ug{ ;Sg] s'/f slt x'g < sltdf ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u rflxG5 < sltsf nflu
90
ah]6sf] cfjZostf kg]{ xf] < ah]6 a]u/ klg ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{qmdx¿ s]s] x'g\
To;df Wofg /fVg'kb{5 .
3_ ljBfnosf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f
dflysf r/0fx¿ k"/f ul/;s]kl5 ljBfnon] cGttf]uTjf s:tf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;S5,
;f]sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r jf cª\uLsf/ ug]{ gLlt :ki6 pNn]v u/L ;f]df ;a}sf] ;fd"lxs
;xdlt / k|lta4tf xfl;n ug'{kb{5 . ljBfnosf p2]Zox¿ cjnDag ul/g] /0fgLltx¿af6
lgb]{lzt ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
ª_ ljBfnosf p2]Zox¿
dfly pNn]v ePsf kIfx¿sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f cjnDag ul/Psf /0fgLltsf cfwf/df
ljBfnosf p2]Zox¿ to ul/g'kb{5 . p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ xfdL s] xfl;n ug{ rfxG5f}― eGg]
s'/f :ki6¿kdf pNn]v x'g'kb{5 . ljBfnosf p2]Zo to ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;a}n] k|:6
a'e\mg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . o;df ;a}sf] ;xdlt / ;fd"lxs k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
91
r_ nIo tyf ;"rssf] lgwf{/0f
p2]Zox¿ qmlds ¿kaf6dfq k"/f x'g ;S5g\ . s'g s'/f s]slt xbdf / slxn];Dddf k|fKt
ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f x'g'nfO{ g} nIo lgwf{/0f elgG5 eg] tf]lsPsf] nIo xfl;n
eP÷gePsf] hfFRg] s;Lsf ¿kdf ;"rsx¿sf] k|of]u x'G5 . lgwf{l/t sfo{qmdn] ck]lIft
kl/0ffd lbPsf] 5÷5}g, jf s'g xb;Dd lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f hf―RgnfO{ ;d]t ;"rssf] k|of]u
ul/G5 . ljBfnosf] jt{dfg z}lIfs l:ylt hgfpg] ljleGg ;"rsx¿sf] u0fgf (Calculate)
u/L tflnsfdf /fVg'k5{ . d'Vo ;"rsx¿df ;xh}b]lvg] egf{k|ltzt, v'b egf{k|ltzt, lzIfs–
ljBfyL{ cg'kft, lzIfssf] cf};t pkl:ylt, ljBfyL{sf] cf};t pkl:ylt cflb /xG5g\ .
5_ sfo{qmd Pjd\ /0fgLltx¿
ljBfnosf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ePkl5 ltgsf] k|flKtsf nflu s]s:tf z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ < lsg ug]{ < s;/L ug]{ < slxn];Dddf ug]{ < oL ljifodf Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf
sfo{qmdx¿ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;a}sf] ;fd"lxs k|of;af6 ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . to
ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cf}lrTotf ;d]t k'li6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} tL sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;d]t tf]lsg' k5{ .
h_ ;|f]tx¿sf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f
:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] Pscfk;df 5nkmn u/]/ ;d'bfo tyf ljBfnodf xfn pknAw
eO/x]sf ;|f]tx¿sf] pNn]v ug'{k5{ . pknAw x'g ;Sg] ;|f]tx¿sf] vf]hL Pjd\ klxrfg ubf{
cfk;L e]63f6, :yfgLo lgsfo;―u 5nkmn, ;Da4 lgsfo;―u cg'/f]w ug]{ h:tf k|lqmofx¿
rnfpg' k5{ . o:tf ;|f]tx¿ klxrfg ug]{ qmddf xfn pknAw gePsf t/ eljiodf pknAw
x'g ;Sg] ePdf To:tf ;|f]tx¿ ;d]t pNn]v ug'{k5{ . cfjZos ePdf uf=lj=;=;―u a}7s,
lh=lz=sf= tyf ;|f]tJolQm;―u ;dGjo u/L ;|f]tx¿sf] vf]hL ul/g' k5{ . ljBfno /
;d'bfosf] cfk\mg} ;|f]teGbf aflx/sf ;|f]tx¿sf] pNn]v ug'{ kbf{ tL ;+:yfx¿;―u clgjfo{
¿kdf 5nkmn ug'{k5{ .
em_ cg'udg of]hgf
jflif{s of]hgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DkGg ePsf]÷gePsf],
;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] eP ;f]sf] sf/0f / lhDd]jf/ JolQm / b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿ /
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ kQf nufO{ ;~rfnsnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] of]hgf g} cg'udg of]hgf
xf] . tof/ ul/Psf] of]hgf ljBdfg gLltcg'¿k 5÷5}g < To;df /flvPsf nIox¿ k|fKt
ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf 5g\÷5}gg\ < pNn]v ul/Psf ;|f]tx¿ ljZj;gLo 5g\÷5}gg\ < egL
n]vfhf]vf ug'{kb{5 . n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu ljBfnon] of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 ;f] of]hgf
;|f]ts]Gb|df k]; ug'{kb{5 . ;|f]ts]Gb|df k]z ul/Psf] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf cfjZos
;/;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj lng / To;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ ;DalGwt uflj; cWoIf, ;DalGwt
92
;|f]ts]Gb|sf] ;|f]tJolQm÷ljBfno lg/LIfs, ;|f]ts]Gb|÷ljBfnosf] k|c sf] a}7s ;|f]ts]Gb|df
a;fpg' k5{ .
-;|f]t M != k|fylds ljBfno k|c Joj:yfkg tflnd ;fdu|L_
93
afnljsf; tyf dgf]lj1fg
ljBfnodf ;DkGg x'g] afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO pgLx¿sf] ljsf; / dgf]lj1fg;―u ulx/f] ¿kdf
hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljBfnodf sfd ug]{ lzIfsx¿n] cfk"mn] lzIf0f ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, eflifs ljsf;sf ;fy} dgf]j}1flgs kIfsf af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug'{kb{5 . cfwf/e"t ljBfno tx -k|fylds / lgDgdfWolds_ df cWoog ug{ cfpg] ljBfyL{x¿
k"j{ afNofj:yf, pQ/ afNofj:yf / lszf]/fj:yfsf x'g] ePsfn] o; txdf lzIf0f ug]{
lzIfsx¿n] tL pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljsf;fTds ljz]iftfx¿ / kIfx¿sf] /fd|f]
hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos 5 . lzIfsdf o:tf] hfgsf/L ePdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] dgf]efjgf a'e]m/
ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 .
k"j{ afNofj:yf / o;sf ljz]iftfx¿

of] afnaflnsfx¿sf] @ jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Ddsf] ljsf;fTds cj:yf xf] . of] cj:yf kfl/jfl/s
jftfj/0faf6 ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f;―u ;dfof]hg x'g] cj:yf klg xf] . o; cj:yfdf zf/Ll/s
j[l4eGbf ;fdflhs, ;Dj]ufTds, dfgl;s / jfrg Ifdtfdf a9L ljsf; x'G5 . lx8\g l;Sg', 7f];
vfgf vfg l;Sg', af]Ng l;Sg', lb;flk;fa lgoGq0f ug{ l;Sg', pkof]uL zAbe08f/ j[l4 ug'{,
pRrf/0f / af]w Ifdtf a9fpg', of}g ljleGgtf af/] l;Sg', 7Ls a]l7s 5'6\ofpg l;Sg', r]tgf
ljsf;sf] ;'?jft x'g', cfk\mgf cfdf, afa', bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL / cfkmGthgx¿;―u ;DaGw /fVg
l;Sg' o; cj:yfsf ljsf;fTds sfo{ x'g\ .
!= of] ;d:ofsf] pd]/ xf] .
@= of] v]nf}gfsf] pd]/ xf] .
#= of] k"j{ ljBfno pd]/ xf] .
$= of] k"j{ afn ;d"x pd]/ xf] .
%= of] cGj]if0ffTds pd]/ xf] .
^= of] cg's/0f ug]{ pd]/ xf] .
&= of] l;h{gfTds pd]/ xf] .
pQ/ afNofj:yf / o;sf ljz]iftfx¿
94
^ jif{b]lv of}g kl/kSjtf k|fKt gu/];Ddsf] cjlwsf] ljsf;fTds cj:yf pQ/ afNofj:yf xf] .
;fdfGotof s]6Lx¿ !# jif{ / s]6fx¿ !$ jif{b]lv df}g kl/kSjtf k|fKt ub{5g\ . To;}n] ^
jif{b]lv !@ jif{;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ pQ/ afNofj:yf elgG5 . of] cj:yf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfk\mgf]
eljiosf] hLjgz}nL ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cj:yf xf] . o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿ cln a9L r~rn
/ lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . v]ns"b, gfrufg / lx―88"n ug{ o; cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿ a9L dfqfdf
?rfp―5g\ .
95
pQ/ afNofj:yfsf ljz]iftfx¿
!= of] ;d:ofk"0f{ pd]/ xf] .
@= of] kmf]x/L pd]/ xf] .
#= of] emu8f ug]{ pd]/ xf] .
$= of] k|f/lDes ljBfno pd]/ xf] .
%= of] gfh's cj:yfsf] pd]/ xf] .
^= of] afn;d"xsf] pd]/ xf] .
&= of] /rgfTds pd]/ xf] .
*= of] v]nsf] pd]/ xf] .
(= of] v';L x'g] pd]/ klg xf] .
k"j{lszf]/fj:yf / o;sf ljz]iftfx¿

of] afnaflnsfx¿sf] !#–!$ jif{;Ddsf] pd]/ ;d"xsf] cj:yf xf] . o; cj:yfdf
afnaflnsfx¿sf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;Dj]ufTds, of}g tyf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] Jofks
kl/jt{g x'G5g\ . of] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿ ck|hgg\zLnaf6 k|hgg\zLn k|f0fLsf] cj:yfdf
kl/jt{g x'G5g\ . o; cj:yfdf afNoj:yfdf b]lvg] ljz]iftfx¿ qmdzM x/fp―b} hfG5g\ . Root
sf cg';f/ of] of}gfª\ux¿ kl/kSj x'g] / ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fKt x'g] of}g
kl/kSjtfsf] cj:yf xf] .
k"j{ lszf]/fj:yfsf ljz]iftfx¿

!= of] vlK6Psf] cj:yf xf] .
@= of] ltj| j[l4 / kl/jt{gsf] cj:yf xf] .
#= of] Pp6f gsf/fTds cj:yf klg xf] .
$= of] ljleGg pd]/df cfpg] cj:yf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
clwsf/L, x]dfª\u/fh -@)%)_, g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f . sf7df8f}+ s'~hn k|sfzg .
96
clwsf/L, lji0f'k|;fb -@)^&_, k|fylds lzIfs lbUbz{g . sf7df8f}+ cflzif a'S; cfp; k|f=ln= .
vgfn, tf]ofgfy -@)%%_, efiff lzIf0fdf lzIf0f ljlwx¿sf] dxŒj / jt{dfg cj:yf . z}lIfs
pGgog . sf7df8f}+ M z}lIfs k|jw{g s]Gb| g]kfn .
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| -@)^@_, k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd . eQmk'/ M n]vs .
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| -@)^$_, lgDgdfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmd . eQmk'/ M n]vs .
OlG:6Ro'6 ckm cf]kg nlg{ª g]kfn -@)^%_, lzIff dgf]lj1fg . sf7df8f}+ M n]vs .
97
lzIf0f l;sfO tyf sIff Joj:yfkg
lzIf0f ljlw / k|lqmof

xfdL hLjgdf h] hlt 1fg, ;Lk tyf afgL Jojxf/ l;S5f}― To;sf s]xL dfWod / tl/sfx¿
5g\ . xfdLn] 1fg, ;Lk tyf cg'ej xfl;n ug{ xfd|f 1fg]lGb|o / OlGb|ox¿sf] kl/rfng
u5f}― . h:tf] ls xfdL ;'g]/ l;S5f}―, b]v]/ l;S5f},― k9]/ l;S5f},― af]n]/ l;Sb5f},― 5fd]/ l;S5f},―
sfd u/]/ l;S5f},― k/]/ l;S5f},― ef]u]/ l;S5f},― v]n]/ l;S5f}― . jf:tljs hLjgdf dflg;n]
s;/L l;Sbf] /x]5 eGg] ljifodf ulx/f] cjnf]sg, cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg u/]/
lzIffljb\x¿n] dflg;af6 l;Sg] tl/sf jf k|lqmof -Learning process_ klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ .
log} l;Sg] tl/sfx¿nfO{ l;sfO k|lqmof elgG5 . k|f}9 tyf afnsn] l;Sg] tl/sfsf cfwf/df
l;sfpg]n] cjnDag ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ lzIf0f ljlw -Teaching Methods_ elgG5 .
k|rlnt lzIf0f ljlwx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
s= JofVofg ljlw
;'gfOaf6 klg l;sfO x'G5 eGg] :yflkt dfGotfsf cfwf/df lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] ;fd'Gg]
uP/ ljifoj:t'sf] JofVof, j0f{g, k|jrg ug]{ ljlw xf] . ;a} k|sf/sf ljifoj:t' l;Sg of]
ljlwaf6 ;Dej 5}g . JofVofgsf ;fydf xfpefp, clego, j:t'÷lrq÷rf6{÷gS;fsf]
k|of]u, k|Zgf]t/fTdstf -Interactivity_ yk]/ JofVofg ljlwnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
;lsG5 .
v= 5nkmn ljlw
jfb] jfb] hfot] tTj af]w eg]e}―m af]n]/, ts{ ljts{ u/]/, jfbljjfb u/]/ l;sfO x'G5
eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df 5nkmn ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 . 5nkmn hf]8Ldf, ;d"xdf,
Kofg]ndf cflb ljleGg tl/sfn] u/fpg ;lsG5 .
u= k|bz{g ljlw
ljBfyL{n] x]g{÷b]Vg÷cjnf]sg ug{ kfP eg] l;sfO x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf of] ljlw k|of]u
ul/G5 . j:t', lrq, rf6{, kf]:6/, gS;f, jftfj/0f, sfo{k|lqmof, cflb ljBfyL{nfO{ x]g{ jf
cjnf]sg ug{ nufOG5 . k|bz{gsf] ;fydf 5f]6f] j0f{g jf ;ª\lIfKt k7g ;fdu|L ePdf
of] ljlw cem k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
3= k|Zgf]t/ ljlw
98
ljBfyL{x¿df lh1f;f pTkGg ug]{ u/L k|:t't eP/ ljljw k|Zg u/]/ / ljBfyL{n] k|Zg
ug]{ jftfj/0f ldnfP/ of] ljlw ;~rfng ul/G5 . ljifoj:t' dfly dGyg, ts{ ljts{,
lh1f;f k|:t'lt ub}{ lgisif{x¿ lgdf{0f ul/G5 .
ª= clego tyf e"ldsf lgjf{x ljlw
ljBfyL{n] g} s'g} j:t', JolQm, kfq, hgfj/, r/f, sfo{k|lqmof cflbsf] gSsn k|:t'lt ug]{,
clego ug]{, ;;fgf gf6ssf] kfq e}―m e"ldsf lgefpg] tl/sf o; ljlwdf cjnDag
ul/G5 .
r= syf syfg ljlw

ljifoj:t'nfO{ lzIfsn] syf eg] h:tf] u/L k|:t't u5{g . ljleGg b[i6fGt / 36gf
-Case_ k|:t't ul/G5 . k|jrgsf] z}nL ePklg syfsf] h:tf] :jfb -Flavour_ ljBfyL{n]
kfp―5g\ .
5= v]n ljlw
;fgf afnaflnsf v]n v]Ng a9L ?rfp―5g . pgLx¿sf] ?lrnfO{ k|of]u ub}{ ljifoj:t'nfO{
v]n lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf tof/ ul/G5 . v]Ng] qmddf ljBfyL{n] l;Sg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
l;ls/x]sf÷cEof; ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
h= kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljlw
u/]/÷k/]/÷ef]u]/ l;sfO x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf of] ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 . ljBfyL{ ;lqmotf
a9L x'g] / l;sfO jf:tljs, :jefljs x'g'sf ;fy} /rgfTds -Constructive _ 1fg
lgdf{0f x'G5 .
em= cjnf]sg tyf e|d0f ljlw
x]/]/, b]v]/, k|fs[lts÷:jefljs cj:yfdf j:t', JolQm tyf k|0ffnL;―u ;fIffTsf/ x'―bf
l;sfO x'G5 . o;} cfwf/df of] ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 / lgs} k|efjsf/L klg dflgG5 .
`= vf]h ljlw
ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿s} k|of;n] s'g} s'/f vf]Hg, kQf nufpg, 7x¥ofpg nufP/ of] ljlw
k|of]u ul/G5 .
6= ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw
;f]r ljrf/ - Insightful _ u/]/ pkfosf] vf]hL ubf{ l;sfO x'G5 . To;}n] ;d:of lbO{
;dfwfg ug{ nufOG5 .
99
oL ljlwdWo] s'g} Ps ljlwsf] k|of]u ubf{ lzIfssf] a9L ;lqmotf cfjZostf k5{ eGg]
s'g}df ljBfyL{sf] ;lqmotf a9L x'G5 . l;sfO k|lqmof ;~rfng ug{ ljlwsf] k|of]u ubf{
lzIfs jf ljBfyL{dWo]sf] a9L ;lqmo x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df oL ljlwx¿nfO{ lzIfs s]lGb|t
ljlw tyf ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlw eg]/ 5'6\ofpg] ul/G5 .
lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlwx¿ ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlwx¿

