Brand Management and System Analyisi

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT
BRAND MANAGEMENT
Buildings age and become dilapidated
Machines wear out
People die
But what live on are Brands
HISTORY OF BRANDING
Branding has come a long way in India and also around the world. The word brand
comes from the word "brandr, a word used by early Norse tribesmen meaning to
burn, as in branding livestock to declare ownership. No doubt, anyone who has read
cowboy stories is familiar with the concept of branding cattle.
Over time branding of cattle became not just mark of ownership but also of quality. In the
Chicago meat market, buyers recognized quality beef through the brand mark on the
cattle. This was because the ranches which produced better quality of meat did so as it
implied better grass or more adequate supply of water, better living conditions for the
cattle or a shorter journey to the meat market. No longer was meat on the hoof a
commodity, it was branded and the better quality was recognizable.
In the earliest form, a brand mark defined quality, a mark which differentiated a quality
product from other similar products.
Many years ago, in the Soviet Union, when products were sold under a generic name, the
factory manufacturing the product had to mark its identity on the packaging. Customers
soon realized that a detergent powder produced in one factory was superior to another in
quality. Eventually, housewives would turn the packaging around while purchasing to
identify the origin of the product and make their choices on the basis of its manufacturing
location. The serial number of the factory had become a brand as it is differentiated from
other similar detergents, which, according to the state, were supposed to be identical in
formulation and in every other way. This is similar to the Nirma story where the brand
name was the only differentiator between totally similar products in the Ahemadabad
market in the early 1970s
WHAT IS A BRAND?
Whats in a name? That which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as
sweet.
-William Shakespeare.
Shakespeare was wrong. A rose by any other name would not smell as sweet
which is why the single most important decision in the marketing of perfume is
the name.
-Al Ries and1Jack Trout
Prof Karthic Iyer
BRAND - A FEW DEFINITIONS

David Ogilvy defines brands as the intangible sum of a products attributes: its name,
packaging, and price, its history, its reputation, and the way its advertised.
Kotler defines brands as A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design or a
combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of
sellers and to differentiate them from those of the competitor.
The Dictionary of Business and Management defines a brand as:
A name, sign or symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to
differentiate them from goods of competitors.
Jared Spool, a web site usability expert, says,
"Branding means creating an emotional association (such as the feeling of success,
happiness, or relief) that customers form with the product, service, or company."
Walter Landor, one of the greats of the advertising industry, said:
Simply put, a brand is a promise. By identifying and authenticating a product or service
it delivers a pledge of satisfaction and quality.
Branding is supposed to be the process by which the true character and purpose of the
company is communicated. And this process is a strategy that is consistently applied
through the entire firm, hopefully creating an aura of trust; an appreciation of your
uniqueness; and a set of expectations in your customers, shareholders and employees.
Everything is consistent--packaging, advertising, public relations
Branding creates value beyond what's intrinsic in the product (or service, for that matter.)
There are different ways to look at the meaning of brand and branding in simple terms:
A brand is a collection of perceptions in the mind of the consumer.

Brand is everything what you want to communicate to consumers and what you
communicate. By definition, brand is whatever the consumer thinks of when he
or she hears your companys name.
A brand is a promise. By identifying and authenticating a product or service it
delivers a pledge of satisfaction and quality.
Its a bundle of functional and emotional benefits
A name with a reputation
A mark of pride
A simplifier of choice
A product or service with an attitude
Prof Karthic Iyer

