l;+rfO ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL hfgsf/L lbgsf] nflu l;+rfO ljefuf/f k|sflzt rf}dfl;s klqsf

;dfrf/
dfggLo ;b:oHo"af6 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] lg/LIf0f
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o /dfsfGt uf}/f]
tyf pk ;lrj huGgfy clwsf/L, e"ldut hn l;+rfO
cfof]hgf e/tk'/sf k|d'v gj/fh >]i7 / e'ldut
hn>f]t ljsf; ;ldltsf af;'b]j cof{nsf] 6Ldn] ldlt
@)^$ ;fn a}zfv !$ b]lv !^ ;Dd ljleGg
lhNnfl:yt :ofnf] 6\o"jj]n tyf 8Lk 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO{sf
of]hgfx?sf] :ynut cg'udg lg/LIf0f u/]sf] lyof] .
lg/LIf0f qmddf a}zfv !$ / !% ut e"ldut hn>f]t
ljsf; kl/of]hgf lkmN8 sfof{no, a'6jnaf6 bL3{sflng
s[lif of]hgf cGtu{t ;+rfng u/]sf] ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf]
;'o{k"/f uf=lj=;= cGtu{t ljleGg j8fdf ljsf; ul/Psf]
:ofnf] 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] e|d0f ul/of] . ;fy}
;f]xL lhNnfsf] pQ/L efudf cjl:yt b'w/fIf uf=lj=;=
cGtu{t b'w/fIf 8Lk 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO cfof]hgf,
gjnk/f;L lhNnf cGtu{tsf] ;'gjn:jf7L 8Lk
6\o"jj]n l;+rfO cfof]hgf, e}/xjf n'lDagL e"ldut
l;+rfO Joj:yfkg l8lehg g+= ^ cGtu{t ?kGb]xL
lhNnfsf] dfgks8L 6\o"jj]n g+= #% sf] e|d0f klg
;DkGg ul/of] .
a}zfv !^ ut e"ldut hn l;+rfO cfof]hgf cGtu{t
lrtjg lhNnfsf] kbdk'/ uf=lj=;= tyf hutk'/
uf=lj=;= l:yt l8k 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO k|0ffnL, e08f/f
uf=lj=;= l:yt :ofnf] 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf]
lg/LIf0f klg ul/of] .
o; c+df
! ;'b'/ klZrf~rn If]qdf ;+rfO ljsf;sf] cj:yf
k|wfg ;Dkfbs
;Dkfbsx?

sDKo"6/ l8hfOg

8f= v]d/fh zdf{

8f= lbJo/Tg s+;fsf/
dfl0fs nfn sfn" >]i7
e/tdl0f lwtfn
k|bLk s'df/ dfGgw/
cfgGb kf}8]n
kB>L ah|frfo{

:ofnf] 6\o"jj]n tkm{sf] sfof{nosf] k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs

/x]sf] s'/f pQm 6f]nLn] kfof] . s[ifs pkef]Qmfx?af6
klg sfd k|lt rf;f] /fvL k|ult a9fpgdf cfkm\gf]
tkm{af6 ;Sbf] ;xof]u u/]sf] tyf :ofnf] 6\o"jj]n
l;+rfOaf6 dgUo kmfObf k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df s[ifsx?
;s[o /x]sf] s'/f 6f]nLn] kfof] . e08f/fsf s[ifsx?n]
nfdf] af]8L, s/]nf, k/an OTofbL v]tL u/L k|z:t
kmfObf k|fKt u/]sf]df 6f]nLn] ;Gtf]if JoQm uof{] .
dfgks8L, hutk'/ tyf kbdk'/sf 8Lk 6\o"jj]n
l;+rfOsf s[ifsn] klg ljljw lsl;dsf afnL nufO{
kmfObf lnPsf] k|i6 b]lvGYof] . t/ k/f]{xf, ;'gjn
:jf7Lsf s[ifsn] eg] vf;} kmfObf lnPsf] b]lvPg .
;'gjn:jf7L, kbdk'/ tyf hutk'/sf s[ifsn] yk
lj:tf/sf] nflu kfOk ck'u /x]sf] / ;'gjn:jf7Ldf
dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} oxfF
s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfsf] klg sld /x]sf] s'/f cf}NofOPsf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm ;d:ofx? ;'Nemfpg pkef]Qmfx?af6 s]lx al9
/sd p7fO{ dd{t sf]if a9fpg'kg]{ tyf sfof{no /
pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;DjlGwt s[lif sfof{no
tyf ;xsf/L sfof{nodf kxn ug'kg]{ ;'emfj 6f]nLn]
lbPsf] 5 .
dfggLo ;b:oHo"af6 :ofnf] 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO ;:tf] tyf
k|efjsf/L /x]sf] / o;af6 pkef]Qmfn] w]/} kmfObf
lnPsf] kfOPsf] x'bfF s[lif pTkfbg k|efjsf/L ?kdf j[l4
u/L / ul/lj Go"lgs/0fdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg]
wf/0ff JoQm ug'{ eof] . 8Lk 6\o"jj]n l;+rfOsf] xsdf
st} s]lx ;d:of /x]sf] ePklg tL ;fwf/0f vfn] /x]sf],
:ofnf] 6\o"jj]n tyf ;tx l;+rfOsf] ;Defjgf g/x]sf]

7fpFdf clGtd ljsNksf] ?kdf lgdf{0f ul/g] x'bfF l8k

6\o"jj]n lgs} nf]slk|o / k|efjsf/L /x]sf] s'/f jxfFn]
JoQm ug'{ eof] .
l;+rfO ljefusf] %$ cf}+ aflif{spT;j tyf l;+rfO lbj;
l;+rfO ljefusf] %$ cf}+ aflif{spT;j tyf l;+rfO lbj;
@)^# ut @)^# r}q @% ut] ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm
cj;/df l;+rfO ljefun] Ps ljz]if sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . ljefusf pk dxflgb]{zs >L
Zofd k|;fb /fhe08f/Lsf] ;efkltTjdf ;+rfng ePsf]
sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltlydf hn>f]t /fHodGqL >L
1fg]Gb| axfb'/ sfsL{ /xg' ePsf] lyof] eg] hn>f]t
dGqfnosf ;lrj >L l6sfbQ lg/f}nf cltlysf] ?kdf
/xg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmd ;+rfng l;=l8=O{= >L ;'dg
l;hfkltn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

;DkfbsLo

l;+rfOsf] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf k|efjx?

