a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)&# sf d'Vo
Joj:yfx¿
kl/ro
g]kfnsf] a}l+ sª tyf ljQLo If]qnfO{ lgoldt
/ Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)&# hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . tTsfnLg
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# nfO{
k|lt:yfkg ub}{ nfu" ePsf] o; P]gdf s]xL Joj:yfx¿
o;cl3sf Joj:yfsf] kl/:s[t ¿kdf ;d]l6Psf] 5
eg] s]xL gofF Joj:yfx¿;d]t yk ul/Psf 5g\ .
a}+lsª If]qnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{'sf ljleGg
p2]ZodWo] cfly{s pGgltsf nflu hgtfnfO{ a}l+ sª
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ljifo g]kfnsf] klxnf] a}s + ;DaGwL
sfg"g g]kfn a}s + sfg"g, !(($ ;fnb]lv xfn} hf/L
ePsf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)&#
sf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ k|:tfjgfn]
;d]6]sf ljifoj:t'df eg] :jefj}n] ;do cg'¿k
kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] lsÙ !(($ sf]
g]kfn a}s+ sfg"gsf] k|:tfjgfdf g]kfndf cfh;Dd
a}s
+ gePsf] x'gfn] d'ns ' sf] cfly{s pGgltnfO{ afwf
/ hgtfnfO{ j];l' j:tf eO{ /x]sf] x'bF f ;f] cefj k'lt{
x'g uO{ b'lgofnfO{ ;'lj:tf / d'n'ssf] j9Lof x'g
hfj;\ eGg] p2]Zon] a}+s :yfkgf u/L rfn' ugf{
lgldQ== egL pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] xfn hf/L
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)&# sf]
k|:tfjgfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf p2]ZonfO{ ;d]l6Psf]
b]lvG5 .
d'ns' sf] ;du| a}l+ sª tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLk|lt
*clwjQmf
!^*
/]zd/fh /]UdL*
;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ug{, lgIf]kstf{sf]
xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{, a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx¿aLr :j:y k|lt:kwf{åf/f u'0f:t/Lo tyf
e/kbf]{ a}l+ sª tyf ljQLo ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ /fli6«o
cy{tGqnfO{ ;jn Pj+ ;'b[9 agfpg tyf ljQLo
:yfloTj sfod ug{sf] nflu a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
;+:yfkgf, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg, lgodg, lg/LIf0f
tyf ;'kl/j]If0f;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg
/ PsLs/0f u/L ;dofg's"n agfpg====.
g]kfndf :yflkt a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
g]kfnaflx/ vf]lnPsf zfvf jf ;Dks{ sfof{no;d]tdf
nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/L g]kfnL a}+sx¿n] cfˆgf]
;]jfnfO{ ljb]zdf klg lj:tf/ ug{ kfpg] t/ tL
zfvf jf ;Dks{ sfof{nodf klg oxL sfg"gsf]
Joj:yf nfu" x'g]u/L s]xL xb;Dd o; sfg"gsf]
k| o f] u x' g ] Joj:yf klg P] g n] u/] s f] 5 .
g]kfnsf] a}l+ sª Joj;fonfO{ Jojl:yt, dof{lbt,
kf/bzL{ / ljZjfl;nf] agfpg] Pjd\ o; If]qdf
k|lt:kwf{;d]tnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zon] a}s + tyf
ljQLo If]qsf] lgodg ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf g]kfn
/fi6« a}+snfO{ cfjZos clwsf/ k|bfg ub}{ a}+lsª
Joj;fo ug]{ sDkgLsf nflu o; P]gn] s]xL cfwf/e"t
Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] ljleGg kl/R5]b
/ bkmfdf ;dfj]z ePsf tL Joj:yfnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf
b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ klAns lnld6]8 sDkgL

x'gk' g]u{ /L ;Djt\ @)^) ;fndf cWofb]zsf] ¿kdf
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL sfg"g lgdf{0f eO{
nfu" ul/Psf] o; Joj:yfnfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g, @)^# / ljBdfg P]gn] ;d]t
lg/Gt/tf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . x]bf{ ;fdfGo h:tf] nfUg]
o; Joj:yfn] a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] sDkgL P]g,
@)^# n] klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] nflu u/]sf
kf/blz{ t f, hjfkmb] l xtfnufotsf ;+ : yfut
;'zf;g;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . To;afx]s klAns lnld6]8
sDkgLn] cfˆgf] r'Qmf k'h F Lsf] lglZrt k|ltzt z]o/
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf nflu ;d]t 5'6\ofpg'kg]{u/L
g]kfn /fi6« a}s + af6 hf/L a}s+ ÷ljQLo ;+:yf ;+:yfkgf
tyf ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug]{ Ohfhtkq;DaGwL gLltut
tyf k|lqmofut Joj:yf, @)^# adf]lhd a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] z]o/wgLsf] ¿kdf ;j{;fwf/0f
nufgLstf{nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ / pgLx¿sf] ;d]t
;xeflutfdf ;fwf/0f;ef ;DkGg x'g] / ;~rfns
;ldltdf ;d]t ;j{;fwf/0f z]o/wgLsf k|ltlglwn]
sfo{ ug]{ ePsfn] cfd hgtfsf] ckgTj;d]t j9\g
uO{ o; If]qk|ltsf] ljZj;gLotf sfod ug{ ;3fp
k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
a}l+ sª Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] a}l+ sª Joj;fo ug{
rfxg] s'g} klg JolQmn] To:tf] sDkgL :yfkgf
ug'{k"j{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] cg'dlt lng'kg]{, ljb]zL
a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu HjfOG6e]~r/sf] ¿kdf
:yfkgf ug{ jf ljb]zL a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
g]kfndf zfvf vf]Ng / sDkgL :yfkgf u/]kZrft\
klg sf/f]af/sf] nflu Ohfhtkq k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq
sf/f]af/ ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf o; P]gn] u/]sf] 5 .