 JofVofg jf k|jrg  5nkmn
 k|bz{g  clego -ljBfyL{n] ug]{ _
 k|Zgf]Q/  e"ldsf lgjf{x
 syfsyg  cjnf]sg e|d0f
 v]n
 kl/of]hgf sfo{
 vf]h
 ;d:of ;dfwfg
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf l;sf?sf] ;lqmotf lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . To;}n] l;sfO
k|lqmofnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L l;sf? ;lqmo x'g] u/fpg lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlw 5gf]6
ug'{k5{ . oBlk ljlw 5gf]6 ug{ lgDg kIfx¿n] e"ldsf v]N5g\ M
s= afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfpg nfluPsf] ljifo j:t'sf] k|s[lt
v= pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg÷;fdu|L
u= ljBfyL{sf ?lr, Ifdtf, l;sfO z}nL
3= pknAw ;do
ª= lzIfssf] bIftf, cfTdljZjf;
r= l;sfO p2]Zosf] tx -Domain and level_, cflb .
lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ lzIfsn] lgDglnlvt kIfdf klg
ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ M
s= k"j{1fg x'―b} gof― ljifoj:t'tk{m n}hfg] -Known to unknown_
100
v= 7f]; / k|ToIf cg'ej x'―b} efjfTds ljifoj:t'tk{m n}hfg] -Concrete to abstract_
u= ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt x]/L pko'Qmtfg';f/ k"0f{af6 c+zlt/ jf c+zaf6 k"0f{lt/ nfg]
-Whole to part or part to whole_
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yf
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfnfO{ a'e\mg tnsf pbfx/0f k9f}― .
1fgf]bo df=lj= jfkmndf –
s= sIff Psdf ldng la8f/Ln] k9fpg' x'G5 . pxf― lbgel/ ToxL Pp6f sIffdf k9fpg'
x'G5 . jif{el/s} nflu sIff Ps pxf―sf] lhDdfdf 5 . sIff Pssf ljBfyL{n] jif{el/df
xfl;n ug'{kg]{ ;a} l;sfO pknlAw÷;a} ljifo pxf―n] g} l;sfpg' k5{ . To;}u/L sIff
b'O{df nIdL v8\sfn] / sIff ltgdf OlGb/f cfrfo{n] k9fpg'x'G5 . lzIf0fsf] o:tf]
Joj:yfnfO{ sIff lzIf0f - Grade Teaching_ elgG5 . Pp6f sIffdf l;sfpg'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{
s'/f Pp6} lzIfsn] l;sfpg] Joj:yf .
v= sIff rf/df eg] o:tf] Joj:yf 5}g . km/skm/s ljifosf lzIfsx¿ k|To]s lbg
cfcfk\mgf] 306Ldf sIffdf uP/ cfk\mgf] ljifodfq k9fp―5g\ . ljifocg';f/sf
lzIfs÷ljBfyL{n] k|To]s ljifo cnUu} lzIfsaf6 l;Sg kfp―5g\ . o:tf] lzIf0f
Joj:yfnfO{ ljifo lzIf0f - Subject Teaching_ elgG5 . sIff pxL ePklg
ljifocg';f/sf w]/} lzIfsn] k9fpg] Joj:yf .
u= hgtf k|f=lj= vnª\ufsf] eg] lzIf0f Joj:yf cs}{ 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿ b'O{ ;d"xdf
af―l8P/ b'Ocf]6f sf]7fdf a;]sf 5g\ . ljBfno cfpg yfn]sf] tLg jif{ jf rf/ jif{ k"/f
ePsf ;a}h;f] s]6fs]6Lx¿ sf]7f g+= ‖s‗ df a:5g\ . ljBfno cfpg yfn]sf] tLg jif{
gk'u]sf s]6fs]6Lx¿ ;a} sf]7f g+= ‖v‗ df a:5g\ . b'j} sIffdf ;fgf7"nf, km/skm/s
pd]/ ePsf ljBfyL{ 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej, a'emfOsf] tx klg lgs}
km/skm/s 5 . lzIfsnfO{ sIffdf ePsf ;a} ljBfyL{sf] ljleGgtf yfxf 5 . clen]v
klg 5 . Ps hgf lzIfs sf]7f g+= ‖s‗ df k9fp―5g\ csf]{ sf]7f g+= ‖v‗ df . ljBfyL{sf]
leGgtfsf] Vofn ub}{ lzIfsn] kf7\oj:t'sf] ;dfof]hg ub}{ ljleGg tl/sf k|of]u u/L
h;n] h] l;Sg'kg]{ xf] of]hgfa4 tl/sfaf6 l;sfO /x]sf x'G5g\ . jif{cg';f/sf sIff
5}gg\ . o:tf] lzIf0f Joj:yf ax'sIff lzIf0f -Multigrade Teaching _ xf] . a9L jif{
:s'n k9]sf / sd jif{ :s'n k9]sf ljBfyL{ Pp6} sIffdf a;]/ k9\g] Joj:yf .
dflysf tLg y/L lzIf0f Joj:yfdf s'g rfxL― ;a}eGbf /fd|f] < jf s'g /f]Hg] t < s'g
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yf /f]Hg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{ lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿n] k|efj kf5{g\ M
101
 ljBfnosf] tx÷;~rflnt sIffx¿
 ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof÷lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft
 k9fpg'kg]{ ljifo If]qx¿
 lzIfssf] bIftf
 cfly{s ldtJolotf
 ;|f]t ;fwg cflb .
cfk\mgf] ljBfnosf] kl/l:yltcg';f/ sd vlr{nf] / k|efjsf/L x'g] u/L Pp6f lzIf0f
Joj:yf 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsG5 . k|To]s k|sf/sf lzIf0f Joj:yfsf ;jn kIf - Strengths_
/ sdhf]/ kIf -Drawbacks_ 5g\ .
sIff lzIf0f ax'sIff lzIf0f ljifo lzIf0f
 lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr 3lgi6tf  lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr  3lgi6tf sd x'g] .
a9L x'g] . 3lgi6tf a9L x'g] .  lrgf/L sd x'g]
 lzIfsn] k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{  lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ uxg
 306Ldf ;Lldt ;do
uxg ¿kdf lrGg] . ¿kdf lrGg] .
 nueu ;dfg txsf
 306L jf ;do tflnsf afws  306L jf ;do tflnsf
ljBfyL{ ePsfn] Ps}
gx'g] . afws gx'g] . k|sf/sf lqmofsnfk eP
 nueu ;dfg txsf ljBfyL{  l;sfO Ifdtf÷txcg';f/ k'Ug] .
ePsfn] Ps} k|sf/sf ljljw lqmofsnfk cfjZos  7"nf / cg'ejLaf6 l;Sg]
lqmofsnfk eP k'Ug] . kg]{ cj;/ sd .
 ;dfg txsf ePsfn] 7"nf /  hfGg] ljBfyL{af6 l;Sb}  cfk\mgf] ljifodf bIf
cg'ejLaf6 l;Sg] cj;/ u/]sfnfO{ dbt k'¥ofpg lzIfs eP k'Ug] .
sd . ;lsg] .
 ljifout lzIfs x'g] .
 ;a} ljifodf Pp6} bIf lzIfs  ;a} ljifodf Pp6} bIf
rflxg] . lzIfs rflxg] .  ljifocg';f/sf lzIfs
rflxg] .
 PsLs[t lzIf0f ug]{ ;Dej  PsLs[t lzIf0f ug{ ;Dej .
 sIffut / ljifout
 k|lt sIff Ps lzIfs eP  ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof lgs} sd ¿kdf k|To]s jif{ pQL0f{
k'Ug]÷cfjZos kg]{ . ePsf] cj:yfdf pkof]uL, x'gkg]{ .
 ;f] sIffdf l;Sg'kg]{ s'/f ;f]xL sd vlr{ n f] ,
 dflyNnf sIffsf nflu
102
sIffdf l;sL ;Sg'kg]{, gq  cfk\mgf] ultcg';f/ l;Sg] a9L pkof]uL .
jif{sf] cGtdf sIff gr9\g] . cj;/ ldNg] .
 ;fgf sIffsf nflu a9L
 jif{sf] cGtdf cg'QL{0f x'g]
pkof]uL -!–# ;Dd_ . vt/f gePsf] .
 ;fgf sIffsf nflu a9L
pkof]uL -# jif]{, % jif]{ jf #
jif]{ ± @ jif]{_
sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg
sIffsf]7f lzIfs / ljBfyL{n] lbge/, dlxgfe/ jif{e/ a:g], ;do ljtfpg], l;sfO
lqmofsnfk ;~rfng u/L p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ ynf] xf] . o;sf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkg lzIf0f
l;sfOsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] .
s= sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg
sIffsf]7fsf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg leq b]xfosf kIfx¿ kb{5g\ M
 tftf] lr;f], xfjfx'/L, jiff{t cflbaf6 ;'/lIft
 e\mofn, 9f]sf ePsf], pHofnf], kof{Kt clS;hg k|jfx x'g]
 ;/;kmfO, ;fdu|L, kmlg{r/, pks/0f, lah'nL, cflbsf] sf/0f x'g]
rf]6k6s÷b'3{6gfsf] hf]lvd gePsf]
 cfjZos kmlg{r/, ;fdu|L / sIffsf]7fsf] ;hfj6 ePsf]
 lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ -clego, ;d"xsfo{, e"ldsf lgjf{x_ k|ofKt
:yfg -Space_ ePsf]
 ljBfyL{sf ;fdu|L - h'Qf, 5ftf, /]gsf]6, emf]nf, vfhf, kfgL, v]nf}gf_ /fVg] :yfg
ePsf] cflb .
v= sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{ Joj:yfkg
sIffdf ljBfyL{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ljBfyL{ Joj:yfkg eGgfn] lgDg
s'/fx¿nfO{ a'e\mg kb{5 M
 ljBfyL{sf] a;fO Joj:yf
 sIffdf k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfsf] Joj:yf
103
 sIffdf k|hftflGqs cg'zf;g tyf lgodkfng Joj:yf
 sIffnfO{ lge{o, zfGt, åGå/lxt agfpg] Joj:yf
 l;sfO k|lqmofdf ljBfyL{sf ;d"x lgdf{0f / kl/rfng
 ;xof]uL / ;xsfof{Tds k4lt ;~rfng
 sIffnfO{ l;sfO ;d'bfo -Learning community_ agfpg] Joj:yf
 ljBfyL{ pTk|]/0ff, cfTd;Ddfg / uf}/j dx;'; x'g] Joj:yf
 ljljwtf -Diversity_ Joj:yfkg .
 ;dfj]zLs/0f -inclusivity_ Joj:yfkg .
u= sIffsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ;fwg÷tl/sf
sIffsf]7fsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu lzIfsn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;fwg tyf
tl/sfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
 ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfdf sIffsf] lgod - House rule_ agfO sIffdf 6f―:g] /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg]
 sIffdf ug'{kg]{ ljljw sfdsf] JolQmut / ;d"xut txdf sfo{ljefhg u/L sfdsf]
tflnsf -Job chart _ tof/ u/L sIffdf 6f―:g] / ;f]xL adf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]{
 cfjZostfg';f/ ;d"xut a;fO tyf cw{j[Qfsf/ a;fO
 ;d"xdf g]t[Tj tyf e"ldsf kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yf ldnfO lhDd]jf/L lbg]
 sIffdf dlg6/sf] Joj:yf u/L clwsf/ k|Tof]hg ug]{
 l;sfO s'gf -Learning corner_ sf] Joj:yf ug]{
 hf]8Ldf ug]{ / ;d"xdf ug]{ l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
 pQm sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿n] xfl;n ug'{kg]{ l;sfO pknlAw;―u ;DalGwt lrq, gS;f,
rf6{, tflnsf, kf]:6/ cflb ;fdu|Ln] sIffsf leQfsf] ;hfj6 ug]{
 sIffdf kmf]x/ ;ª\sngsf nflu 8fnf]sf] Joj:yf u/L lj;h{gsf] Joj:yf ug]{
 lzIf0f ug]{ of]hgf tyf k"0f{ tof/Lsf ;fy sIff k|j]z ug]{ .
:yfgLo÷dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / k|of]u

104
s= ;Gbe{
cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\oqmdn] :yfgLo txdf ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ ljBfnon] s'g}
Ps ljifo -dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifo÷;+:s[lt÷snf tyf cGo_ 5gf]6 u/L To;sf]
kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|L agfO{ kf7gkf7g ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . kf7\oqmdn]
u/]sf] oxL nlrnf] Joj:yfsf] pkof]u ub}{ Onfdsf s]xL ljBfnon] lrof v]tLsf]
kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L agfP/ k7gkf7g ;'? u/] . kfNkfsf 3gf du/j:tL ePsf
:yfgsf s]xL ljBfnox¿n] du/efiffsf] kf7\oqmd÷kf7\ok':ts tof/ u/L k9fpg yfn]
eg] 8f]Nkfsf s]xL ljBfnox¿n] of;f{u'Dafsf] kf7\oqmd tof/ u/L ljBfnodf k9fpg
yfn] .
:yfgLo÷dft[efiffsf] kf7\oqmd ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] gLltut Joj:yf ljBfdfg 5 M
 ljBfnodf k7gkf7g x'g] dft[efiffsf] 5gf]6, kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, kf7\ok':ts ljsf;
tyf sfof{Gjog :yfgLo lgsfosf] k/fdz{df ljBfno tyf ;DalGwt z}lIfs ;+:yf
cfk}―mn] ug]{ 5 .
 :yfgLo ljifosf] xsdf :yfgLo txsf nflu pkof]uL k];f, Joj;fo, wd{, k/Dk/f,
;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh :yfgLo ;Dkbf, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, v]tLkftL, :yfgLo k|ljlw,
rf8kj{, ;fdflhs Jojxf/ cflb ljifoj:t';DaGwL ljifo :yfgLo lgsfosf]
k/fdz{df ljBfno cfk}―mn] 5gf]6 ug{ ;Sg]5 . o:tf ljifosf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f,
kf7\ok':ts ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog :yfgLo lgsfosf] k/fdz{df ljBfno jf
;DalGwt z}lIfs ;+:yf cfk}―mn] ug]{5 .
 dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifosf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u / lhNnf
kf7\oqmd ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;dGjodf ljBfno cfk}―mn] lgdf{0f ug]{5 . lhNnf e/
Ps} vfnsf ljifo ldNbf b]lvPdf lhNnf:t/df / ;|f]ts]Gb| :t/dfdfq ldNg] ljifo
ePdf ;|f]ts]Gb|:t/Lo ¿kdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
v= kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f -Curriculum Development_
:yfgLo txdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt r/0f tyf k|lqmofx¿ k"/f ug'{k5{ M
 cfjZostf klxrfg÷5gf]6 -Need identification_
ljBfnosf ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;fd"lxs 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofaf6 s'g ljifo
afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;a}eGbf cfjZos xf] 5gf]6 u/L lg0f{o lng' kb{5 .
ljBfnon] ;|f]ts]Gb| / lhNnf kf7\oqmd ;dGjo ;ldlt;―u ;dGjo ;d]t u/L
cfjZostfg';f/ 5gf]6 ug]{ sfd 6'ª\uf] nufpg' k5{ .
105
 p2]Zox¿sf] lgdf{0f -Formaulation of objective_
ljifo 5gf]6sf] sfd k"/f ePkl5 kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf] a9L k|fljlws sfd k|f/De
x'G5 . pQm ljifodf ljBfyL{n] xfl;n ug]{ txut / sIffut ;Ifdtfx¿ ;"rLa4
ug'{kb{5 . sIffut ;Ifdtfx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;fdfGoaf6 ljlzi6lt/, ;/naf6
h6Lnlt/, hfg]sf]af6 ghfg]sf] lt/ h:tf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ug'{k5{ .
 ljifoj:t'sf] lgwf{/0f -Content determination_
p2]Zo tyf ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ljifoj:t' klxrfg / ;"rLa4 ug]{ .
 ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd lgwf{/0f ug]{
;du| ljifoj:t'sf] ;"rL tof/ eP kl5 sIffut ¿kdf pQm ljifoj:t' ljt/0f ug]{ .
sIffut ¿kdf ljifoj:t' lgwf{/0f ubf{ If]q / qmd -Scope and Sequence_
lgwf{/0fsf tl/sfx¿sf] cjnDag u/L l;nl;n]jf/ l;sfO x'g] u/L ldnfpg] . o;
r/0fdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljifoj:t'nfO{ lj:tf/ -content elaboration_ ug{
;lsG5 . ;fy} ljifoj:t'sf] k|To]s v08sf] lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ slt ;do jf 306L
cfjZos kg]{ xf] ;f] sf] lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ .
 lzIf0f ljlw tyf l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] lgwf{/0f
5gf]6 ul/Psf] ljifo efiff xf] jf snf xf] jf k];f s] xf] < To;s} cfwf/df /
ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ;Ifdtf xfl;n x'g] u/L lzIf0f ljlw /
lqmofsnfk lgwf{/0f u/L pNn]v ug'{k5{ .
 lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk ;~rfng eO/x―bf jf eO;s]kl5 lgwf{l/t ;Ifdtfx¿
ljBfyL{df xfl;n eP gePsf] yfxf kfpg s:tf ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug]{ xf] < lgwf{/0f
ug'{k5{ . h:t} M cjnf]sg, k|of]ufTds k/LIff, lnlvt k/LIff, lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sgsf]
k4lt cflb . k|Zg lgdf{0f u|L8, cjnf]sg kmf/dsf] gd'gf, gd'gf k|Zg cflb pNn]v
ug'{k5{ .
u= kf7\oqmdsf] :j¿k
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fsf] k|lqmof ;DkGg u/]kl5 lgDglnlvt vfsf adf]lhdsf]
:j¿kdf -kf7oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] k|rngcg';f/_ kf7\oqmdsf] lnlvt b:tfj]h tof/
x'g' kb{5 .
-ljifosf] gfd ===============_
106
!= kl/ro
-cfjZostfsf] ;Gbe{, k[i7e"ld / cfzo pNn]v ul/G5_
@= txut ;Ifdtfx¿
-!–% jf ^–* sf pQm ljifodf ljBfyL{n] xfl;n ug]{ txut ;Ifdtf a'―bfut ¿kdf
n]lvG5_
#= sIffut l;sfO pknlAw
-pQm ljifodf k|To]s sIffdf xfl;n x'g] l;sfO pknlAwx¿ sIffut ¿kdf a'―bfut
pNn]v ul/G5 _
$= ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd
-k|To]s sIffsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ljifoj:t'sf] PsfO÷If]qut ¿kdf If]q / qmd
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/G5_
PsfO÷If]q sIff ^ sIff & sIff * cg'dflgt 306L
!
@
#
%= lzIf0f l;sfO ljlw÷lqmofsnfk
-pQm ljifosf] ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/fpg] d"ne"t tl/sf, ljlw / lqmofsnfk n]lvG5_
^= d"Nofª\sg
-pQm ljifodf ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ d"Nofª\sgsf k|sf/, tl/sf, k|Zg cª\s ljefhg
cflbsf] ljj/0f k|:t't ul/G5_
3= kf7\oqmdsf] k|of]u / ;'wf/
kf7\oqmd Ps k6s tof/ u/]kl5 ;w}sf nflu x'g] xf]Og . kf7\oqmd ljsf; Ps lg/Gt/
k|lqmof xf] . ljsf; ul/Psf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{' eGbf klxn] k|of]u u/]/ x]g'{
kb{5 . kf7\oqmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf w]/} s'/fn] k|efj kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ . h:tf]
ls pQm kf7\oqmdsf] l;sfOk|lt ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, cleefjssf] rfxgf, Tof]
kf7\oqmdcg';f/ lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfssf] bIftf, cg'ej, pTk|]/0ff / cfTdljZjf;, kf7\oqmd
sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tyf tof/L / ;|f]t ;fwg cflb .
107
kf7\oqmdsf] k|of]uaf6 cg'ej ul/Psf / k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df lg/Gt/ Pjd\
cfjlws ¿kdf kf7\oqmdsf] ;'wf/ kl/dfh{g ug'{kb{5 .
ax'efifL lzIf0fsf] dxŒj / k|of]u