l;+rfOsf] nufgLaf6x? x'g] k|ToIf kmfObfsf] ;fy;fy} ck|ToIf kmfObfx? klg Tolts} lj:t[t / k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOG5 . l;+lrt If]q cl;+lrt If]qsf]
t'ngfdf emG8} ltg u'0ff j9L pTkfbglzn ePsf] cGt/fli6o tYofn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] $) l;+lrt hldgaf6 pTkfbg
x'G5, h'g v]tL u/Lg] s'n hldgsf] !& dfq x'g cfpF5 . cfpg] #) jif{ leqdf ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx?af6 pTkfbg x'g] s'n vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] &)
efu l;+lrt If]qaf6 g} pTkfbg x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZjsf k|flrg ;Eotfx?sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df klg l;+rfOn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] Oltxf;af6 b]lvG5 . l;+rfO ljsf; lgtfGt ;fd"lxstfdf
cfwfl/t sfo{ ePsf]n] dfgj ;dfhdf ;fd"lxs ;:s[lt tyf d"No dfGotfsf] ljsf; ug{df klg l;+rfOsf] Tolts} of]ubfg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ef}lts
;DkGgtfsf] nflu JolQmafbL ;f]r xfjL ePsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df o:tf] ;fd"lxs ;f]rsf] ljsf;sf] dxTj cem j9\g uPsf] 5 .
k|ToIf ?kdf s[lif pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'ofpgsf] cnfjf nlIft ;d"xx?sf] ;jf{l0f ljsf;df ;d]t l;+rfOn] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
l;+rfO ;'ljwf k|fKt / ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt If]qsf ls;fgx?n] ug'{ kg]{ ljleGg s[ofsnfkx?sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ ;'g;/L df]/ l;+rfO of]hgfsf] bf]>f]
r/0f ;DkGg ePsf] nuQ} kl5 ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;af6 To; If]qsf ls;fgx?n] l;+rfOsf] nflu vlr{g' kg]{
;dosf] emG8} $) ;do jrt ePsf] b]lvPsf] lyof] . of] ;dosf] ;lx pkof]u ePsf] v08df pNn]vgLo nfe x'g] :ki6 5 . o;sf] >]o cjZo
klg l;+rfOnfO{ g} lbg' k5{ .
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gn] xfn} Plzof tyf clk|msf dxfb]zsf s]lx ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx?df u/]sf] ;j]{If0fn] klg l;+rfOsf] dfWodaf6
ul/j ls;fgx?sf] kf}li6s tTjsf] ;]jg tyf :jf:Yo l:yltdf ;'wf/ NofPsf] kfPsf] 5 . pQm ;j]{If0fn] l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0fn] t/sf/L
tyf cGo gofF afnLx? nufpg] k|rng a9]sf] h:sf] kmn:j?k vfBfGgsf] ;fy;fy} kf}li6s tTj j9L ePsf t/sf/L afnLx?sf] klg j9L vkt x'g
yfn]sf] kfOPsf] hgfPsf] 5 . l;+rfO ;'ljwfaf6 ls;fgsf] cfodf j[l4 x'g u} jrt x'g uPsf] /sdaf6 cfkm\gf] :jf:Yo tyf s]6fs]6Lx?sf] k9fO{df
;d]t j9L nufgL ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf]n] :yflgo:t/df ul/jL lgjf{/0fdf ;d]t l;+rfOaf6 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ug] lgrf]8 pQm cWoogn] lgsfn]sf] 5 .
ljefusf] l;=l8=O{= >L /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/Ln] :jfut
dGtJo ug'{ ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf ljefuaf6 ;]jf

lgj[Q sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;Ddfg ug'{sf ;fy} o; jif{sf]

pTs[i7 hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yf ls/0f gfnf lnkm\6 l;+rfO
k|0ffnL, afFs]nfO{ ;Ddfgsf] ;fy} k|df0fkq k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof] .

pQm cj;/df cfkm\gf] dGtJo /fVg' x'Fb} df= hn>f]t

/fHodGqLn] l;+rfO ljefu %$ cf}+ jif{ k'u]sf]df
z'esfdgf JoQm ub}{ cfufdL r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{
Ps kN6 ljutnfO{ klg kms]{/ x]g'{ cfjZos /x]sf] s'/f
jtfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} l;+rfO ljsf;df glagtd
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/ ls;fgnfO{ jfx\} dlxgf l;+rfO ;]jf
pknJw u/fpg ;j}n] nfUg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'
ePsf] lyof] .
cltlysf] cf;gaf6 jf]Ng' x'Fb} hn>f]t ;lrj >L
l6sfbQ lg/f}nfn] sfo{/t sd{rf/L, bft[;+:yf tyf cGo
;xof]uL lgsfox?sf] ;xof]uaf6 l;+rfO ljefu cfhsf]
cj:yfdf cfO{ k'u]sf] jtfpg'sf ;fy} 7"nf l;+rfO
k|0ffnLx?df b]lvPsf] Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL sdhf]/LnfO{
x6fpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] .
;efkltsf] cf;gaf6 ljefusf p=d=lg= >L Zofd k|;fb
/fhe08f/Ln] s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 tyf s[lifsf]
Joj;flos/0f ug{ l;+rfOsf] ckl/xfo{tf /x]sf] jtfpg'
x'Fb} /fli6o hn of]hgfn] /fv]sf] nIf k|fKt ug{ ljefun]
ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] th'{df ul/ sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf]
hfgsf/L lbg' ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df ;]jf lgj[Q
sd{rf/Lx?sf tkm{af6 >L cho kf]v/]n, /fli6o hn
pkef]qmf dxf;+3sf cWoIf >L /fd k|;fb d]xtf /
k'/:s[t hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yfdf tkm{af6 ls/0f gfnf
lnkm\6 l;+rfO h=p=;=sf ;lrj >L eug l;+x yfkfn]
klg cf cfkmgf] dGtJo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

pQm ;df/f]xdf l;+rfO ljefusf dxflgb]{zs >L

pdfsfGt emfn] l;+rfO ljsf;df ef/t ;/sf/af6 k|fKt
ePsf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfef/ JoQm ug'{ eof] . t/fO{df
8Lk 6\o"jj]n tyf :ofnf] 6\o"jj]nsf] 7"nf] ;DefJotf
/x]sf]n] 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO lj:tf/sf] nflu ;b\efjk"j{s
ljrf/ ul/ lbg dxfdlxd dfkm{t ef/t ;/sf/nfO{
cg'/f]w ;d]t ug'{ eof] . ;fy} pkef]Qmf s[ifsx?nfO{
l;+rfOsf] s'g}klg ;d:of cfO{k/]df l;+rfO ljefu
;xof]usf] nflu ;bf tTk/ /xg] ljZjf; ;d]t pxfFn]
lbnfpg' eof] .
pQm sfo{qmddf l;+rfO ljefusf pk dxflgb]{zs >L
hLjg nfn >]i7n] :jfut dGtJo lb+b} t/fO{df e"ldut
l;+rfOsf] k|z:t ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] cj;/ /x]sf] pNn]v
ug'{ eof] .
e"ldut hn>f]t ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf kl/of]hgf k|d'v
>L l;l4 k|tfk vfF0fn] ef/tLo cg'bfg ;xof]udf
k"jf{~rnsf emfkf,
;'g;/L, l;/fxf / ;Kt/Lsf]
;'Vvfu|:t If]qdf @@ j6f 8Lk 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO
k|0ffnLsf] nflu ef/t ;/sf/af6 ?= & s/f]8 #( nfv
@) xhf/ k|fKt ePsf] Joxf]/f / xfn;Dd ^ j6f l;+rfO
k|0ffnLx? lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO{ @$) x]S6/df l;+rfO
;'ljwf k'/\ofOPsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] .
s[lif l;+rfO ;dGjo ;ldltsf] @# cf}+ a}7s

