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IPTV Transmission
IPTV supports two kinds of services:
1. Multicast IPTV, which consists of an emitter
which sends the same content to multiple
receivers the same time.
Unicast IPTV, which also consists of an emitter
which sends TV content to multiple receivers.
In contrast to multicast IPTV every receiver
receives different content. This kind of service
can be used to send personalized TV content,
e.g. video on demand.
Multicast
Multicast Service
Unicast
Unicast IPTV sends a given TV content to a
given user. Video on Demand is a typical service
of
IPTV, which enables a user to request a specific
movie and to receive it on his TV set.
Contrary to multicast IPTV, unicast IPTV does
not save bandwidth, since the server must send
the content once for each user.
Unicasting can be extremely demanding on the
server if multiple streams must be generated by
the media server and transmitted over the
network.
Unicast Service
Datastream Delivery
Encoding and Compression The quality of a transmission can be affected from the source
depending on the encoding technique and level of compression. Generally speaking increased
compression leads to a poorer video quality but a smaller data stream. There is a tradeoff
between bandwidth and compression level.
Jitter in IPTV transmission is defined as a short-term variation in the packet arrival time. Jitter is
typically caused by network or server congestion. To help combat jitter, STBs use buffers to
smooth out the arrival times of the data packets. I the buffer overflows or underflows, at the STB,
there is often a degradation of the video output.
Limited Bandwidth Bandwidth availability is often an issue that affects the access network or
the customers home network. When traffic utilizes the entire bandwidth, packets are dropped,
leading to video quality degradation.
bandwidth limitations
network congestion
failed links
transmission errors
Packet loss usually presents a bursty behavior, commonly related to periods of network congestion.
Mpeg-2 Compression
Frame Types
I frames- least compressed reconstructed independently
P frames use data from previous frames leading to greater compression
B frames use data from previous as well as following video frames leading to
even greater compression.
Affect of errd packets is greatest on I frames.
MDI does not perform any type of stream decoding to achieve its
metrics and therefore does not require significant real-time processing
power.
MDI can be used with encrypted media payloads.
MDI is not dependent on any one type of video-encoding technique, so
it can easily be scaled to monitor video quality on hundreds of
simultaneous channels.
MDI is typically sampled at multiple points throughout the stream path
with the measurements serving as indicators of problems in the
network that can be proactively addressed before they become
service-affecting issues.
Since MDI relies on transport-layer metrics (DF and MLR), it can be
used to set network margins and it directly correlates to impending
network problems with respect to video quality.
Since MDI uses packet-level metrics, it helps validate the performance
of network equipment such as switches and routers that play a key
role in determining whether a packet is delayed or dropped.
References