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yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= !(^&
df :of\hf lhNnf ;]tLbf]efg
k"vf}n{ L 3/ eO{ ;fgLauf/]
a:g] xl/k|;fb kg]? elgg]
u+ ufw/ kg] ? n] ;j{ k | y d
k~rf;] If]qsf] cGj]if0f u/]sf]
lyP . log} dxfk|e' kg]?n]
k~rf;] d f zlQmzfnL
Hof]lt{ln sxfF s'g cj:yfdf
/x]sf] lyof] egL cGj]if0f
sfo{ u/L k~rf;]nfO{ lzjn]
l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf] :ynsf
kdf lrgfPsf lyP .
k~rf;] d f To;kl5
klg ljleGg k|sf/sf tk:jL,
a| X drf/L, of] u L Pjd\
hf]uLx ;d]t cfpg] hfg]
qmd eO/xGYof] . ToxfF
cfpg] elQm elQmgLx
ufO{kfngdf nfu]sf x'Gy] .
To:tf eQmxn] k~rf;]sf]
pRr efudf cfn', hf}, ux'F
/ kmfk/sf] v]tL;d]t ug]{
u/]sf] kfOG5 . k~rf;] If]q
km/flsnf] / k|z:t 3fF; kfOg]
x' gfn] ufO{kfng ;xh x' g]
u/]sf] klg lyof] . ljleGg
7fpFsf kl08txsf] hd36
u/fO{ @)!* ;fndf !*
dlxgfdf !* k'/f0fx jfrg
u/fO{ >4fn' eQmhgxnfO{
>j0f u/fOPsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= @)@! b]lv tk:jL tyf
a|Xdrf/Lxn] of] If]q qmdzM
5f]8\b} uPsfn] eQmhgx
klg oqtq knfog x'g yfn]

clg k~rf;]df a;]/ lgoldt

kdf ToxfF lgTosd{ /
;Def/ sfo{ x' g ;s]g .
o;kl5 ToxfF sf] ljsf;
lgdf{0 f sfo{ d f lzlyntf
cfpg' sf ;fy} klxn] s f
kf6Lkf}jf, dlGb/ Pjd\ slt
wd{zfnfx /]vb]v dd{t /
;Def/sf] cefjdf elTsP/
hfg yfn] . o:tf] cj:yfaf6
arfpg / k'gM ;+/If0f sfo{
cufl8 a9fpg Pjd\ k~rf;]
If]qsf] u'd]sf] dxTj phfu/
ug{ / ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu
g]kfn k~rwfd k~rf;] gfds
;+:yfsf] :yfkgf u/L Hof]ltif
gL/ljqmd kf}8]nsf] g]t[Tjdf
ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;+/If0fsf
sfo{x @)%$%% ;fnb]lv
;'? x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf]
If]q df k~rf;]sf] lgs6df
/x] s f] ebf} / ] tdfuL
uf=lj=;=df /x]sf] df5fk'R5|]
ljsf; ;+3n] klg dxTjk"0f{
sfo{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fy}
k~rf;] If]q ljsf; pkef]Qmf
;ldlt u7g eO{ k~rf;]
If]qsf] a[xQ/ ljsf; u/L
ko{6g Joj;fo k|j4{g ug{
nflu k/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L
sf7df8f} + l:yt tf/fufpF
ljsf; af]8{n] k~rf;] If]qsf]
ko{6g ljsf; u/L /fli6"o
cfodf ;d]t k|e fj kfg] {
vfnsf] u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L
;/sf/nfO{ a' e mfPsf] /
To;nfO{ :jLs[t u/L sfo{
k| f/De ul/;s] s f] 5 .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf h} l js
ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] clt g}
dxTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] k~rf;]
If] q sf] ;+ / If0fsf nflu
;/sf/L tj/af6 k~rf;]
;+/lIft jgsf kdf pkNNf]

