PARAGRAPHS PARAGRAPHS ©.\ paragraph is one or more sentences designated as separate thought groups + One-topie paragraph o STRUCTURE + Paragraphs are generally composed of three kinds of sentences: + MAIN (topic) SENTENCE ~ the primary idea + SUPPORTING SENTENCE illu explanation, strengthening + LIMITING SENTENCE a contrasting thought ration, 12/10/2015PARAGRAPH PLANS © DIRECT PARAGRAPH PLAN + PURPOSE, To clarify sbject oTodefine 0 To classify 0 To illustrate 0 To deseribe DIRECT PARAGRAPH PLAN A social audit is a report on the social performance of a company. Such an audit may be conducted by the company itself or by outsiders who evaluate the company’s efforts Lo produce safe products, engage in socially responsible activities, and protect the environment. Many companies publish the results of their social audits in their annual reports. Ben & Jerry's Homemade, for example, devotes a major portion of its annual report to its social audit. The report discusses Ben & Jerry's efforts 10 support environmental restoration. Moreover, it describes workplace safety, employment equality and peace programmes 12/10/2015,DIRECT PARAGRAPH PLAN MAIN SENTENCE, SUPPORTING SENTENCES A social audit is a report on the social performance of a company Such an audit may be conducted by the company itself or by outsiders who evaluate the company’s efforts to produce safe products, engage in socially responsible activities, and protect. the environment. Many companies publish the results of their social audits in their annual reports. Ben & Jerry's Homemade, for example, devotes a major portion of its annual report to its social audit. The report discusses Ben & devry’s efforts to support environmental restoration, Moreover, it describes workplace safety, employment equality and peace programmes DIRECT PARAGRAPH PLAN ‘© Main sentence + supporting sentence ‘© Main sentence * limiting s nience + supporting, 12/10/201512/10/2015 | DIRECT PARAGRAPH PLAN 2 MAIN Flexible work scheduling could immediately F inerease productivity and enhance employee satisfaction in our entire organisation. Such scheduling, however, is impossible for all | | employees. | would be required to maintain their zular hours, For many other employees, though, flesible schedul family respon ing less 3, employees are able to focus their attention better at work; hence they become more relaxed and more productive. extra time to THE PIVOTING PARAGRAPH PLAN o PURPOS + To comp and contrast ideas RUCTURE, + Limiting sentence + main sentence + supportingTHE PIVOTING PARAGRAPH PLAN Foreign tainly not for everyone. Many are in remote countries where harsh climates, health hazards, security risks and other discomforts exist. However, careers in the foreign service offer special rewards for the special people who qualify. Foreign service employees enjoy the pride and satisfaction of representing the United States abroad. ‘They enjoy frequent travel, enriching cultural and social experiences in living abroad and action-oriented work vice careers are THE PIVOTING PARAGRAPH PLAN LIMITING. Foreign service carvers are certainly not for niries where rity risks SENTENCE everyone. Many are in remote co harsh climates, health hazards, and other discomforts exist MAIN However, carcers in the foreign service offer SENTENCE special rewards for the special people who qualify SUPPORTING — Foreign service employees enjoy the pride and SENTENCES satisfaction of representing the United States abroad. They enjoy frequent travel, enriching, cultural and social experiences in living, abroad and action-oriented work, =| 12/10/2015THE INDIRECT PARAGRAPH PATTERN o PURPC + To build a rationale, a foundation of reasons awing a conch + To explain the reasons before ¢ + To describe causes followed by an effect o STRUCTURE + Supporting sentences + main sentence THE INDIRECT PARAGRAPH PATTERN © According to a recent poll, more than half of all white-collar workers are now dressing casually at work, Many high-tech engineers and professional alists have given up suits and tie spe khakis and sweaters instead. In our own avoring, business our consultants say they stand out like “sore thumbs” because they are attired in Waditional buttoned-down styles, while the businesspeople they visit are usually wearing comfortable casual clothing. Therefore, I recommend that we establish an optional “business casual” policy allowing consultants to dress casually, if they wish, as they perform their duties both in and out of the office. 12/10/2015THE INDIRECT PARAGRAPH PATTERN XG According to a recent poll, more than half of all S- white-collar workers are now dressiny work, Many high-tech engineers and prof specialists have given up suits and ties, favor kh our consultants say they stand out like “sore thumbs” because they are attired in traditional buttoned-down styles, while the bu kis and sweaters instead, In our own business they visit are usually wearing comfortable, casual clothing Therefore, I recommend that we establish an optional “bu policy allowing consultants to dr rally, they wish, as they LINKING IDEAS TO BUILD COHERENCE o SUSTAINING THE KEY IDEA + Repeating key expressions + Using similar expressions Eg Our philosophy holds that every customer is really a guest, All new employees to our theme parks are trained to Lr VIPs. These VIPs are never told what they can or cannot do. At guests a 12/10/2015Ir LINKING IDEAS TO BUILD COHERENCE 0 USING PRONOUNS + to confirm that something under discussion is still being developed upon Ke All new park employees receive