;f] ;df/f]x ;DkGg e};s]kl5 k|fljlws ;qsf] ?kdf

ljleGg dxfzfvf, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdaf6 eO{ /x]sf]
sfo{x?sf] k|:t'lts/0fsf ;fy} ;d;fdlos ljifox?df
sfo{qmdx? k|:t't ul/ 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
;DkfbsLo
8Lk 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?sf] pb\3f6g
dxfdlxd ef/lto /fhb't >L lzj z+s/ d'vhL{Ho"af6
ldlt @)^$ ;fn c;f/ & ut] emfkf lhNnfsf] j'wjf/]
uf=lj=;=sf] zflGt6f]n 8f8fufpF tyf hok'/df ef/tLo
cg'bfg ;xof]udf lgld{t 8Lk 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO
k|0ffnLx?sf] pb\3f6g ;DkGg eof] .
pb\3f6g ;df/f]xsf] cWoIftf ug'{ePsf zflGt6f]n
8f8fFufpF 8Lk 6\o"jj]n s[ifs ;d'xsf cWoIf >L leid
k|;fb pk|]tLHo"n] pQm l;+rfO k|0ffnLaf6 ;'kf/L v]tL
tyf j]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbgdf pNn]vlgo j[l4 eO{
s[ifsx?sf] hLjg:t/ p7\g] ljZjf; lbnfpFb} ef/tLo
cg'bfg ;xof]usf] nflu dxfdlxd /fhb"tHo" k|lt
s[t1tf JoQm ug{' eof] .

ldlt @)^$ h]7 ^ ut]sf lbg l;+rfO ljefusf

dxflgb]{zssf] cWoIftfdf s[lif l;+rfO ;dGjo
;ldltsf] @# cf}+ a}7s ;DkGg eof] . pQm a}7sdf
l;+rfO ljefu, s[lif ljefu / g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb\sf kl/i7 clws[tx?n] efu lng' ePsf] lyof] .
a}7sdf s[lif ljefu / l;+rfO ljefun] ;+o'Qm ?kdf
;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf sfo{qmdx? tyf cGo ljifox?df
5nkmn eO{ lgDgfg';f/ lg0f{o ul/of] .
!= l;+rfO tyf hn>f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgf, ;d'bfo
Jojl:yt l;+lrt s[lif ;]S6/ cfof]hgf, gofF
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;+rfO cfof]hgf h:tf
sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogdf xfn eO/x]sf] ;dGjosf]
cj:yf k|lt a}7sn] ;Gtf]if JoQm ub}{ eljiodf cem}
;dGjo j9fpFb} hfg] .
@= Plss[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdnfO{
cfufdL lbgdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rfng ug{
cfjZos jh]6 ;lxtsf] cnUu} sfo{qmd th'{df ul/

cGtl/d of]hgfdf ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ s[lif / l;+rfO

ljefu b'j} tkm{af6 kxn ug]{ .
#= g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, s[lif ljefu / l;+rfO
ljefusf ljr Plss[t afnL tyf hn Joj:yfkg
;DjGwL cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ug{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf
sfo{qmd lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ ltgj6} kIf
ljr ;dembf/L ug]{, s[lif l;+rfO ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
@@ cf}+ a}7sdf lg0f{o eP cg';f/ ;dembf/L kqdf
(MOU) l;+rfO ljefusf dxflgb]{zs, s[lif
ljefusf dxflgb]{zs / g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb\sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsaf6 x:tfIf/ ug]{ sfo{
;DkGg ul/of] . ;fy} pQm ;dembf/L kqnfO{ ltgj6}
kIfsf] dftxtsf lgsfox?df kl/kq ug]{ .
$= s[lif l;+rfO ;dGjo ;ldltsf] @$ cf}+ a}7s @)^$
;fn >fj0f dlxgfdf s[lif ljefu, xl/x/ ejgdf
j:g] .

k|yd efudf /fli6o kl/k|]Ifdf l;+rfO If]qsf] ;du|

cj:yf tyf bf]>f] efudf l;+rfO If]q leq l;+rfO
ljefusf] e"ldsfsf] lgwf{/0f u/L b'O{ efudf jf+l8Psf]
o; uf]li7df Tolx d'tfljs qmdzM sfo{kqx? k|:t't ug]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} x/]s k|:t'lts/0fsf] k|yd
;qdf sfo{kq k|:t'lts/0f tyf bf]>f] ;qdf k|:t't
sfo{kq dfly k|Zg pQ/ ug]{ u/L uf]li7sf] l8hfO{g
ul/Psf] lyof] .
uf]li7nfO{ vf; ul/ lgDg jdf]lhd $ j6f ;qdf
jfl8Psf] lyof] .
klxnf] ;q
bf]>f] ;q
t]>f] ;q
rf}yf] ;q

M l;+rfO ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0f, /fli6o hn

of]hgf tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d of]hgf .
M l;+rfO tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f
M l;+rfO ;]jf z"Ns / lbuf] ljsf;
M l;+rfO ljefusf] eflj uGtJo

l;+rfO ljefusf] /fli6o :t/sf] uf]li7 ;DkGg

b]zsf] jblnPsf] kl/l:yltdf l;+rfO ljefun] lng' kg]{
efjL sfo{lbzfsf ;DjGwdf 5nkmn u/L lgSof}{ndf k'Ug]
p2]Zon] olx @)^$ ;fn c;f/ !* / !( ut] /fli6o
:t/sf] uf]li7 cfof]hgf ul/of] . l;+rfO ljsf; /
cfw'lglss/0fM gofF g]kfnsf] dfu{ lrq gfds pQm
uf]li7df l;+rfO ljefusf dxflgb]{zs, pk
dxflgb]{zsx?, If]lqo lgb]{zsx? / cGo jl/i7
clws[tx? tyf l;+rfO;+u ;DjlGwt k]zfut ljz]if1x?
;d]t u/L $* hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . uf]li7
uf]bfj/L l:yt xf]6n Eo" e[s'6Ldf ;+rfng ePsf] lyof] .
uf]li7df d"ntM ltgj6f k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm vf]Hg] k|of;
ul/Psf] lyof] . l;+rfO If]qnfO{ slQsf] dxTj k|bfg
ul/g' kb{5 < l;+rfO If]q leq k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{
sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx? s] x'g < / l;+rfO If]qsf]
cfjZostfsf] j[xb vfsf leq l;+rfO ljefusf] e"ldsf
s] x'g <
uf]li7 ltg dlxgfsf] nfdf] tof/L kl5 cfof]hgf ePsf]
lyof] . uf]li7sf] cjwf/0ff ;lxt sflGtk'/ b}lgs
klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/ ljleGg ljifoj:t'x?df
sfo{kqsf] nflu cfJxfg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|fKt
sfo{kqx?sf] ;f/f+; (abstract) sf] :t/ tyf
k|:tfljt uf]li7df ltgLx?sf] ;fGble{stfsf] cfwf/df
l;+rfO ljefudf u7g ul/Psf] sfo{kq 5gf}6 ;ldltn]
pko'Qm sfo{kqx?sf] 5gf}6 u/]sf] lyof] .