jgIf] q sf] ;+ / If0f sfo{

yflnPsf] / tNnf] efudf
/x]sf] jg If] q lgs6jtL{
ufpF x sf] ;d' b fodf
x:tfGt/0f u/L ;+/If0f ug]{
hdsf]{ ug{ nfu]sf] 5 .
xfn o; k~rf;] If]qsf]
s]xL xb;Dd eP klg k|rf/k| ;f/ eO{ oxfF sf] ckf/
k|fs[lt ;Dkfbxsf] klxrfg
u/L pkof] u / ;+ / If0f
ug{tkm{ lgs6jtL{ ufpFn]x
/ ;DalGwt ;+ 3 ;+ : yfx
lqmofzLn x'Fb} yk cg';Gwfg
sfo{x eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL
qmddf of] cg';Gwfg sfo{
klg kg{ uPsf] 5 .
wfld{ s :ynsf kdf
k~rf;]
g] k fnL ;fdflhs
k/Dk/f o'uf}+ b]lv wfld{ s
cf:yf Pjd\ ljZjf; /
To;af6
l;lh{ t
lqmofsnfksf cfwf/df
:yflkt d"No Pjd\ dfGotfdf
cfwfl/t /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
s' g } k" j{ h Gddf ul/Psf
wfld{s k|efj / O{ Zj/sf]
cg'u|xaf6 dg'io hLjg ldNg]
eof] eg] o;sf] tf/tDo klg
k/dfTdfn] g} ldnfpF5g\ .
g]kfndf k|dv
' kdf lxGb"wd{
;+: s[ltsf] k|d' v /x]sf] /
zf;s klg ;f]xL wd{ dfGg]
vfnsf ePsfn] To;n] a9L
Jofkstf kfP klg cGo
wd{ x af} 4, O;fO{ tyf
O:nfd wdf{ j nDaL /
pgLxsf] cl:tTj klg sfod
/xFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
k~rf;]
k| f rLg
sfnb] l v k| l ;4 5 .
k~rkf08jx
tyf
>j0fs'df/ ;d]t cfOk'u]sf]

@)&) df3

syf ljleGg wfld{ s

u|Gyxdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ljleGg cfsif{s
b] jLb] jtfsf d7dlGb/x,
u' kmf wd{ z fnfx, kljq
k~rf;] ;/f] j / oxfF s f
dxjk"0f{ wfld{s cfsif{s
x'g\ . ljzfn v;|'sf ?vdf
whfktfsfx, 306Lx,
lqz'nx r9fOPsf] 5 eg]
d]nf tyf kj{ hfqfdf w'k
g}j]Bx r9fP/ eQmxn]
lzjhLsf] yfgdf l;4afafsf]
cfzLjf{b dfUg] ub{5g\ . To;}
u/L lzjlndf ufO{sf] b"w,
hn, km"n, g}j]B e]6L Pjd\
a]nkq r9fpg] klg ul/G5 .
jfnfrt' { bzL h:tf
kljq lbgxdf wfld{s d]nf
nfUg'sf ;fy} ;t\ljh 5g]{
k/Dk/f cg's/0fLo kdf
sfod} 5 . k~rf;] j/k/sf]
;tljh 5g]{ :ynxdWo]
rfksf] 6 sf] l;4a/fx
dfemy'd, xk{gsf] /fddlGb/
nufot y'k} | 7fpFxdf klg
;tljh 5l/G5 . xfn o;
k~rf;] If]qnfO{ kfFrf} wfdsf
kdf ljsl;t ug{ ljleGg
wfld{ s lqmofsnfkx
;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljleGg lxGb" wdf{ jnDaL
eQmhgxsf
nflu
tLy{ofqfsf] kljq / k|l;4
uGtJosf kdf k~rf;]
lbgk|ltlbg pGd'v / Jofks
x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf]
e| d 0f u/L l;4a/fx
tfnaf/fxL Pjd\ ToxfF :yflkt
b]jLb]jtf, gfub]jtf, xg'dfg,
e'd ] eo/ emfFq mL nufot
kf~rfog dlGb/sf] k"hfkf7,
bz{g / k~rf;] ;/f]j/sf]
:gfg ugf{n] ;a}sf] dgf]sfdgf
l;4 x'g], dgn] cfF6]tfs]sf]

