JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR

Project Work for Additional Mathematics

2012
PART 1
Polygons are evident in all architecture. They provide variation and charm in
buildings. When applied to manufactured articles such as printed fabrics, wallpapers,
and tile flooring, polygons enhance the beauty of the structure itself.
(a)

Collect six such pictures. You may use a camera to take the pictures or get
them from magazines, newspapers, internet or any other resources.

(b)

Give the definition of polygon and write a brief history of it.

(c)

There are various methods of finding the area of a triangle.

State four different methods.

PART 2
A farmer wishes to build a herb garden on a piece of land. Diagram 1 shows the shape
of that garden, where one of its sides is 100 m in length. The garden has to be fenced
with a 300 m fence. The cost of fencing the garden is RM 20 per metre.
(The diagram below is not drawn to scale)

p m

(a)
(b)

q m
mm

100 m
c 1
Diagram
Calculate the cost needed to fence the herb garden.
Complete table 1 by using various values of p, the corresponding values of q
and .
p (m)

q (m)

(degree)

Table 1

Area (m2)

(c)

Based on your findings in (b), state the dimension of the herb garden so that
the enclosed area is maximum.

(d)(i) Only certain values of p and of q are applicable in this case. State the range of
values of p and of q.
(ii) By comparing the lengths of p, q and the given side, determine the relation
between them.
(iii)

Make generalisation about the lengths of sides of a triangle. State the

name of the relevant theorem.

PART 3
If the length of the fence remains the same, explore at least 5 various other shapes of
the garden that can be constructed so that the enclosed area is maximum.
Round off your answers correct to two decimal places.
Draw a conclusion from your exploration.
FURTHER EXPLORATION
(a)

The demand of herbs in the market has been increasing nowadays. Suggest
three types of local herbs with their scientific names that the farmer can plant
in the herb garden to meet the demand. Collect pictures and information of
these herbs.

(b)

These herbs will be processed for marketing by a company. The design of the
packaging plays an important role in attracting customers. The company
wishes to design an innovative and creative logo for the packaging. You are
given the task of designing a logo to promote the product. Draw the logo on a
piece of A4 paper. You must include at least one polygon shape in the logo.

END OF PROJECT WORK QUESTION

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SELANGOR

Project Work for Additional Mathematics
2012
Sample Answers
PART 1
For (a) and (b) , accept any relevant answers.
(c)

Suggested answers to calculate the area of a triangle :

1
base height
2
1
2. Area a b sin C
2

1. Area

3. Area s ( s a )(s b)(s c ) , where s

4. Area

1 x1
2 y1

x2

x3

x1

y2

y3

y1

1
(a b c ) , or the semi-perimeter.
2

5. Using graphical method.

PART 2
(a)

Cost = RM 20 300 = RM 6000.

(b)

First method

a m

b m
mm
100 m
c 1
Diagram

Using cosine rule, cos

p ( m)

q ( m)

a2 b2 c2
2ab

Area =

1
ab sin
2

Area (m2 )

50
60
65
70
80
85
90
95
99
100

150
140
135
130
120
115
110
105
101
100

0
38.2145
44.8137
49.5826
55.7711
57.6881
58.9924
59.7510
59.9901
60

0
2598.15
3092.33
3464.10
3968.63
4130.68
4242.64
4308.42
4329.26
4330.13

Second method :
Using Microsoft Excel

(c)

p (m)

q (m)

(degree)

Area ( m2)

50

150

0.0000

0.00

55

145

28.2516

1887.46

60

140

38.2132

2598.08

65

135

44.8137

3092.33

70

130

49.5826

3464.10

75

125

53.1301

3750.00

80

120

55.7711

3968.63

85

115

57.6882

4130.68

90

110

58.9924

4242.64

95

105

59.7510

4308.42

100

100

60.0000

4330.13

105

95

59.7510

4308.42

110

90

58.9924

4242.64

115

85

57.6882

4130.68

The herb garden is an equilateral triangle of sides 100 m with a maximum area
of 4330.13 m 2 .

(d)(i) 50 < p < 150, 50 < q < 150

(ii) p + q 100
(iii) The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length
of the third side. Triangle Inequality Theorem.
PART 3

(a)

Quadrilateral (suggested answer)

ym

2x + 2y = 300 m2
x + y = 150 m2
Area = x y

xm
x
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
75

y
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
75

Area = x y
1400
2600
3600
4400
5000
5400
5600
5625

The maximum area is 5625 m2.

(b)

Regular Pentagon
a

5a = 300
a = 60

t
30
t 30 tan 54 41.2915 m
tan 54

72o
t

a
1
Area ( 41.2915 60) 5 6193.73 m 2
2
(c)

A Semicircle

rm
(d)

54o

2r r 300
300
r
2
2

1 300
2
Area
5347.55m
2 2

A Circle

rm
(e)

54o

2r 300
150
r

A Regular Hexagon
a

1 150
2
Area
(2 ) 7161.97 m
2

60
a

50 m
a

6a = 300
a = 50
Area =

Accept any other relevant answers.