It is absolutely clear that a brand is very different from a product or service. A brand is
intangible and exists in the mind of the consumer. This definition helps us understand the
idea of brand loyalty and the 'loyalty ladder'. Different people have different perceptions
of a product or service, which places them at different points on the loyalty ladder.
This brings us to the other vital connections of management, namely, Positioning and
Advertising of a product or service. Advertising has to sell, and it achieves this by
positively influencing people's perceptions of the product or service.
However, Advertising grabs customers minds. Branding gets their hearts.
ROLE OF BRANDS
In a world where products, markets, and industry boundaries are in flux, a well-managed
brand can be a prime source of strategic direction and competitive advantage. Today
branding is such a strong force that anything from salt to lemon juice and water is
branded. The following are the roles of branding which serve many purposes:
A brand identifies the seller or maker.
A brand protects both the consumer and the producer from competitors who
would attempt to provide products that appear to be identical.
A brand reduces the primacy of price upon the purchase decision.
It accentuates the bases of differentiation.
A brand is essentially a sellers promise to consistently deliver a specific set of
features, benefits and services to the buyers.
A brand gives the seller the opportunity to attract a loyal and profitable set of
customers. Brand loyalty gives sellers some protection from competition and
greater control in planning their marketing programs.
Strong brands help build the corporate image, making it easier to launch and gain
acceptance by distributors and customers.
Managing a positive brand image creates opportunities to introduce new products
that build on brand equity. It helps to attract and retain good employees and it
improves the stockholders perceived value of your company.
Products are what companies make brands are what customers buy
BRAND CHARACTERISTICS
The world is rapidly shrinking with the advent of faster communication, transportation
and financial flows. Products developed in one country Mont Blanc pens, McDonalds,
BMWs are finding enthusiastic acceptance in other countries.
Prof Karthic Iyer

A German businessman may wear an Armani suit to meet an English friend at an Indian
restaurant who later returns home to drink Russian vodka and watch an American soap on
a Korean television.
There are different aspects or levels of a brand, may it be of a product or service which
attract customers to build an image and an idea about that product or service. There may
be various viewpoints through which a person may perceive the brand in a particular way.
Lets take Mercedes Benz for example:
Attributes: Mercedes suggests expensive, well-built, well-engineered, durable, high
prestige, high value, fast and so on. The company may use one or more of the attributes
to advertise the car. For years, Mercedes advertised Engineered like no other car in the
world. This tagline served as a positioning platform for the cars other attributes.
Benefits: Customers are not buying attributes, they are buying benefits. Attributes need
to be translated into emotional and functional benefit, I am safe in case of an accident.
Values: The brand also says something about the producers values. Thus Mercedes
stands for high performance, safety, prestige and so on. The brand marketer must figure
out the specific groups of car buyers who are seeking these values.
Culture: The brand may represent a certain culture. The Mercedes represents German
culture: organized, efficient, high quality.
Personality: The brand can also project a certain personality. If the brand were a person,
an animal, or an object, what would come to mind? Mercedes may suggest a no-nonsense
boss (person), a reigning lion (animal), or an austere palace (object). Sometimes it might
take on the personality of an actual well-known person or spokesperson.
User: The brand suggests the kind of consumer who buys or uses the product. We would
be surprised to see a 20-year-old secretary driving a Mercedes. We would accept instead
to see a 55 year-old top executive behind the wheel. The users will be those who respect
the products values, culture and personality
BRANDING - CONCEPTS
While studying brands and branding case studies will come across various terms and
concepts relating to brands which most companies use in order to define their strategy for
branding their product or service. Some of them are explained as below:
Brand Width: It is the extension of the brand outside its original product
category.
Brand Length: It is the brands franchise in terms of age groups, consumer types
and international appeal.
Prof Karthic Iyer
Brand Depth: It is the brands ability to create consumer loyalty by offering

variants in each element in the brand length.
Brand Weight: It is the influence of the brand in its category or market.
The Brand: Suzuki

Brand Width: Motorcycles, 4 wheel drive automobiles, Sport and Utility automobiles,
Small engine parts, outboard motors and marine products.
Brand Length: Motorcycles Swift, Samurai, Sidekick etc.
Brand Depth: Swift Chevy Sprint, Geo Metro (Variations of the Swift, Essentially the
same Swift motorcycle.)
Brand Width
Motorcycles
4-W
autos
Samurai
Shaolin
Sidekick
Swift
Shogun
S.U.Vs
Eng Parts
Outboard
Motors
Brand Depth
Chevy Sprint
Geo Metro
ELEMENTS OF A BRAND
BRAND NAME
Certain factors should be considered before selecting a brand name. They are as follows:
Distinguish the product from competitive brands
Memorable and easy to pronounce
Easy to say, spell and pronounce
It should allude to the products uses, benefits, or special characteristics in a
positive way
Negative or offensive references should be avoided.
Evoke positive mental image
Evoke positive emotional reaction
Suggest product function or benefits
Simple
Sound appropriate
Be registrable (unique)
Possibly, translate well in other languages too.
Prof Karthic Iyer
Marine
Pdts
LOGO
The company logo is the cornerstone of the firm's branding elements. For many firms the
logo is the visual reminder of everything that the firm stands for. While a great logo won't
necessarily build the firm, it plays a vital role in representing it. Conversely, a weak or
confusing logo can detract from the value that the firm brings.
Elements of a Good Logo:
It has a lasting value - trendy logos don't hold up over time.