pk/f]Qm $ j6f ;qx? dWo] klxnf] / bf]>f] ;q /fli6o

b[li6sf]0faf6 tyf t]>f] / rf}yf] ;q l;+rfO ljefusf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . k|To]s ;qx?df
#$ sfo{kqx? k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] eg] sfo{kqx?sf]
k|:t'tLs/0f kZrft ;du| sfo{kqx? dfly j[xb 5nkmn
ul/ uf]li7 ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
lgh{/fgGb a}Bsf] c;fdlos lgwg
l;+rfO ljefusf k"j{ If]lqo lgb]{zs tyf hn>f]t
dGqfnosf k"j{ sf=d'= ;lrj lgh{/fgGb a}Bsf] @)^$
;fn c;f/ @# ut]sf] lbg c;fdlos lgwg eof] .
>L a}Bn] @)@* ;fn b]lv ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug'{ e}
l;+rfO ljefu / cGt/utsf ljleGg kbx?df /xL sl/j
#@ jif{ ;/sf/L ;]jf ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . hn>f]t
dGqfno nufot hnzlQm cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ;d]t
sf=d'= ;lrjsf] x}l;otdf sfd ul/ ;Sg' ePsf :j=
a}Bn] @)^) ;fn a}zfv !@ ut]df pd]/sf] xbn]
clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf]
c;fdlos lgwg k|lt b'Mv JoQm ug{ l;+rfO ljefu tyf
g]kfn l;+rfO OlGhlgo/ ;dfhaf6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf @)^$
;fn c;f/ #@ ut] l;+rfO ljefudf >4f~hnL ;efsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
lgdf{0flwg l;S6f l;+rfO cfof]hgf

dWo klZrdf~rn If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfkm\g}

nufgLdf lgdf{0f eO{/x]sf] l;S6f l;+rfO cfof]hgf Pp6f
k|d'v cfof]hgf xf] . o; cfof]hgfaf6 afFs] lhNnfsf
#$ uf=lj=;= / g]kfnu+h gu/kflnsfsf] s]lx If]q ;d]t
u/L ##,&^^ x]S6/ hldgdf l;+rfO ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g]5 .
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ of]hgf cg';f/ g} cuf8L j9L
/x]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)^#^$ sf] cGt;Dd ePsf] k|ult
o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .

x]8jS;{sf] ;ft gDj/ lj|h kfo/;Ddsf]

;j:6Sr/sf ;fy} 8fpgl:6d PG8;Ln /
8fpgl:6d lk=l;=l;= Jnssf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg .

l8efO8jfn sd lk; kf;sf] ;'k/:6Sr/sf]

&% sfd ;DkGg x'g'sf ;fy} ^ j6f kfo/sf]
;'k/:6Sr/sf] #) sfd ;DkGg .

bfofF x]8/]u'n]6/sf] 8fpgl:6d ljjfn /

PSo"6d]G6sf] ;'k/:6Sr/sf] #) sfo{ ;DkGg
.

$^) dL6/ bfofF tkm{sf] ufO8jG8sf] lgdf{0f

;DkGg .

d"n gx/sf] r]g]h !%))) ;Ddsf] l8hfOg

/ cg'dflgt nfut :jLs[ltsf nflu ljefudf
k]z ePsf] . ;fy} pQm sfo{sf] 7]Ssf
jGbf]j:tsf nflu lk|SjfnLlkms]zg 8s'd]|G6 /
ljl8 8s'd]G6 tof/ ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] .

d"n gx/sf] r]g]h !%))) b]lv r]g]h

#@))) ;Ddsf] lj:t[t ;e]{ sfo{ ;DkGg .

gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;+rfO cfof]hgf M Ps ;ldIff

gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;+rfO cfof]hgf (NITP) n]
l;+rfO ljsf; l8lehg;j l8lehgx? dfkm{t d'n'ssf
ljleGg efusf l;dfGt hldg (marginal land) df
l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknJw u/fO{ pTkfbglzn s[lif e"lddf
kl/0ft ug]{ p2]Zon] b]z el/ljleGg k|sf/sf] nw' l;+rfO
of]hgfx? (Micro Irrigation Project) lgdf{0f
sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
NITP n] of]hgf lgdf{0f kZrft ;]jf ;xof]usf] ?kdf
lgdf{0f ePsf] n3' l;+rfO of]hgfx?sf] ;+rfng tyf
dd{t ;+ef/ / cfjZos s[lif ;]jf klg k'ofpg] k|of;

ul//x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df s}nfnLsf] j'l9tf]nf /

;'v]{tsf] tLs'g] n3' l;+rfO of]hgfdf lj:tfl/t t/sf/L
v]tL ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . o:tf k|sf/sf
;xof]u sfo{qmdn] Psflt/ n3' l;+rfO k|ljlwsf] pko'Qm
k|of]u ug{ s[ifsx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpFG5 eg] csf]{lt/
s[ifsx?df j]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL k4lt ;DjGwL 1fgsf]
clej[l4 u/fpF5 .
To:t} u/L l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] /jLcf]kL uf=lj=;=df
lgdf{0f ePsf] kmf]xf]/f tyf yf]kf gd"gf l;+rfO
of]hgfaf6 !)! s[ifs w/w'/Lsf %$% hgf nfeflGjt
ePsf 5g\ . dWodf~rn If]qdf gofF k|ljlw l;+rfO
k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f gd"gf If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ of]
If]qsf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] xf] . To:t} k|sf/n] kfNkf lhNnfsf]
/fgLjf; uf=lj=;= df gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t gd"gf
lnkm\6 l;+rfO k|0ffnLaf6 To; If]qsf !)@ w/w'/Ldf
*!^ hgf nfeflGjt x'g] 5g\ . of] of]hgfsf] d'xfgaf6
$ r/0fdf kfgL lnkm\6 ul/ #%) dL6/ dfly /x]sf]
hldgdf l;+rfO ;'ljwf k'ofpg] 5 . k|yd ltg
r/0fdf !))!)) tyf rf}yf] r/0fdf %) dL6/ kfgL
lnkm\6 x'g ;Sg] ul/ l8hfO{g ul/Psf] 5 .
PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf sfof{Gjog
e}/x]sf] / ;g\ @))& sf] cGtdf ;DkGg x'g] kl/of]hgfn]
k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn If]qsf kfFr j6f lhNnfdf yf]kf
l;+rfO, kmf]xf]/f l;+rfO / 6]8n kDk h:tf gofF k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t sl/j @,@)) sf] ;+Vofdf l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?sf]
ljsf; ul/ ;s]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf
b]zsf ljeGg If]qdf gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;+rfO
of]hgfx?sf] ljsf; tyf sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ ;jnLs/0f
ug{ Pp6f lj:t[t sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf ;d]t
tof/ ug]{ nIf /x]sf] 5 .
b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf lgdf{0f ePsf gofF k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?af6 xfn;Dddf sl/j @,!))
x]S6/ hldgdf l;+rfO ;]jf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf] clwsf+z sdf08 If]qdf df};dL tyf
j]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . gub] afnL
ePsf]n] k/Dk/fut afnL eGbf t/sf/L v]tLaf6 j9L
cfo cfh{g x'G5 . f]i
tflndsfo{zfnfuf]i7L
;'zf;g ;DjGwL k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f ;DkGg
cGt/fli6o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsfz s]Gb| -Ol;df]8_,
/fli6o hgjsfnt d~r g]kfn -gfkmg_ / AFRESH

sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf @)^$ h]7 !$ b]lv !* ut];Dd