P]gsf] bkmf $ n] k"j{:jLs[ltsf] nflu lgj]bg lbFbf
k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhftsf] af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
/fi6« a}s + n] tf]ss ] f zt{ k"/f gug]{ lgj]bs sDkgLsf
xsdf Ohfhtkq jf cfzokq k|bfg gug{ klg
;Sg] Joj:yf sfg"gn] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cl3sf
Joj:yfsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] pQm k|fjwfgn]
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfb]lv g} lgodgsf/L
lgsfosf] e" l dsfnfO{ Jojl:yt ub} { d' n ' s sf]
!^(
^% cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iff°
cfjZostfcg'¿k a}s + jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf
/ sf/f]af/;d]tnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of;
u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clVtof/Lleq
/xL lgodg ug]{ lgsfon] cfjZostf cg';f/
Ohfhtkq k|bfg ug]{ jf o;df lgoGq0f ug{;Sg]
b]lvG5 . a}s+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] Go"gtd r'Qmf k'h F L
/ To:tf] a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ;~rfng ug]{
sf/f]af/ tyf sfo{If]qsf] cfwf/df /fi6« a}s+ n] ljleGg
k|sf/sf Ohfhtkq hf/L ug{;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf #&
df ul/Psf] 5 . …3Ú ju{sf] afx]s cGo a}+s jf
ljQLo ;+ : yfx¿ dflyNnf] ju{ d f kl/0ft
x'g;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf #* n] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf zfvf vf]Ng rfxg] ljb]zL a}+s jf
ljQLo ;+:yf cGt/f{li6«o >]0fLs[t x'gk} g],{ ;DalGwt
b]zsf] lgodgsf/L lgsfoaf6 zfvf vf]Ngsf nflu
:jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf] x'gk' g]{ nufotsf Joj:yf P]gsf]
bkmf ^ n] u/]sf] 5 . To:tf a}s + jf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
ljb]zL a}s
+ x¿n] g]kfndf zfvf sfof{no ;~rfng
ug{ Go"gtd cd]l/sL 8n/ b'O{ s/f]8 k'h F L lgwf{l/t
k'FhL (Assigned Capital) x'g'kg]{u/L tf]lsPsf]
5 . /fi6« a}+saf6 k"j{:jLs[lt k|fKt ul/;s]kl5
sDkgL P]gadf]lhd zfvf :yfkgfsf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{
nufotsf ljifox¿ klg ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
lwtf]kq sf/f]af/;DaGwL Joj:yf
klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf x'g]
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] hf/L k'FhLsf] #)
k|ltzt z]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu 5'6\ofpg'kg]{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj
ePsf, ljb]zL nufgLdf ;+:yfkgf ePsf a}s + tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; a}+ssf] xsdf eg]
o:tf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /fi6« a}+snfO{
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lwtf]kq ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
lgisf;g ug'k{ j" { clgjfo{ ¿kdf ljj/0fkq k|sfzg
ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf] ljj/0fkq g]kfn
lwtf]kq jf]8{ / g]kfn /fi6« a}s
+ df btf{ gu/L k|sfzg
ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
ljz]if kl/l:yltdf afx]s a}+s tyf ljQLo
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;dfrf/
;+:yfsf] ;+:yfks z]o/wgLn] To:tf] ;+:yf :yfkgf
eO{ sf/f]af/ ;~rfng u/]sf] kfFr jif{ gk'uL tyf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu hf/L ug'k{ g]{ z]o/ hf/L gu/];Dd
laqmL ug{ jf lwtf] jGws /fVg gkfpg] u/L ;Ldf
nufOPsf] 5 . tTkZrft\ klg /fi6« a}+sn] tf]s]sf]
k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ dfq laqmL ug{ jf lwtf] jGws
/fVgkfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;;DaGwL yk
Joj:yf /fi6« a}s
+ af6 hf/L PsLs[t lgb]z { g, @)&^
sf] lgb]{zg g+ !) df ul/Psf] 5 . z]o/ ;DalGwt
wgLsf] ;DklQ ePsf] / z]o/wgLsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL
clwsf/sf] k|of]udf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] Joj:yfnfO{
G20/OECD sf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g;DaGwL l;4fGtn]
lgif]w u/]sf] ePtf klg a}+lsª If]qsf] cfˆg} ljz]if
rl/q /x]sf sf/0f o:tf k|sf/sf ;Ldfx¿nfO{ klg
a}wflgstf k|bfg ug]{ cEof; g]kfndf dfq geO{
ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿df klg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
lwtf]kqsf] leqL sf/f]af/nfO{ lg:t]h t'Nofpg]
p2]Zon] a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns, sfo{sf/L
k|d'v, n]vfk/LIfs, sDkgL ;lrj jf a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg tyf n]vf;DaGwL sfo{df
k|ToIf ¿kn] ;+nUg JolQmn] To:tf] kbdf axfn
/xFbfsf avt jf To:tf] kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf]
ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd ;DalGwt a}s + jf ljQLo ;+:yf
jf To;sf] ;xfos sDkgLsf] lwtf]kq cfˆgf] jf
cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o jf cGo s'g} klg JolQm
jf To:tf JolQmsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] kmd{, sDkgL
jf ;+:yfsf] gfddf jf cGo JolQmnfO{ vl/b laqmL
ug{ u/fpg, ug{ lbg, lwtf]aGws /fVg, /fVg nufpg
jf bfg as; lng, lbg, x:tfGt/0f ug{ jf n]gb]g
ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !@ df /x]sf] 5
eg] s;}n] To:tf] k|sf/sf] sf/f]af/ u/]df sf/f]af/
ePsf z]o/x¿ ;DalGwt a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
hkmt ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf klg ;f]xL bkmfdf /x]sf]
5 . ljutdf o:tf] sf/f]af/ ePsf] kfOPsf 36gf
;fj{hlgs x'Fbf /fi6« a}+sn] hkmtsf] sf/afxL ug{
;DalGwt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg]
u/]sf] ePtf klg o;/L hkmt ug]{ sf/afxLsf]
k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{
!&)
b]lvG5 . To:tf kbflwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf]
lwtf]kq vl/b jf k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
z]o/ hkmt ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] ePtf klg To:tf
JolQmx¿n] laqmL u/]sf] cj:yfdf hkmt ubf{ t];f| ]
kIfsf] clwsf/ ;[hgf eO;s]sf] x'G5 . cem lwtf]kq
ahf/dfkm{t x'g] o:tf sf/f]af/df lgbf]i{ f JolQmx¿;d]t
kg{hfg] b]lvG5 . To;}n] o; ;DaGwdf sfo{ljlw
lgdf{0f ubf{ vl/b jf k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf z]o/
hkmt ug]{ / laqmL jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] xs
x:tfGt/0f u/]df To:tf] sf/f]af/sf] d"No a/fa/sf]
/sd hkmt ug] { Joj:yf ug{ pko' Q m x' g ]
b]lvG5 .