s= kl/ro
g]kfndf w]/} k|sf/sf efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ . h:t} g]kfnL, g]jf/L, tfdfª, d}lynL, cjlw,
du/, u'?ª, yf?, 8f]6]nL, r]kfª cflb . xfd|f cfwf/e"t txsf sIffdf k9\g cfpg]
afnaflnsfx¿ oLg} eflifs ;d'bfoaf6 cfp―5g\ . ljBfnox¿df eg] clwsf+z¿kdf
g]kfnL efiff / cª\u|]hL efiff k9\gkf7gsf] dfWod efiffsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
o; cj:yfdf leGg dft[efiff ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c;xh / l;Sg sl7g x'g'sf]
;fy} k9fOk|lt g} lg/fzf -demotivation_ k}bf x'g hfG5 . o; cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf /0fgLlts b:tfj]hx¿df afnaflnsfn] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg]
clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ hfg] ljifo cufl8 NofPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ax'efifL -Multilingual_
lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf lng vf]lhPsf] 5 . ax'efifL lzIff -Multilingual
Education_ eg]sf] b]z Pp6} eP klg Toxf―sf ljBfnox¿df efiffsf] pkl:yltcg';f/
km/skm/s efiffdf k7gkf7g x'g] . cyf{t Pp6} b]zdf ljleGg efiff lzIf0fsf] dfWod
efiff x'g] cj:yf÷gLlt xf] .
v= ax'efifL lzIff -Multilingual Education_ sf] dxŒj
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ax'efifL lzIffsf] dxŒj tyf kmfObf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;S5 M
 nf]kf]Gd'v efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0f eO{ snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;Dj4{g x'g]
 ljleGg hfthfltsf] klxrfg sfod /xL cem ;'b[9 x'g]
 ljBfnosf] lzIf0f l;sfO cj:yf dft[efifL afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xh x'g uO{ l;sfO
afnd}qL x'g ;3fp k'Ug]
 eflifs ;xhtfn] ubf{ ljBfno pTk|]l/t eO{ ljBfno cfpg], lgoldt x'g] b/ a9\g]
 dft[efiff dfWod x'―bf l;sfO ;/n x'g uO{ l;sfO pknlAw b/ a9\g] . pQL0f{ b/ a9\g]
 aLr}df sIff tyf ljBfno 5f8\g] -Dropout_ b/ 36\g]
 bf];|f] efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL tyf cª\u|]hL l;Sg] cj;/ klg x'g]
108
 dft[efiffdf lzIff cfh{g ug]{x¿sf] cleJolQm Ifdtf ;'b[9 x'g] . Ps efiffdf l;s]sf] 1fg
pd]/;―u} csf]{ efiffdf :jefj}n] ldNg hfg] .
u= ax'efifL lzIff -Multilingual Education_ sf r'gf}ltx¿
;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ;+;f/ ;f―3'/f] ePsf] 5 . o;
;Gbe{df cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{x¿ cª\u|]hL efifftk{m a9L cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL dfWoddf k9\g]x¿nfO{ eGbf cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k9\g]x¿nfO{ cj;/sf] vf]hLdf
;lhnf] ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L sfdsfhb]lv lnP/ cfd ;~rf/ tyf cGt/
dft[efifL ;Dks{ efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf] k|efj klg lgs} uf9f eO;s]sf] 5 .
dft[efiffdf lzIff lng]x¿ abln―bf] /fli6«o tyf ljZj kl/j]zdf cem k5fl8 kg]{ x'g ls
eGg] r'gf}tL klg 5 .
bIf lzIfs / kof{Kt lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] cefjdf cf/De ul/g] ax'efifL lzIffsf]
u'0f:t/ sfod ug'{ csf]{ r'gf}tL xf] .
lzIffdf nufgL a9fpg g;ls/x]sf] cNkljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu efif}lkR5]sf kf7\oqmd,
kf7\o;fdu|L, lzIfs pTkfbg ug]{ tyf d"Nofª\sg / lzIff k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ kIf
7"nf] cfly{s r'gf}tLsf] ljifo xf] .
z}lIfs ;fdu|L
sIfflzIf0fdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh agfpg, l;sfOsf] ult / :t/ a9fpgsf nflu
lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿åf/f k|of]u x'g] ;fdu|Lx¿ g} lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ x'g\ . lzIf0f
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ljleGg ljifosf hl6n ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ klg ;/n 9ª\uaf6 lzIf0f
u/L ljBfyL{x¿df 1fg lgdf{0f -Construction of knowledge_ tyf ;Lk ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{
;xhtf k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fylds txsf ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos clwsf+z lzIf0f
;fdu|Lx¿ :yfgLo¿kdf kfOg] j:t'x¿ k|of]u u/L sd d"Nodf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko
lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ PseGbf a9L zLif{s jf PseGbf a9L ljifo lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . sd d"Nosf lzIf0f ;fdu|L lgdf{0f tyf ;ª\sngsf nflu ljBfyL{, cleefjs tyf
;d'bfosf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ klg kl/rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo:t/df ;lhn} pknAw x'g]
j:t'x¿sf] k|of]uaf6 y'k|} lsl;dsf lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ agfO{ ljleGg ljifosf hl6n -
ljBfyL{sf nflu_ wf/0ffx¿nfO{ ;xh¿kdf k|:6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu lzIfs;―u hf―u/
/ ;Lksf] h¿/t kb{5 . oxf― lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]usf kmfObf, lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6,
k|of]u / lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf af/]df rrf{ ul/g]5 .
s_ lzIf0f ;fdu|L k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿
109
lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ubf{ l;sfOdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;lqmotf a9\5 .
@= hl6n wf/0ffx¿ klg ;/n / ;xh tl/sfaf6 k|:6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
#= l;sfOnfO{ /f]rs, cy{k"0f{, pknlAwd"ns / lr/:yfoL agfpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
$= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ l;sfOk|lt pTk|]/0ff hufp―5 .
%= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿df k|ToIf ;xefuL agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
^= l;ls;s]sf wf/0ffx¿nfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]udf Nofpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
&= ljBfyL{x¿df ljifoj:t'k|lt ;sf/fTds wf/0ff pTkGg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
*= l;sfOsf] ultnfO{ a9fp―5 .
(= ljBfyL{x¿n] sd ;dodf wf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ .
!)= ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
!!= ljBfyL{x¿ Pscfk;af6 l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\ .
!@= ljBfyL{x¿df l;h{gfTdstf -Creativity_ sf] ljsf; x'G5 .
!#= lzIfssf] sfo{af]em sd x'G5 . 3f―6L ;'Sg] u/L s/fpg' cfjZos kb}{g .
!$= p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp―b5 .
v_ lzIf0f;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6 / k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
!= lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿ p2]Zod"ns x'g'kb{5, kf7sf] p2]Zo;―u d]n vfg] x'g'kb{5 .
@= pko'Qm ;fOhsf], :ki6 / ;kmf x'g'kb{5 .
#= ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/cg';f/sf] x'g'kb{5 .
$= ;s];Dd :jlgld{t÷ljBfyL{ lgld{t x'g'kb{5 .
%= ;s];Dd bx|f] / l6sfp vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .
^= k|of]u ug'{ cufj} k/LIf0f ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 tfls k|of]u ubf{ ;d:of cfOgk/f];\ .
&= k|of]u ug'{k"j{ ljBfyL{x¿n] ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿, ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf tl/sfx¿af/] k|:6
lgb]{zg lbg'kb{5 .
*= d"Nofª\sg ljlw;―u d]n vfg] u/L juL{s/0f u/L k|of]u x'g'kb{5 .
u_ sd d"Nosf lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f k|lqmof

110
sd d"Nosf lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ tnsf] rf6{af6 k|:6 kfg{
;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf, kf7sf] pb]Zo, xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf] l;sfOpknlAwsf cfwf/df
cfjZostfsf] klxrfg x'G5 . ;f]xL cfjZostfsf cfwf/df lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;ª\sng tyf
lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo to ul/G5 . clg dfq ;f] p2]Zo k"/f ug]{ u/L lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ ;fdu|Lsf]
l8hfOg ul/G5 . ;fdu|L l8hfOgdf sf]/f j:t'x¿sf] pknAwtf, d"No, ;|f]t;fdu|Lsf] k|sf/,
lzIfs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] ;Lk cflbn] klg k|efj kfb{5 . lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf]
;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0fdf lzIfs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿sf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . lzIf0f
;fdu|L ;ª\sng tyf lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ul/G5 . k|of]usf] cfwf/df
dfq ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf lgwf{/0f x'g;Sb5 / k[i7kf]if0f klg k|fKt x'G5 . ;f]sf]
cfwf/df p2]Zodf k'glj{rf/ ug'{kg]{÷gkg]{ s'/f 5'6\ofOG5 .
s'g} klg sfo{ ug{sf nflu s]xLgs]xL ;fdu|L, cf}hf/x¿ tyf ;fwgx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
ljgf ;fdu|Lsf lzIf0fl;sfO ‖eGgsf nflu‗ dfq x'g] / ‖l;Sgsf nflu‗ x'g ;Sb}g lsgls
;fdu|L ljgfsf] lzIf0fl;sfOaf6 cy{k"0f{ l;sfO x'g ;Sb}g . efiff, ul0ft, ;fdflhs, lj1fg
h:tf ljifox¿df lbOg] wf/0ffut ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ 7f];, cw{7f]; tyf ;fª\s]lts
-5flkPsf k7gLo_ ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿n] lbOPsf] wf/0ffsf] a'emfOnfO{
;/n tyf cy{k"0f{ agfpg ;3fp―5 . To;}u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ul/g]
lzIf0fl;sfOdf ax'r]tgfsf] pkof]u x'g] / Pp6f r]tgfn] ;ª\u|x u/]sf ;"rgf jf 1fgnfO{
111
csf]{ r]tgf u|lGyn] t'ngf ub{} ;xL ;"rgfsf tYox¿ dl:tisdf k'Ub5 . o;af6 l;sfO lbuf]
/ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy csf{] gof― kl/l:yltdf ;xh tl/sfaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd agfp―5 .
olb ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t lzIf0fl;sfO l;4fGtnfO{ cg';/0f ug{] xf] / afns]lGb|t
lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k4ltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf cfj:yfdf ul/g] lzIf0fl;sfOdf z}lIfs
;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u cem uDeL/ x'G5 .
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ ;s];Dd :yfgLo :t/df pknAw x'g ;Sg] Go"g d"No kg{] tyf d"No gkg{]
Pjd\ jftfj/0fdf v]/ uPsf j:t'x¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
lzIf0f ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] b[Zo ;fdu|Lx¿ / ltgsf ljz]iftfx¿
 efiff lzIf0fsf nflu rf6{x¿, k\mnf; sf8{x¿
 tl:j/o'Qm rf6{x¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 efiffsf ;'gfO / af]nfO ;Lk
ljsf;df ;Ifd agfpg ;3fp―5 . kf7nfO{ hLjg;―u ;DalGwt ug{] / k9fOg]
ljifoj:t'nfO{ jf:tljstfsf] r]tgf lbg, ?lrnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ / ;xL k|efjsf] l;h{gf
ug{ o:tf tl:j/o'Qm rf6{n] ;3fp―5 .
 v'nf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] of]hgfsf nflu k\mnf; sf8{x¿n] ;3fp―5 . o:tf rf6{x¿
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ / jf:tljstfsf] glhs k'Ug Pjd\ wf/0ffx¿nfO{ :ki6
kfg{ /ª\lug agfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
tLg cfoflds cfs[ltx¿sf wf/0ff lbg df]8]nx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . ;a} vfn] z}lIfs
;fdu|Lx¿ ljsf; ubf{ lgDglnlvt kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 M
 z'4tf, ;fGble{stf, af]wuDotf, ?lro'Qmtf, pTk|]/0ffo'Qm tyf jf:tljstfo'Qm x'g' kb{5 .
;a}
b[Zo;fdu|Lx¿ lgDgfg';f/sf nflu tof/ kfg'{kb{5 M
 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ?lr hufpg] / pTk|]l/t ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 .
 wf/0ffx¿nfO{ 7f]; ¿kdf ptfg{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 .
 gof― tyf P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|:t'lt ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
 jf:tljs ¿kdf k'Ug / cjnf]sg ug{ g;lsg] tyf dfOqmf]:sf]lks j:t'x¿sf ;"rgfx¿
lbgsf nflu o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|:t't ug'{ cTofjZos x'G5 .
 s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ffut ;f/ lbg ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 .
 ;d"xsf] dfWodaf6 ;lqmo l;sfOnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .
kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts
112
kf7\oqmdn] k7gkf7gsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] 1fgsf If]qx¿, To;sf] k|;f/0fsf If]qx¿ /
l;sfOsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] tf}/tl/sfx¿ ;dfj]z u/L To;af6 s'g tx / :t/sf l;sf?n] s'g
:t/sf] slt 1fg, ;Lk / k|j[lQ l;Sg'kb{5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfb{5 . afns]lGb|t
lzIf0fl;sfOdf cfwfl/t kf7\oqmdn] b"/ljgaf6 afnsnfO{ x]/]/ p;sf] j0f{g u/]h:t} u/L
s]Gb|df afnaflnsf /xG5g\\ . afndgf]lj1fg, afnljsf;sf cj:yfx¿ tyf ljz]iftfx¿
;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ l;4fGtsf ¿kdf lnO afnaflnsfx¿sf ?lr, IfdtfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg k'¥ofO
ljifoj:t'x¿sf] rog ul/Psf] x'G5 . Pp6f /fd|f] afnd}qL kf7\oqmdn] lgDglnlvt
ljz]iftfx¿ af]s]sf] x'G5 M
 o;df /flvPsf ;fdu|Lx¿ tfls{s ¿kdf qmd ldnfP/ /flvPsf] x'G5 h;df 7f];af6
;fª\sl] ts, ;/naf6 hl6n, kl/lrtaf6 ckl/lrt Pjd\ ;fwf/0faf6 ljlzi6sf qmddf
ljifoj:t'x¿ kl:sPsf x'G5g\\ .
 ljifoj:t'x¿ nDaLo tyf lIflthLo ¿kdf ;DalGwt ul/Psf / kf7\oqmdsf
p2]Zox¿;―u d]n vfg]u/L k|:t't ul/Psf x'G5g\\ .
 ljifoj:t'sf] j}wtf pRr /flvP tfklg lglZrt ;dofjlwdf k"/fug{] u/L /flvPsf
x'G5g\\ .
 kf7\oqmdsf ;+1fgx¿ afnaflnsfx¿sf ;+1fgsf] tx / pgLx¿sf dgf]lj1fgsf
cfjZostf;―u ldNg] u/L /x]sf x'G5g\\ .
 ljifoj:t'x¿n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s / k|of]uo'Qm cg'ejx¿ lbG5 h;df
u'0ffTds hLjgsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ljz]if ;Gbe{ pknAw u/fp―5 .
 o;n] afnaflnsfx¿sf] lzIffsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿F+u d]n vfG5 .
 5flgPsf ljifoj:t'x¿n] JolQm / ;d'bfosf cfjZostfx¿;―u ;DalGwt ;Lkx¿,
?lrx¿ tyf k|j[lQx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu k|;:t cj;/x¿ k|bfg ub{5 .
 oL ;fdu|Lx¿n] ;d"bfosf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfWoflTds kIfx¿sf]
k|ltljDag ug'{sf ;fy} b]zleqsf ljleGg k];f, Joj;fox¿sf af/]df ;r]tgf k|bfg
ub{5 .
 l;sfOsf cg'ejx¿ lzIf0fl;sfO ljlw tyf tf}/tl/sf Pjd\ dgf]j}1flgs l;4fGtx¿sf]
k]l/km]l/df /x]sf x'G5g\\ .
 :yfgLo kl/j];;―u d]nvfg] u/L afnclwsf/, dlxnf tyf dfgj clwsf/sf
cjojx¿nfO{ k|ltljDag ug{] u/L ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 .
 /flvg] ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ :t/Lotf lbg ljleGg pkof]uL /ª tyf :t/cg';f/ cfsf/k|sf/sf]
;xL k|of]u ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] x'G5 .
113
 /flvPsf ;fdu|Lx¿n] ;f]rfO Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfgaf6 ljBfyL{x¿sf]
l;h{gzLntfnfO{ a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug{] vfnsf x'G5g\\ .
 k|:t't ul/Psf ljifoj:t'x¿ tyf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;a}sf] ;xeflutf /xg] / l;sf?d}qL
x'g] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf sIff, tx tyf ljifoj:t'x¿ k7gkf7g tyf lqmofsnfkx¿ tof/
ug{sf nflu tf]lsPsf kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':tsaf6dfq ;a} ljifoj:t'x¿ gk'Ug ;Sb5g\\ .
lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] kl/j]z ljBfyL{x¿sf] ?lr, cfjZostf, l;sfOsf] :t/ cflbsf cfwf/df
ldNbf ljifoj:t'x¿ cGo ;|f]taf6 klg lng ;Sb5g\\ . h:t} kqklqsf, ljleGg k|sfzgsf
cGo kf7\ok':tsx¿, OG6/g]6af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg ljifoj:t'x¿, lrq, rf6{, gS;f
h:tf yk ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . o:tf ;a} ;fdu|Lx¿ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf
lng] ul/G5 . o;/L x/]s k|sf/sf] ;fdu|L 5gf]6 / k|of]u ug{] qmddf afns]lGb|t jftfj/0f
cg's"n 5 5}g eGg] s'/f eg] x/]s lzIfsn] ;Da]bgzLn eP/ lrGtg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
3_ ljleGg ljifodf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;fdu|Lx¿
!= gd'gf 38L
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M KnfOp8 jf jfSnf] sfuh, sDkf;, k]lG;n, ;fOg k]g, s}―rL,
x]S;, lkg, vfU;L, ?n/ cflb .
gd'gf 38L k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;dosf] af/]df wf/0ff lgdf{0f u/fpg ;lsG5 .
cª\u|]hL efiff, g]kfnL efiff tyf cGo efiff, ;fdflhs lzIff, ul0ft / lj1fg ljifo
lzIf0fsf qmddf klg gd'gf 38L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= t/fh'
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M KnfOp8sf] uf]nsf/ kftf jf Knfl:6ssf] Kn]6, wfuf] jf dl;gf]
8f]/L, k]lG;n, ;Lwf n¶L, x]S;, vfU;L, ?n/ cflb .
KnfOp8 jf Knfl:6s Kn]6 jf s'6af6 t/fh'sf] Kofg tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;Lwf n¶Ldf
wfuf] jf dl;gf] 8f]/Ln] af―w]/ ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L Kofg e'mG8\ofpg ;lsG5 . t/fh' k|of]u
u/L ul0ft ljifodf c;dfgtf, ;dLs/0fsf] wf/0ff lgdf{0f u/fpg ;lsG5 . lj1fg
ljifodf tf}nsf] wf/0ff lbg t/fh' k|of]u ul/G5 .
#= uf]hL tflnsf -ks]6 rf6{_
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf8{af]8{ k]k/ jf ;]tf] sk8f, s}―rL, l;of] wfuf] -sk8f ePdf_,
?n/, l:6r d]l;g, ud, k]lG;n, ;fOg k]g, ;Lwf n¶L, dl;gf] 8f]/L cflb .
114
;]tf] sk8fdf uf]hLx¿ /fv]/ jf sf8{af]8{ k]k/nfO{ k6\ofO{ uf]hLtflnsf lgdf{0f ug{
;lsG5 . cª\u|]hL, g]kfnL tyf cGo efifflzIf0fdf, ;fdflhs lzIff lzIf0fdf ks]6
rf6{sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ul0ft ljifodf :yfg dfgsf] wf/0ff lbg :yfgdfg ks]6 rf6{sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .
$= lk\mnkrf6{
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf8{af]8{ k]k/, s}―rL, ?n/, klGrª d]l;g, k]lG;n, ;fOgk]g,
Knfl:6ssf r'/f jf cGo vfnsf l/ªx¿ cflb .
sf8{af]8{ k]k/df rf6{x¿ tof/ u/L Kjfn kf/]/ Knfl:6ssf r'/f jf cGo s'g} l/ª
3';f/L kN6fpg ldNg] agfO{ lk\mnkrf6{ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . cyjf ahf/df pknAw x'g]
:kfO/n afOlG8ª u/]/ klg lk\mnkrf6{ agfpg ;lsG5 . lk\mnksf] cy{ kN6fpg' eGg]
x'G5 . cyf{t\ qmdzM kN6fpg ldNg] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] rf6{x¿sf] ;ª\unf] g} lk\mnkrf6{
xf] . lk\mnkrf6{ tof/ u/L ljleGg ljifosf ljleGg ljifoj:t'x¿sf] wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
%= zAbkQLx¿÷jfSokQLx¿
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf8{af]8{ k]k/, ?n/, s}―rL, ;fOg k]g cflb .
sf8{af]8{ k]k/ sf6]/ efifflzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos zAbkQLx¿ tyf jfSokQLx¿ tof/
ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= k\mnfg]n af]8{
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M k\mnfl6gsf] sk8f, cfotfsf/ KnfOp8 jf n¶Lx¿, l;of], wfuf],
s}―rL, ?n/, vfU;L cflb .
k\mnfl6gsf] sk8faf6 k\mnfl6g af]8{ tof/ ul/G5 . k\mnfl6gsf] sk8fn] cfotfsf/
KnfOp8nfO{ a]/]/ jf cfotfsf/ k\mnfl6gsf] sk8fsf] b'O{ ljk/Lt lsgf/fdf sf7sf] n¶L
/fv]/ k\mnfg]n af]8{ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ljleGg vfnsf rf6{, kQL, lrqx¿
vfU;Lsf] dfWodaf6 c8\ofO{ sIfflzIf0fsf ;dodf k|bz{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
&= ?n/
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf7sf] ln:6L, ?n/, snd, vfU;L, x]S;, ?n/, k]lG;n cflb .
sf7sf] ln:6Laf6 ?n/ tof/ kf/L ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] jf :yfgsf] nDafO, rf}8fO, prfO
gfKg] tl/sf l;sfpg ;lsG5 .
*= ljleGg vfnsf lrq, rf6{, kmf]6f]x¿
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf8{af]8{ k]k/, ;fOgk]g, ?n/, k]lG;n cflb .
115
ljleGg ljifosf ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf nflu cfjZos lrq tyf rf6{x¿ tof/ kf/L
lzIf0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko lrq jf rf6{x¿ kqklqsf jf ;dfrf/kqx¿af6
sf6]/ klg lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
ul0ft ljifosf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
!= lhof]af]8{÷lkgaf]8{
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M KnfOp8, cfwf OGrsf lsnfx¿, x\ofd/, vfU;L, /a/AofG8,
u|fkmk]k/, sDkf;, ?n/, k]lG;n, ;fOgk]g .
juf{sf/ KnfOp8df !@! cf]6f cfwf OGrsf lsnfx¿ juf{sf/ ¿kdf 7f]s]/ lhof]af]8{
tof/ ul/G5 . lhof]af]8{df /a/ AofG8 k|of]u u/L k"0f{;ª\Vofsf rf/ ;fwf/0f lqmofx¿
-hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efu_, leGg tyf bzdnjsf rf/ ;fwf/0f lqmofx¿, HofldtLo
cfsf/x¿ -lqe'h, rt'e'{h, cfoft, ju{, ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{'h, cGo ax'e'hx¿_ tyf ltgsf]
juL{s/0fsf] wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
@= 7f]; j:t'x¿sf g]6 -hfnL_ / gd'gfx¿ -sfuh÷sf7af6 ag]sf_
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M 3g, 6]6«fx]8«g, cS6fx]8«g, lk/fld8, lk|Hd cflbsf g]6 sfuhdf
lvRg ;lsG5 eg] tL j:t'sf gd'gfx¿ sf7 jf sfuhaf6 tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= 7f]; j:t'sf vf]qmf gd'gfx¿ -:s]n]6g_
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M 3g, 6]6«fx]8«g, cS6fx]8«g, lk/fld8, lk|Hd cflbsf vf]qmf gd'gf
-:s]n]6g_ 5\jfnL -:6«_ jf l;Gsf / wfuf] cflb . dl;gf cfn' / af―;sf l;Gsf jf 6'y
lkS;n] klg 7f]; j:t'sf vf]qmf gd'gf tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
$= 6]gu|fd
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M kftnf] KnfOp8, x]S;, s}―rL, ?n/, k]lG;n, ;fOgk]g, ;]6 :SjfP/,
vfU;L, lsnf, k]mljsf]n OToflb .
KnfOp8 jf s'6 sfuh sf6]/ 6]gu|fd tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . tof/L cj:yfsf 6]gu|fdx¿
ahf/df lsGg klg kfOG5 . o;af6 HofldtLo cfsf/x¿sf] wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
o;afx]s ljleGg cfsif{s lrqx¿ klg tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ khnsf] ¿kdf klg
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= ;ª\Vof /]vfx¿
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf8{af]8{ jf sf7sf ln:6Lx¿, sn/ ;fOgk]g, vfU;L cflb .
sf7sf] ?n/ jf afSnf] sfuhaf6 ;ª\Vof /]vfx¿ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;sf]
dfWodaf6 k"0f{ ;ª\Vof, leGg tyf bzdnjsf cfwf/e"t lqmofx¿ lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
116
^= 3'Dg] HofldtLo gd'gfx¿ -d]sfgf] l:6«K;_
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M ln:6L, vfU;L, k]rlsnf, g6, gfKg] lkmtf, wfuf], sf7sf] 6qmf,
k|f]6\ofS6/, x]S;, ?n/, k]lG;n, ;fOgk]g, OToflb .
sf7sf ln:6Lx¿df k]rlsnf / g6 /fv]/ 3'Dg] HofldtLo gd'gfx¿ -d]sfgf] l:6«;_ tof/
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 sf]0f, lqe'h tyf ltgsf] juL{s/0f, ju{, cfoftsf] wf/0ff lbg
;lsG5 .
*= Pafs;
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf7sf] kmn]s, x\ofd/, lsnf cflb .
sf7sf] 6'qmfdf lsnf 7f]sL ;fwf/0f Pafs; tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 :yfgdfg tyf
;ª\Vofsf rf/ ;fwf/0f lqmofx¿sf] wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
(= l;Gsfx¿
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M l;Gsfx¿, wfuf] jf /a/ AofG8 cflb .
l;Gsfx¿sf] b;b;cf]6fsf] d'7f agfO{ :yfgdfg tyf ;ª\Vofsf rf/ ;fwf/0f lqmofx¿sf]
wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
!)= a]; 6]g Ansx¿÷kQLx¿