gu/sf]6df kfFr lbg] ;'zf;gsf] nflu hgjsfnt
gfds k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . pQm
tflnddf l;+rfO ljefusf !# tyf ljleGg u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfsf % hgf ;d]t ul/ !* hgf ;xeflu /xg]
ePsf] lyof] .
;'zf;gsf] nflu jsfntsf] If]qdf :yflgo hgzlQm
tof/ kf/L pgLx?sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3
;+:yfx?sf] hgjsfnt /0fgLltaf6 Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
;xof]u k'ofpg] p2]Zo of] tflndsf] /x]sf] lyof] .
;'zf;gsf] nflu hgjsfnt h:tf] cfhsf] j9\bf] rf;f]
/ ljBdfg k|ltlglwd'ns k|j[lQx?sf] klxrfg ul/ o;sf
lj:t[t ljlwx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Gbe{df k|of]u ug{ ;lxof];
eGg] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljifoj:t' ;dfj]; ul/Psf]
lyof] . tflnddf k|of]ufTds ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L
hgjsfntsf] dfWodaf6 pNn]vlgo pknJwL xf;Ln
ePsf dfdnfx? ;xeflux?;+u cfbfg k|bfg ul/Psf
lyP . ljifoj:t'sf] rog, tflnd ljlw / ;+nUg
>f]tJolQmx? k|lt ;xeflux?n] ;Gt'li7 JolQm u/]sf
lyP . l;+rfO ljefuaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;xeflux?sf
cg';f/ tflnddf k|fKt 1fg / lzk pxfFx?sf] b}lgs
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] s'/f hgfOPsf] kfOof] .
Ifdtf clej[l4 tflnd ;DkGg
ut @)^# ;fn r}q ! b]lv # ut];Dd s}nfnL lhNnf
l:yt /fgL, hd/f, s'nl/of l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf k|ltlglw
s[ifsx?sf] nflu k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg tyf tflnd
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgfdf sfof{no Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL
tLg lbg] tflnd ;DkGg eof] . tflnddf h=p=;= sf
k|ltlglw tyf cu'jf s[ifsx? ;d]t u/L hDdf @%
hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . h;df !! hgf dlxnf
s[ifsx? ;xeflu lyP . sfof{nosf] plrt ;+rfng tyf
Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifodf ;xeflux?sf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{
p2]Zon] ;+rfng ul/Psf] tflnd k4lt dns sfof{no,
sfof{nosf] clen]v k|0ffnL, n]vf k|0ffnL, j}7s
Joj:yfkg tyf lg0f{o k|s[of, lg0f{o sfof{Gjog cflb
ljifoj:t'df s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] .
o:t} k|sf/sf] csf]{ tflnd afFs] lhNnfsf] ls/0f gfnf
lnkm\6 l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf s[ifsx?sf nflu @)^# r}q &
b]lv ( ;Dd / sfe|] lhNnf l:yt ofn] jv|]N8LxL l;+rfO
k|0ffnLsf s[ifsx?sf nflu @)^# r}q !% b]lv !& ;Dd
;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . afFs] / sfe|]df qmdzM @% /
@* hgf s[ifsx? ;xeflu /x]sf lyP . b}lgs sfof{no

;+rfng;+u ;DjlGwt ljifoj:t' tflnddf ;dfj]z

ul/Psf]n] s[ifsx? nfeflGjt ePsf] dxz'; ;xefuL
s[ifsx?n] u/]sf 5g\ .
To:t} k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg tyf tflnd sfo{qmdn] ljleGg
l;+rfO k|0ffnLdf s[ifsx?sf] nflu l;+rfO ;]jf z'Ns
;+sng tyf Joj:yfkg tflndx? klg ;+rfng u/]sf]
lyof] . pQm tflndx? dxfsfnL l;+rfO k|0ffnL,
s~rgk'/df @)^$ ;fn h]7 !( / @) ut] jjO{ l;+rfO
k|0ffnL, jlb{ofdf h]7 @@ / @# ut], gf/fo0fL lnkm\6
l;+rfO k|0ffnL, lrtjgdf h]7 @& / @* ut] / jNynL
l;+rfO k|0ffnL, sfe|]df, r}q * b]lv !) ut];Dd
;+rfng ul/Psf lyP . l;+rfO ;]jf z'Nssf] cfjZostf
/ dxTj jf/] ;xeflux?df r]tgf hufpg] p2]Zon] pQm
tflndx? ;+rfng ul/Psf lyP . tflnddf l;+rfO ;]jf
z'Nssf] dxTj, ;+sng k|s[of, b/ lgwf{/0f cflb h:tf
ljifoj:t'x? ;d]l6Psf lyP . To:t} k|sf/sf] tflndx?
@)^$ ;fn c;f/ @$ / @% ut] afUn' / @* / @(
ut] DofUbL lhNnfsf ljleGg l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf]
s[ifsx?sf nflu klg ;+rfng ul/Psf lyP . tflnd
;+rfngaf6 ;xeflux?n] l;+rfO ;]jf z'Ns ;DjGwdf
/x]sf c;dembf/Lx? X6fpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] dxz';
u/]sf lyP . pgLx?n] cfd s[ifsx?df r]tgf hufpg
o:tf k|sf/sf tflndx? tNnf] tx;Dd klg ;+rfng
ul/g' kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf lyP .
ljleGg lhNnfsf 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO pkef]Qmfsf] cWoog
e|d0f tyf tflnd
e"ldut hn l;+rfO cfof]hgf, e/tk"/ lrtjgsf]
tTjfjwfgdf dxf]Q/L, af/f, gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL, afFs],
s}nfnL tyf lrtjg lhNnfsf l8k 6\o"jj]n l;+rfOsf
!( hgf k'?if tyf @ hgf dlxnfsf] pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] %
-kfFr_ lbg] cWoog e|d0f ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)^$ ;fn
h]7 @$ b]lv @* ut];Dd ePsf] ;f] e|d0f cfof]hgf
sfof{nosf OlGhlgo/ rGb| e"if0f bQsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df lrtjg /fdk"/sf] ds}
afnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, s[lif ;xsf/L e08f/f, l8k
6\\o"jj]n l;+rfO cfof]hgf kbdk"/, /fhdfsf] ljh j[l4
sfo{ z'qmgu/, uxF' afnL ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
e}/xjf, lkk/fxjfsf] l8k 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO, klZrd
u08s l;+rfO k|0ffnL gjnk/f;L, uf]ne]8f tyf v';f{gL
v]tL dbgkf]v/f kfNkf tyf ;'gjn:jfyL l8k 6\o"jj]n
l;+rfOsf] :ynut cWoog e|d0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
e|d0fsf] a]nf j[xt cGt/lqmof ;d]t u/L 6\o"jj]n
kfgLsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]usf] t/Lsf, gub] afnL, pGgt

afnL tyf j]df};dL afnLsf] lsl;d tyf afnLsf]