sDkgL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf ^! df ePsf]
Joj:yf h:t}Ù ;fdfGotof a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
cfˆgf] z]o/ cfk}Fm vl/b ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf o;
P]gdf klg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ tf]lsPsf] zt{ k'/f u/]sf]
cj:yfdf cfˆgf] ;l~rt d'gfkmfaf6 /fi6« a}s + ;d]tsf]
:jLs[ l t lnO{ s' g } a} + s jf ljQLo ;+ : yfn]
;fwf/0f;efaf6 ljz]if k|:tfj kfl/t u/L cfˆgf]
z]o/ cfk}Fm vl/b ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] s'g} klg sf/0fn] cfˆgf]
Joj;fosf] If]q ;fF3'l/g hfFbf ;DalGwt ;+:yfn]
;f]xL cg'¿k k'FhL ;dfof]hg ug{;Sg] cj:yf
/xG5 .
;~rfng;DaGwL Joj:yf
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;~rfngsf] k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L ;~rfns ;ldlt / k|d'v sfo{sf/L
clws[tnfO{ ;fd'lxs ¿kdf k|bfg ug]{ k|sf/sf]
Joj:yf a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]gn] u/]sf]
5 . h;df gLlt lgwf{/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L ;~rfns
;ldltnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] b}lgs k|zf;g;Fu
;DalGwt lhDd]jf/L k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L gLlt lgwf{/0fsf]
lhDd] j f/Ldf /x] s f] ;~rfns ;ldltn] b} l gs
k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} k|:tfljt C0fLsf] shf{
:jLs[t ug]{ jf gug]{ ;DaGwdf ;d]t lg0f{o ug]{
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] cEof;n] ;~rfns

;ldltn] cfˆgf] ljleGg :jfy{ /x]sf JolQm jf
sDkgLnfO{ shf{ k|bfg ug{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ afWo
kfg]{ u/]sf 36gfx¿ klg k|z:t} e]l6G5g\ eg] s'g}
shf{ /sd b'¿kof]u ePsf] jf d"NofÍgstf{ tyf
sd{ r f/Lsf] ldnf] d tf] d f tof/ kfl/Psf unt
sfuhftsf cfwf/df shf{ :jLs[t ubf{ sltko
lgbf] { i f ;~rfnsx¿ klg a} + l sª s;" / ;DaGwL
sf/afxLdf kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] P]gsf] bkmf
@# sf] Joj:yf;Fu cg's"n x'g]u/L Joj:yfkg /
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] af/]df /fi6« a}s + n]
cfˆgf gLltut Joj:yfdfkm{t yk k|i6 ug'{ kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
o; P]gsf] bkmf !$ n] Ps hgf :jtGq
;~rfns;lxt 36Ldf kfFr / j9Ldf ;ft hgf
/x]sf] ;~rfns ;ldlt u7gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
eg] ;~rfnssf] of]Uotf / cof]Uotf ;DaGwL
Joj:yf klg k|i6 u/]sf] 5 . ;~rfnsn] a}7sdf
pkl:yt ePjfkt kfpg] a}7s eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf
dfq kfpg] / To:tf] eQf, ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf
lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf bkmf @* n]
u/]sf] 5 . bkmf @) n] ;+jw} flgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]
JolQm To:tf] kbdf axfn /x'~h]n s'g} klg a}s + jf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf / sfo{sf/L
k|dv' sf] kbdf a:g ;Sg]5g} eGg] Joj:yf ub}{ a}s +
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts k|efjaf6 d'Qm
ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .
;'zf;g;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfcg'¿k
:jtGq ;~rfnssf] Joj:yf a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yf
;DaGwL P]g, @)^# b]lv g} sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]
ePtf klg o:tf ;~rfnsn] ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut
;'zf;g sfod ug{ u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] af/]df d"NofÍg
ug'{kg]{ ;do cfO;s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;~rfnsn]
kfpg] kfl/>ldssf] ;DaGwdf ;d] t ljBdfg
Joj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/L pgLx¿nfO{ yk lhDd]jf/k"js
sfd ug{;Sg]u/L kof{Kt kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{
b]lvG5 .
bkmf @( n] ;~rfns ;ldltn] j9Ldf rf/
^% cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iff°
jif{sf] nflu sfo{sf/L k|dv
' sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ / To:tf]
sfo{sf/L k|d'v Ps k6s k'gM lgo'Qm x'g;Sg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L lgo'Qm ubf{ tf]lsPsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf sfo{ cg'ej;d]t ePsf] JolQmnfO{
lgo'Qm ug'k{ g]{ / o; ;DaGwdf /fi6« a}s+ n] tf]ss] f]
dfkb08sf ;d]t kfngf x'gk' g]{ Joj:yf 5 . k|dv '
sfo{sf/L clws[tsf ljleGg sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
bkmf #) df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] lgh cfˆgf]
sfd sf/afxLsf] nflu ;~rfns ;ldltk|lt hjfkmb]xL
x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t P]gdf 5 . b}lgs k|zf;gsf]
lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{
:jtGq tl/sfn] Joj;fo rnfpg lbg] jftfj/0fsf]
;[hgf u/L hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfnfO{ cem}
k|efjsf/L agfpg P]gsf] of] Joj:yf ;xof]uL x'g]
b]lvG5 .
cfly{s Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Joj:yf
P]gsf] kl/R5]b ^ df a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
sfod ug'{kg]{ k'FhL tyf ljleGg sf]ifsf] af/]df
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf $! n] /fi6« a}+sn]
tf]s]adf]lhdsf] r'Qmf k'FhL sfod ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf
;+:yfn] s'g} Ps a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] r'Qmf
k'FhLsf] a9Ldf kGw| k|ltzt;Dd dfq nufgL ug{
;Sg]u/L tf]Sg kfpg] Joj:yf ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf
-#_ df /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L ljb]zL nufgLdf
v'Ng] a}+s, n3'ljQ ljQLo ;+:yf / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
a}s + df s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfn] ug{;Sg]
nufgLsf] ;Ldf tf]Sg] clwsf/ klg /fi6« a}+snfO{
k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] s'n ;DklQ
jf s'n hf]lvd efl/t ;DklQsf] cfwf/df /fi6«
a}s+ n] tf]lslbPsf] cg'kftdf k'h
F Lsf]if sfod ug'k{ g]{
Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf $@ n] u/]sf] 5 . sfod ug'k{ g]{
{ k'h
F Lsf]ifsf] k|ltzt / ;f]sf] u0fgf s;/L ug]{ eGg]
;DaGwdf /fi6« a}+saf6 a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf
nflu hf/L ul/Psf] PsLs[t lgb]{zgn] tf]s]sf] 5 .
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] shf{ nufotsf
!&!
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;dfrf/
;DklQ / jf;nftaflx/sf] sf/f]af/sf] bfloTj;DaGwL
;Defljt hf]lvdnfO{ vfDg;Sg]u/L gf]S;fgL Joj:yf
sfod ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfg bkmf $# df /flvPsf] 5 .
sfod ug'k{ g]{ hf]lvd Joj:yf lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf
/fi6« a}+snfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;
Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjosf nflu /fi6« a}s + af6 a}s+ tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfsf nflu hf/L ul/Psf] PsLs[t lgb]z { gsf]
Ok|f lgb]{zg g+ @ n] shf{nfO{ ;lqmo / lgliqmo
shf{sf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f u/L To;dWo] klg ;lqmoleq
c;n / ;'Id lgu/fgLleq /x]sf shf{ / lgl:qmo
leq sd;n, zÍf:kb, v/fa / k'gtf{lnsLs/0f u/L
ljleGg ju{df juL{s/0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;f]xL juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df shf{df lglxt hf]lvdsf]
Joj:yf ug'k{ g]u{ /L tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;/L sfod ug'k{ g]{
hf]lvd Joj:yf Ps k|ltztb]lv zt k|ltzt;Dd
tf]lsPsf]] kfOG5 .
o;afx]s bkmf $$ n] ;fwf/0f hu]8fsf]if
sfod ug'k{ g]{ / cfˆgf] r'Qmf k'h F Lsf] bf]Aa/ sfod
geP;Dd x/]s jif{ cfˆgf] gfkmfsf] @) k|ltzt /
To;kl5 !) k| l tztsf b/n] /sd ;fwf/0f
hu]8fsf]ifdf yk ub}{ hfg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
bkmf $% n] ;6xL ;dLs/0f sf]if sfod ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf sfod u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L tf]lsPsf] cg'kftdf
t/n ;DklQ sfod /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf bkmf $^ n]
u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf $& n] nfef+z ljt/0f ubf{ /fi6«
a}+ssf] :jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf]
5.
bkmf $^ df pNn]v ePsf] cg'kft lgwf{/0f
ug]{ sfo{ /fi6« a}+sn] x/]s jif{ hf/L ug]{ df}lb|s
gLltdfkm{t lgwf{/0f ug]{ ub{5 . xfn a}s + tyf ljQLo
;+:yfn] sfod ug'{kg]{ t/ntf o; k|sf/ /x]sf]
5.