sf7af6 a];6]g Ansx¿ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . afSnf] sfuhaf6 a];6]g kQLx¿ tof/
kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 :yfgdfg tyf ;ª\Vofsf rf/ ;fwf/0f lqmofx¿sf] wf/0ff lbg
;lsG5 .
!!= u|'aL af]8{
sf8{af]8{ k]k/nfO{ s}―rLn] sf6]/ l:6«K; lgsfnL kGrLª d]l;gaf6 Kjfn kf/]/ u|'aLaf]8{
tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efusf] wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
!@= leGg rf6{ tyf gd'gfx¿
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf8{af]8{, s}―rL, ?n/, ;fOgk]g, k]lG;n, 6«fG;k/]G;L l;6 cflb .
sf8{af]8{ k]k/af6 ljleGg vfnsf leGg rf6{ tyf gd'gfx¿ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
6«fG;kf/]G6 l;6af6 leGgsf] u'0fgsf] wf/0ff lbg ;lsG5 .
!#= ;dldlt gd'gfx¿
117
P]gf, wfuf], d;L, lkg, s}―rL, sfa{gk]k/, sfuhsf] kfgf k|of]u u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf
;dldlt gd'gfx¿ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
!$= sfuhsf] rf―b -sfuhsf] kfgf, s}―rL_
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M s}―rL, sfuhsf kfgf cflb .
sfuhsf] kfgf k6\ofP/ cw{j[Qfsf/ cfsf/df sf6L !%o sf dlN6kn sf]0fx¿ gfKg
ldNg] rf―b tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
lj1fg ljifosf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
!= :jf;k|:jf;sf] gd'gf
:nfOgsf] kfOk, a]n'g, af]tn, wfuf], ss{, lsnf k|of]u u/L :jf; k|:jf;sf] gd'gf tof/
kfg{ ;lsG5 .
@= lkmN6/sf] gd'gf
ldg/n jf6/sf] af]tn sf6]/ To;df sf]Onf, /f]8f, jfn'jf /fvL lkmN6/ tof/ ug{
;lsG5 .
#= rf6{x¿ -;f}o{d08n, hLjgrqm, ;Gt'lnt ef]hg, df};dL, hnrqm cflb_
sf8{af]8{ k]k/df ljleGg rf6{x¿ agfO{ sIfflzIf0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
$= xa]{l/od
xa]{l/od agfpgsf nflu lj?jfx¿ ;ª\sng u/L k'/fgf] klqsfdf PsxKtf hlt -;'Vvf
gx'Gh]n_ rfk]/ /fVg'kb{5 . To;kl5 sf8{af]8{ k]k/ rf/ kmf]N8 u/L k6\ofP/ Psflt/
l:6r u/L cGo ltglt/ s}―rLn] sf6]/ kmfOn tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . pQm kmfOndf ;'Vvf
lj?jf /fv]/ ;]nf]6]kn] c8\ofO{ xa]{l/od tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
118
%= e"Ifo gd'gf
b'O{cf]6f l6gsf] a§f lnO{ Pp6fdf df6f] / csf]{df emf/;lxtsf] df6f] -rk/L_ /fvL s'g}
ef―8f]af6 a/fa/ ;do kfgL vGofp―bf s'g rflx― a§faf6 a9L df6f] aUof] eGg] s'/f
b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
^= /s ls6 aS;
kmf]6f] l/nsf] a§fdf ljleGg lsl;dsf r§fg ;ª\sng u/L sf7sf] a§fdf /fvL /s ls6
aS;sf] gd'gf tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
&= x\ofG8n]G;
hn]sf] lrdaf6 ;fawfgLk"j{s leqsf] tf/ x6fO{ To;df kfgL e/]/ :6]l/of] kmf]daf6
lasf]{ nufO{ x\ofG8n]G; tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ahf/af6 sd d"Nodf g} x\ofG8n]G; v/Lb
u/L k|of]u ug{ klg ;lsG5.
!)= l:k|6 ag{/
d;Lsf] l;;Ldf l:kl/6 /fvL lasf]{df wfuf]af6 aQL tof/ u/L l:k|6 NofDk agfpg
;lsG5 .
!!= k[YjLsf] df]8]n
s'g} uf]nf] a:t' k|of]u u/L k[YjLsf] df]8]n tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
!@= af]tnaf6 ;f]nL, ljs/ / gfKg] l;lnG8/
af]tnsf] ;f―u'/f] efu sf6]/ lgsfnL ;f]nL, las/ / gfKg] l;lnG8/ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#= wfuf] / a§faf6 6]lnkmf]g
b'O{cf]6f a§fdf Kjfn kf/L wfuf] c8\ofP/ 6]lnkmf]g tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnL ljifosf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
!= zAbkQLx¿
@= jfSokQLx¿
#= k\mnfg]n af]8{
$= lk\mnkrf6{
%= :j/j0f{ / Jo~hgj0f{ rf6{
^= j0f{kQLx¿
119
&= 6'q]m cIf/x¿
*= uf]hLtflnsf
(= sf]7]kb
!)= lrq, kmf]6f], rf6{ cflb .
sf8{af]8{ k]k/af6 oL dflysf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs ljifosf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
!= ljleGg vfnsf gS;fx¿
u|fkmk]k/ jf sf8{af]8{ k]k/df gS;fx¿ lvRg] cEof; u/fpg ;lsG5 . tof/L gS;fx¿
ahf/af6 v/Lb u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= lrqx¿
ljleGg vfnsf] sfuhdf lrqx¿ sf]/]/ sIfflzIf0fdf k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
kqklqsf, k':tsaf6 klg lrqx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= ;do /]vf
sf8{af]8{ k]k/ jf sf7sf] ?n/df ;do /]vf lvRg ;lsG5 .
$= u|fkm tyf rf6{x¿
%= Unf]a
%= kmf]6f]x¿
^= Picture diary
&= j[If rf6{

*= 6]DKn]6x¿
(= df]8]nx¿
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M afSnf] s'6 jf KnfOp8, x]S;, s}―rL, ?n/, vfU;L cflb .
afSnf] s'6 jf KnfOp8af6 ljleGg 6]DKn]6x¿ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
cª\u|]hL ljifosf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿
1. Sentence chart
120
2. Phonic wheel
3. Word cards
4. Sound cards
5. Letter charts
6. Flanel board
7. Pocket chart
8. Model of clock
9. Flip chart
10. Realia
11. Puppets
12. Cutouts
cfjZos sRrf j:t'M sf8{af]8{ k]k/, s}―rL, ?n/, ;fOg k]g, ud, lkg, sDkf; cflb .
sf8{af]8{ k]k/af6 oL ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
lzIf0fl;sfO lqmofsnfkx¿ ;w}― Ps} vfn] ;fdu|L / tl/sfaf6 dfq gu/L ljljwtf Nofpg'
cfjZos x'G5 . x/]s ljBfyL{x¿df b]lvg] ljljwtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] / x/]s afnssf] l;Sg] km/s
tl/sfnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lnP/ lzIf0fl;sfOsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
o;}n] s:tf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 eg]/ yfxf kfpg Tof] ;fdu|L k|of]u
ug{]sf] ?lr, :t/ / l;sfOz}nL tyf p;df ePsf] ax'af}l4stfn] dxŒj /fVb5 .
dfgjdf /x]sf] kf―rcf]6f r]tgf u|lGyx¿ h;sf dfWodaf6 ;"rgfx¿ dl:tis;Dd
k'¥ofpg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . h:t}, 5f]P/, ;'3
― ]/, rfv]/, x]/]/, ;'g]/ . ;'g]/ eGbf x]/]/ a9L a'emfO
l56f] x'G5 eg] u/]/ l;Sbf l;sfOdf :yfloTj cfp―5 . To;}n] l;sfOnfO{ hlt a9L r]tgf u|lGysf]
pkof]u u/L l;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} l;sfO k|efjsf/L / cy{k"0f{ x'G5 .
121
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] . b]zdf aGg] cGo P]g sfg'gx¿ ;+ljwfgaf6 g} lgb]{lzt x'G5g\ .
sfg'gx¿ ;+ljwfg;―u aflemPdf To:tf sfg'g :jtM cdfGo x'G5g\ .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df @)^@÷)^# df ;DkGg bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng / tfTsflng ;ft
/fhg}lts bnx¿ / g]skf dfcf]jfbLaLr ;DkGg zflGt ;Demf}tf kZrft\ k|fKt pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug]{ qmddf agfOPsf] ;+ljwfg xf] . of] ;+ljwfg @)^# df3 ! ut] 3f]if0ff eO{ nfu" ePsf] xf] . of]
;+ljwfg @)^* dª\l;/ !# ut];Dd !! k6s ;+;f]wg eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿
lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 tfTsfnLg ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf dfcf]jfbL aLrsf] ;Demf}tfsf] b:tfj]h
 g]kfn Ps ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHosf ¿kdf klxnf]k6s 3f]if0ff
 ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt
 hgtfaf6 3f]lift klxnf] ;+ljwfg
 gof― ;+ljwfg agfpg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Joj:yf
 dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ klxnf]k6s ;+j}wflgs cª\usf] ¿kdf Joj:yf
 cfnª\sfl/s /fi6«klt / sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf
 g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} efiffnfO{ /fi6« efiffsf] ¿kdf dfGotf
 dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xssf]
Joj:yf
 zlQm k[ysLs/0f / zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
 /fHosf] ;a} cª\ux¿df ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf
 /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg gkfOg] Joj:yf
 dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x¿sf] /]vb]v, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfsf lglDt ljz]if ;ldlt agfpg]
Joj:yf
 nlrnf] ;+ljwfg
 wd{lg/k]Iftfdf cfwfl/t
s_ df}lns xs
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu # df ljleGg @! cf]6f df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
122
wf/f – !@ M :jtGqtfsf] xs
 ;Ddfgk"j{ af―Rg kfpg] xs
 d[To'b08sf] ;hfo x'g] u/L sfg'g gagfOg]
 k|To]s gful/snfO{ ljrf/ / cleJolQmdf :jtGqtf
 lagf xftxltof/ e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, /fhg}lts bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf, ;ª\3;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,
g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt ug]{ / k];f, /f]huf/, pBf]u, Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf x'g]
 ;ª\s6sfnsf] ;dodf dfly pNn]lvt dWo] s]xL xsx¿ k|ltalGwt x'g ;Sg] / sfg'g agfP/
klg s]xLdf k|ltaGw nufpg ;lsg]
wf/f – !# M ;dfgtfsf] xs
 sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} gful/s ;dfg x'g]
 sfg'gsf] ;+/If0faf6 s;}nfO{ klg jl~rt gul/g]
 wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, hft, hflt, pTklQ, efiff, j}rfl/s cf:yfsf] cfwf/df e]befj gul/g]
 dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, ls;fg, dhb'/, lk5l8Psf] ju{, afns, j[4, ckfª\u,
czQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg]
 ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifaLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf e]befj gul/g]
wf/f – !$ M 5'jf5't tyf hflto e]befj lj¿4sf] xs
 s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+z, ;d'bfo, k];fsf] cfwf/df 5'jf5't / hftLo e]befj ug{ gkfOg]
 hftLo e]befj u/]df b08gLo x'g]
 hfthfltsf] cfwf/df k|of]udf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{, wfld{s sfo{ ug{ af6
jl~rt ug{ gkfOg]
 j:t', ;]jf, ;'ljwf, pTkfbg ug{ jf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ hfthfltsf] cfwf/df /f]s nufpg
gkfOg]
 hftLo lje]bnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ gkfOg]
wf/f – !% M k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf;DaGwL xs
 ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{k|ltaGw gnufOg]
 5fkfvfgf tyf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h gul/g]
 sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s 5fkfvfgf, ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ cj¿4 gul/g]
wf/f – !^ M jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs
123
 k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf af―Rg kfpg] xs
 cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns ¿kdf kfpg] xs
wf/f – !& M lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL xs
 dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs
 sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs
 k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfk\mgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f /
;Da4{g ug]{ xs
wf/f – !* M /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL
 sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ xs
 dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckfª\u tyf czQm / c;xfosf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs
 k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] xs
wf/f – !( M ;DklQsf] xs
 k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;DklQ cfh{g, ef]u, a]rlavg / sf/f]jf/ ug]{ xs
 ;fj{hlgs lxtafx]s /fHon] JolQmut ;DklQ clwu|x0f gug]{
wf/f – @) M dlxnfsf] xs
 dlxnf ePsf sf/0fn] e]befj gul/g]
 k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs x'g]
 dlxnf lj¿4 x'g] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf lx+;f u/]df b08gLo x'g]
 k}t[s ;DklQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g]
wf/f – @! M ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
 kl5k/]sf ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g
kfpg] xs
wf/f – @@ M afnaflnsfsf] xs
 klxrfg / gfdsf] xs
 kfngkf]if0f, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs
 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / zf]if0f lj¿4sf] xs
124
 c;xfo, cgfy, åGålkl8t, lj:yflkt, ;8s afnaflnsf, ;':tdgl:yltsf afnaflnsfnfO{
ljz]if ;'ljwf kfpg] xs
 afn>d lj¿4sf] xs
wf/f – @# M wd{;DaGwL xs
 k/fk"j{b]lv rlncfPsf] wd{ cjnDag / ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg] xs
 wfld{s:yn / wfld{s u'7L ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug]{ xs
wf/f – @$ M Gofo;DaGwL xs
 kqmfpsf] sf/0f;lxt ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg]
 sfg'g Joj;foL;―u ;Nnfx lng kfpg] xs
 kqmfp u/]df JolQmnfO{ @$ 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg'kg]{
 c;dy{ kIfnfO{ lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;]jf kfpg] xs
wf/f – @% M lgjf/s gh/aGb lj¿4sf] xs
 b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tf, zflGt Joj:yfdf vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ geO{ s;}nfO{ klg
lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /fVg gkfOg]
 sfg'g ljk/Lt gh/aGb /fv]df sfg'gåf/f tf]lsPadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] Joj:yf
wf/f – @^ M oftgf lj?4sf] xs
 y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s oftgf lbg gkfOg]
 oftgf lbPdf IftLk"lt{ lbg'kg]{
wf/f – @& M ;"rgfsf] xs
 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]
 sfg'gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ;"rgf lbg s/ gnufpg]
wf/f – @* M uf]kgLotfsf] xs
 JolQmsf] hLp, cfjf;, ;Dklt, lnvt, tYofª\s, kqfrf/, rl/q;DaGwL s'/fx¿sf] uf]kgLotf
cgltqmDo x'g]
wf/f – @( M zf]if0f lj¿4sf] xs
 k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs x'g]
 s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ gkfOg]
125
 dflg;nfO{ a]rlavg ug{, bf; jf afwf agfpg gkfOg]
 OR5f lj?4 sfddf nufpg gkfOg]
wf/f – #) M >d;DaGwL xs
 k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >dsf] xs x'g]
 sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{] xs x'g]
wf/f – #! M b]z lgsfnf lj¿4sf] xs
 s'g} klg gful/snfO{ b]z lgsfnf ug{ gkfOg]
wf/f – #@
 df}lns xsx¿ k|fKt gePdf cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg xfnL k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] dfly plNnlvt gof― cf7 / @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf !#
cf]6f s]xL ;+;f]wg;lxt df}lns xsx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oL df}lns xsx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng]
/ cfk"mn] jf cGo JolQmn] k|fKt gu/]sf] eP k|fKt ug{sf nflu sf]l;; ug'{kb{5 .
v_ sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu % df sfo{kflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f
#& b]lv $$ ;Dd ul/Psf] pQm Joj:yfdf d'Vo ¿kdf lgDglnlvt s'/f /x]sf 5g\ M
 sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dGqLkl/ifb\df /xg]
 zf;g Joj:yfsf] lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng dGqLkl/ifb\n] ug]{
 /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df k|wfgdGqL / dGqLkl/ifb\sf] u7g x'g] . ;xdlt x'g g;s]df
Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ax'dtsf] cfwf/df k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt x'g]
 dGqLkl/ifb\df pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLx¿ cfjZostfg';f/ /xg]
 Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf JolQm klg dGqLdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg]
 k|wfgdGqL / cGo dGqLx¿sf] kfl/>lds P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]
 k|wfgdGqLn] /fi6«klt;dIf / cGo dGqLn] k|wfgdGqL;dIf kb / uf]klgotfsf] ;kyu|x0f ug'{kg]{
 ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/n] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
 zf/f+zdf sfo{kflnsfn] b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfng ug]{, lgod sfg'g th'{df u/L Joj:yflksf;dIf
:jLs[ltsf nflu k]z ug]{ Pjd\ cGo k|zf;lso ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ ub{5 .
126
yk cWoogsf nflu ;Gbe{;fdu|L
!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
127
lzIff P]g, @)@* tyf lzIff lgodfjnL,@)%(
lzIff P]g, @)@*