t/Lsfsf] ;fy} ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf ljljw kIfjf/] 1fg
cfbfg k|bfg ePsf] lyof] . log} ;d"xnfO{ cfof]hgf
sfof{no e/tk"/df yk $ -rf/_ lbg] tflndsf] Joj:yf
;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} ;Gbe{df ljleGg sfof{nosf
ljz]if1x?af6 s[lif ;DjGwL gofF k|ljlw, ;xsf/Ltf
;DjGwL Joj:yf, ;+:yfut ;'b[l9s/0f, OTofbL jf/]
tflnd lbOPsf] lyof] .
To:t} gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL, bf, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ tyf
lrtjg lhNnfsf :ofnf] 6\o"jj]n l;+rfOsf !& hgf
k'?if tyf % hgf dlxnfsf] Ps csf]{ pkef]Qmf ;d"xn]
% -kfFr_ lbg] cWoog e|d0f ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . @)^$
;fn cfiff9 % b]lv ( ut];Dd ePsf] ;f] e|d0f klg
cfof]hgf sfof{nosf OlGhlgo/ rGb| e"if0f bQs}
;+of]hsTjdf ePsf] lyof] . e|d0fsf] qmddf kmnkm'n
tyf ljh j[l4 kmfd{ -gjnk'/_, l;/fxfsf] km'nsfxf
slsf] t/sf/L v]tL, ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] zDe'gfy, ;'g;/L
lhNnfsf] k/;fxL 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO, df]/ lhNnfsf]
8fFuLxf6df s]/f v]tL, emfkf lhNnfsf] zflGtgu/df
uf]ne]8f, ;'kf/L / v';f{gL v]tL tyf ch{'gwf/f
uf=lj=;=df t/sf/L v]tL / wgs'6f lhNnfsf] ^,^))
lkm6 prfO{df /x]sf] l;w'jf uf=lj=;=df jGbf, e]8]
v';f{gL tyf cfn' v]tLsf] cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] .
;xsf/L sfo{ cGtu{t oxfFsf] j}df};dL t/sf/L ef/tsf]
l;nu'8L, /fou9 tyf sf]nsQf;Dd k'/\ofpg] sfo{df
nfu]sf] ;'Gbf e|d0f 6f]nLsf pkef]Qmf ls;fgx? clt g}
pT;flxt ePsf lyP . pQm cj;/df a[xQ cGt/lqmof
;d]t u/L pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] 6\o"jj]n kfgLsf] k|efjsf/L
pkof]usf] t/Lsf, pGgt tyf gub] afnLsf] lsl;d /
afnLsf] t/Lsf OTofbL jf/] 1fg xfl;n u/]sf lyP .
;xfos sd{rf/Lx?sf] k'gtf{huL tflnd
e"ldut hn l;+rfO cfof]hgf e/tk"/, lrtjgsf]
cfof]hgfdf @)^$ ;fn c;f/ @ b]lv $ ut];Dd
;xfos sd{rf/Lx?sf] k'gtf{huL tflnd ;DkGg eof] .
o; tflnddf e"ldut hn>f]t ljsf; kl/of]hgf
aa/dxn, e"=h=lj=k=lkmN8 sfof{no dxf]Q/L, nxfg,
lj/u+h, a'6jn, g]kfnu+h, wgu9L tyf e"=h=l;+=cf=
lrtjgsf u/L @) hgf ;xfos sd{rf/Lx?sf]
;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . tflnddf cfof]hgf k|d'v,
l;=l8=xf=lh=, OlGhlgo/sf ;fy} s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
;xsf/L sfof{no, s[lif ljsf; a}+s nufotsf sfof{no
ljz]if1n] ljleGg ljifodf k|lzIf0f lbO{ uPsf] lyof] .
o; qmddf uxg 5nkmn ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .
tflndaf6 ;DjlGwt ljifodf yk 1fg cfh{g ePsf],
ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf] cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf ;fyLx?;+u
x]nd]n x'g] df}sf k|fKt ePsf], bL3{sflng s[lif of]hgf

cGtu{t ;+rflnt 6\o"jj]n l;+rfO ;DjGwL lj:t[t

hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf], o:tf] tflndn] of]hgfsf] sfo{
k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;DkGg ug{ xf};nf / 1fg k|fKt ePsf]
ljrf/ ;xefuLx?n] JoQm u/]sf lyP .
n]v /rgf
;'b'/ klZrf~rn If]qdf l;+rfO ljsf;sf] cj:yf
! uf}/L nfn pkfWofo
k[i7 e"ld
s[lif If]qdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq ePsf] xfd|f] b]zsf]
hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] efu lhjg ofkgsf nfuL sl[if k];fdf
;+nUg /x]sf5 . cfbLsfn b]vL g} pgLx?n] s[lif k]zf
cufNb} cfPsf lyP / cfhsf] ;dodf cfO{ k'Ubf klg
lhjg lgjf{xsf] cfwf/ u}/ s[lif If]q ePsf] hg;+Vofsf]
k|tLzt Go"g dfq 5 . cem eGg] g} xf] eg] pQm ;+Vof
klg ck|ToIf ?kdf s[lif If]q ;+u} ;fldKo /fVb5 .
g]kfnsf] s"n /fli6o pTkfbgdf klg s[lif If]qsf]
of]ubfg %) k|lzzt eGbf a9L 5 -xf8f, ulDe/ axfb'/,
@))#_ . To;}n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ lbuf] / b/Lnf]
agfpg s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; cyf{t s[lif pTkfbg a[l4
ug'{ ctL g} h?/L b]lvG5 . o;sf nfuL pGgt k|ljlw,
nfebflo s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]usf ;fy} e/kbf]{ l;+rfO
;'ljwfsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] s'/f lglj{jfb g} 5 .
cWoogaf6 l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf sf/0f dfq} klg ljBdfg
pTkfbgdf #) k|ltzt ;Dd a[l4 ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 .
;du|df s[lif If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug{, afln ljljlws/0f ug{,
jfnL ;3gtf a[l4 ug{'sf;fy} ;DefJo v8]/Lsf]
b'ikl/0ffdaf6 hgtfsf] /Iff ug{ l;+rfOsf] pknAwtfn]
c;fdfGo of]ubfg lbPsf] x'G5 .
t;y{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg l;+rfO If]qsf]
ck]lIft ?kdf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{
cfjZostf xf] . o;} cfjZostfnfO{ dxz'; u/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] ljut %% aif{ b]lv d'n'sdf l;+rfO ljsf;sf]
nfuL 7"nf] wg/fzLsf] nufgL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf
cnfjf s[ifsx? cfkm}n] :yfgLo ;fwg, >f]t / k|ljlwsf]
k|of]u u/L ;lbof}+ b]lv lgdf{0f u/L ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf
tdfd l;+rfO s'nf]x?af6 7"nf] If]qkmndf l;+rfO ;'ljwf
pknAw eO{/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf l;+rfO ljsf;sf] l:ylt
g]kfn clw/fHosf] s"n If]qkmn dWo] @^,$!,&%@ x]S6/
dfq v]tL of]Uo hldg /x]sf] 5 . o; dWo] !&,^%,*$)
x]S6/ hldg dfq} l;+rfO of]Uo hldg 5 . h'g v]tL
of]Uo hldgsf] ^^=* k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . bzf}+ of]hgfsf]
cGTo ;Dddf cfP/ of] If]qkmn !!,^*,!$$ x]S6/
k'u]sf] 5 eg] cfufld # aif]{ cGtl/d of]hgfn] yk
(%,^)) x]S6/df l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIf /fv]sf]
5 -sfsL{, bLlnk, @)^$_ cGtl/d of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dd