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] sfod ug'{kg]{ $
k|ltztsf] clgjfo{ gub cg'kftnfO{ oyfjt\ sfod
ul/Psf] 5 .
jfl0fHo a}s+ n] sfod ug'k{ g]{ j}wflgs t/ntf
cg'kft !) k|ltzt, ljsf; a}+sn] * k|ltzt /
!&@
ljQ sDkgLn] & k|ltztnfO{ oyfjt\ /flvPsf]
5.
a}+lsª tyf ljQLo sf/f]af/;DaGwL Joj:yf
a}s+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] k|aGwkq tyf
lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf / /fi6« a}s + af6 k|bfg ul/Psf]
Ohfhtkqdf tf]lsPsf zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL Aofh
jf ljgf Aofhdf lgIf]k ;+sng ug],{ ljleGg k|sf/sf
shf{ k|jfx ug]{ nufotsf ljleGg sfo{ ug{kfpg]
Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . bkmf $( sf] ljleGg
pkbkmfdf ;+:yfn] k|fKt u/]sf] Ohfhtkqsf] cfwf/df
ug{kfpg] sfo{ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ;xfos sDkgL vf]nL
;f]dfkm{t klg ljleGg sf/f]af/ ug{;Sg] Joj:yf
bkmf %! n] u/]sf] 5 eg] a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{
sf/f]af/ ug{ cjnDag ug'k{ g]{ k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf
/fi6« a}+sn] lgb]{zg lbg;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf %$ n]
u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf %# n] z+sf:kb sf/f]af/sf]
klxrfg / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ bfloTj tf]ss ] f]
kfOG5 . oL ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ /fi6« a}+sn]
;DklQ z'4Ls/0f tyf cft+sjfbL sfo{df ljQLo
nufgL lgjf/0f ;DaGwLJoj:yfsf ;DaGwdf a}+s
ljQLo ;+:yfn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ ljleGg ljifox¿
;d]6L lgb]{zg hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L bkmf %) n] s]xL sfd sf/afxLnfO{
s'g} klg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ug{ gkfpg]u/L
tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . ;a} k|sf/sf] Ohfhtkqk|fKt a}s +
jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ug{ gx'g] egL b]xfosf sfo{x¿nfO{
lgif]w ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
Jofkf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] dfn;fdfg vl/b
laqmL ug{ jf cfˆgf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ
cfjZos kg]a{ fx]s ejg lgdf{0f ug{ jf
crn ;DklQ vl/b ug{,
cfˆgf] z]o/sf] ;'/If0fdf shf{ lbg,
;~rfns, r'Qmf k'FhLsf] Ps k|ltzt
jf ;f]eGbf a9L z]o/ lnPsf] JolQm,
sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf To:tf JolQmsf]

kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf Dofg]lhª Ph]06 jf
;~rfns dgf]lgt ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf]
JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfsf] pNn]Vo
:jfldTj jf ljQLo :jfy{ ePsf] s'g}
kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf]
shf{ jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{,
Pp6} u|fxs, sDkgL, Ps} ;d"xsf] sDkgL
jf ;fem]bf/L kmd{, ;Da4 JolQmnfO{
cfˆgf] k'FhLsf]ifsf] /fi6« a}+sn] tf]s]sf]
k|ltu|fxs ;Ldf gf£g]u/L shf{ jf ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug{,
;+:yfks, ;~rfns jf sfo{sf/L k|dv ' -sg_ n] æ;Da4 JolQmÆ eGgfn] a}+s jf ljQLo
hdfgt a;L s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL
jf ;+:yfnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] shf{ lbg,
/fi6« a}+saf6 æsÆ, ævÆ / æuÆ ju{df
juL{st[ a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lwtf]kqdf
nufgL ug{,
/fi6« a}+sn] tf]lslbPsf] ;LdfeGbf a9L
/sd cGo ;+:yfsf] z]o/ k'h F Ldf nufgL
ug{,
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ Ps cfk;df
ldnL ljQLo sf/f]af/df s'g} lsl;dsf]
Psflwsf/ jf cGo s' g } lsl;dsf]
lgolGqt cEof; sfod ug{,
cfk"mn] gfhfoh nfe lng] lgotn]
ljQLo If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf
s[lqd cj/f]w v8f x'g] s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
sfo{ ug{,
a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] ug{gx'g] egL
/fi6« a}s
+ n] ;do ;dodf tf]ss ] f cGo
sfo{ ug{ .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhd lgif]w ul/Psf sfo{dWo]
s]xLnfO{ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf ug{ kfpg]u/L ;f]xL bkmfsf]
pkbkmf -@_ n] v'nf u/]sf] 5 . h:tf] lsÙ cfˆgf
sd{rf/LnfO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] k|rlnt
sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLadf]lhd cfjf; jf cGo ;'ljwf
!&#
^% cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iff°
pknAw u/fpg, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf /fi6« a}s + n] hf/L
u/]sf] C0fkq, s'g} klg lgIf]k vftfdf /x]sf] /sd
jf d'2tL /l;bsf] lwtf]df shf{ lbg / ;+:yfks,
;~rfns, sfo{sf/L k|dv ' jf Ps k|ltzteGbf a9L
z]o/ lnPsf] z]o/wgLnfO{ cfˆg} d'2tL lgIf]k, g]kfn
;/sf/ jf /fi6« a}s + n] hf/L u/]sf] C0fkqsf] lwtf]df
shf{, tyf tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf;Ddsf] qm]l86 sf8{ ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug{ eg] a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ 5'6 lbOPsf]
5.