It is distinct - some amount of uniqueness, as long as it doesn't confuse, is
valuable.
Appeals to your target market - if your target market is partial to blue then it
doesn't matter that you're not.
Supports your USP - If you are trying to communicate your low low prices then
your logo should support that image
Legible - This seems pretty obvious but many people use typefaces and images
that can't be printed or carried to a large sign. Your logo should clearly identify
your company and it can't do that if people don't understand it.
Nike, McDonalds, etc.
SLOGANS, JINGLES, CHARACTERS, APPS, URL AND

PACKAGING
Recognize the benefits of an effective jingle, slogan, character, and package

design for a brand.
Use a slogan or jingle that i.e. audible to the ear and one which is catchy.
The Doodh Doodh Ad.
TYPES OF BRANDS
Functional
dimension
Symbolic
dimension
Prof Karthic Iyer
The functional dimension is the products attributes and benefits or the tangible properties
while the symbolic dimensions are the intangible aspects of the brand. A marketer can
combine these two elements to create the right appeal for customers. In consumer
behavior the rational and emotional perspectives are two models that explain how
consumers make purchase decisions. Successful branding, therefore, depends on
combining the rational and emotional components of a brand in a manner that it becomes
consistent with the consumers frame of mind.
FUNCTIONAL BRANDS
Here, the functional dimension of the brand is far more visible and appealing than the
emotional or symbolic dimension.
Niveas range of body products focuses on the functional benefit of smooth skin.
Also, buying of a painkiller would be by and large a rational, left brain driven activity.
What implications does one have for marketers of Aspirin, Aspro, Anacin? Here the
brand should be functions driven. That is, the brand essence should revolve around
reasons demonstrating product superiority in terms of its ingredients and efficiency of
its pain relieving process (e.g., the product dissolves faster in water and therefore,
relieves pain faster.
SYMBOLIC BRANDS
Here, the symbolic or emotional dimension is more prevalent than the functional
dimension. The decisions would be based on more of the emotional aspect than that of
rational aspect.
In the circumstances where consumer buying is emotions driven, the brand must
accordingly focus on symbolic or emotional aspects.
E.g. ICICI Prudential has various schemes concerning childrens futures; this also
stresses on the emotional aspect, caring for the child and securing his future.
BRAND BUILDING STRATEGIES

PRODUCT BRANDING
This is of the type one-brand one product. In terms of customer perception and
information processing, the most effective way to designate a product is to give it an
exclusive name, which would not be available to any other product. In the product
branding strategy the brand is promoted exclusively so that it acquires its own identity
and image. This way the brand is able to acquire a distinct position in the customers
Prof Karthic Iyer