nIf cg';f/ k|ult ePsf] v+8df s"n l;+rfO of]Uo

hldgsf] &!=% k|ltztdf l;+rfO ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g]5 .
tYof+sdf b]vfO{Psf] l;+lrt If]qsf] 7"nf] efudf
k/Dk/fut ?kdf s[ifs lgld{t tyf ;+rflnt
s'nf]x?af6 pknAw l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf] of]ubfg -sl/j &)
k|ltzt_ pNn]vlgo /x]sf] 5 . cyf{t cfwf ztfAbL
eGbf a9L cjlwsf] lg/Gt/ k|of;af6 klg s"n l;+rfO
of]Uo hldgsf] sl/j #) k|ltzt efudf dfq} of] ;'ljwf
k'ufpg ;lsPsf] 5 -l;+rfO k'l:tsf, @)^!, l;+rfO
ljefu_ .
g]kfndf l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/sf nflu k|z:t kfgLsf]
>f]t 5 / l;+rfO ;]jfaf6 a+lrt If]q klg pNn]vlgo
dfqfdf xfdL ;+u 5 . To;}n] nufgLsf] nflu ;dod}
>f]tsf] vf]hL / /fli6o cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
c7f]^ ePsf] v08df nIf e]6fpg Tolt c;xh 5}g .
Psftkm{ l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?sf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ csf]{ tkm{
ljsl;t k|0ffnLx?sf] plrt Aoa:yfkg u/L l;+rfOsf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf a[l4 ug'{ kg]{ bf]xf]/f] bfloTj l;+rfO
ljefu ;dIf /x]sf] 5 . /fli6o hn of]hgf
(National Water Plan, 2005) n] bL3{sflng
;dofjlw -;g\ @)@& ;Dd_ s"n l;+rfO of]Uo hldgsf]
(& k|ltzt efudf l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ug]{, l;+lrt
If]qsf] ^& k|ltzt efudf aif}{ el/ l;+rfO ;'ljwf
pknAw u/fpg] / ;g\ @))! sf] t'ngfdf s[lif
pTkfbgdf $$ k|ltzt a[l4 ug]{ nIf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;sf nflu l;+lrt s[lifdf Plss[t sfo{s|dx?, ePsf
l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?sf]
plrt Aoj:yfkg / gofF of]hgfx?sf] lgdf{0f, :yflgo
l;+rfO ;+:yf tyf s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf a[l4 ug]{
sfo{of]hgf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . of] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{
ck]Iffs[t l;+rfO ljsf;df k5f8L k/]sf If]qnfO{ ljz]if
dxTj / sfo{s|dsf;fy x]l/g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
l;+rfO ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ;Gb'/ klZrdf~rn If]q
of] If]q d'n'ssf] cGo efusf] t'ngfdf ljsf;sf]
k'jf{wf/x?sf] b[i7Lsf]0faf6 ;j} eGbf k5f8L /x]sf] s'/f
lglj{jfb 5 . o; If]qdf s}nfnL, s~rgk"/, 8f]6L,
88]nw'/f, a}t8L, bfr'{nf, c5fd, aemf / afh'/f u/L
hDdf gf} lhNnfx? kb{5g\ . o; If]qsf] !(,$$,@(&
x]S6/ s'n If]qkmn dWo] !&=$ k|ltzt t/fO{df, !)=@

k|ltzt l;jfnLs If]qdf, #% k|ltzt dWo kxf8df /

@@=% k|ltzt pRr lxdfnL If]qdf kb{5 -s]Gb|Lo tYof
ljefu, @)^@_ .
u|fld0f If]qsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] of] If]qdf sl[if g}
clwsf+z dflg;x?sf] k]zf xf] . o; If]qsf] s'n If]qkmn
dWo] #,$@,%)# x]S6/ -!&=^ k|ltzt_ l;+rfO of]Uo
hldg /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] ljleGg lgsfox?sf] k|of;af6
xfn;Dd %&,)(! x]S6/ - hDdf l;+rfO of]Uo If]qsf]
!^=^ k|ltzt_ hldgdf dfq} l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5 -;'=k=If]=s[lif lgb]{zgfno, @)^)_ .
o;df s[ifs s"nf]x?af6 lj:tfl/t l;+lrt If]qsf] tYof
eg] ;dfj]z 5}g .
ljutdf o; If]qdf l;+rfO ljsf;sf] sfo{df ljleGg
;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] kfO{Ptf klg l;+rfO
ljefu tyf dftxtsf lgsfox?sf] e"lesf cu|0fL
dflgG5 . ;'b'/ klZrd If]qsf] ljleGg efux?df s[ifs
s'nf]x?sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng k/Dk/fut ?kd} e}/x]sf]
ePtf klg ;/sf/n] lj= ;+= @)#* ;fndf ;'b'/
klZrf~rn If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno / To; kZrft
;Dk"0f{ lhNnfx?df lhNnf l;+rfO sfof{nox?sf] :yfkgf
u/]sf] lyof] . xfn tTsfnLg lhNnf l;+rfO
sfof{nox?sf] 7fpFdf gofF ;f+u7gLs ;+/rgf cGt/ut
b'O{ j6f l;+rfO ljsf; l8lehg / rf/ j6f l;+rfO
ljsf; ;j l8lehg sfof{nox? :yfkgf e} l;+rfO
ljsf; ug]{ bfloTj lgjf{x ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf 5g . o;sf
cltl/Qm o; If]qdf Pp6f l;+rfO Aoj:yfkg l8lehg
sfof{no / s}nfnL s~rgk"/ hn>f]t ljsf;
sfof{nox? klg ;dfg nIfsf;fy ;f]xL sfo{df ;+nUg
5g . ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn If]lqo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfnoaf6
k|fKt tYofn] xfn;Dd ljleGg l;+rfO sfo{s|dx?
dfkm{t ljleGg lgsfox?n] o; If]qsf lhNnfx?df
lgDgfg';f/ -tflnsf g+= !_ l;+rfO If]qsf] ljsf; lj:tf/
tyf ;'wf/ sfo{x? ;DkGg u/]sf] b]vfpG5 .
xfn dd{t ;+ef/ sfo{s|d, demf}nf l;+rfO sfo{s|d /
gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;+rfO ljsf; sfo{qmdx? o;
If]qdf ;+rflnt /x]sf 5g . o; cl3 l;+rfO ljefu
dfkm{t O{/Lu]zg nfO{g ckm qm]l86, bf]>f] kxf8L l;+rfO
sfo{qmd, kmfd{ l;+rfO

t f lnsf
sfo{s |d x ?

l jl e G g

l hN nfx ?d f

s}n fnL

*f]^ L

l jsf;

c% fd

g +=

- 1

l j:tf/

a e m f+u

a fh/ f

;w f/

e P sf]

s+r gk /

l ;+l r t

**]n w / f

If]k m n

a }t *L

- x ]= _

hDd f
If]q k m n

bfr {n f

- x ]= _

1=

;tx

n#

l; +r F O

l;+rfO

kmfd{
s[ifL

4650

720

sfo{s|d

245

158

25

210

638

;ldlt

493

90

293

65

417

205

115

1678

sfo{s|d

l;+r fO

lhNnf

ljsf;
ljsf;

lhNnf

t k m{

a}+s

:tl/o

sfo{s|d

5370

60

138

24

55

22

299

500

168

100

263

53

1084

:t/

sfo{s|d

4000

70

95

11200

425

95

15685

dd{t

;+e f/

sfo{s|d

150

150

s]o/

g]k fn

172

172

;]tL

P=u|f =lj=

133

285

418

s]Gb|Lo

dxfsfnL
bf]>f]

sfo{s|d

cfO{=Pn=;L=

80

60

140

605

911

1364

280

3160

3340

470

505

1378

345

900

1440

960

462

9800

4000

4000

l;+r fO
sfo{s|d

cfO{=Pd=^L=kL=
;fgf

P=u|f=lj=

kxf*L

l;+r fO

ljz]if

Pg=cfO{=P;=kL=
;Vvf
2=
;]tL

/fxt

sfo{s|d

e l d u t

l; +r f O

P=u|f =lj=

cfO{=Pn=;L=

Pg=cfO{=P;=kL=

325

120

1700

1037

572

645

605

2034

1393

1066

1591

10940

4555

139

4694
1100

t k m{

kl/of]hgf

sfo{s|d

1265
1987

1100

590

590

440

886

1326

70

250

320

Pg=cfO{=P;=kL=^g{cf]e /

85

85

^\oj]n

35

35

bL#{sflng

s[ifL

of]hgf

l/x]jLnL^]zg

>f]tM If]qLo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno, wgu(L

gf]6M sltko ;Gb{edf Pp6} l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLdf sfo{qmdx? ljleGg cjlwdf ;+rflnt ePsf]n] hDdf If]qkmnsf] cf+s8f
Plsg ug{ c;lhnf] 5 .