s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;aeGbf cr's pkfo eg]sf] lzIff If]qsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/ g} xf] . lzIffn] dfgjsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 / o;n] g} ljsf;sf
;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx¿ vf]Ng dbt ug]{ x'gfn] lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt Pjd\ k|efjsf/L agfpg
j}wflgs ¿kdf lzIff;DaGwL P]g, lgod, ljlgod, lgb]{lzsf cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
g]kfndf j}wflgs ¿kdf lj=;+= !((^ ;fndf nfu" ePsf] lzIffsf] Ol:txf/nfO{ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf]
Oltxf;df k|yd sfg'g dflgG5 . k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 u7g ePsf] g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg -g]kfndf lzIff, @)!!_ df lzIffsf] ;ª\u7g, lgod, lzIff, cy{Joj:yf lgod,
k|fylds kf7zfnf lgod, dfWolds kf7zfnf lgod u/L cnucnu lzIffnosf] ljwfg ;ª\u|x
u/L k|sfzg ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . /fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf afah'b klg o; cfof]un]
l;kmfl/; u/]sf s]xL a'―bfx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/P eg] s]xL sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]gg\ .
lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf tfTsfnLg lzIffdGqL ljZjjGw' yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f
/fli6«o lzIff ;ldltsf] l/kf]{6df lzIff P]gsf] d:of}bf ;d]t k|:tfljt ul/Pcg';f/ lzIff P]g
@)!* tyf lzIff lgodfjnL @)!* th'{df u/L nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)@* ;fndf nfu"
ul/Psf] /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf -/flzkof]_ n] lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf cg's"nsf] z}lIfs
hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] . o;nfO{ @)#@ ;fn;Dd g]kfnsf ;a} lhNnfdf nfu"
ul/of] . /flzkof]sf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ lzIff P]g @)@*, th'{df u/L nfu" ul/of] . lzIff P]gnfO{
k~rfotsfndf g} ljleGg ;dodf 5 k6s ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)^) ;fndf lzIff
P]gsf] cf7f}― k6s ;+zf]wg eof] . cWofb]zaf6 g} @)^@ ;fndf clGtd k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] of]
P]gnfO{ kl5Nnf] k6s lj=;+= @)^^ ;fn df3 & ut] u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn P]g
;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^^ åf/f lzIff P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/L g]kfnsf] kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg's"n
agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
gof― P]gsf] ;§f /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ag]sf] P]gnfO{ g} ;+zf]wg u/L
of] P]g ag]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos ePsf]n] lzIff P]g @)@* nfO{ ;'wf/
ul/Psf] atfOPsf] 5 . lzIff P]gdf k|:tfjgf ;lxt hDdf @! bkmfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
ljBfno lzIffsf] ;ª\3;ª\u7gb]lv o;sf] k|sf/, nfu" ul/g] kf7\oqmd s:tf] x'g], lzIffsf] dfWod
s'g efiff x'g ;Sg] ;Ddsf s'/fx¿ :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf k"j{k|fylds
lzIffnfO{ klg ;d]l6Psf] / rf/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f u/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] lzIff eg]/ ;d]l6Psf]
5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd dfkm{t sIff ! b]lv sIff * ;DdnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff / sIff
( b]lv sIff !@ ;DdnfO{ dfWolds lzIff eg]/ 5'6\ofOPsf] eP tfklg of] P]gdf sIff ! b]lv %
;Dd, ^ b]lv * ;Dd, ( b]lv !) ;Dd, tyf !! b]lv !@ ;Dd qmdzM k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds,
128
dfWolds / pRrdfWolds lzIff eg]/ 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . lzIff ljefu, If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnfo,
lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] e"ldsf tyf lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . sfo{/t lzIfsnfO{ :yfoL ug]{ ;DaGwdf lglZrt k|fjwfg /flvPsf], lzIfssf] kbk"lt{ ubf{
;dfj]zL k|fjwfg cg';f/ l/Qm kb dWo] $% k|ltzt 5'6\ofP/ To;nfO{ ;tk|ltzt dfgL
dlxnfsf nflu ##, cflbjf;L hghfltsf nflu @&, dw]zLsf nflu @@, blntsf nflu (,
ckfª\usf nflu % / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu $ k|ltzt kbdf k|lt:kwf{ ug'k{ g]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf]
5 . To:t} lzIff Joj:yfkgsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;DaGwdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltb]lv lhNnf
lzIff ;ldlt;Ddsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf ;~rfng x'g] ljBfnosf] ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tyf To:tf ljBfnodf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo
:t/df Ps u|fdL0f lzIff sf]if ;d]t /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( - 5}6f}― ;+;f]wg _

lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !( n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lzIff lgodfjnL @)@* th'{df u/L
nfu" ul/of] . lj=;++ @)$( ;fndf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)@* vf/]h u/L lzIff lgodfjnL @)$(
nfu" ul/of] . lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf k'gM o;nfO{ vf/]h u/L lj=;+= @)%( ;fn h]7 !^ ut] lzIff
lgodfjnL @)%( th'{df u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^& ;fn df3 ( ut];Dddf o;
lgodfjnLdf 5}6f}― k6s ;+zf]wg ul/;lsPsf] 5 . oxf― lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] lgwf{/0f u/]sf
If]qsf] ljifodf dfq k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / o;sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !@ df ;fd'bflos ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g ;DaGwdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g b]xfo cg';f/ x'g]5 M
;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu k|To]s ljBfnodf b]xfosf
;b:ox¿ /x]sf] Ps ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /xg]5 M
s= cleefjsx¿n] cfk"mx¿dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf] JolQm – cWoIf
v= cleefjsx¿n] cfk"mx¿dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf Pshgf dlxnf ;lxt
tLghgf – ;b:o
u= ljBfno /x]sf] ufp― ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;DalGwt
j8fsf] j8f cWoIf – ;b:o
3= :yfgLo a'l4hLjL jf lzIffk|]dLx¿dWo]af6 ljBfno Joj:yfkg
129
;ldltn] dgf]lgt u/]sf] Pshgf – ;b:o
ª= ljBfnosf ;+:yfksx¿dWo]af6 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] dgf]lgt
u/]sf] Pshgf – ;b:o
ª!= ljBfnonfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd /sd, 3/ jf hUuf pknAw u/fpg]
rGbfbftfx¿dWo]af6 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] dgf]lgt u/]sf]
Pshgf – ;b:o
r= ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n] cfk"mx¿dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf] Pshgf – ;b:o
5= ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks – ;b:o ;lrj
of] P\]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ k|fljlws / Jofj;flos ljifodf cWoog jf tflnd u/fOg]
dfWolds ljBfnosf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf lhNnf:t/sf pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo dxf;ª\3sf
b'O{hgf k|ltlglw ;b:o /xg]5g\ . To;}u/L ;DalGwt ljBfno lg/LIfs / ;|f]t JolQmx¿nfO{
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf efu lng cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf
5 . ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] xsdf ljBfnosf] l;kmfl/;df lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln] dgf]lgt u/]sf]
ljBfnosf ;+:yfks jf nufgLstf{x¿dWo]af6 Pshgf cWoIf x'g]5g\ . ;b:ox¿df dlxnf ;d]t
kg]{ u/L cleefjsdWo]af6 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] dgf]lgt u/]sf] b'Ohgf, :yfgLo lzIffk|]dL
jf ;dfh;]jLx¿af6 ;DalGwt ufp― ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfn] dgf]lgt u/]sf] Pshgf,
;DalGwt If]qsf] ljBfno lg/LIfs, lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 5fgL k7fPsf] Pshgf ;b:o / ljBfnosf]
k|wfgfWofks ;b:o ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf 5flgPsf jf
dgf]lgt cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbfjlw tLg jif{sf] x'g] / pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f
gu/]sf] b]lvPdf h'g lgsfon] 5fg]sf] jf dgf]gog u/]sf] xf] ;f]xL lgsfon] lghnfO{ h'g;'s} jvt
kbaf6 x6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t lzIff P]gn] u/]]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ejg / hUuf ;d]t pknAw
u/fPsf] jf s'g} lsl;dsf] ;xof]u lbP/ jf ljz]if lzIff ;~rfng ug{] s'g} ;+:yfut ljBfnosf]
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7g g]kfn ;/sf/af6 x'g cfjZos b]lvPdf lzIff dGqfnon]
;f]sf] sf/0f v'nfO{ cfk}mn] ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t 5 .
lzIff P]gsf] ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf ^ df ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/ ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ljBfnosf nflu k|fKt ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng tyf nfut
/fVg] / ;'/Iff ug]{ o;sf] d'Vo sfd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfnosf] jflif{s ah]6 :jLs[t u/L
ufp― lzIff ;ldlt / lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L lbg], ljBfnodf :jR5 z}lIfs
jftfj/0fsf nflu kxn ug]{, lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 vl6O{ cfPsf] lzIfsnfO{ xflh/ u/fO{
sfddf nufpg], lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 tf]s]sf] n]vf k/LIfsaf6 ljBfnosf] jflif{s n]vf
k/LIf0f u/fO{ cfjZos sfo{jfxL tyf ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf k]; ug'{kg]{,
lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lbPsf cfb]z tyf lgb]{zgx¿sf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ o;sf] st{Jo tf]lsPsf]
130
5 . To;}u/L cfk}mn] lgo'Qm u/]sf] lzIfssf] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ / lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{] ;DaGwdf lzIfs—cleefjs ;ª\3sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] egL
o;sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L ;+:yfut ljBfnosf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;d]t ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf & df ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;ldltn]
ljBfnosf] ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf, kl/rfng tyf ;+/If0f ug]{, ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] kf7\oqmd
/ kf7\ok':ts k|of]u ug'{kg]{, cWofkg cg'dlt k|fKt pko'Qm JolQmsf] 5gf]6 u/L sfddf nufpg]
/ Go"gtd ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ / ;/sf/n] lbPsf lgb]{zgx¿ kfngf ug'{kg]{ egL pNn]v
ePsf 5g\ .
lzIfssf] ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfx¿

lzIff lgodfjnLn] lzIfssf] ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwfx¿sf] :ki6;―u pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf
lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b !^ b]lv @# ;Dd ljleGg zLif{scGtu{t ;]jfsf] u7g k|lqmof, ;'ljwf,
cfrf/;+lxtf / ;hfo;Ddsf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] kfOG5 . lzIfssf] j[lQljsf;sf cj;/sf nflu
ljBfno lzIff ;]jfsf] u7g, tx / >]0fL ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|fylds, lgDgdfWolds /
dfWolds tx u/L tLg txsf] lzIfs ;]jf x'g] / x/]s txdf tLgcf]6f >]0fL /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . hDdf kb ;ª\Vofdf t[tLo >]0fL, låtLo >]0fL / k|yd >]0fLsf] lglZrt cg'kftdf
ljefhg, x/]s tx / >]0fLsf] Go"gtd cfwf/x¿ ;d]t pNn]v u/L kf/bzL{ 9ª\uaf6 cj;/
pknAw u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . dlxnf lzIfssf] kb /xg] egL :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{sf] cfrf/;+lxtf

lzIffsf] u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lzIff lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b @@ df lzIfs tyf
ljBfyL{sf] cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ klg lgoda4 ul/Psf] 5 . lzIfssf k];fut dof{bf / ;fdflhs
Jojxf/b]lv /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljBfyL{n] ;d]t
lzIfsk|ltsf] Jojxf/ / cg'zf;g tyf /fli6«otfsf nflu ug{ ;Sg] of]ubfgnfO{ ;d]t lzIfs tyf
ljBfyL{sf] cfrf/;+lxtfdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . lzIfsn] kfng ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ lgod
!## df pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ h;df tf]lsPsf] 7fp―df uO{ sfd ug'{kg]{, ;"rgf lbP/ dfq ljbfdf
a:g'kg]{, cfk\mgf] :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu c¿ dfly gfhfoh k|efj kfg{ gx'g], g]kfnsf] cv08tf /
g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfk;L ;b\efj vnalng] vfnsf lqmofsnfk ug{ gx'g], cf1fsfl/tf, cg'zf;g,
;b\efj jf ;xof]u, ;bfrf/, ;xfg'e"lt, w}o{ / ;Rrl/qtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'kg]{, /fli6«o efjgf
hfu[t u/L b]zelQmsf nflu efjgfTds Pstf ;'b[9 ug'{kg]{, ljBfyL{nfO{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
;hfFo lbg gx'g] h:tf s'/fx¿ k|d'v ¿kdf 5g\ .
131
To;} u/L kfng ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtfnfO{ lgod !#$ df lnlka4 ul/Psf] 5 . lzIfssf]
cf1fkfng / cfbf/ ug'{kg]{, ljBfno aflx/ jf leq cg'zf;gdf /xg'kg]{, /fli6«otf, efiff /
;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgsf nflu k|oTgzLn /xg'kg]{, ljBfnosf sfo{qmddf ;lqmo ;xefuL x'gkg],{
;a};―u lzi6 Jojfxf/ ug'{kg]{ / Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] u/]sf cGo cfrf/;+lxtf kfngf ug'{kg]{ h:tf
s'/fx¿nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] cfrf/;+lxtfdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .
132
lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%&, -;+zf]wg ;lxt_
cf}krfl/s ¿kdf lzIffsf] cfwf/ :tDe ljBfno txaf6 ;'? x'G5 . ljBfnodf sfd ug]{
hgzlQmn] ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtfsf] k|:k'm6g u/fpg k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] ePsfn] pQm If]qdf
k|lt:kwf{af6 ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ cfjZos 5 . /fi6« ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] hgzlQm tof/
ug{ cfwf/zLnfsf] ¿kdf ljBfno /x]sf 5g\ . /fHoåf/f cg'bfg k|fKt u/L :yfkgf ePsf jf
;~rfng ePsf] ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ub{} u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] k|Tofe"lt bIf
lzIfsx¿af6 dfq ;Dej 5 . oxL cfjZotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;Ifd lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm ug{
of] lgodfjnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . lzIff P]g @)@* sf] 5}6f}― ;+zf]wgn] ;/sf/L cg'bfg k|fKt
ljBfno :t/df -;fd'bflos ljBfnodf lzIfsx¿ _ sf] 5gf]6 / l;kmfl/; ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt
¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] lzIff P]g @)@* sf] 5}6f}― ;+zf]wg
-@)%%÷!)÷)!_ df /fli6«o lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; adf]lhd lzIfs
;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%& th'{df u/L )%&÷&÷@$ b]lv nfu" ul/of] . xfn;Dd
-@)^&÷!)÷)(_ of] lgodfjnL kf―r k6s ;+zf]wg eO;s]sf] 5 . kf―rf} ;+zf]wg
@)^&÷!)÷)( cg';f/ o; lgodfjnLdf /x]sf] d"ne"t ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!=cfof]usf sfd tyf clwsf/;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf – o;df cfof]usf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfof]usf] cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf a}7s a:g], pgsf] cg'kl:yltdf
;b:ox¿n] cfk"mdWo]af6 5fg]sf] ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf a}7s a:g] / %) k|ltzt pkl:yltnfO{
u0fk'/s ;ª\Vof dflgPsf] 5 . cfof]un] lzIfssf] :yfoL lgo'lQm tyf a9'jf;DaGwL, cWofkg
cg'dltkqsf nflu kf7\oqmd tyf k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ / lzIfssf ;]jf ;t{ / ;'ljwf
;DaGwdf dGqfnonfO{ ;'emfa lbg] egL o;sf] sfd st{Jo tyf clwsf/ egL pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= cWofkg cg'dltkq tyf lzIfs lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/;;DaGwL Joj:yf – s:tf] cj:yfdf
cWofkg cg'dlt k/LIffsf] ;~rfng ug]{, s:tf JolQmx¿ of] k/LIffsf] nlIft ;d"x x'g\,
cWofkg cg'dltkqsf nflu x'gkg]{ Go'gtd cfjZostf s] x'g], sfo{/t lzIfs tyf cGo
ljz]if kl/l:yltsf JolQmnfO{ s:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eGg] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
-#_ lzIfs kbsf nflu s:tf] JolQm pDd]bjf/ x'g g;Sg] egL cof]Uotfsf] JofVof, lzIfs
;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgkg]{ k|fjwfg, lzIfssf] a9'jfsf] k|fjwfg nufot cfly{s sfo{ljlw
;DaGwdf ;d]t lgodfjnLdf :ki6 JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
of] lgod k|f/De x'g' eGbf cl3 :jLs[t :yfoL lzIfs b/aGbLdf sfo{/t jf c:yfoL lgo'lQm eO{
;]jfdf /x]sf lzIfsx¿ afx]s lj=;+= @)^* j}zfv ! ut] b]lv k|fylds txsf] lzIfssf nflu
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . lzIffzf:q
133
;ª\sfo jf pRrdfWolds txaf6 lzIff ljifo lnO{ sIff !@ pQL0f{ u/]sf JolQmx¿ dfq
pDd]bjf/ aGg ;Sg] / To:tf JolQmx¿sf nflu yk tflndsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ ;d]t :ki6
kfl/Psf] 5 . of] ;+zf]wgn] lj=;+= @)^* ;fn r}q d;fGtleq k|lqmof k'u]sf ;a} txsf
lzIfsx¿sf] Ps tx >]0fL a9'jf ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
134
gd'gf k|Zgx¿
dfly pNn]v ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ kof{Ktdf 5}gg\ . oxf― ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ k/LIffyL{n] cWoog
ubf{ s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ ljifosf ;Gbe{df gd'gf kf7\o;fdu|L dfq x'g\ . tn lbOPsf gd'gf k|Zgx¿n]
cWoogsf] If]qnfO{ a9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5g\ eGg] cf;odf k|:t't ul/Psf x'g\ . klxnf cfk―}mn]
pQ/ vf]Hg k|oTg ug]{ / cGtdf dfq o;} ;fy ;+nUg ePsf] pQ/s'l~hsfsf] ;xof]u lng
;lsg]5 . kf7\oqmddf pNn]v ePcg';f/sf If]qaf6 ;f]Wg ;lsg] gd'gf k|Zgx¿ / ltgLx¿sf]
pQ/;d]t oxf― k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . sIffdf cEof; u/fp―bf o:t} k|Zgx¿sf] ;]6 agfP/ ug{
;lsG5 .
!= k|rlnt lzIff P]g cg';f/ pRrdfWolds lzIffn] s] a'emfp―5 <