mind. The thrust is on making the brand acquire its own set of associations and stand on
its own. Product branding allows a brand achieve exclusivity and differentiation.
It does not share other products and does not take on company associations. The
companys name takes a backseat and the product does not get benefits from the company
name. The greatest advantage in this case is that a brand can be targeted accurately to a
distinct target market or customers because its positioning can be precise unambiguous.
Customers connect easily with product brands since what the brand represents tends to be
clear.
P&G have been follower of the product branding strategy. P& G s into baby care,
beauty care, feminine care, health care, fabric care, home care, food and beverages, etc.
P&G has been an ardent follower of the product brand strategy. Its brands are stand
alones; people dont even know that they all share a common root in P&G. the company
does not share a common identity. Thus, a company following product branding is better
positioned to venture into unrelated areas of activity without being a subject of market
scrutiny.
Another advantage is that with an identifiable brand uniquely positioned and directed at a
segment, the firm is able to cover an entire market spectrum by making multiple brand
entries.
The drawbacks of product brands are essentially cost based. Creating individual brand is
costly exercise. Only the firms that have deep pockets and long staying power can adopt
this strategy.
LINE BRANDING
This is of the type One brand many products. Sometimes a brand is launched with a
distinct concept e.g. Lakme (source of radiant beauty) Winter Care lotion .The brand
appeals to a distinct market segment who appreciate and like the brand concept. The core
idea is that the brand connects with the consumer group. Now the customers do not tend
to be content with the one product, which the brand offers. Rather they want additional
product which go hand in hand with the brand concept or application; for example a
Lakme user wants all the products which enhance beauty-beauty lotion, deep pore
cleansing cream, lipsticks, nail enamel, eye make up etc.
Line branding strategy illustrates how well cultivated brand can be extended on to a host
of related products under a common concept. This strategy seeks to penetrate the
customer rather than penetrating the market. It seeks to fulfill all complementary needs
that surround a basic need. Line brands start with a product but later extend too a whole
range of complementary products. The products in the line draw their identity from the
main brand. Marketing products as a line enhances the brands marketing power rather
than selling them as an individual brand.
Colgate has a whole range of dental care products. Colgate Total, Colgate Gel, Colgate
toothpowder, as well as the various toothbrushes.
Prof Karthic Iyer
BRAND EXTENSION
Brand extensions, which are a popular means of introducing new products to the
marketplace, fall under the One brand all products type of brand strategies. In a typical
brand extension situation, an established brand name is applied to a new product in a
category either related or unrelated, in order to capitalize on the equity of the core brand
name. Consumer familiarity with the existing core brand name aids new product entry
into the marketplace, and helps the brand extension to capture new market segments
quickly.
Brand extensions come in two primary forms: horizontal and vertical. In a horizontal
brand extension situation, an existing brand name is applied to a new product
introduction in either a related product class, or in a product category completely new to
the firm. A vertical brand extension, on the other hand, involves introducing a brand
extension. In the same product category as the core brand, but at a different price point
and quality level. In a vertical brand extension situation, a second brand name or
descriptor is usually introduced alongside the core brand name, in order to demonstrate
the link between the brand extension and the core brand name (e.g. Marriott Hotels,
Courtyard Inn by Marriott). Although a brand extension aids in generating consumer
acceptance for a new product by linking the new product with a known brand or company
name, it also risks diluting the core brand image by depleting or harming the equity,
which has been built up within the core brand name. An inappropriate brand extension
could create damaging associations, which may be very difficult for a company to
overcome. The different types of brand extensions are:
Product form extension:
Product launched in a different form usually means line extension rather than brand
extension. But if different product form constitutes entirely a different product category
from customer behavior perspective, it would be called brand extension. For e.g. liquid
milk and dried milk may not be perceived as the product category. Similarly chocolate
bars and chocolate powder belong to different product categories.
AMUL MILK
AMUL CONDENSED MILK
LG FLATRON
LG XCANVAS PROJECTION
Prof Karthic Iyer

Companion Product:
Brand extension is in the form of companion products is perhaps the most common. The
idea perhaps is to capitalize on product complementarily. The consumer may view both
products jointly and hence, provide scope for launching brand extension.
LAKME NAILPOLISH
COLGATE DENTAL CREAM
LAKME LIPSTICK
COLGATE TOOTHBRUSH
Customer franchise:
A marketer may extend a product range in order to meet the needs of a specific customer
group. For instance, a company may launch a variety of products meant for e.g. nursery
going school children. The focus here is not customer base but their diverse needs.
J&J
BABY
SHAMPOO
J&J
BABY
TALC
J&J
BABY
OIL
J&J
BABY
SOAP
Company expertise:
Brand extensions often come in the forms of different product category introductions
using a common name but emanating from a common expertise pool. This strategy is
particularly true in Japanese countries.
Hindustan Lever Limited
ORAL
CARE
SKIN CARE
HAIR
CARE
BODY
CARE
Brand distinction:
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Prof Karthic Iyer

