Normalization

Normalization

Atechniqueusedtoperformlogicaldatabasedesign,andfor
producingsetofrelationsthatpossessacertainsetofproperties

Processoforganizingdatainadatabase,whichincludescreating
tablesandestablishingrelationshipbetweentablestoeliminate
redundancyandinconsistentdependency

DatabaseNormalization
FunctionalDependency
NormalForms

*PropertyofSTI

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Anyrelation(table)willbetakenandauniqueidentifier(primary
key)willbechosenfortheentity(table)thattherelation
represents

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TheNeedforNormalization
Normalizingrelationsispracticedtoremoveanomaliesfromthe
data

InsertAnomaly

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Referstothesituationwhereindeletionofdataaboutoneparticularentity
causesunintentionallossofdatathatrepresentsanotherentity

UpdateAnomaly

Figure6.1NormalizationProcess

Referstoasituationwhereinanewtuple(row)cannotbeinsertedina
relationbecauseofanartificialdependencyonanotherrelation

DeleteAnomaly

*PropertyofSTI

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Referstoasituationinwhichanupdateofasingledatavaluerequires
multipletuple(rows)ofdatatobeupdated

*PropertyofSTI

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ClassificationofFunctionDependency

Describestherelationshipbetweentwosetsofattributes
(column)fromthedatabase

FullFunctionalDependency

IftwotupleshavesamevaluesforattributesA1,A2An,then
thosetwotuplesmusthavesamevaluesforattributesB1,
B2.Bn

Example:

IfAandBareattributesofatable,BisfullyfunctionallydependentonAifBis
functionallydependentonA,butnotonanypropersubsetofA

Givenarela onRandFunc onalDependencyXY:

Representedbyanarrowsign()

*PropertyofSTI

Yisfullyfunc onallydependentonXandthereshouldnotbeanyZY,
whereZisapropersubsetofX

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*PropertyofSTI

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ClassificationofFunctionDependency

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ClassificationofFunctionDependency

PartialDependency

TransitiveDependency

IfAandBareattributesofatable,BispartiallydependentonAifthereis
someattributethatcanberemovedfromAandyetthedependencystillholds

AconditionwhereA,B,andCareattributesofatablesuchthat,ifAis
functionallydependentonBandBisfunctionallydependentonCthenCis
transitivelydependentonAviaB

Example:
Givenarela onR(A,B,C,D,E),Func onalDependencyABCDE,and
PrimaryKeyAB

Example:
Givenarela onR(A,B,C,D,E),anddependencyAB,BCistransi ve
dependency,sinceACisimplied

ACispar aldependency
ADispar aldependency
AEispar aldependency
BCispar aldependency
BDispar aldependency
BEispar aldependency
*PropertyofSTI

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*PropertyofSTI

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FirstNormalForm(1NF)
Norowsofdatamustcontainrepeatinggroupofinformationthatiseachset
ofcolumnmusthaveauniquevalue,suchthatmultiplecolumnscannotbe
usedtoobtainsamerow

UnnormalizedForm

Increasesdataredundancy,sincetherewillbemanycolumnswithsamedata
inmultiplerows,buteachrowwillbeunique

Figure 6.3 Students table

Figure 6. 4 1NF

*PropertyofSTI

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*PropertyofSTI

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SecondNormalForm(2NF)

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ThirdNormalForm(3NF)

Theremustbenopartialdependencyofanycolumnonprimarykey

Eachcolumnisdirectlydependent
ontheprimarykeywhilenon
primarykeycolumnsarent
dependentonothernonprimary
keycolumns

Atablethathasconcatenatedprimarykey,eachcolumninthetable,whichis
notpartoftheprimarykey,mustdependupontheentireconcatenatedkeyfor
itsexistence

Transitivefunctionaldependency
shouldberemovedfromthetable,
andmusthavebeenin2NF

Figure 6. 5 2NF

Figure 6. 6 3NF
*PropertyofSTI

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*PropertyofSTI

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BoyceCodd NormalForm(BCNF)

FourthNormalForm(4NF)

Referredasthirdandahalf(3.5)normalform

Arelationisinthefourthnormalform(4NF)ifandonlyifitdoesnotcontain
MultiValuedDependency(MVD)thatexistsinatable

NamedafterRayBoycewhowasoneofthecreatorsofSQL,andEdgarCodd
whoistheFatherofRelationalDatabases
Eliminatesmostoftheanomaliesknownindatabasestoday

MultiValuedDependency

Mostcommonstandardfornormalizationincommercialdatabasesand
computeraidedsoftwareengineeringtools

occurswhenthepresenceofoneormorerowsinatableimpliesthepresence
ofoneormoreotherrowsinthatsametable

FifthNormalForm(5NF)
Alsocalledtheprojectionjoinnormalform(PJ/NF)
Arelationisinthefifthnormalformifandonlyifeveryjoindependencyinthe
relationisaconsequenceofthecandidatekeysoftherelation
*PropertyofSTI

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*PropertyofSTI

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