;+:s[t efiff cWoog s]sf nflu

o; n]vn] ;d:t lga[Qx? k|a[Q dfu{df hfgsf lgldQ k|]l/t ;+:s[t efiff Pa+ a}lbs
zf:qx?n] nf]sfg's'n Jojxf/df cWoflTds tj/af6 ;dfhnfO{ ptfg]{ 5g\ eGg] efjgf JoQm
ug]{ pB]Zosf] nflu of] n]v k:t't /x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lga[Q JolQm x'd . xfn ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lga[Q ePkZrft d}n]
cfWoflTds laifodf cWoog ug]{ dg;fon] a}lbs ljifodf cWoogsf nflu ;+:s[t s]lGb|o
ljefu /x]sf] lqe"ag ljZj ljBfnodf :gfQsf]t/ -Pd=P=_ txdf cWoog u/L/x]sf] 5' .;]afdf
sfo{/t eO{/xbf klg O{Zj/ s] xf] ? O{Zj/Lo ;+:s[t cyf{t j}lbs efiff s] xf] elg
;f]rlgofj:yfdf /xGy] . ;fy} o;sf] 1fg s] xf] ? o;df s] /x]5 eg]/ larf/flwg x'Gy] /
caz/ k|fKt k5L cWoog tk{m nflu /fVy] / ;+:s[t efiffsf] lasfz a}lbs sfn ;do b]lv
ePsf] /x]5 / To; a]nf Clifx?n] tk 4f/f dGq b]lvGYof]-CifoM dGq b|i6fM_
To;}nfO{ cGo dfgjx?nfO{ Clifx?n] ;'gfpy] To;}nfO >'lt k/Dk/f elgG5 . Clifx?4f/f
kl5 ;+:s[tsf] efiff 4f/f a}lbs ;flxTox? cWoog u/fPsf] eGg] >'lt /x]sf] 5 . ;+:s[t
efiffsf] /fd|/L 1fg k|fKt ePk5L laZjsf] s'g} klg 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 5 eGg] nfUb5 /
af:tlastf klg Tolx xf] . To;}n] ;+:s[t s]sf nflu eGbf laZj 1fg k|flKtsf nflu clgjfo{
ePsf] ;DemG5' / oxL lzif{sdf s]xL lh1f;fx? k|:t't u/]sf] 5' .
s'g} klg 1fgsf] af]w x'gsf lgldQ To; ;DaGwL efiffsf] 1fgx'g' h?/L x'G5 . To;
;DaGwL eflifs 1fg ePg eg] s'g} klg 1fgsf] hfgsf/L kfO{b}gg / Joafxf/Ls x'g
;Sb}gg . To;}n] efiffsf] pTklQ af/] klg hfgsf/L x'g' cfjZos 7fGg] ;+:s[t efiffsf]
pTklQ af/] ;+lIfKt kl/ro ug{ rfx]sf] jf ;f] af/] s]lx n]v /rgf ug]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5' .