k |l ; 4 k ~ r f ; ]
k'Ug], o; nf]sdf ;'v zflGt
k|fKt u/L k/nf]sdf ;d]t
:ju{kb k|fKt u/L cfTdfn]
lr/zflGt kfpg] hgljZjf;
/lxcfPsf] 5 . cfgf
lbj+ u t ePsf lkt[ x
;d] t sf] p4f/ eO{
hGdhGd;Dd k'0o kmn k|fKt
ug]{ ljZjf;sf sf/0f g]kfn,
ef/t nufot blIf0f
Plzofsf w]/} b]zsf lxGb"
wdf{jnDaLxsf] 7"nf] cf:yf
/x]sf sf/0f bz{gsf nflu
;fn}lkR5] 3'OFrf] nfUg] ub{5 .
eujfg\ lzjsf] dlxdf
/ dxTj ljlzi6 /x]sf] 5 .
;d:t lxGb"xsf cf/fWob]j
lzjsf kfFr d'v ePsf] s'/f
lzjk'/f0f / ln k'/f0fdf
pNn] v ePsf] kfOG5 .
lzjsf] jf;:yfg ePsf]
7fpFnfO{ lzjwfd / kfFrd'v
ePsf] sf/0fn] lzjnfO{
k~rf;] elgG5 . lzjsf
rf/ lbzfsf rf/ d'v qmdzM
k"j{ d'vdf huGgfy wfd,
blIf0f d'vdf /fd]Zj/ wfd,
klZrd d' vdf f/sfgfy
wfd, pQ/d'vdf s]bf/gfy
wfd k| t Ls x' g\ / pWj{
lbzfdf k~rd'vsf kdf
cjl:yt lzj wfdnfO{
k~rwfd elgG5 . eujfg\
kz'kltsf] bz{g ubf{ lzjsf
rf/ lbzfsf rf/wfdsf]
Bf]ts / pj{ jf kfFrd'v k~rf:o_ kz'kltsf Bf]ts
x' g\ eg] / ToxfFsf k" hf/L
exn] atfPsf] kfOG5 .
o;k| sf/ lzj wfdnfO{
k~rwfd elgG5 .
lxGb" wd{sf cltl/Qm
af}4wdf{nDaLxsf] klg o;
k~rf;] If]qdf cufl8b]lv g}
cf:yf Pjd\ ljZjf; /xg'sf

;fy} tLyf{ 6g ug] { u/] sf]

kfOG5 . af}4 wd{df d'Vo
kn] xLgofg tyf dxfofg
u/L b'O{ ;Dk|bfo k|rlnt
/x]sf] 5 ;fy} ah|fofg /
u' ? nfdf af}4 k/Dk/f
;d] t k|r lnt /x]sf] 5 .
k~rf;] If]qsf] jl/kl/ a:g]
u'?n] klg nfdfaf}4 wd{
dfGb5g\- pgLx cfgf] jif{
u0fgf leGb} k|sf/n] ub{5g\ .
af}4 wd{df pNn]v ul/Psf]
Ps syf cg';f/ Ps lbg
uf}tda'4n] ;a} hgfj/nfO{
8fs]sf lyP . o;/L a'4n]
9fs]kl5 ToxfF d';f, ufO{,
af3, la/fnf], lu4, gfu,
3f] 8f, e]+8f, afF b/, r/f,
s's'/ / d[u u/L hDdf !@
j6f hgfj/x e]nf eP .
o;/L e]nf ePs} hgfj/sf
gfdaf6 !@ jif{ sf] gfd
/flvof] . a'4 jrg cg';f/
hf] JolQm h'g hgfj/sf] jif{df
hGdG5 p;sf] :jefj klg
ToxL hgfj/sf] h:tf] x'g]5
eGg] lyof] .
uf}td a'4n] a'4 wd{nfO{
7Ls;F u rnfpg ;+ 3 sf]
:yfkgf u/]sf lyP . af}4
leIf' x o:t} ;+ 3cGtu{ t
;+ul7t eP/ /xG5g\ . o:tf
;+3x ljleg ljxf/xdf
5'f5'} kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
k|f/Dedf leIf' x b} lgs
leIff6gf/f hLljsf]kfh{g
ub{y] kl5 oL leIf'xn] gub,
lhG;L, hUuf hldg cflb
bfgsf kdf u|x0f ug{ yfn] .
bfgsf kdf ;\ slnt
j:t' xsf] pkof]u ;+ 3sf]
lg/LIf0fdf x' g ] ub{ 5 .
cfh;Dd klg k|To]s ljxf/df
Ps ;+ 3 sfod /x] s f]
kfOG5 . To;} u/L nfdf