s_ sIff Psb]lv sIff afx|;Dd lbOg] lzIff v_ sIff cf7b]lv sIff afx|;Dd lbOg] lzIff
u_ sIff gf}b]lv sIff afx|;Dd lbOg] lzIff 3_ sIff P3f/b]lv sIff afx|;Dd lbOg] lzIff
@= lhNnf lzIff ;ldltsf] cWoIf sf] x'G5 <
s_ lhlj;sf] ;efklt jf ;efkltsf] sfd ug{ tf]lsPsf] JolQm
v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
u_ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L
3_ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L
#= :yfgLo lgsfo, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt jf ;+:yfn] Joj:yfkg lhDdf lnPsf] ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf]
lzIfssf] lgo'lQm tyf a9'jf s;n] u5{ <
s_ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u v_ ;DalGwt ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
u_ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no 3_ :yfgLo ;]jf cfof]u
$= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]udf /xg] ;b:ox¿sf] l;kmfl/; ug{ u7g x'g] ;ldltsf] cWoIfdf sf] /xg]
Joj:yf 5 <
s_ lzIff dGqfnosf] ;lrj v_ dxfGofoflwjQmf
u_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf 3_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o
%= g]kfn ;/sf/n] s:tf] If]qdf 3'DtL ljBfno ;~rfng ug{ ;S5 <
s_ ljs6 lxdfnL If]qdf v_ kxf8L If]qdf
u_ lxdfnL If]qdf 3_ lk5l8Psf] hghflt a;f]af; u/]sf] If]qdf
135
^= u|fdL0f lzIff ljsf; sf]ifsf] cWoIf sf] x'G5 <
s_ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L v_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L
u_ lzIff;lrj 3_ cy{;lrj
&= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf lsg ul/Psf] xf] <
s_ ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{
v_ ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug{
u_ ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, lgoGq0f, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkg ug{
3_ ljBfnosf] ;'/Iff ug{ / lgb]{zg lbg .
*= ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksx¿n] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf tyf ;b:ox¿sf]
5gf]6 ug{ z}lIfs ;q ;'? ePsf] slt lbgleq sltlbgsf] Dofb lbP/ cleefjs e]nf u/fpg'
kb{5 <
s_ & lbgsf] Dofb lbP/ !% lbg leq v_ #) lbgleq & lbgsf] Dofb lbP/
u_ #) lbgleq !% lbgsf] Dofb lbP/ 3_ !% lbgleq & lbgsf] Dofb lbP/
(= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] tflnddf hfg] lzIfsnfO{ tflndaf6 kms]{kl5 slt ;do ljBfnodf
;]jf ug'{kg]{ ;t{ lgwf{/0f u/L sa'lnotgfdf u/fpg ;S5 <
s_ tflnddf uPsf] cjlwe/ v_ sDtLdf Ps jif{
u_ sDtLdf b'O{ jif{ 3_ sDtLdf tLg jif{
!)= lzIfsn] slt k|sf/sf labf kfpg] Joj:yf 5 <
s_ kf―r k|sf/sf v_ 5 k|sf/sf
u_ ;ft k|sf/sf 3_ cf7 k|sf/sf
!!= lbOPsfdWo] lzIfsn] s'g labf kfp―b}g <
s_ c;fwf/0f labf v_ 3/labf
u_ cWoog labf 3_ lxp―b] / jif]{ labf
!@= ljBfnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf b'3{6gfdf k/L d[To' x'g] lzIfssf] kl/jf/ jf ;GtltnfO{ lbOg]
j[lQsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ s;sf] cWoIftfdf ;ldlt u7g x'g] Joj:yf 5 <
s_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L v_ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L
u_ If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zs 3_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf
136
!#= lzIfsnfO{ gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] jf jvf{:t ug]{ clwsf/L sf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 <
s_ ;DalGwt ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf
v_ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] lhNnf clwsf/L
u_ ;DalGwt If]qLo lzIff lgb]{zs
3_ dxflgb]{zs lzIff ljefu
!$= ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksn] lzIfs cfrf/;+lxtf kfng u/] gu/]sf] clen]v s;n] /fVg' k5{ <
s_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfn] v_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]
u_ ljBfno lg/LIfsn] 3_ lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Ln]
!%= lbOPsf dWo] s'g cfrf/;+lxtf ljBfyL{n] kfng ug'{k5{ <
s_ ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lng'kg]{
v_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ of]Uo gful/s agfpg] p2]Zo lnO{ cWoog / cWofkgnfO{ cfk\mgf] d'Vo nIo
;Demg'k5{
u_ labfsf] cg'dlt glnO{ ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt x'g'x'―b}g
3_ cf1fsfl/tf, cg'zf;g, ;b\efjgf, ;xof]u, ;bfrf/ / ;Rrl/qtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{
!^= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%& slxn] hf/L ePsf] xf] <
s_ )%&÷&÷@$ v_ )%&÷!)÷!
u_ )%&÷@÷( 3_ )%&÷!!÷&
!&= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnOg] k|ltof]lutfTds lnlvt k/LIffsf] k"0ff{ª\s / pQL0ff{ª\s slt
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ !)) / #% v_ %) / @%
u_ !)) / $) 3_ !)) / %)
!*= cfof]un] Ps k6s l;kmfl/; ul/;s]sf] JolQmsf] l;kmfl/; s'g cj:yfdf ab/ x'g ;Sb5 <
s_ l;kml/; ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq lgo'lQm kq a'e\mg gcfPdf
v_ lgo'lQm lng' cufj} b/vf:t;fy k]; u/]sf k|df0fkqx¿ gSsnL ePsf] k|dfl0ft cfwf/
pknAw ePdf .
u_ lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ePsf] JolQmn] lgo'lQm a'e\mg' cufj} d[To' ePdf .
3_ lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ePsf] JolQm s'g} s;'/df h]ndf k/]df .
137
!(= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] lzIfssf] a9'jfsf nflu 5'6\ofPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg ubf{ tflnd
jfktsf nflu a9Ldf slt cª\s lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 <
s_ !@ v_ !)
u_ !* 3_ !%
@)= cWofkg cg'dltkqsf] k/LIff s;/L x'g] Joj:yf 5 <
s_ k|To]s txsf] 5'§f 5'§} lnlvt k/LIff lnP/
v_ k|flj, lgdflj / dfljsf] Pp6} lnlvt k/LIff lnP/
u_ sIff lzIf0fsf] cjnf]sg / lnlvt k/LIff lnP/
3_ sIff lzIf0fsf] cjnf]sgaf6
@!= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] lgodfjnLcg';f/ cfof]uaf6 lnOg] k|ltof]lutfTds lnlvt k/LIffsf]
pQL0ff{ª\s slt tf]s]sf] 5 <
s_ #) cª\s v_ #% cª\s
u_ $) cª\s 3_ $% cª\s
@@= lzIfs kbk"lt{ ubf{ t[tLo >]0fLsf] l/Qm kb v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] dfWodaf6 ul/G5
eg] låtLo / k|yd >]0fLdf s;/L ul/G5 <
s_ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{åf/f
v_ cGtjf{tf{åf/f
u_ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg tyf cfGt/Ls k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffåf/f
3_ sIff cjnf]sgåf/f
@#= lzIfs kbsf nflu lnOg] k/LIffsf] k"0ff{ª\s slt slt x'G5 <
s_ lnlvtdf !)) k|of]ufTdsdf @% / cGtjf{tf{df @%
v_ lnlvtdf !)) k|of]ufTdsdf %) / cGtjf{tf{df @%
u_ lnlvtdf !)) k|of]ufTdsdf @% / cGtjf{tf{df %)
3_ lnlvtdf !)) k|of]ufTdsdf %) / cGtjf{tf{df %)
138
@$= lzIfs kbdf cGtjf{tf{df z}lIfs of]Uotf jfkt slt cª\s lbOG5 <
s_ k|yd >]0fL eP %, låtLo >]0fL eP # / t[tLo >]0fL eP ! cª\s b/n] .
v_ k|yd >]0fL eP @, låtLo >]0fL eP !=% / t[tLo >]0fL eP ! cª\s b/n] .
u_ k|yd >]0fL eP #, låtLo >]0fL eP @ / t[tLo >]0fL eP ! cª\ssf b/n] .
3_ k|yd >]0fL eP $, låtLo >]0fL eP # / t[tLo >]0fL eP @ cª\ssf b/n] .
@%= lzIfs kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] pDd]b\jf/n] lgo'lQm kq lnPsf] ldltn] slt
lbgleq kb:yfkg ul/Psf] ljBfnodf xflh/ gePdf j}slNks pDd]b\jf/n] lgo'lQm kfpg ;S5 <
s_ !% lbg v_ @) lbg
u_ #) lbg 3_ $% lbg
@^= lzIfs kbdf gof― lgo'lQm ubf{ nflu l/Qm kbdWo] blntsf nflu sltslt k|ltzt 5'6\ofPsf] 5 <
s_ $∞ v_ @@∞
u_ (∞ 3_ %∞
@&= lzIfs kbdf pDd]b\jf/ x'g] pd]/ xb slt xf] <
s_ #% jif{ v_ $) jif{
u_ $% jif{ 3_ pd]/ xb nfUb}g .
pQ/s'l~hsf
k|Zg g=+ pQ/ k|Zg g+= pQ/ k|Zg g=+ pQ/ k|Zg g+= pQ/
! 3 * v !% s @@ 3
@ s ( 3 !^ s @# s
139
# v !) u !& s @$ u
$ u !! v !* v @% u
% s !@ s !( 3 @^ u
^ u !# u @) s @& v
& s !$ v @! v
140
;xL pQ/df uf]nf] -)_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ .
!= tnsf dWo] s'grflx― lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo xf] <
s_ eflifs ;LknfO{ l;sfO / b}lgs Jojxf/df cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy k|of]u ug]{
v_ JolQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf ;xof]u u/L b]z lgdf{0fsf lglDt dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{
u_ ;fdfGo lzi6frf/ ug{ clek|]l/t ug]{
3_ cfwf/e"t eflifs tyf ul0ftLo ;Lk ljsf; ug]{
@= jt{dfg k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rfcg';f/ sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd slt kf7\oef/ tf]lsPsf]
5<
s_ #$ v_ #^
u_ #( 3_ $)
#= jt{dfg k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rfcg';f/ :yfgLo ljifo‘dft[efiffnfO{ slt kf7\oef/
tf]lsPsf] 5 <
s_ # v_ $
u_ % 3_ ^
$= xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lgDgdfWolds tx kf7\oqmd, @)%* cg';f/ lgDgdfWolds txsf]
k|To]s sIffsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljifosf] k"0ff{ª\s slt tf]lsPsf] 5 <
s_ *)) v_ &%)
u_ &)) 3_ ^%)
%= xfn k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd -sIff ^–*_, @)^* df ;fwf/0f lzIfftk{m
pNn]v gePsf] ljifo s'g xf] <
s_ g}lts lzIff
v_ k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw lzIff
u_ dft[efiff÷:yfgLo ljifo÷;+:s[t, snf jf cGo
3_ snf jf k"j{ Jofj;flos
^= ;fdflhs lnª\u (Gender) sf] ljz]iftf tnsf dWo] s'g xf] <
s_ o;nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 v_ of] hGdhft x'G5
141
u_ k|fs[lts ¿kdf leGg x'G5 3_ dflysf ;a}
&= n}ª\lus ;dtf eg]sf] s] xf] <
s_ dlxnfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4u/L ;zQmLs/0f ug'{
v_ ;dfhdf k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnfnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{
u_ dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf / cj:yfcg';f/ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{
3_ dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg lsl;dsf] clwsf/ / kx'―r pknAw u/fpg'
142
*= g]kfnn] slxn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3af6 kfl/t afnaflnsf;DaGwL dxf;GwL cg'df]bg u¥of] <
s_ ;g\ !(*( v_ ;g\ !(()
u_ ;g\ !((! 3_ ;g\ !((@
(= xfnsf] lqrGb| SofDk;sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] <
s_ lj=;+= !(&% v_ lj=;+= !(&^
u_ lj=;+= !(&& 3_ lj=;+= !(&*
!)= lj=;+= !(*) df s'g /f0ff k|wfgdGqLn] sf7df8f}―sf] 9f]sf6f]ndf sGof kf7zfnf :yfkgf u/]sf
lyP <
s_ jL/ zdz]/ v_ h'4 zdz]/
u_ rGb| zdz]/ 3_ b]j zdz]/
!!= b/jf/ :s'n - xfn efg' df=lj= _ sf] :yfkgf ;j{k|yd s'g :yfgdf ePsf] lyof] <
s_ wL/ zdz]/sf] b/jf/sf] ;fgf] rf]sdf v_ ;]tf] b/jf/
u_ /fgLkf]v/Lsf] cufl8 3_ yfkfynL b/jf/sf] bfv rf]sdf
!@= g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
s_ lj=;+= @)$! v_ lj=;+= @)$@
u_ lj=;+= @)$# 3_ lj=;+= @)$$
!#= lj=;+= @)@* df g]kfnsf] ljBfno lzIffsf] ;+/rgf s:tf] lyof] <
s_ #±$±# v_ %±#±@
u_ %±@±# 3_ #±%±@
!$= xfnsf] lzIff ljefusf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] <
s_ lj=;+= @)%! v_ lj=;+= @)%$
u_ lj=;+= @)%^ 3_ lj=;+= @)%*
!%= xfn d'n'se/ sltcf]6f ;|f]ts]Gb|x¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ <
s_ !)(! v_ !)%#
u_ !)!( 3_ !)#%
143
!^= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] cfwf/e"t tx eGgfn] slt sIffb]lv slt sIff;Dd x'g] egL pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 <
s_ sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd v_ sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd
u_ sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd 3_ sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd
!&= k|fylds txdf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsnfO{ tflnd k|fKt agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;~rflnt cfof]hgf
s'g lyof] <
s_ dfWolds lzIff sfo{qmd v_ cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd
u_ /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd 3_ lzIfs lzIff cfof]hgf
!*= lzIfssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfo s'g xf] <
s_ lzIff ljefu u_ z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|
u_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| 3_ z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|
!(= ckmuflg:tfgsf] k|fylds lzIff slt sIffb]lv slt sIff;Dd /x]sf] 5 <
s_ sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd v_ sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd
u_ sIff ! b]lv ^ ;Dd 3_ sIff ! b]lv * ;Dd
@)= >Lnª\sfsf] ljBfno lzIff slt jif]{ /x]sf] 5 <
s_ !) jif]{ v_ !! jif]{
u_ !@ jif]{ 3_ !# jif]{
@!= /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf -@)@*–)#@_ n] lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ug{ tnsf dWo] s]
Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] <
s_ lzIfsx¿sf] ;]jfsf] u7g
v_ cjsf; k|fKt ePkl5sf] Joj:yf
u_ lzIfsx¿sf] tna :s]n
3_ dflysf ;a}
@@= tnsf dWo] s'g ;a}sf nflu lzIff -@))$–@))(_ n] /fv]sf] p2]Zo xf] <
s_ cfwf/e"t tyf k|flylds lzIffdf k|fylds pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿ ljz]if u/L aflnsf /
;'ljwfljxLg ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] kx'―r a9fO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf l6sfO /fVg] .
v_ k|fylds lzIffdf kx'―r ;dGofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
144
u_ dfWolds lzIffsf] kx'―r / ;Ifdtfdf ;'wf/,
3_ ;Lkd"ns / /f]huf/d"ns lzIffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
@#= ‖lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ :ki6 sfo{of]hgf;lxt nfu" ug]{‗ /0fgLlt tnsf dWo]
s'g z}lIfs of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdn] lnPsf] 5 <
s_ ;a}sf nflu lzIff -@))$—)(_
v_ cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd
u_ dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd
3_ lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*—^(÷&)_
@$= dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] lNfPsf] nIo tnsf dWo] s'g xf] <
s_ ;g\ @))& ;Dddf lgDgdfWolds tyf dfWolds b'j} txdf 5fqfx¿sf] ;xeflutf $)∞
af6 a9fP/ %)∞ df k¥ofpg] / ;'ljwfljd'v ;d"xsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ klg ;f]xL k|ltztn] j[l¢
ug]{ .
v_ lgDg dfWolds tx / dfWolds txdf v"b egf{ b/nfO{ ;g\ @))& ;Dddf qmdzM %%∞
af6 ^%∞ / #%∞ af6 %%∞ df k'¥ofpg] .
u_ dflysf b'j} x'g
3_ dflysf s'g} klg xf]Ogg\
145
@%= lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*—^(÷&)_ df lzIffsf] sfo{gLltcGtu{t tnsf dWo] s'g kb{5 <
s_ lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t lzIffnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/g]5 / cfjZos ;|f]t
;fwg ljlgof]hg u/L :ki6 sfo{of]hgf;lxt nfu" ul/g]5 .
v_ k|fylds lzIff k"/f ug]{ ;a}nfO{ dfWolds lzIffdf kx'―rsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 .
u_ ;a} afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 .
3_ ljBfnosf] sfo{ s'zntfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg, of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ / cg'udg ug{sf nflu
;d'bfo:t/, lhNnf:t/ / /fli6«o:t/sf ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
pQ/s'l~hsf
!_ v @_ s #_ v $_ u %_ 3 ^_ s
&_ u *_ v (_ v !)_ u !!_ 3 !@_ u
!#_ s !$_ u !%_ v !^_ s !&_ 3 !*_ v
!(_ u @)_ 3 @!_ 3 @@_ s @#_ 3 @$_ u
@%_ s
146
;xL pQ/sf] ;ª\s]t cIf/nfO{ uf]nf] -)_ 3]/f nufpg'xf];\ M
!= /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$& slxn] u7g eof] <
s_ @)$&÷!)÷!# v_ @)$&÷!!÷!$
u_ @)$&÷*÷!$ 3_ @)$&÷(÷!%
@= /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$& sf] k'gu{7g slxn] eof] <
s_ @)$*÷$÷!# v_ @)$*÷%÷!#
u_ @)$*÷#÷!$ 3_ @)$*÷#÷!@
#= /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$& sf ;'?sf cWoIf sf] lyP <
s_ uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL v_ b]jLk|;fb cf]emf
u_ s]z/hª\u /fodfemL 3_ /fdxl/ hf]zL
$= /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k'gu{7g x'―bf cfof]usf] cWoIf sf] lyP <
s_ /fdxl/ hf]zL v_ s]z/hª\u /fodfemL
u_ uf]ljGb/fh hf]zL 3_ b]jLk|;fb cf]emf
%= o; cfof]unfO{ s'gs'g s'/fdf ;'emfj k|:t't ug{ elgPsf] lyof] <
s_ /fli6«o lzIffsf p2]Zo :ki6 ug{ v_ gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{
u_ ljutsf sdhf]/L s]nfpg 3_ dflysf ;a}
^= cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf lzIffsf p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] <
s_ /fHosf lgb]{zs gLlt / l;4fGt v_ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{
u_ df}lns xs 3_ dflysf ;a}
&= k|ltj]bgn] dfWolds lzIff slt jif{sf] x'g] l;kmfl/; u¥of] <
s_ @ v_ #
u_ $ 3_ %
*= k|ltj]bgdf cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf cWoog u/]/ cf}krfl/s k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt kfpg] u/L lzIffsf]
s'g txdf Joj:yf ePsf] lyof] <
s_ k|fylds tx v_ dfWolds tx
147
u_ pRrdfWolds tx 3_ To:tf] Joj:yf lyPg
(= k|ltj]bgn] pRrdfWolds lzIff s]nfO{ eg]sf] 5 <
s_ dfWolds txkl5sf] lzIff
v_ dfWolds lzIffkl5sf] @ jif{sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIff
u_ dfWolds lzIffkl5sf] @ jif{sf] cf}krfl/s lzIff
3_ :gfts tx cl3sf] lzIff
!)= k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] klxnf] r/0f s'g xf] <
s_ k|fylds lzIff v_ lgDgdfWolds lzIff
u_ dfWolds lzIff 3_ pRrdfWolds lzIff
148
!!= k|ltj]bgdf lgDgdfWolds txsf] s"n k"0ff{ª\s slt k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 <
s_ ^)) v_ ^%)
u_ &)) 3_ &%)
!@= k|ltj]bgn] dfWolds txsf] s"n k"0ff{ª\s slt k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 <
s_ ^))±!)) v_ &))±!))
u_ *))±!)) 3_ ())±!))
!#= k|ltj]bgdf pRrdfWolds txsf] ;+/rgf ;fdfGotof tnsfdWo] s'g x'g] l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 <
s_ !–!@ sIff v_ (–!@ sIff
u_ !!–!@ sIff 3_ dflysf ;a}
!$= k|ltj]bgn] pRrdfWolds lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf cfwf/e"t tflnd slt cjlwsf] x'g'kg]{
l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 <
s_ ! jif{ v_ @ jif{
u_ # jif{ 3_ $ jif{
!%= o; cfof]un] dfWolds lzIffsf ;Gbe{df lbPsf ;'emfax¿dWo] sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] ;'emfj tn
lbOPsfdWo] x'g xf] <
s_ dfWolds txsf] lzIffnfO{ tLg txsf] agfOPsf]
v_ lgDgdfWolds txdf jftfj/0f lj1fg ljifo ;dfj]z ePsf]
u_ z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf]
3_ dflysf ;a}
pQ/s'l~hsf
!= -v_ @= -s_ #= -u_ $= -v_ %= -3_ ^= -3_ &= -s_ *= -v_
(= -u_ !)= -3_ !!= -3_ !@= -v_ !#= -3_ !$= -v_ !%= -3
149
!= lzIff;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo of]hgf s;n] kfl/t ub{5 <
s_ lzIff ljefu v_ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no
u_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt 3_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt
@= jflif{s sfo{tflnsf (Operational calendar) eGgfn] s'gnfO{ a'emfp―5 <
s_ cWofkg ug]{ lzIfssf] jif{el/sf] ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfs ultljlw b;f{pg] tflnsf of]hgf
v_ Ps z}lIfs ;qel/sf nflu ljBfnon] ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw÷lqmofsnfk ;dfj]z u/L
agfOPsf] of]hgf
u_ k9fO x'g] lbgdf sIffsf]7fdf ul/g] lqmofsnfksf] jif{el/sf] of]hgf
3_ dflysf ;a}
#= jflif{s sfo{of]hgf cyf{t jflif{s kf7of]hgf (Annual plan) eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ Ps z}lIfs ;qel/df ljBfnon] ;~rfng ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw b;f{pg] u/L tof/ kfl/sf]
of]hgf
v_ Ps z}lIfs ;qdf ljBfno v'n]sf lbgx¿df lzIfsn] ug]{÷u/fpg] lqmofsnfk ;d]l6Psf]
of]hgf
u_ lzIfsn] cfk"mn] k9fpg'kg]{ ljifosf Ps z}lIfs ;qel/df lzIf0f ul/;Sgsf nflu ug'{kg]{
ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfs ultljlw ;dfj]z u/L lzIfsn] tof/ kfg]{ of]hgf
3_ jif}{el/ b}lgs ¿kdf lzIf0f ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] kf7of]hgf
$= PsfO of]hgf (Unit plan) eg]sf] s] xf] <
s_ PsfOcGtu{tsf ljifoj:t'sf] lzIf0fl;sfO ;~rfng ug{ lzIfsåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf
v_ PsfOcGtu{tsf kf7 b}lgs ¿kdf lzIf0f ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] kf7of]hgf
u_ z}lIfs ;qel/ slt PsfO k7gkf7g ug]{ eg]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf
3_ PsfOcGtu{tsf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / qmd ldnfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] of]hgf
%= b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf cª\ux¿ qmd s'g xf] <
s_ p2]Zo – lqmofsnfk – lzIf0f ;fdu|L – d"Nofª\sg – u[xsfo{
v_ p2]Zo – lzIf0f ;fdu|L – lqmofsnfk – d"Nofª\sg – u[xsfo{
150
u_ lzIf0f ;fdu|L – p2]Zo – lqmofsnfk – d"Nofª\sg – u[xsfo{
3_ lqmofsnfk – p2]Zo – lzIf0f ;fdu|L – d"Nofª\sg – u[xsfo{
^= s'g} kf7sf] lzIf0f sfo{ s'g s'/fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 <
s_ lqmofsnfk v_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L
u_ p2]Zo 3_ u[xsfo{
151
&= b}lgs kf7of]hgfsf Jofjxfl/s p2]Zodf s'g ljz]iftf x'g'kb{5 <
s_ ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g dfkg ug{ ;lsg]
v_ lgwf{l/t ;doleq k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]
u_ :ki6 / bf]xf]/f] cy{ gnfUg]
3_ dflysf ;a}
*= ljBfnosf] :t/df tof/ kfl/g] of]hgf s'g xf] <
s_ b}lgs kf7of]hgf v_ PsfO of]hgf
u_ jflif{s z}Ifl0fs of]hgf 3_ ljBfnosf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf
(= tn lbOPsfdWo] s'g jfSon] z}Ifl0fs of]hgfsf] cfjZostf / dxŒjnfO{ emNsfp―5 <
s_ z}Ifl0fs of]hgfn] kf7\oqmdåf/f lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n u/fpg dbt ub{5
v_ z}Ifl0fs of]hgfn] lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ub{5
u_ z}Ifl0fs of]hgfn] lzIfsnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/, lgoldt / ;hutfk"j{s sfo{ ug{df ;xof]u
k'¥ofp―5
3_ dflysf ;a}
!)= ljBfnosf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgfdf ;dfj]z gx'g] s'grflx― xf] <
s_ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s
v_ cleefjs lbj;
u_ cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk 3_ b}lgs sfo{tflnsf
!!= b}lgs kf7of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ s'g s'/fdf Wofg lbg' k5{ <
s_ ljBfyL{sf] :t/ / Ifdtf v_ pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]t
u_ kf7\oqmdsf] p2]Zo / kf7\oj:t'sf] ulx/fO{ 3_ dflysf ;a}
!@= z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ s'g ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 <
s_ lzIf0fl;sfOaf6 k|fKt ul/g] ;fWo
v_ lzIf0fl;sfOsf p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]uL ;fwg
u_ lzIf0fl;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug]{ ;fwg
3_ lzIf0fl;sfOaf6 xfl;n ug'{kg]{ p2]Zo
152
!#= z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf s] xf] <
s_ l;sfOnfO{ cy{k"0f{ / lbuf] agfpg
v_ ljleGg wf/0ff / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{
u_ l;sfO cg'ejnfO{ Jofjxfl/s / d"t{ ¿k lbg
3_ dflysf ;a}
!$= kf7\ok':ts pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf lzIfsn] lzIf0f ubf{ s]sf] cfwf/df ug'{ k5{ <
s_ cfsif{s z}lIfs ;fdu|L v_ kf7\oqmd
u_ k|=c=sf] lgb]{zg 3_ ljBfyL{sf] ?lr
153
!%= lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{sf nflu lzIfsnfO{ dfu{lgb]{z ug]{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm ;fdu|L s'g xf] <
s_ kf7\oqmd v_ kf7\ok':ts
u_ lzIfs lgb]{lzsf 3_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L
!^= lzIf0fl;sfO k|lqmofdf af≈o d'n'saf6 cfoft ug{ g;lsg] s'g xf] <
s_ p2]Zo v_ z}lIfs ;fdu|L
u_ of]Uo lzIfs 3_ lzIf0f k|ljlw
!&= d"Nofª\sgsf] zflAbs cy{ s'g xf] <
s_ lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ug{ v_ ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{
u_ ljBfyL{sf] sdhf]/L kQf nufpg' 3_ ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf] dfkg ug'{
!*= kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds b'j} u'0f ePsf] tYo s'g xf] <
s_ dfkg v_ k/LIff
u_ d"Nofª\sg 3_ pknlAw
!(= pknlAwsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug]{ u'0f ePsf] tYo s'g xf] <
s_ k/LIff v_ d"Nofª\sg
u_ dfkg 3_ pknlAw
@)= ;Lldt ;fwg / lglZrt kl/lwdf cfwfl/t u'0f ePsf] tYo s'g xf] <
s_ pknlAw v_ d"Nofª\sg
u_ dfkg 3_ k/LIff
@!= æd"Nofª\gsf ;fwgn] /fd|f] / g/fd|f], pRr u'0fo'Qm / Go"g u'0fo'Qm cflb 5'6\ofpg ;Sg' kb{5 .Æ
of] d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf] s'grflx― u'0fl;t ;DalGwt 5 <
s_ j:t'lgi7tf v_ Jofjxfl/s
u_ lje]bLs/0f 3_ Jofkstf
@@= ælg0f{o ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf k|bfg ug'{ d"Nofª\sg xf] .Æ of] egfO s'g lzIffljb\sf] xf] <
s_ Gronlund v_ Crobback
u_ Stufflebean 3_ Tayler
154
@#= æs'g} klg z}lIfs sfo{qmd jf z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] cª\usf af/]df lg0f{o ug{ ;ª\sng ul/Psf] jf
k|of]u ul/Psf] ;"rgf g} d"Nofª\sg xf] .Æ of] egfO s;sf] xf] <
s_ John Dewey v_ Tayler
u_ Gronlund 3_ Cronback
@$= æs'g} klg k|lqmofsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nofª\sg elgG5 .Æ of] kl/efiff s;sf] xf] <
s_ Paulo Friere v_ John Dewey
u_ Dictionary of Education 3_ Dictionary of Good
@%= lzIf0fl;sfOsf] s'g} lglZrt tx jf ljifosf] p2]Zo k"/f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ nfO{ s:tf]
d"Nofª\sg elgG5 <
s_ sfo{qmd d"Nofª\sg v_ k|lqmof d"Nofª\sg
u_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg 3_ k|efj d"Nofª\sg
@^= sfo{qmd d"Nofª\sg cGtu{t s'grflx― kIfsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 <
s_ k|lqmof v_ ;fwg÷;'ljwf
u_ ;Gbe{ 3_ dflysf ;a}
@&= tn lbOPsf s'g kIfn] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdsf] glthfsf] d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]6\5 <
s_ nufgL d"Nofª\sg v_ ;Gbe{ d"Nofª\sg
u_ pknlAw d"Nofª\sg 3_ sfo{qmd d"Nofª\sg
@*= s'g} sfo{qmd sfof{GjognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf glbg] af/]df lg0f{ lngsf nflu tnsfdWo] s'g
d"Nofª\sgn] ;d]6\5 <
s_ ;Gbe{ d"Nofª\sg v_ nufgL d"Nofª\sg
u_ k|lqmof d"Nofª\sg 3_ pknlAw d"Nofª\sg
@(= s'g} ;d:ofsf] sf/0f kQf nufpgsf nflu tnsfdWo] s'g d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 <
s_ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg v_ lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg
u_ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg 3_ ;'wf/fTds d"Nofª\sg
#)= lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgcGtu{t gkg]{ tnsfdWo] s'g xf] <
s_ PsfO k/LIff v_ q}dfl;s k/LIff
u_ u[xsfo{ 3_ jflif{s k/LIff
155
#!= lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf] ;fwg tnsfdWo] s'g xf] <
s_ PsfO k/LIff v_ q}dfl;s k/LIff
u_ cw{jflif{s k/LIff 3_ jflif{s k/LIff
#@= dfkg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ ef}lts u'0fsf] dfqfnfO{ cª\sdf k|:t't ug'{
v_ s'g} j:t'sf] u'0fnfO{ k"0f{ lgwf{l/t lgodsf cfwf/df cª\sdf abNg] k|lqmof
u_ u'0fsf] kl/df0ffTds dfg 3_ dflysf ;a}
##= d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgsf] ljZj;gLotf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
s_ l:y/tf (Consistency)
v_ dfkg ;lsg] u'0f (Dependability)
u_ eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ (Predictability)
3_ dflysf ;a}
#$= ljZj;gLotf lgsfNg] ljlwx¿dWo] kg]{ tnsfdWo] s'g xf] <
s_ ljz]if1åf/f k/LIf0f ljlw v_ k/LIf0f k'gM k/LIf0f ljlw
u_ tYofª\szf:qLo ljlw 3_ ax';fwg ljlw
#%= ljZj;gLotfdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjcGtu{t gkg]{ s'g xf] <