To;}u/L bkmf %@ n] ;Da4 JolQm;Fu sf/f]af/
ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf @ sf] v08
;+:yfsf] ;~rfns, kbflwsf/L jf lghsf]] kl/jf/sf]
pNn]Vo :jfldTj /x]sf] s'g} kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yf
jf To:tf] kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfdf pNn]Vo :jfldTj
/x]sf] s'g} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yf jf ;f]df
pNn]Vo :jfldTj /fVg] ;f]sf] lxtflwsf/L ;Demg'k5{
egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
shf{ k| j fx tyf c;' n L;DaGwL Joj:yf
/fi6« a}s
+ sf] lgb]z
{ g tyf ;~rfns ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] shf{ gLltsf] cwLgdf /xL a}+s jf ljQLo
;+:yfn] k|of]hg v'nfP/ dfq shf{ k|jfx ug'{kg]{ /
To;/L shf{ k|jfx ubf{ cfk"mnfO{ dfGo x'g] rncrn
;DklQ ;'/If0f lnO{ jf cGo plrt hdfgL lnO{
cfˆgf] / lgIf]kstf{sf] lxtsf] ;'/Iff x'g]u/L sfo{
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf bkmf %% n] u/]sf] 5 . k|fyldstf
lbOPsf] ju{ tyf If]qdf shf{ k|jfx ug{ /fi6« a}s + n]
lgb]z
{ g lbPdf ;f]xLadf]lhd a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
shf{ k|jfx ug{k' g]{ Joj:yfnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5
eg] pkef]Qmf lxtsf s]xL ljifonfO{ klg bkmf %%
n] ;+/lIft u/]sf] 5 .
a}+lsª s;'/ tyf ;hfo P]g @)^$ sf] bkmf
* n] shf{ b'¿kof]unfO{ ;d]t ck/fwsf] ¿kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf] cj:yfdf aflkmofsf] bkmf %^ n]
a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu C0fLnfO{
shf{ lbPsf] xf], ;f] k|of]hgdf C0fLn] shf{ /sd
;b'kof]u u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lgoldt
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;dfrf/
cg'udg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L shf{
c;'nLsf ljleGg k|lqmof / ;f] qmddf a}s + jf ljQLo
;+:yfsf] clwsf/ tyf k"/f ug'k{ g]{ k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf
bkmf %& n] lj:t[t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . C0fL;Fu
ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf h'g;'s} ljifo pNn]v ePsf]
ePtf klg bkmf %& sf] cj:yf ;[hgf ePdf shf{
c;'nLsf] k|lqmof z'? ug{;lsg] o; Joj:yfn]
a}+sx¿nfO{ b'O{ kIfaLr ;DkGg ePsf] s/f/sf]
ljifoeGbf klg yk clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
lx;fa tyf ljQLo ljj/0f Pjd\
n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL Joj:yf
bf] x f] / f] n] v fk| 0 ffnLdf cfwfl/t dfGo
l;4fGtcg'¿k sf/f]af/sf] oyfy{ l:ylt :ki6 ¿kdf
k|ltljlDat x'gu] /L a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cfˆgf]
lx;falstfa, vftf, axL, >]:tf / n]vfsf] clen]v
oyfy{ / b'?:t /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf bkmf %* n] u/]sf]
5 . To;}u/L jf;nft / gfkmf–gf]S;fg lx;fa tyf
gub k|jfx nufotsf cGo ljQLo ljj/0f /fi6«
a}+sn] tf]lslbPsf] 9fFrf / tl/sfcg';f/ /fVg'kg]{
tyf lgoldt¿kdf k|sflzt ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf bkmf
%( n] u/]sf] 5 .
bkmf ^) df a}s + jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] u}/sfo{sf/L
;~rfnssf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:o ePsf] Ps
n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldlt clgjfo{ ¿kdf u7g ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf]] 5 . n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldltnfO{ b]xfosf
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
a}s+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] n]vf, ah]6 tyf
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ljlw, cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f Joj:yf pko'Qm eP gePsf]
/ ePdf ;f]sf] kfngf eP gePsf]
cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{,
a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] n]vf / axLvftfsf]
cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] / To:tf
sfuhft k|rlnt sfg"g, /fi6« a}+ssf]
lgodg tyf lgb]{zgadf]lhd 7Ls;Fu
tof/ eP gePsf] a f/] olsg ug] { ,
!&$
a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf nfu" ePsf]
k|rlnt sfg"g k"0f{ ¿kdf kfngf ePsf]
5 egL ljZj:t x'g a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf]
lgoldt Joj:yfksLo tyf
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k/LIf0f ug]{, u/fpg],
a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf of] P]g jf o;
P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgod, ljlgod, gLlt
jf lbOPsf] lgb]z
{ gadf]lhd sfd sf/afxL
eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ / ;f]sf]
k|ltj]bg ;~rfns ;ldlt;dIf k]z
ug]{,
afXo n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu
tLg hgf n]vfk/LIfssf] gfd l;kmfl/;
ug{],
;~rfns ;ldltaf6 dfu ul/Psf]
ljifodf /fo lbg] .
n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldltsf cGo sfo{x¿sf] af/]df
sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !^% / /fi6« a}+saf6
hf/L PsLs[t lgb]{zgsf] lgb]{zg g+= ^ df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L lgoldt ¿kdf n]vfk/LIf0f
ug' { k g] { , n] v fk/LIfssf] lgo' l Qm, of] U otf /
cof]Uotfnufotsf ljifodf klg P]gsf] kl/R5]b (
df pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
dh{/ tyf k|flKt;DaGwL Joj:yf
Pp6f a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf csf]{ ;+:yfdf
ufEg jf ufleg jf Pp6f a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
csf]{ a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yf k|flKt ug{;Sg] Joj:yf
bkmf ^( df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL bkmfn]
k'FhLsf]if ckof{Kt /x]sf] jf ljut tLg jif{b]lv
ljQLo l:ylt v:sb} uPsf], lgIf]kstf{sf] lxt tyf
lgIf]kstf{kl| tsf] bfloTjdf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ sfo{
u/]sf] jf To:tf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf], ljQLo
k|0ffnLsf] :yfloTj, ljsf; / ;Da4{gsf] nflu /fli6«o
/ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{ cfjZos ePsf] cj:yfdf a}+s tyf ljQLo

;+:yfnfO{ ufEg jf ufleg jf k|flKtsf] nflu lgb]z { g
lbg;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
s'g} a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf csf]{ ;+:yfdf
ufEg jf ufleg rfx]df ufEg jf ufleg rfxg] b'O{
jf ;f]eGbf a9L a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] cf–cfˆgf]
;~rfns ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o u/L ;}4flGts ;xdltsf
nflu /fi6« a}s+ ;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 eg] a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ufEbf jf ufleFbf jf
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf k|flKt ubf{ /fi6«sf] a}+lsª
tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ tyf
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kfngfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{5}g eGg] s'/fdf /fi6« a}+s
;Gt'i6 ePdf To:tf] a}s + jf ljQLo ;+:yfnfO{ ufEg]
jf ufleg] jf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf k|flKt ug]{
k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg ;}4flGts ;xdlt lbg;Sg]
clwsf/ bkmf &) n] /fi6« a}+snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]
5.