;+:s[t efiffsf] pTklQ

Efiffsf] lalzi6 1fgnfO{g} efifflj1fg elgG5 efiffofM lj1fgd\efiff lj1fgd\, ljlzi6
1fgd\ lj1fgd\ . lo efiffsf] a}1flgstf / ljj]rgfTds cWoog ha hut jf k[YjLsf] ;[li6 ;fy}
k/dfTdfn] dfgjsf] ;[li6 lasf; ug'{ eof] To;} a]nf b]lv dfgaLo Jojxf/sf ljleGg efjx?sf]
JoQm efj, j:t'sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ u/fpg] vfFbf v'jfpbf, vfg] ;fwg / 1fg efiff ;Fu} lbP
. k|To]s dfgjsf] x[bodf k/f kZolGt dWodf / a}v/L ;w} k/dfTdfn] /flvlbPsf] 5 . t/ olQ
xf] ls nf6f] dfgadf jf JolQmdf a}v/L Aoaxf/ ug]{ zlQm sld ePsf] x'G5 . efiff
pTklQsf] :j?ksf] a0f{g C= !.!^$.$# df rTjf/L jfSol/ldtf kbflg dGqaf6 k|i6 ePsf] 5
. ;fy} cy{jj]bsf] (.!).@& dGqdf klg o:t} dGqsf] ?kdf ljZn]if0f ePsf] kfOG5 To;}u/L
a|fDx0f u|Gydf klg /fd|/L Wofg k"a{s lglwvf]hL u/LPsf] 5 . h:t} t}= a|= @.*.*.% /
zt= a|f= $.!.#.!& df o:t} a0f{g 5 . To:t} of:sfrfo{n] klg lg?Qmsf] !#.( df larf/ u/]sf]
kfO{G5 To; sf/0f ;+:s[t efiff of b]a efiffsf] pTklQsf] la1fg jf 1fg xfldnfO{ kfZrfTo
jf plgx?sf lz:ox?n] l;sfPsf] xf]O{gls of] dfgjsf] ;[li6sf] lasfz ;+u;+u} k/fsfn b]lvg}
ePsf] k|df0f cflb CUa]bflbaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 . cyf{t cflbsfn b]lvg} efiffsf] pTklQ
ePsf] / To;} a]nfaf6 jfs jf0fLsf] k|of]u ePsf] eGg ;lsG5 . dGqdf kbflg zAbn]
k|i6 u/]sf] 5 ls Tolt a]nfdf klg ;'aGt / ltt kbsf] k|of]u /fd|/L u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;/L ;ft}
laelQmsf] k|of]usf] 1fg / Aofs/0f ;DalGw k|f}9 k|of]u klg CUj]bdf u/LPsf] k|of]u
af6 k|i6 5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] ;a}eGbf k|yd dfgj cfo{ x?sf] ;[li6 eO{;sf]kl5
ltgLx?sf] dlit:s / x[bodf b}la jfs\ :k"ml/t ePsf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . a0f{gs} qmddf C=
$.%*.# df rTjfl/ >[f qof] c:o kfb elgPsf] 5 . o;} dGqsf] :j?k jf=o=j]= (&.!( /
t}lQ/Lo cf/0os !!.!).@ / of:ssf] lg?Qm !#.& cflbdf eiff la1fgsf] jf:tljs :j?k 6Ns]sf] 5
. CUa]b :joF efiff lj1fgsf] vfgLg} xf] . To;}n] efiff la1fgsf] kl/efiffdf Clif slknn]
efiffof oQ' la1fgd\ ;jf{ Jofs[tfTdsd\. la1fgb[li6d"n+ tb\, efiffla1fgd'Rot] ..
eg]sf 5g\ . To;} CUa]bsf] efiffla1fgsf] vfgLaf6 g} kfZrfTo lj4fg x?n] klg eg]sf 5g\
Dr. P.D. Gune, An Introduction to comparative Philology P.1 df comparative Philology or simply
Philology is the science of language pholology strictly mesns the study of a language from the
literary point kiew .

To:t} bh{gf} eiffa}1flgs x? dWo] d}S;d"n/n] ;fOgf] nufPsf] 5 Tof] of] xf]
dg'iosf] efiff cyf{t\ Wjlg kz'x?sf] af]nLaf6 ag]sf] xf]O{gg\ .
To;}n] k/dfTdfn] hutsf] ;[li6 ;+u;+u} dfgjsf] hLjsf] ;[li6df g} efiffsf] ;d]t ljsfz
ul/lbPsf] k|df0f cflbsfnsf] CUa]baf6 a'lemPsf] 5 . ;+:s[t efiff a}lbs sfnaf6 g}
pTklQ ePsf] xf] / oL efiffnfO{ lhjGt /fVgfsf lgldQ blIf0f Pl;ofsf] dlxdf cl:tTj
hf]ufpg / cem eGg' kbf{ tkf] e'ld g]kfnsf] cl:tTj / hf]ufO{ /fVg k|foM g]kfnLx?n]
of] efiffsf] cWoog ul/ hfgsf/Ldf /flv/xg'kg]{ 5 .