af}4sf af/]df ltAatsf] jf]g

wd{ / a'4 wd{sf] ;ld>0faf6
nfdf af}4 wd{k|lt w]/} af}4
wdf{nDaLxsf] ljZjf; 5 .
clwsf+z u'?, tfdf, z]kf{,
ef]6]xsf] o:t} cf:yf Pjd\
ljZjf; /x]sf] kfOG5 .
k~rf;] j/k/sf
afl;Gbfxdf u'? a:tL a9L
dfqfdf /x]sf] / pgLxsf]
hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gtsf ;Dk"0f{
lqmofsnfkx af} 4 wd{
cGtu{ t sf] nfdf af} 4
wd{ cg';f/ lgb] { lzt 5 .
To;} n ] u' D afx atfpg]
nufotsf lqmofsnfkx x'bF }
cfPsf] 5 . cfy{/ 8fF8fvs{
uf=lj=;= /x]sf] @)) jif{
k'/fgf] egL ljZjf; ul/Psf]
af}4 u'Dafdf jiff}{bl] v o:t}
k|sf/sf] af}4 nfdf lzIff
lbg] sfo{ ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
To;} u/L k' D bLe' D bL
uf=lj=;=df ljZj zflGt :t'k
/x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf
k~rf;] sf] w' / Ldf lxGb"
dlGb/xsf cltl/Qm af}4
u'Daf / r}To lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
5 h;n] ubf{ af} 4
wdf{ j nDaLxsf] klg
k~rf;]df Wofg cfs[i6 x'gs
' f
;fy} ToxfF k/Dk/fb]lv /x]sf]
af}4 wdf{jnDaLxsf] cf:yf
Pjd\ ljZjf;df yk k|]/0ff
ldn] s f] 5 . To;} u/L
k~rf;] glhs} /x]sf] tfdfuL
ufpFdf klg Ps cfsif{s :t'k
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .
u' ? ;+ : s[ l tdf
hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gt;Dd ul/g]
ljleGg
wfld{ s
lqmofsnfkx h:t} c3f}{,
6\xf]6+ ,] 7]nf] xfGg], nfdf tyf
Xofk|L emfFqmL gfr nufot
afFsL !) k[i7df

k |l ; 4 k ~ r f ; ]

@)&) df3

!)

k|l ; 4 k~r f; ]M ; +l I fKt kl/ro

sf:sL, :of\hf / kj{t lhNnfdf kg]{ kljq ;+ud :yn k~rf;] If]q * ;o b]lv @ xhf/ %;o !& ld6/;Ddsf]
prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] w/f]x/ o; If]q ko{6sx?sf]
cfsif{s tyf cg'kd kbofqfsf] uGtJo klg xf] . em08} ! nfv dflg;x? / y'k|} hLjhGt' / r/fr'?L o; If]qsf]
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfdf cfl>t 5g\ . o; If]qsf] a[xQ/ of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf nflu k~rf;] u|fdL0f ko{6g ljsf;
u'?of]hgf alg;s]sf] 5 . o; k|l;4 If]qsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;+lIfKt kl/ro o; k|sf/ 5 .
ef}uf]lns, k|fs[lts tyf ko{6 sLo emnsM
% xhf/ % ;o x]S6/eGbf a9L If]qkmndf km}lnsPsf] 7"nf] jgIf]q ., kfFr 6fs'/f ldn]/ ag]sf] wfld{s tkf]el" d k~rwfd .
kfFr d'Vo vf]nf xk{g, /lt, h/], cfFwL, ;]tL vf]nfsf] pb\ud :yn .
Ps} 7fpFaf6 ;a}eGbf w]/} lxd>[vnf b]lvg] cg'kd :yn ., lxpFbdf lxpF v]Ng] glhssf] /d0fLo uGtJo .
lagf d"nsf] r/fn] kft kmfNg] k~rsf];L ;/f]j/ / cGo y'k|} l;d;f/ If]q .
g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L ;'gfv/L -;'gufef ! ;o & y/L_ kfOg] 7fpF .
nfnLu'/fF;, v;|', rfFk, rGbg h:tf # ;o eGbf a9L k|hfltsf jg:klt kfOg] .
af3, efn', d[u nufot ljleGg jGohGt' / r/fr'?Lsf] af;:yfg / hLjh:t'sf] lqm8f:yn .
wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts emnsM
l;4 Clifd'gLx?sf] tkf]e"ld .,
dftf lktfeQm >j0f s'df/sf] ;dfwL :yn .
k~rkf08jx?sf] jgjf; If]q .,
u|fdL0f ljleGg hLjgz}nL, /xg;xg / ;+:s[ltsf] s]Gb| .
;"of]{bo / ;"of{:tsf] dgdf]xs b[Zo b]lvg] :yfg .,
zfGt, dgf]/d, zflGtk"0f{ kljq :yn zflGtk'/ .
;lbof}b]lv afnfrt'b{zL, df3];+qmflGt, lzj/fqL, a}zfv k"l0f{df d]nf nfUg] .
ko{6sLo :yn kf]v/fb]lv glhssf] cfsif{s kbofqfsf] uGtJo :yn .
h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf 6]jf k'ofpg] vfnsf dxTjk"0f{ e]nf nfUg] e"ld .