s_ hf―rsf] cj:yf v_ k/LIf0fsf] nDafO / ;dofGt/
u_ k|Zgx¿sf] j:t'uttf / ljljwtf 3_ pd]/ / k|fKtfª\ssf] ljljwtf
156
#^= j}wtf :yflkt ug]{ ljlw s'g xf] <
s_ ljifout j}wtf v_ /rgfTds j}wtf
u_ dfkb08df cfwfl/t j}wtf 3_ dflysf ;a}
#&= j}wtfsf] cy{ s'g xf] <
s_ k/LIf0fsf] dfkg slt pko'Qm, ;fGble{s / dfGo 5 .
v_ ;dfg JolQmsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;dfg / t'ngfof]Uo dfkgsf ;fwg k6sk6s k|of]u ubf{ glthf
pxL /xG5 .
u_ dfkgåf/f k|fKt hfgsf/Ln] dfkg ul/Psf u'0fx¿sf] jf:tljs dfkg u/]sf 5g\ .
3_ k/LIf0fsf ;fwgdf eljiojf0L ug{ ;Sg] u'0f 5 .
#*= ljBfyL{sf] k/LIff lnbf kf7\oqmdn] tf]lsPsf ;a} PsfOaf6 k|Zgkq kg]{ u/L k|Zgx¿ agfOPsf
5g\ eg] To:tf] k/LIf0fdf s'g k|sf/sf] j}wtf ePsf] dflgG5 <
s_ /rgfTds j}wtf v_ k"0f{ ;"rgfTds j}wtf
u_ ljifout j}wtf 3_ cfwf/;DaGwL j}wtf
#(= b'O{cf]6f ;dfg gd'gfsf k/LIf0fnfO{ Pp6} ljBfyL{ ;d"xdf Ps}k6s jf s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fndf
k|of]u u/L ljZj;gLotfsf] dfkg ug]{ ljlw s'g xf] <
s_ ;dfgfGt/ k|f¿k ljlw v_ cw{ljefhg ljlw
u_ k/LIf0f k'gM k/LIf0f ljlw 3_ ;dljifo ljlw
$)=ljBfyL{sf] cnucnu ¿kdf ljj/0f kmfOn v8f u/L kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs ;"rgfx¿
;ª\sng ul/Psf] ljj/0fnfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ ;l~rt clen]v v_ 36gfj[Q clen]v
u_ JolQmut clen]v 3_ cjnf]sg clen]v
$!= ljBfyL{sf hLjgdf 3l6t 36gf ljz]if jf dxŒjk"0f{ ljj/0fx¿ ;ª\sng u/L /flvPsf] /]s8{nfO{
s] elgG5 <
s_ ;l~rt clen]v v_ JolQmut clen]v
u_ 36gfj[Q clen]v 3_ ¿h' ;"rL
$@= ljBfyL{ cfk}―mn] cfk\mgf] k|ultsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ cfTd k/LIff v_ cfTd d"Nofª\sg
157
u_ cfTd cg'e"lt 3_ cfTd cg'zf;g
$#= t'ngfTds ¿kdf df}lns ljrf/ tyf cleJolQm Ifdtfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] k|Zg s'g xf] <
s_ k|of]ufTds k|Zg v_ j:t'ut k|Zg
u_ ljifout k|Zg 3_ df}lvs k|Zg
$$=cGbfhsf] e/df pQ/ lbg] k|j[lQsf nflu ;hfo (Penalty) x'g] k|Zg s'g xf] <
s_ j:t'ut k|Zg v_ ;f/f+z n]Vg] k|Zg
u_ 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg 3_ hf]8f ldnfpg] k|Zg
158
$%= k|Zgx¿ bf]if/lxt eP gePsf], k|Zgsf] sl7gfO:t/ yfxf kfpg] / k|Zgx¿ uNtL ePdf lzIf0f
sfo{df ;'wf/ Nofpg' kg]{ eP ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ s] ug'{ k5{ <
s_ k|Zgsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f v_ k|Zg ljZn]if0f
u_ k|Zgsf] cª\sg 3_
$^= k|Zg ljZn]if0f ubf{ lje]bLs/0fsf] dfg a9Ldf sltb]lv slt;Dd x'G5 <
s_ ± ! b]lv – ! v_ ± @ b]lv – @
u_ ± # b]lv – # 3_ ± $ b]lv – $
$&= lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf] p2]Zo s'g xf] <
s_ ljBfyL{ lgoldt ljBfno cfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{
v_ d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t / k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfOsf nflu k|of]u ug]{
u_ h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / sdhf]/sf nflu ljz]if dbt ug]{
3_ dflysf ;a}
pQ/s'l~hsf
!= -3_ @= -v_ #= -u_ $= -s_ %= -v_ ^= -u_ &= -3_ *= -3_ (=
-3_
!)= -3_ !!= -3_ !@= -v_ !#= -3_ !$= -v_ !%= -u_= !^= -s_ !&= -v_ !*=-u_
!(= -v_ @)= -3_ @!= -u_ @@= -3_ @#= -3_ @$= - _ @%= -3_ @^= -u_
@&=-u_
@*= -s_ @(= -3_ #)= -3_ #!= -3_ #@= -3_ ##= - _ #$= -u_ #%= -3_ #^=-s_
#&= -u_ #*= -s_ #(= -s_ $)= -u_ $!= -v_ $@= -u_ $#= s_ $$= -v_ $%=-s_
$^= -3_ $&= -3_
159
!= of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] k|yd r/0f s'g xf] <
s_ jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f v_ efjL sfo{lbzf lgwf{/0f
u_ of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ 3_ of]hgfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{
@= ljBfno txdf tof/ kfl/g] of]hgf s'g xf] <
s_ Macro plan v_ Meso plan
u_ Micro plan 3_ Periodic plan
#= ljBfno:t/df ul/g] of]hgfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf (stakeholders) tnsfdWo] sf] x'g\ <