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ufEg] jf ufleg]
;}4flGts ;xdlt k|fKt u/]kl5 To:tf a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfn] cf–cfˆgf] ;DklQ, bfloTj tyf
sf/f]af/sf] d"NofÍg ug{ sDtLdf a}s + sf] n]vfk/LIf0f
ug{ of]Uo /x]sf] JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfdfk{mt
d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf bkmf &! n] u/]sf] 5 eg]
dh{/ jf k|flKt ug]{ qmddf ul/g] ;Demf}tfdf ;d]l6g]
k|dv' Joj:yfsf af/]df bkmf &@ df Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . o;afx]s dh{/ / k|flKt;DaGwL k|lqmofnfO{ yk
kf/bzL{ agfpg /fi6« a}s + n] a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf
Ps cfk;df ufEg] ufleg] -dh{/_ tyf k|flKt
-PlSjlhzg_ ;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL, @)&# agfO{
nfu" u/]sf] 5 . P]gdf g;d]l6Psf ljleGg ljifoj:t'nfO{
o; ljlgodfjnLn] Joj:yf ub}{ dh{/sf] k|lqmofnfO{
yk Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
:j]lR5s / afWofTds vf/]hL;DaGwL Joj:yf
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)&# n] s'g}
klg a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf :j]lR5s ¿kdf vf/]hLdf
hfg;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf &% df u/]sf] 5 . t/
:j]lR5s vf/]hLsf] nflu klg To:tf] a}s + tyf ljQLo
;+:yfn] /fi6« a}s
+ sf] :jLs[lt clgjfo{ ¿kdf lng'kg]{
!&%
^% cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iff°
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L bkmf &* n] /fi6«
a}s
+ n] s'g} klg a}s+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] afWofTds
vf/]hLsf] sf/afxL ;'? ug{ cbfntdf lgj]bg
lbg;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|lqmof ;'? ug{sf
nflu s'g} klg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] s'g} cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf x'g eg] h?/L
5.
e'QmfgL cjlw k"/f ePsf] jf tTsfn
e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ lgIf]k jf cGo cfly{s
bfloTj lgwf{l/t ;dodf e'QmfgL ug{
g;sL afFsL /x]df,
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] k'FhLsf]if
C0ffTds ePdf,
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] lg/LIf0f
k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df /fi6« a}s + n] To:tf]
a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yf vf/]hLsf] nflu
l;kmfl/; u/]df,
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] pNn]Vo :jfldTj
ePsf z] o /wgL jf kbflwsf/Laf6
lgIf]kstf{sf] xslxt tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf;df af/Daf/ cj/f]w k'Ug] sfd
sf/afxL u/]sf] kfOPdf,
P]g tyf /fi6« a}+sn] lbPsf] lgb]{zgsf]
af/Daf/ pNn+ 3 g u/] s f] kfOPdf,
a}s+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] afWofTds vf/]hL
x'g] egL /fi6« a}s
+ n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cGo
cj:yf kfOPdf .
afWofTds vf/]hLsf] k|lqmof k|f/De ePkZrft\
To:tf] ;+:yfsf] sf/f]af/ :yug x'g] / cbfntaf6
lgo'Qm x'g] lnlSj8]6/n] ug{;Sg] sfd sf/afxL /
e'QmfgLsf] k|fyldstf;d]tsf af/]df P]gsf] kl/R5]b
!@ df lj:t[t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
lgodgsf/L sf/afxL Pjd\ s;' / tyf
;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yf
of] P]g jf /fi6« a}+s P]g jf ;f]cGtu{t hf/L
ul/Psf] lgod, ljlgod, lgb]z{ g jf cfb]zsf] pNn+3g
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;dfrf/
ug]]{ a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf jf To;sf] kbflwsf/LnfO{
pNn+3gsf] k|s[lt / ufDeLo{ x]/L /fi6« a}+sn]
lgodgsf/L sf/afxL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf (( n]
u/]sf] 5 eg] hl/jfgf ug{;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf !))
n] u/]sf] 5 .
of] P]g jf /fi6« a}s
+ P]g jf ;f]cGtu{t ag]sf]
lgod jf ljlgod jf ;f]cGtu{t hf/L ePsf] cfb]z
jf lgb]z { gsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] jf /fi6« a}s
+ sf] lg/LIf0f
tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k|ltj]bgaf6 Ohfhtkqk|fKt ;+:yfn]
lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] jf g;Sg]
;Defjgf ePsf] jf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;'rf?