Efiffsf] kl/efiff
:k"m6jfss/0ff]kfQf], efjfleJolQm;fwsM .
;+s]lttf] Wjlgj|ftM ;f efif]To'Rot]a'w}M .. -8f= slkn b]j l4a]bL_
dfgjLo larf/ tyf dgf]efjgfx?nfO{ JoQm ug]{ ;+s]tnfO{ efiff elgG5 . of] efiff
k|f0fLx?df ;a{>]i7 dfgj hfltnfO{ cfjZostf 5 / dfgj r]tg k|f0fL ePsf]n] efiffsf] cfbfg
k|bfg af6 cg]s kbfy{sf] Jofkf/ ul/g' kg]{ x'gfn] efiffsf] lasf; cflbsfn b]lvg} ePsf] 5 t/
Go"gflws efjdf ;fwf/0f lzIff k|s[ltn] ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ k/:j/ efiffsf] cfbfg k|bfg :jefjl;4
e}/x]sf] 5 . ;j} k|f0fLsf] cfcfg} :jefjfg';f/ efiff 5 . ;fy} r]tg k|f0fL dfgjsf] laz]if efiff
/x]sf] 5 . efiff Pp6f kbfy{ cfbfg k|bfgsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ dfWod jf ;fwg xf] oxL
cWoog jf ;fwg4f/f g} dfgjsf] b}lgsL Jofkf/ rn]sf] x'G5 . To;} qmddf
ljrf/fleJolQmsf] nflu JoQm Wjlg ;+s]t g} efiff xf] elg P=P= sf8Lg/n] efiffsf]
kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . sltko efiffljbx?n] JoQm Wjlg ;+s]t4f/f dfgj larf/sf] cleJolQmg}
efiff eg] / d]l/of] PkfO{n] dfgjf]Rrl/t WjlgnfO{ efiff elgG5 elg cfgf] larf/ / efj
JoQm u/] . 8f= d+un b]j n] efiff dfgjsf] Tof] r]i6f of Joaxf/ xf] h;af6 dfgj cfgf]
pRrf/0ff]kof]uL] z/L/fjojaf6 pRrf/0f ul/Psf] a0ff{Tds cyjf JoQm zAb x?4f/f cfgf]
larf/nfO{ JoQm u5{ . To:t} csf]{ lj4fg ef]nfgfy ltjf/LhLsf] dtdf lglZrt k|oTgsf]
kmn:j?k dg':osf] d'vaf6 lgSn]sf] Tof] ;fy{s Wjlg ;dli6 xf], h;sf] laZn]if0f / cWoog
x'g ;sf];, To;nfO{ efiff elgG5 . hutdf ePe/sf] efiffx?df ljsl;t / ;fy{s efiff ;+:s[t efiff
g} xf] / To;sf] cleJolQm ;d:t ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] :jfWofogaf6 g} ;Dej 5 . efiff
JoQmfofFjflr o; wft'af6 kl/lg:kGg efiff zAbsf] cy{g} efiffsf] kl/efiff ug]{df ;dy{ 5 .
ofxfF efif wft'sf] cy{ cJoQm xf]O{g JoQm xf] . :ki6 JoQm zAbsf] cy{ a'lemg]
Jojxf/f]kof]uL j0f{ljGof; xf] . o;nfO{ kfl0flgn] cToGt a}1flgs ljrf/df afFWg' ePsf] 5
. To;}n] Jofs/0fsf] 1fglagf jf Jofs/0fsf] efiffsf] 1fglagf ;+:s[t efiffsf] kl/efiffdf nfUg'
x'b}g .
dfly pNn]lvt la4fgx?sf] laleGg dtsf] kl/efiffn] s] a'lemG5 eg] efiffsf]
kl/efiffdf k|fo la4fgx?sf] lar dte]b kfO{Psf] 5 / ;a{;Ddt efiffsf] 7f]; nIf0f 5}g t/ klg
;fd'lxs la4fgx?sf] b[li6df efiff zfl:qx?sf] larf/df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;+s]t /x]sf] 5 .
h:t}M
!_ efif Ps k4lt xf] @_ efiff ;+s]tfTds xf]
#_ efiff jflrs Wjlg ;+s]t xf] $_ efiff ofb[lR5s ;+s]t xf]
o;/L efiff zfl:qx?sf] laleGg dt leGgtf ePtf klg dfgjLo Joaxf/Ls efiff4f/f g} x'g]
ePsf]n] !*.!( cf}+ ztfJbLdf cfP/ a}lbs efiff ;+u plgx?sf] efiff zfl:qx?sf]_ kl/roeof]
tt\ kZrft efiffsf] ljafbdf ljafbg} d]l6of] a}lbs ;+:s[t efiffnfO{g} k|frLg / d"n efiff x'g]
uf}/jtf eof] . To;} sf/0f a}lbs efiff la1fgsf] kl/efiff cfw'lgs efj eGbf uxlsnf] /x]sf] 5 .
oxL efiffsf] lasf; eO{ ;dfhdf Ps zf:q tTj lgsfn]sf] 5 . ;To+ jb wd{~r/ :jfWofofGdf
k|dlbtJod\ . dft[b]af] ej, lkt[b]af] ej, cfrfo{ b]af] ej ..
o;}af6 dfgj lhjgsf] u[x:y cf>dsf] z'?jft eof] . To;}n] xfld larf/ ug{ ;S5f}ls efiff
Ps dxTjk"0f{ dfWod, ;fwg, Joaxfl/sdf x'g cfp5 efiffdf ;a{>]i7 ;+:s[tg} /x]sf]n] cGo
efiffsf] ;xof]u eGbf of] efiffsf] ;xof]u clt dxtjk"0f{, ;xof]uk"0f{, /x]sf]n] o; efiff tk{m
s]lGb|s[t x'g] xf] ls eGg] efjgf JoQm ub}{ d]/f] ;fgf] lar/ dtdGtJo JoQm ub}{ oxL
snd la/fd x'G5 .
lgis;{
;+:s[t efiffsf] 1fg k|fo hg;d'bfodf 1fg x'g'kg]{ / ;f] laifo ;DalGw cWoog tk{m
nfUbf cfWoflTds efjgfaf6 ;'dfu{df k|oTg /xg ;Sg] efjgf JoQm ub{5' .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
l4a]bL cfrfo{ kbd >L 8f= slknb]a
efiff la1fg Pa+ efiff zf:q k':tsaf6
k|sfzg ldlt @)!$ O{=
;+s/0f rt'b{zM ;+s/0f
:yfg ljZjljBfno k|sfzg af/fo0f;L
;dfKt