s_ cleefjs v_ lzIfs, ljBfyL{
u_ :yfgLo ;d'bfo 3_ dflysf ;a}
$= ljBfno:t/df ul/g] of]hgf s]df cfwfl/t x'G5 <
s_ /fi6«sf] z}lIfs gLlt / k|fyldstf v_ lzIff Joj:yfkg;DaGwL P]g, lgod
u_ ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf / rfxgf 3_ dflysf ;a}
%= z}lIfs of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] ;fwg (planning tool) tnsfdWo] s'g xf] <
s_ cfly{s ;|f]t;fwg v_ ljz]if1 hgzlQm
u_ z}lIfs Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL 3_ k|rlnt lzIff P]g, lgod
^= :yfgLo:t/df agfOg] of]hgfsf] ljz]iftf tnsfdWo] s'g xf] <=
s_ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] dxŒjfsfª\Iffsf] ;Daf]wg
v_ dflyNnf lgsfosf] cg'udg
u_ ;dtfd"ns ;|f]t af―8kmf―8sf] Joj:yf
3_ lhNnf:t/sf] of]hgfsf] cfwf/lznf
&= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df !)) eGbf a9L b]lvg] z}lIfs ;"rs tnsfdWo] s'g xf] <
s_ ;xh} b]lvg] ljBfyL{ egf{ b/
v_ v'b ljBfyL{ egf{ b/
u_ ljBfno pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt
3_ ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf s"n afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt
160
*= ;"Id of]hgf (Micro plan) tnsfdWo] s'g xf] <
s_ lhNnf lzIff of]hgf (DEP) v_ ufp― lzIff of]hgf (VEP)
u_ ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf (SIP) 3_ jflif{s /0fgLlt tof/L of]hgf (ASIP)
(= ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] d'Vo clek|fo (focus) s'g xf] <

s_ :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfno ultljlwdf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug'{
v_ ljBfyL{sf] pRr l;sfO pknlAwsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{
u_ :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug'{
3_ of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;'lglZrttf xfl;n ug'{
!)= ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] clGtd r/0f s'g xf] <

s_ cfjlws nIo lgwf{/0f / z}lIfs ;"rssf] lgdf{0f
v_ sfoqmdsf] nfut cg'dfg / ;|f]tsf] vf]hL
u_ sfoqmd sfof{Gjogsf] /0fgLlt tof/L
3_ sfoqmd sfof{Gjog of]hgf / cg'udg
!!= s'g} ljBfnon] tof/ kf/]sf] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z x'g;Sg] /0fgLlt tnsfdWo] s'g
xf] <
s_ ef}lts dd{t ug]{
v_ cfo;|f]t j[l4sf nflu ;d'bfo kl/rfng ug]{
u_ r]tgfd"ns sfoqmd ;~rfng ug]{
3_ cleefjs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ug]{
!@= ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 sxf― k]; ug'{k5{ <
s_ ;|f]ts]Gb| v_ ufp― ljsf; ;ldlt‘gu/kflnsf
u_ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no 3_ lhNnf lzIff ;ldlt
pQ/s'l~hsf
161
!= -s_ @= -u_ #= -3_ $= -3_ %= -u_ ^= -u_ &= -s_ *= -u_ (= -v_
!)= -3_ !!= -v_ !@= -s_
162
!= tnsf] s'g a'―bfn] lzIfsdf afn dgf]lj1fgsf] 1fg x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 .
s= lzIfsnfO{ pko'Qm z}Ifl0fs of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
v= lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ lzIfsnfO{ ;3fp―5 .
u= ljBfyL{sf] dgf]efjgf a'e]m/ ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
3= ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lhn} sIff r9fpg ;3fp―5 .
@= afnaflnsfx¿sf] b'O{ jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Ddsf] ljsf;fTds cj:yfsf] gfd s'grflx― xf] <
s= k"j{ afNofj:yf v= afNofj:yf
u= pQ/ afNofj:yf 3= lszf]/fj:yf
#= tnsfdWo] pQ/afNofj:yfsf] ljz]iftf s'g xf] <
s= of] v]nf}gfsf] pd]/ xf] . v= of] afn;d"xsf] pd]/ xf] .
u= of] cg's/0f ug]{ pd]/ xf] . 3= of] vlK6Psf] cj:yf xf] .
$= æk"j{ lszf]/fj:yf of}gfª\ux¿ kl/kSj x'g] / ;Gtfgf]Tkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fKt x'g] of}g
kl/kSjtfsf] cj:yf xf] .Æ of] egfO s;sf] xf] <
s= Root sf] v= Dewey sf]
u= Piaget sf] 3= ?;f]sf]
%= v]ns"b, gfrufg / lx88"n ug{ dgk/fpg] pd]/ s'g xf] <
s= k"j{ afNofj:yf v= afNofj:yf
u= lszf]/fj:yf 3= pQ/jfNofj:yf
pQ/x¿
!= u @= s #=v $= s %= 3
163
!=tnsf dWo] s'grfxL― lzIfs s]lGb|t ljlw xf] <
s= k|bz{g v= 5nkmn
u= vf]h 3= ;d:of ;dfwfg
@= s'g z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfdf z}lIfs jif{sf] cGtdf ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff r9fpg] jf gr9fpg] eGg]
lg0f{o ug{ h?/t kb}{g <
s= sIff lzIf0f v= ax'sIff lzIf0f
u= ljifo lzIf0f 3= v'nf ljBfno lzIf0f
#= tnsf dWo] s'g rfxL― sIffsf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg;―u ;DalGwt 5 <
s= sIffdf lgodkfng tyf cg'zf;g Joj:yf .
v= ljljwtf -diversity_ tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f .
u= rf]6k6s tyf b'3{6gfsf] hf]lvd gx'g] Joj:yf .
3= sIffnfO{ åGå/lxt agfpg] Joj:yf .
$= :yfgLo ljifo jf dft[efiff ljifosf] kf7\oqmd s;n] agfpg] gLltut Joj:yf 5 <
s= lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] v ;|f]ts]Gb|n]
u= ljBfnon] 3= :yfgLo lgsfon]
%= :yfgLo÷efiff ljifosf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] sfd s] xf] <
s= ljifo 5gf]6 v= p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
u= lzIfs tof/L 3= kl/ro n]vg
^=g]kfndf cufl8 ;fl/Psf] ax'efifL lzIff -Multilingual Education_ eg]sf]
s= d'n'ssf ljBfnox¿df :yfgLo cfjZostfg';f/ ;DalGwt dft[efiffx¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf]
dfWod -medium of instruction_ efiffsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ xf] .
v= lzIf0fsf] dfWod efiff ;fdfGot g]kfnL eP klg lzIfsn] sIffdf ePsf dft[efifL
ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostfg';f/ ljleGg efiffdf k9fpg]÷a'emfpg] xf] .
u= d'n'sdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf ;a} efiffx¿sf] kf7\oqmd agfO{ ljBfnodf k7gkf7g ug'{ xf] .
3= ax'efifL d'n's ePsfn] ljBfyL{n] w]/} efiffsf] cWoog ug]{ Joj:Yff ldnfpg' xf] .
164
pQ/
!= s @= v #= u $= u
%= s ^= s
165
tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;xL pQ/sf] ;ª\s]tnfO{ uf]nf] 3]/f lbg'xf];\ M
!= z}lIfs ;fdu|L eg]sf] jf:tadf s] xf] <

s= lzIfssf nflu cfjZos ljifoj:t'
v= ljBfyL{nfO{ cEof; ug{ ;xof]uL ljifoj:t'
u= r]tgf u|lGyx¿sf] ax'pkof]uaf6 l;sfOdf ;/nLs/0f ug{] ljifoj:t'
3= kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':ts
@= z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L s] kmfObf x'G5 <
s= ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOz}nL cg'¿k l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'U5 .
v= lzIfsn] k9fpg sd d]xgt u/] k'U5 .
u= o;n] lzIfsnfO{ ;lqmo / ljBfyL{nfO{ lgliqmo agfpg ;3fp―5 .
3= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ /dfOnf] / dgf]/~hg k|bfg ub{5 .
#= s;n] k|of]u u/]sf] z}lIfs ;fdu|Laf6 t'ngfTds ¿kdf l;sfO a9L cy{k"0f{ / l6sfp x'G5 <
s= lzIfs :jod\n] v= lzIfsn] w]/} / ljBfyL{n] sd
u= lzIfssf] cg'kl:yltdf ljBfyL{n] 3= lzIfssf] ;xhLs/0fdf ljBfyL{n]
$= efiff lzIf0fdf a9L pkof]uL x'g] z}lIfs ;fdu|L s'g xf] <
s= rf6{ v= s}r
― L
u= t/fh' 3= Unf]a
%= ;'gfO ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ s'g z}lIfs ;fdu|L a9L pkof]uL x'G5 <
s= rf6{ v= df]8]n
u= 6]k l/s8{/ 3= syf kQL
^= s'g z}lIfs ;fdu|L >Jo ;fdu|L xf] <
s= l6eLv= sDKo'6/
u= /]l8of] 3= 38L
&= tnsf dWo] :yfgLo :t/df ;xh} kfOg] ;fdu|L s'g xf] <
166
s= a];6]g Ans v= ks]6 rf6{
u= kqklqsf 3= Hofldlt afs;
*= z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] s'g cj:yfdf l;sfOnfO{ ;3fp―5 <
s= ljifoj:t'nfO{ / z}lIfs ;fdu|LnfO{ cnucnu kfl/Psf] cj:yfdf
v= ljifoj:t'sf] k|s[lt;―u z}lIfs ;fdu|L ldNbf] ePdf
u= z}lIfs ;fdu|Ln] k|of]ustf{nfO{ cfgGb / /dfOnf] lbPdf
3= lzIfssf] :t/ cg';f/sf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/Pdf
(= klxnf] k6s ulGtsf] cEof; u/fpg s'g ;fdu|L a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 <
s= ulGt tflnsf v= cª\s kQL
u= ;;fgf 9'ª\ufx¿ 3= Sof;]6 Kn]o/
!)= tnsfdWo] s'g ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u w]/} ljifox¿df ug{ ;lsG5 <
s= :yfgdfg tflnsf v= ks]6 rf6{
u= t/fh' 3= ?n/
!!= z}lIfs ;fdu|L 5gf]6 / lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg{] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf tnsf dWo] s'g xf] <
s= pko'Qm ;fOhsf], :ki6 / ;kmf x'g'kb{5 .
v= ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, Ifdtf / :t/cg';f/sf] x'g'kb{5 .
u= ;s];Dd :jlgld{t÷ljBfyL{ lgld{t x'g'kb{5 .
3= ;s];Dd bx|f] / l6sfp vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 .
pQ/ M
!= u @= s #= 3 $= s %= u ^= u &= u *= v (= u !)= v
!!= v

!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg slxn]b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] <
167
s_ @)^# k'; ! ut] v_ @)^# df3 ! ut]
u_ @)^# kmfNu'0f ! ut] 3_ @)^# r}q ! ut]
@= g]kfndf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] klxnf] k6s yk u/]sf df}lns xs s'g xf] <
s_ lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL xs v_ ;"rgfsf] xs
u_ 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befjlj¿4sf] xs 3_ ;DklQsf] xs
#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL xsdf tn n]lvPsf]dWo] s'g xs pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd k|fylds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug]{ xs
v_ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd lgDgdfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug]{ xs
u_ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug]{ xs
3_ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd pRrdfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug]{ xs
$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcg';f/ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ s;sf]df lglxt x'G5 <
s_ dGqLkl/ifb\ v_ k|wfgdGqL
u_ pk/fi6«klt 3_ /fi6«klt
%= k|wfgdGqLn] sf] ;dIf ;kyu|x0f ug'{k5{ <
s_ k|wfgdGqL v_ ;efd'v
u_ pk/fi6«klt 3_ /fi6«klt
pQ/s'l~hsf
!= v @= u #= u $= s %= 3
168

Teacher Preparation Resource Part I

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Copyright:

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Teacher Preparation Resource Part I

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lzIfs ;]jfsf] v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff

tof/L sIff ;~rfng

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

© z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, @)^*

n]vg tyf ;Dkfbg

kmfNu'0f, @)^* ;"ok{ |;fb uf}td

# ;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf] lzIffsf] ;+/rgf (

$ g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] /fli6«o tyf txut p2]Zox¿ !!

% g]kfnsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; - /f0ffsfnb]lv xfn;Dd _ !$

& n}ª\lus ;dfgtf #@

* g]kfnsf] ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf / kf7\oqmdsf] 9f―rf #&

( lzIff;DaGwL of]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf $@

!) /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$( %&

!@ afnljsf; tyf dgf]lj1fg &#

!# lzIf0f l;sfO tyf sIff Joj:yfkg &%

!$ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# (%

!% lzIff P]g,@)@* tyf lzIff lgodfjnL,@)%( !))

!^ lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)%&, -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ !)$

!& gd'gf k|Zgx¿ !)%

lgDgdfWolds dfWolds pRrdfWolds

lgDgdfWolds pRrdfWolds (Senior secondary) sn]h (Collegiate)

/f0ffsfneGbf cufl8sf] lzIffnfO{ z}lIfs Oltxf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] k|frLgsfnLg lzIff elgG5 .

/f0ffsfnkl5sf dxŒjk"0f{ z}lIfs 36gf, kl/jt{g tyf ljsf;

@ /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]u @)!)

# ;jf{ª\uL0f /fli6«o lzIff ;ldlt @)!*

$ x\o'u aL= p8sf] 6f]nL u7g @)!(

% /fli6«o lzIff ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\ @)@$

^ /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf @)@*

& zfxL pRr lzIff cfof]u @)#(

* /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$&

( pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)%$

!) lzIff sfo{bn @)%&

!! lzIff;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo sfo{ ;ldlt @)%*

 lzIff If]qdf sfof{Gjog ePsf kl/of]hgf, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿

@ ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd ;g\ @))$ b]lv @))(

# dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;g\ @))# b]lv @))*

$ lzIfs lzIff kl/of]hgf ;g\ @))@ b]lv @))*

& k|fylds lzIff ljsf; sfo{qmd

* /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd kl/of]hgf lj=;+= @)#&

( dfWolds lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf lj=;+= @)%) b]lv @)%^

!) lj1fg lzIff ljsf; kl/of]hgf ;g\ !(*$ b]lv !((!

!! k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf lj=;+= @)$@ b]lv % jif{sf

!$ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Lk kl/of]hgf ;g\ @))^ b]lv @)!!

 lzIff dGqfno / ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] hfgsf/L

n}ª\lus ;dtf tyf ;dfgtf

lzIff If]qdf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf nflu eP u/]sf k|of;x¿

s_ g]kfnsf] ljBfnosf] txut ;+/rgf

u_ ;+:s[t ljBfno -j]bljBf>d_

O_u'?s'n lzIff -sIff ^–*_

p_ db/;f lzIff -sIff ^–*_

/fli6«o lzIff k4ltsf] of]hgf -@)@*—@)#@_

k|fylds sIffx¿df l;sfOg] ljifox¿ -sIff $ b]lv & ;Dd_

cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff bf];|f r/0fsf d'Vo p2]Zox¿

v_ l;sfO pknlAw a9fpg] nIox¿

lhlzsf ;'9[9Ls/0f ufp― lzIff ;ldltx¿ u7g / ;'b[9Ls/0f ePsf] x'g]

v_ l;sfO pknlAw a9fpg] p2]Zo;―u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿

u_ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] p2]Zo;―u ;DalGwt sfo{qmdx¿

;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{qmd -@))$–@))(_

;a}sf nflu lzIffsf d'Vo /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿

rfn" lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*—@)^(÷&)_ df lzIff;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf

sfo{gLltx¿ -cfwf/e"t tx;―u ;DalGwt dfq_

qm=;+= ljj/0f cf=j= )^^÷)^& lqjifL{o

dfWolds lzIff ;xof]u sfo{qmd -@))#—@))*_