a two-week orientation. They learn that every staffer has a vital role in preparing for the show. This training includes how to maintain enthusiasm LINKING IDEAS TO BUILD COHERENCE | © DOVETAILING ‘¢ + An idea at the end of one connects with an idea at the | beginning of the next | Kg. | New hosts and hostesses learn about the theme | park and its facilities. ‘These facilities include telephones, food services, bathrooms, and | attractions, as well as the location of the offices. | Knowledge of administrative offices and internal | workings of the company, such a administration, ensures that staffers will be able to serve guests fully, Serving guests, of cours who's who in | is our number one priority 12/10/2015LINKING IDEAS TO BUILD COHERENCE o USING ‘TRANSITIONAL EXPRE able the receiver to anticipate what is coming + Helpful in persuasive writing TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS © ADDITIONALLY oO ARTE o AGAIN o BI oo HARLIE r o NOW o PREVIOUSLY 12/10/2015TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS o FOR EXAMPLE © ACCORDINGLY o FOR INST oASAR oI ME 0 CONSEQUENTLY o IN OTHER WORDS o FOR THIS REASON o THAT IS 0 SO o THIS MEANS o THEREFORE oT oO THUS © TO PUTIT oO UNDER THE ANOTHER WAY CIRCUMSTANC! | | TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, | © ACTUALLY © AS OPPOSED TO o BUT oO AT THE SAME o HOWEVER @ BY CONTRAS | o IN FACT © CONVERSELY | o INSTEAD 0 ON THE CONTRARY o RATHER 0 ON THE OTHER o STILL HAND o THOUGH | LL 12/10/2015 10LINKING IDEAS TO BUILD COHERENCE 0 COMPOSING SHORT PARAGRAPHS: + Hight or fewer lines FOR EFFECTIVE SENTENCES NCH sentences with 20 or fewer words are easier Lo > longer sentences occasionally, but rely primarily on short sentences. o EMPHASIZE IMPORTANT IDEAS, Place main ideas at the beginning of short sentences for emphasi oO APPLY AC AND PY VERBS CAR tive verbs nt the e- mail instead of The e-mail was sent by her) most frequently; they immediately identify the doer Use passive verbs to be tactful, to emphasize an action, or to conceal the performer. Keep in mind that A 12/10/2015, "1TIPS FOR MEANINGFUL PARAGRAPHS o DEVELOP ONE IDEA. Use main, supporting, and limiting sentences to develop a single idea within ch paragraph, Si THE DIRECT PLAN with the main sentence followed by support ntences, This direct plan is useful in defining, sifving, illustrating, and describing HE PIVOTING PLAN start with a limiting sentence: then. ni the main sentence followed by supporting tart most paragraphs ° compare and 0 U OT PLAN. ‘To explain the with supporting } THE INDIR ons or causes first ontences, Build to the conelusion with the main sentence al the end of the paragraph TIPS FOR MEANINGFUL PARAGRAPHS o BUILD COHERENC BY — LINKING SENTENCES. Hold ideas together by repeating key words, using pronouns, and dovetailing sentenc (beginning one sentence with an idea from the end of the previous sentence). o PROVIL ROAD SIGNS WITH TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS. Use verbal signs to help the audience know where the idee going. Words like moreover, accordingly, as @ result, and thus function as idea pointers. o LIMIT PARAGRAPH LENGTH Remember that paragraphs with cight or fewer printed lines look inviting, Consider breaking up longer paragraphs if necessary 12/10/2015, 12CHAPTER REVIEW 01. An outline that presents details explanations, and evidence after the main idea follows the + Indirect plan + Dircet plan. ‘The indirect paragraph pattern does all but which of the following? ° + Saves reader's time. + Ensures a fair hearing + Minimizes negative reaction. + Respects the feelings of the audience. 0.3. Ifthe audience will be receptive toa message, the most effective organizational pattern to use + Indirect pattern. + Direct pattern 04, Ideas that require pe be organized ion should usually + Inan indirect pattern, «= Inadireet pattern. + Ina pivoting pattern, 12/10/2015 1305. To be + Be + Be Be no longer than 30 words. ily understood, sentences should no more than 15 words in length. bout 20 or fewer words, + Average about 2 To direct attention away from people and to focus on the action instead, use. + Active voice. + Passive voice 07. \ paragraph that describes a new procedure for scheduling a leave of absence would most likely follow the + Direct par aph plan + Indirect paragraph plan + Pivoting paragraph plan + Linked paragraph plan, 08. Use the pivoting paragraph plan to + Describe an action to be taken + Clarify a new procedure. + Build a rationale for an idea + Compare and contrast ideas. 12/10/2015 14© 9. Which of the following is not a useful technique for linking ideas ina paragraph? + Dovetailing sentences + Pivoting sentences aining the key idea + Using pronouns. ADD TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS TO IMPROVE TITE FLOM OF IDEAS (COHERENCE) OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE GROUPS, © We tailor our service efforts specifically to individual customer needs, We have seen the volume at our plants grow, Our profitability has increased. We expect even better results in the future. © No business can anticipate every customer's needs We keep our hotel management staff on duty 24 hours a day. Customers always have someone of authority available © Your responsibility is to listen to customers. Your responsibility is to understand what they are saying, Your responsibility is to make them feel that their neerns are your most important concerns, Your responsibility is to take care of their concerns to their satisfaction. 12/10/2015 15