df5fk'R5]lj s f; ; +
3
sf:sL

k~r f; ] If]q lj s f; ; ldlt

sf:sL, :of\hf, kj{t

k~rf;] If]q sf] P]l txfl;s=== @% jif{ k'/ fgf] k~rf;]a f6

/f]wL, ;f]/7L, 7f8f]
efsf nufotsf gfrufg
sfo{qmd af}4 wd{ k/Dk/f
emNsfpg] dxjk"0f{ k|df0fx
o; If]qdf ljBdfg 5g\ .
To;} u/L efiff, kf]zfs,
vfgkfg, u/uxgfxsf]
klx/g cflb / Nxf] ;f/
d]nfh:tf kj{xdf sf; s5f8_, ef\ u|f, 6f]k Ldf
;lhPsf k'?ifx / rf}aGbL
rf] n f] , 3n] s ;f/L tyf
k5\ o f} / f
klxl/Psf
dflxnfxsf] pkl:yltn]
;f+ : s[ l ts ljlzi6tf
emNsfpg'sf ;fy} af}4 nfdf
k/Dk/f sfod /fVb} cfPsf]

5 h;n] ubf{ k~rf;] sf]

;f+ : s[ l ts / wfld{ s
ul/dfnfO{
prfOdf
k'ofO/fv]sf] 5 .
pk/f] Q m lxGb' af} 4
k/Dk/fut lqmofsnfk
cf:yf Pjd\ ljZjf;sf sf/0f
k~rf;] If]qsf] wfld{s dxTj
cTolws /x]sf] / o;n] k[ys
Pjd\ ljlzi6 klxrfg lbg
;s]sf] tYo ;fljt ePsf]
5 .
-o ; n] v n] vs
kf}8]n n] :gfsf]Q m/ txsf]
cWoo0gsf] lznlznfdf
tof/ kfl/Psf] zf]w kqsff]
c+z xf] _

;]tf]58Lljt/0f

olx cflZjg !) ut] g]kfn ckf;+3 l9s'/kf]v/L

CBR 4f/f l9s'/kfv/L uf=lj==j8f g+ ^ sf8]sf ckf
cGwf cd[t t' frgnfO{ lx88' n ug{ ;lhnf] xf] ;\
eGgsf nflu cfjZos ;Nnfxsf ;fy} cGwfn] k|of]u
ug]{ n7\7L (White can ) ;+3sf lkmN8 ;'k/efOh/
k'0o k|;fb e08f/Ln] xfn} ljt/0f ug'{ ePsf] s'/f
yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 .