sfo{qmd, ;fgf l;+rfO sfo{qmd, g]kfn l;+rfO ;]S6/ sfo{qmd, l;+rfO Aoj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmd nufot dxfsfnL,
v'6Lof, ky/}of, df]xgf h:tf s]lGb|o :t/sf of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog e};s]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf ljleGg lgsfoaf6 l;+rfO
;+/rgfx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] If]qkmn / xfn l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw eO{/x]sf] If]qkmn o;k|sf/ -tflnsf g+= @_ /x]sf] 5 .

tf lnsf
qm =;+=

of]]h gfl;+r fO k|) ffnLsf] gfd

g+=

ljsl;t l ;+l r t

x fn l ;+l r t

If]q kmn - x ]= _

If]q kmn - x ]= _

ky/}of l;+rfO of]hgf

2,000

v^Lof l;+rfO of]hgf

1,500

bf]>f] kxf*L l;+rfO of]hgf

2,858

834

df]xf]gf l;+rfO of]hgf

dxfsfnL l;+rfO of]hgf

kmfd{ l;+rfO of]hgf

858

640

dfO{s|f ] O{l/u]zg k|f ]h]S^

5,370

4,030

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt

1,689

1,270

dd{t ;+e f/ sfo{q md

150

110

dfxfsfnL P=u|f= ljsf;

140

105

6,982

5,337

10

1,467

3,500

1,744

11,200

10,996

sfo{qmd
11

cfO{=Pn=;L= ;tx

12

cfO{=Pn=;L= ed Lut

13

100

100

lhNnf l;+rfO sfof{no

3,515

2,630

14

;fgf l;+rfO sfo{q md

2,095

1,570

15

s[lif ljsf; a}+s

982

730

16

s]o/ g]k fn

172

130

17

s}nfnL s~rgk/ *Lk

1,972

1,970

1,100

1,100

^ojj]n
18

;]tL PsLs[t u|f ld)f ljsf;

sfo{qmd

19

Pg=cfO{=P;=kL= ;tx

9,584

6,987

20

Pg=cfO{=P;=kL= edLut

1,224

1,224

57,0 91

4 2 ,954

hD d f

>f]tM If]q Lo l;+rfO lgb]{zgfno, wgu(L

pk/f]Qm tYofn] ljleGg lgsfox?4f/f o; If]qsf] s'n l;+rfO ;+efJo If]qkmn dWo] xfn ;Dd %&,)(# x]S6/
If]qdf dfq} l;+rfO ;+/rgfx?sf] lgd{f0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f] dWo] hDdf $@,(%$ x]S6/ hldgdf dfq} l;+rfO ;'ljwf
pknAw eO{/x]sf] k'li6 ub{5 . s[ifsx?af6 lgld{t s'nf]x?sf] tYof xfn;Dd Plsg ug{ g;lsPtf klg o:tf
k|0ffnLx?af6 l;+rfO ;'ljwf pknAw e}/x]sf] If]qkmn pNn]vlgo /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .
cGo sfo{s|d afx]s o; If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/ lj:tfl/t ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] g]kfn l;+rfO ;]S6/
sfo{s|dnfO{ l;+rfO ljsf;sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . ;'b'/ klZrddf o; sfo{s|daf6 s'n !),(!) x]S6/ (,%*$ x]=;tx / !,#@^ x]= e"ldut tkm{_ If]qdf yk l;+rfO ;'ljwf lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:t} k|sf/n] d'n'ssf]
klZrd If]qdf sfof{Gjog x'g] ul/ l;+rfO tyf hn>f]t Aoj:yfkg sfo{s|d (IWRMP) bf]>f] ;]S6/ sfo{s|dsf] ?kdf
lgs6 eljiod} sfof{Gjog x'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] o;n] ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf] l;+rfO ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df yk
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k|bfg ug]{ cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
lgisif{M
nfdf] k|of;sf afjh'b klg o; If]qsf] l;+rfO ;+efAo If]qsf] s/Lj !& k|ltzt hldgdf dfq} xfn ;Dd l;+rfO ;'ljwf
pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5 . s'n hldgsf] %) k|ltzt efudf s[ifsx? 4f/f lgld{t l;+rfO k|0ffnLx?af6 of] ;'ljwf k'u]sf]
eg]/ dfGg] xf] eg] klg cem} 7"nf] efudf -s/Lj Ps ltxfO{_ l;+rfO ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

o;sf nflu a[xb nufgL / ;a} kIfsf] Plss[t k|of; x'g ;s]g eg] o; If]qsf] a9\bf] hg;+Vof -sl/j @@ nfv_ sf]
lhljsfsf] d'Vo >f]tdf g} gsf/fTds c;/ kg{] ;+efjgf PsftL/ 5 eg] csf]{tL/ d'n'sn] klxNofPsf] /fli6o nIf klg
cw'/f] g} /xg] ;+efjgf 5 .
ctM o; If]qsf pNn]vlgo / k|:tfljt dxfsfnL l;+rfO of]hgfsf] t]>f] r/0f, /fgL hd/f s'nl/of l;+rfO k|0ffnL
nufot kxf8L lhNnfsf sltko ;fgf tyf demf}nf l;+rfO k|0fflnx?sf] s|dzM sfof{Gjog ul/g' clt g} cfaZos
b]lvG5 . o; afx]s kfgLsf] >f]t cefj /x]sf] If]qdf gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t n3' l;+rfO k|0fflnx?sf] ljsf;n] o;
If]qsf ;fgf tyf l;dfGt ls;fgx? yk nfeflGjt x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .
cufdL lbgx?df l;+rfO ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf;n] dfq} l;+rfO ljsf;sf] bfloTj k'/f x'g ;Sb}g . ljleGg
efudf pknAw l;+rfO ;'ljwfsf] plrt pkof]usf ;fy} pGgt s[lif k4ltsf] lj:tf/ ul/ s[lif pTkfbg a[l4 ug{ Plss[t
l;+lrt s[lif sfo{s|dx?sf] sfof{Gjog, lgld{t ;+/rgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L Aoj:yfkg / :yflgo s[ifs ;+:yfx?sf]
;jlns/0fsf] nflu 7f]; tyf k|efjsfl/ k|of; ug'{ klg plQs} cfjZos b]lvG5 .
>L pkfWofo l;+rfO ljefudf ;dfhzf:qLsf] kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

>L =================================================================
===============================================================
af6
l;+rfO Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf
kf]i6 aS; 2055,
hfjnfv]n, nlntk"/, g]kfn .
kmf]g g+=M %%@&!%!, %%@&(*%
k\mofS; g+=M %%#&!^(
Od]n M irrigation@wlink.com.np
j]a;fO6M www.doi.gov.np