Conclusion:
A circle produces a maximum area.
FURTHER EXPLORATION
(a)

3 suggested types of herb :

(i)

Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus )

Tanaman Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) dipercayai berasal sama ada dari
Selatan India atau Sri Lanka. Serai Wangi juga tumbuh liar di kebanyakan
negara di Asia Tropika, Amerika dan Afrika. Di Malaysia, serai wangi
biasanya ditanam di halaman rumah sebagai tanaman dapur dan kebelakangan
ini terdapat beberapa pengusaha yang berminat untuk menanam serai wangi
bagi menghasilkan minyak patinya. Serai wangi ialah sejenis tanaman rumput
yang tinggi dan mempunyai rimbunan daun yang lebat. Ia boleh tumbuh
sehingga 1.0 1.5 m. Daunnya bersifat tirus, panjang sehingga 70 80 cm dan
2 5 cm lebar. Ia berwarna hijau muda, kasar dengan urat yang selari dan
mempunyai aroma yang lebih kuat jika dibandingkan dengan serai makan.
Serai wangi jarang berbunga dan hanya berbunga bila sudah cukup matang
iaitu pada peringkat umur melebihi 8 bulan.
Kegunaan:
*menghalau semut, anai-anai, lipas, serangga perosak dan tikus
*hilangkan bau busuk
*sebagai pencuci lantai
*sebagai penyegar bilik
*anti-bakteria
*menanggalkan kotoran degil & kesan minyak

(ii)

Misai Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus)

Pokok Misai Kucing ialah pokok herba renek tropika daripada keluarga
"Lamiaceae" yang terdapat di Malaysia. Malaysia merupakan salah sebuah
daripada 12 negara yang diiktiraf sebagai mempunyai kepelbagaian raya.
Pokok Misai Kucing ialah pokok herba renek yang tumbuh sehingga mencapai
ketinggian 1.5 meter. Nama saintifiknya Orthosiphon stamineus, Benth.
Pokok misai kucing merupakan sejenis pokok berbunga dan sering ditanam
sebagai pokok perhiasan. Bunga terdapat pada 'verticil' lebih kurang 16 cm
panjang. Bunga berwarna putih kebiru-biruan dengan filamen yang panjang,
seperti misai kucing.
Daun Misai Kucing tersusun dalam pasangan yang bertentangan. Daun Misai
Kucing berasa licin, berwarna hijau, berbentuk tirus di hujung dan tepi daun
berjereja. Tangkai daun pendek, lebih kurang 0.3 cm panjang dan berwarna
ungu-kemerahan. Batang pokok Misai Kucing berbentuk empat segi, berwarna
kemerahan, tumbuh tegak dan bercabang-cabang.
Herba Misai Kucing boleh ditanam sepanjang tahun dan ia boleh tumbuh
setinggi 0.3 hingga 1 meter. Misai Kucing mempunyai bunga yang berwarna
putih dan keseluruhan tumbuhan ini boleh digunakan sebagai ubat.
Kegunaan:
Daun pokok Misai Kucing juga digunakan sebagai herba perubatan untuk
merawat penyakit kencing manis.
Herba Misai Kucing digunakan untuk memperbaiki saluran kencing dan buah
pinggang dan bagi membantu mengelakkan penyakit batu karang. Mengikut
kajian yang sudah dibuat, daun nya yang sudah dikeringkan adalah bersifat
diuretik dan membantu menyingkirkan asid urik yang berlebihan dalam badan.
(iii)

Mas cotek (Ficus deltoidea)

Mas cotek atau nama saintifiknya ficus deltoidea dari famili moraceae adalah
sejenis tumbuhan yang menumpang di atas pokok lain(epifit).Ia juga boleh
hidup di atas tanah seperti tumbuhan lain juga. Ia juga dikenali dengan nama
telinga beruk, mas secotek dan serapat angin. Pokok ni ada yang pokok jantan
dan pokok betina. Jantina pokok ini dibezakan oleh saiz daunnya, daun yang
lebih besar menunjukkan pokok betina. Selalunya ia tumbuh pada ketinggian
lebih kurang 20 kaki dari permukaan bumi(atas pokok lain).

Kegunaan:
Daun pokok ini berkesan untuk menyembuhkan dan membetulkan kerosakan

urat saraf. Caranya ialah dengan mengeringkan 2-3 helai daunnya (campuran
antara pokok jantan dan betina) dan direbus dengan 3 cawan air hingga tinggal
secawan. Airnya diminum tatkala suam. Ia juga boleh digunakan untuk
mengembalikan rahim ke kedudukan asal dan mengecutkan rahim untuk
perempuan baru lepas bersalin. Ia juga boleh digunakan untuk mengubat paruparu berair. Selain dari daun dan akarnya yang direbus, buahnya juga boleh
dimakan untuk menyihatkan badan iaitu dengan cara memakannya sebanyak 35 biji sehari.

Accept any other relevant answers.

(b)

Accept any relevant answers.

In geometry a polygon ( /pln/) is a flat shape consisting of straight lines that

are joined to form a closed chain or circuit.

A polygon is traditionally a plane figure that is bounded by a closed path, composed

of a finite sequence of straight line segments (i.e., by a closed polygonal chain). These
segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet are the
polygon's vertices (singular: vertex) or corners. An n-gon is a polygon with n sides.
The interior of the polygon is sometimes called its body. A polygon is a 2-dimensional
example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions.
The word "polygon" derives from the Greek (pols) "much", "many" and
(gna) "corner" or "angle". (The word gnu, with a short o, is unrelated and
means "knee".) Today a polygon is more usually understood in terms of sides

History.
Polygons have been known since ancient times. The regular polygons were known to
the ancient Greeks, and the pentagram, a non-convex regular polygon (star polygon),
appears on the vase of Aristophonus, Caere, dated to the 7th century B.C.[citation needed]
Non-convex polygons in general were not systematically studied until the 14th
century by Thomas Bredwardine.[20]
In 1952, Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the complex plane, where each
real dimension is accompanied by an imaginary one, to create complex polygons.[21]