@)&) df3

k |l ; 4 k ~ r f ; ]

!!

km]jftfnsf] gfdaf6 km]jf lgs'~h agfpg] sL

ca km]jftfn klg df5fk'R5] ljsf;
;+3n] ;fydf lnO{ /fVg'kg]{ a]nf cfof] .
g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn]
df5fk'R5] ljsf; ;+3n] cfkm\gf] gfdsf]
cuf8L /fvL /fli6otfsf] ku/L u'yL
/x]sf] cld6 5 . sf:sL lhNnfdf
;/;kmfO{sf] cleofgn] k"0f{tf kfpg]
h; vf; ;+3sf] aflif{sL of]hgfn]
k|fKt uof] . x'gt o;df vfg]kfgLn]
sfd u/]sf] lyPg eGg vf]h]sf] xf]O{g,
sf/0f k|To]s ljBfnodf tflndsf]
dfWodaf6 afn Sna u7g u/L
:jf:Yosf] vfF lbnf] ;Gb]z k7fpg]
pHofnf] sfd crDd l;t ;+3n] u/]sf]
s'/fn] b/f] u/L plePsf] 5Fb}5 .
v'nf lb;f d'Qm ePkl5 lxdfn h:t}
g]kfnsf] kl/rodf kf]v/fsf] ofqfnfO{
lgVv/ agfpg] Psdfq km]jftfn 5 .
h;nfO{ agfpg] sfd rf/}lt/af6
ePtf klg vf; ?kdf cfb/0fLo
kfx'gfsf] a;fO{ / x]/fO{df nfdf] ofqf
u/fpg] sfdsf] lhDdf ;+3 n] lng'
lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . lsgeg]
km]jftfn s]an kf]v/f a}bfdaf6 x]/]/
dfq wf] sf] k' U b} g . To;sf/0f
;/sf/nfO{ tfs]tf u/L hnfwf/ If]q
cGt/ut kg]{ ;/fsf]6, sf:sLsf]6,
l9s'/kf]v/L, ebf}/] tfdfuL, rfkfsf]6
/ k'DbLe'DbL uflj;sf] s]xL efudf
ofqf ug{ ;Sg] af6f] agfP/ Tof]
af6f]af6 ofqf ub}{ km]jftfn x]bf{ s;sf]
dgdf cfgGb gcfpnf . ca km]jfsf]
gfpFaf6 km]jf lgs'~h agfpgsf] nflu
nfdf] of]hgf ug'{kb{5 . km]jftfnnfO{
klg dfly 7"nfv]t ;Dd rfSnf] kf/L
a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . x'gtf o;sf]
nflu ;/sf/n] ko{6ssf] lxtsf] nflu
w]/} k|oTg ul//x]sf] 5 . afFw eg]
lgs} alnof] x'g] u/L afWg cfjZos
5 .
of] s'/ fnfO{ klg dflj;n]
g] t[ T jbfoL e" l dsf lgefpg
k|fyldstfdf cfpFb5 . km]jf lgs'~h

wd{ lu/L
agfpgsf] nflu s:tf] k|sf/sf] of]hgf
ug'{ kb{ 5 . lb3{ of] hgf cyjf s'g
k| sf/sf] of]hgf agfP/ lgs'~hsf]
hGd x'G5 ;f] s'/fsf] ufF7L km]nf kf/L
vf]hL dfly pNn]lvt uflj;x?sf] a:tL
sxfF < s;nfO{ < s;/L < s] u/]/
< v'zL kf/L a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/fP/
ePklg Ifltk"lt{ lbnfP/ aGb u/]df
ko{6ssf] dfWodaf6 kf]v/f dfq ge}
g]k fnsf] l;f] ljsf; x' g] s'/ fdf
lgw{sstfsf ;fy 7f]s'jf ul/G5 .
sf/0f ul/aLnfO{ x6fP/, cfly{s
cfjZos ;'wf/sf] k+lQmdf pleg]5 .
h;af6 /fi6n] 7"nf] cfly{ssf] xds]/f]
km]g]{5 . To;sf/0f xfdL of] s'/fsf]
nflu lgs'~hdf, x'g], kflng], b]lvg]
h+unL hgfj/ r/fRofFv'/f, ag:klt
tyf kf]v/f cf;fkf;sf 7fpF u'Daf,
dlGb/, lxdfn tyf wld{s If]q k~rf;]
b]Vg ;lhnf] x'g]5 .
of] km]jf lgs'~h eg]/ eg]sf] ;'Gbf
of] hnfwf/ If]q leqsf o'jf, dlxnf,
k' ?if, Aofkf/L, sd{ rf/L, lzIfs,
dhb'/, ;]gf, k|x/L, ljBfyL{, ls;fg,
a'l4hLaL, /fhg]tf cu|h ;a}n] k|z+;f
ug]{5g\ . of] lhDdf lnP/ sfd u/]kl5
o;sf] eljiofn] g] k fnsf] ko{ 6g
Aoj;fosf] nIo b/f] / l6sfp cfly{s
?k g} kl/jt{g u/]/ cw' lgstfsf]
pHofnf] ?kdf rdfTsf/ Nofpg]5 .
Tof] sfdsf] nflu / o:t} sfd u/L
kl/jf/sf] AolQm b]lv /fli6otfsf]
ah]6df k' /} ;'s]uf7f] kf/L arfP/
/flv g]kfnnfO{ ljZjdf k'/} dflj;sf]
;SsnL kljqtfn] rnfPsf] af6f] 7Ls