¿kn] ;~rfng gePsf] jf z]o/wgL jf lgIf]kstf{sf]
clxt x'g] sfo{ u/]sf] s'/fdf /fi6« a}+s ljZj:t
ePdf /fi6« a}+sn] To:tf] a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ a9Ldf tLg jif{;Dd lgnDag
u/L To:tf] Ohfhtkqk|fKt ;+:yfnfO{ cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf
lng;Sg] clwsf/ bkmf !)@ n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
bkmf !)# n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x¿nfO{ s;'/sf]
¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf !)$ n] ljleGg
s;'/sf nflu clwstd ljuf]sf] tLg u'0ff hl/jfgf
/ kfFr jif{;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g;Sg]u/L tf]s]sf]
5.
Ohfhtkq glnO{ a}+lsª tyf ljQLo
sf/f]af/ u/]df,
unt jf em'§f ljj/0f lbO{ a}+lsª tyf
ljQLo sf/f]af/ ug]{ Ohfhtkq lnPdf,
a} + l sª tyf ljQLo sf/f] a f/ ug] { ]
Ohfhtkqsf] zt{ ;Ldf ljk/Lt x'gu] /L
a}+lsª tyf ljQLo sf/f]af/ u/]df,
Ohfht ljgf ljb]zL ljlgdo;DaGwL
sf/f]af/ u/]df,
o; P]gljk/Lt shf{ k|jfx jf cGo
nufgL u/]df,
shf{ k|jfx ubf{, lwtf] d"NofÍg ubf{,
shf{ c;'nL ubf{ jf ;f];Fu ;DalGwt
s'g} klg sfo{df clgoldttf u/]df,
!&^
lwtf]df lnPsf] ;DklQ lnnfd laqmL
ubf{ jf u}/a}l+ sª ;DklQsf] ¿kdf ;sf/
ug{k' bf{ jf u}/a}l+ sª ;DklQ ;sf/ u/L
laqmL ubf{ lwtf] lnFbf ul/Psf] d"NofÍg
agfj6L d"Nodf u/]df,
ufEbf ufleFbf, k|flKt ubf{, vf/]hL ubf{
jf n]vfk/LIf0f ubf{ s'g} ;~rfns,
kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/L tyf cGo JolQmn]
clgoldttf u/]df,
cGo dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿
P]gsf] bkmf !)& n] b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu
cfly{s ;|f]t kl/rfngdf ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L k"jf{wf/
ljsf; a}s + sf] k|sl[ t, kl/df0f tyf nufgLnfO{ cfwf/
dfgL 5'§} ljz]if gLltut Joj:yf ug{;Sg] clwsf/
/fi6« a}+snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
bkmf !)* n] lgIf]k ;'?If0fsf nflu cfjZos
gLltut Joj:yf ug{;Sg] clwsf/ /fi6« a}+snfO{
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf !)( n] ;+;f/e/ :jLsf/
ul/Psf] uf]klgotfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ g]kfnsf a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] klg kfngf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . bkmf !!) df b]xfosf] cj:yfdf s'g}
JolQmsf] vftf /fi6« a}+sn] /f]Ssf ug{;Sg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 .
s'g} s;'/sf] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf
clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] /fi6« a}s+ ;dIf
cg'/f]w u/]df,
;DklQ z' 4 Ls/0f tyf cft+ s sf/L
lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL;DaGwL
s;'/nfO{ lgjf/0f ug{, e|i6frf/, ;+ul7t
ck/fw tyf a}l+ sª tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
sf/f]af/df x'g;Sg] s;'/hGo sfo{sf]
lgoGq0f u/L /fli6« o lxt sfod
/fVg .
To;}u/L bkmf !!& df a}s + tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn]
kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ x/]s tLg dlxgfdf cfjlws
k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf

!!* df pkef]Qmf lxt sfod ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . bkmf !!$ df JolQmut nfe k| f Kt ug] {
;~rfnssf] bfloTjsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5
eg] bkmf bkmf !@! n] ;~rfns nufotsf
kbflwsf/Ln] ;DklQ ljj/0f k|To]s cfly{s jif{df
k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L bkmf !@&
n] ;~rfnsnufotsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Ln] kb
axfnL ug'{k"j{ zkyu|x0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/L
pgLx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
cGtdf
g]kfnsf] a}+lsª If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{,
;Ifd, k|lt:kwL{ / ljZjfl;nf] agfpg] p2]Zon] a}s+
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]gn] ljleGg k|sf/sf
Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . oL Joj:yfx¿df /x]sf s]xL
sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ k|:tfljt k|yd ;+zf]wgdf yk
kl/dfh{g ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . sfg"gdf /x]sf Joj:yfn]
Toltj]nf dfq kl/0ffd lbg;S5g\, hltj]nf oL
!&&
^% cf}+ jflif{sf]T;j ljz]iff°
Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt
ul/G5 . To;}n] a}+lsª If]qsf] ljZj;gLotf sfod
ub}{ hgtfsf] ljQLo kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ lgodg
ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn]
cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug]{
/ a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf ;~rfns tyf kbflwsf/Ln]
klg tL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf z]o/wgLsf] cfly{s
lxt ug]{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf dfq glnO{ lgIf]kstf{ tyf
;du| ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] lxtdf cfˆgf lqmofsnfknfO{
s]lGb|t ub}{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 . o;afx]s
cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfon] klg a}+lsª If]qsf]
;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pQm If]qdf cfˆgf
/fhgLlts jf cGo :jfy{x¿ nfb\g] eGbf klg k|rlnt
sfg"g / cGt/f{li6«o¿kdf :yflkt dfGotfsf cfwf/df
o; If]qnfO{ cufl8 a9\g ;xof]u ug{;s]df dfq
d'n'sn] lnPsf] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nIo xfl;n ug{
;Dej x'g] b]lvG5 .