eg]/ ;/sf/n] klg ;xotf ug]{5 .

cNkljsl;t d'n'ssf] nflu ljsf;
ug]{ wgL /fi6"sf] rfxgfdf xfd|f] ul/aL
lgdf gf:tL kf/L /f]huf/ d'ns sfd
ePsf] 3fd h:t} /d/d b]lvg]5 .
of] s'/fsf] h/f] k~rf;] wfld{s If]qsf]
kf]N 6fdf /lx/xg] s' /fdf ljZjf;
ul/G5 . km] jftfnsf] d' x fg k' / }
xk{gvf]nfdf h+unL hgfj/n] kfgL
vfFbf ko{6sn] x]bf{ s] lrtjg /fli6o
lgs'~h eGbf sd xf]nf .
cxF x'Fb}g . dflj; xfn of]
sf:sL lhNnfsf] k|To]s 3/kl/jf/sf]
;fy /dfP/ :jf:Yosf] h/f] ;dft]/
ljZjsf] rfxgfnfO{ lrg]/ ;/;kmfO{sf]
nflu 86]/ d'sfljnf u/L ;kmntf
k|fKt uof] . To;sf/0f ;/sf/nfO{
klg ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ klg of]
s'/fsf] lhDdf dflj;n] lng ;Sg] /
;sfpg] sfo{df nfUg' k/f]ksf/ x'g5] .
;fdflhs jftfj/0f / hg rfxfgfsf]
;t\ k| l tzt hfgsf/L ;lqmo
dflj;sf cfb/0fLo kl/jf/nfO{
hfgsf/L 5 . lsgeg] h:n] uf8L
rnfP / lglZrt 7fpFdf k'uL ;'/lIft
kms{ G 5 . To:t} dflj;nfO{ k' / }
hfgsf/L 5 . of] jif{ km]/L ko{6g
jif{ dgfPsf] klg z'e a] nf 5 .
;+3n] JolQmsf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf]
klg 7" n f] ljsf; u/] s f] 5 .
dgf]a}1flgs tl/sfn] afn ljsf;sf]
d'xfgdf 7"nf] dfxfg aGg ;Sg] u/L
sfo{qmd NofP/ sfd u/]sf] s' /f
r f] s, k ;n , ;d' bfo, e ] n f
ljBfnodf ;' G g kfO{ G 5 . To;
sf/0f km]jf lgs' ~h b]v fP/ cfly{s
cj:yf ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 . nfUg'xf] ;,
xfdL tkfO{ dflj; kl/jf/nfO{
;3fpg tof/L 5f}+ . Pstf sfod
/fvL :ofaf;Lsf] pHofnf] cg'x f/
u/L km]jftfndf df5fk'R5]sf] ;fy
km]jf lgs' ~h kfpg] b/f] ljZjf;
ul/G5 .

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k |l ; 4 k ~ r f ; ]

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g]kfnsf ;+/ lIft If]qx?
kf F r : j?kd f -/ fli6 o
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cfnf]rgfx? oyfjt\ g} 5g\ .
klxnf] cfnf] r gf eg] sf]
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clwsf/sf] ljifo xf] .
g] k fnsf k| f o M ;+ / lIft
If]qx?sf] 3f]if0ff tyf o;sf]
cfw lgs ;+ / I f0f tyf
Aoj:yfkgsf k4ltx?n] tL
If]q jl/kl/ /x]sf] cflbaf;L
hg hflt tyf :yf Lo
;d' b fox?sf] k/Dk/fut
hLljsf] k fh{ g sf] clwsf/
vf] l ;Psf] 5 - Jana
2007; Jana 2008;
Janad
Paudel
2010; Rai 2011_ .
bf]; | f ] , h} l js ljljwtfsf]
;+ /If0 fdf ck] Iffs [ t

pknlAwx? xfl;n x'g g;Sg'

xf] . ;+/If0fsf nflu ;]gf
kl/rfng ug]{ , sd{r f/Lx?
Vf6fpg], alnof] 3] / faGbL
ug] { h :tf cg]sf} + k| of;x?
x' F b fx' F b } Psflt/ h+ u nL
hgfj/x?sf] cj}w l;sf/ x'g]
qmd 36]sf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/
h+unL hgfj/ tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ck]Iffcg';f/sf]
a[l4 klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g Bhatt
2003;
Ghimire
2009;
CDO 2011; CDO
2011a
and
2011b_ . t];|f] cfnf]rgf
dfgaclwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf
x'g g;Sg' xf] . w]/ } h;f]
;+ / lIft If] qdf :yfgLo
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k|ToIf l;sf/ x'g'kg],{ ;'/Iffdf
vl6Psf ;]gfsf] cdfgjLo
Aojxf/ tyf HofbtL a]xf]g{k' g]{,
;fdfGo gful/ssf] ?kdf
kfpg'kg]{ cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts
tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/x?
pkof] u ug{ gkfpg] h :tf
cj:yfaf6 kLl8t 5g\ .
rf} y f] a' F b f nf] s tGt| s f]
k| T ofe" l tsf] ljifo xf] .
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Joj:yfk g k4 ltx? df
nf] stGq sf]
;fdf Go

kqrf/sf] 7]ufgf (Mailing Address)

"Panchase"
P.O.Box- 161
Pokhara, Nepal
Fax: 0977-61-522653
Email: ppanchase@gmail.com
Website: www.mdonepal.org

l;4fGtx?sf] klg ;'lglZrttf

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x'g yfn]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf
w] / } h ;f] ;+ / lIft If] qsf]
;+ / If0f tyf Aoj:yfkg
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ljifonfO{ g t lgltut ?kdf
cfjZos 7flgPsf] 5 g t
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2003;Ghimire
2009; CDO 2011;
CDO 2011a and
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cj:yfdf 5g\ eGg] ljifodf
uxg tyf a[x t cWoog x' g
;s] sf] 5} g . oBlk s] x L
k | f/ l D es c Wo o g x? n ]
b]v fP cg' ;f/ cfO;L;LP
b]z sf w] /} 7fpFd f s'g } g
s' g} ?kdf cl:tTjd /x]sf
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cfsf/ -;fgf, demf}n f tyf
7 " n f _, k | s f / - e" I f ] q ,
hn If] q, wf ld{ s If] q,
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ljleGg :j?kx?df -tfn,
kf] v/L, agh+un, r/g If] q,
wfld{s :yn cflb_ df /x] sf
5g\ . sfg'g L lx;fan] x] bf{
ljleGg cfsf/, k| sf/ tyf
: j?k d f
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cfO;L;LPx?n] k" 0f{ ?kdf
a}w flgs dfGotf k| fKt ug{
;s] s f 5} g g\ . pgLx?n]
c fc f k m\ g f ]
c l :t T j
afro{/ fVg ;kmn eP klg
a } w f l gs
d fGo t fs f ]
cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ jf
:yflkt ug] { sfg' g aGg
;s] sf 5}g g\ -Jana and
Paudel
2010;
Paudel and Jana
2009; Rai 2011_ .
IU CN / C EE S P
2008 _ .