Many brands achieve distinction in the form of a unique attribute, benefit or feature,
which gets uniquely associated with the brand. In such situations the company can work
backwards to launch different products, which essentially cash in on this distinction. For
example, Parachute may have the expertise of coconut nourishment in customers mind
over time. This would give the company Marico the opportunity to launch a variety of
products exploiting this distinction.
PARACHUTE
COCONUT
PARACHUTE
HAIR OIL
PARACHUTE
SHAMPOO
PARACHUTE
CREAM
AMUL
BUTTER
AMUL
MILK
AMUL
ICE CREAM
AMUL
CHEESE
Brand image or prestige:

A brand extension may involve a foray in to unrelated product categories based on a
brands exclusive image or prestige. Brand exclusivity or prestige bestows great
extension opportunities. This is particularly true of designers and artist brands.
CARTIER
WATCHES
CARTIER
PURSES
CARTIER
PENS
CARTIER
JEWELLERY
UMBRELLA BRANDING
This again is of the type One brand all products. An umbrella brand is a parent brand
that appears on a number of products that may each have separate brand images. Firms
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Prof Karthic Iyer

have a short-run incentive to reduce quality and save costs, as consumers can only
observe quality ex post.
Videocons range of home appliances air conditioners, refrigerators, televisions,
washing machines, etc. Phillips also has a whole range of home appliances under the
brand name Phillips-the mixers, irons, televisions, etc.
Umbrella branding scored well on the dimension of economics. Investing in a single
brand is less costly than trying to build a number of brands. By leveraging a common
name across a variety of products, the brand distributes its investment. Hence umbrella
branding works out to be an economical strategy. Using an umbrella brand to enter into
new markets (Tata making a foray into the automobile car market) allows considerable
savings. The brand bestows the new product advantages of brand awareness, associations
and instant goodwill.
One first explanation for brand extensions is that umbrella branding is a form of
economies of scope, as it economizes on the costs of creating a new brand. Brands have
an intrinsic value (status or otherwise) and are therefore like a public good in the sense
that the more products are sold under the same brand the greater the total value created. A
different perspective on brand extensions is that, in a world where consumers are
uncertain about product characteristics (due to horizontal or vertical differentiation),
brands may play an informational role. Umbrella branding may reduce uncertainty about
a new product's attributes, a fact that increases value if consumers are risk averse.
Considering these factors it can be said that umbrella branding is a superior strategy when
there is a significant overlap between the set of buyers of each of the firm's products. This
result extends the well-known notion that brand extensions and umbrella branding are
only successful if there is a good fit between the different products under the same
umbrella.
The main danger associated with umbrella branding is that since many products share the
common name, a debacle in one product category may influence the products because of
shared identity.
ENDORSEMENT BRANDING
Endorsement branding strategy is a modified version of double branding. It makes the
product brand name more significant and corporate brand name is relegated to a lesser
status. The umbrella brand is made to play an indirect role of passing on certain common
generic associations. It is only mentioned as an endorsement to the product brand. By
and large, the brand seeks to stand on its own.
The brand gets the endorsement that it belongs to specified company.
Kit Kat gives the signal that it belongs to Nestle and Dairy Milk conveys that it belongs
to Cadburys. Cinthols communication stresses that it is a Godrej product.
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Prof Karthic Iyer
Though these brands enjoy their unique image, somewhere in the image the makers
association is also a part. Endorsement branding strikes a balance between umbrella and
product branding.
In case of Cadburys and Nestle, the brands mentioned above have their own unique
position and image. Cadburys or Nestle support the brands to the extent that they transfer
certain qualities or associations, which enhance customers trust. Brands are identified by
their own name.
WHY IS BRAND BUILDING DIFFICULT?

It is difficult to build a strong brand in today's environment. The brand builder can be
inhibited by substantial pressures and barriers, both internal and external. There are 8
different factors that make it difficult to build brands:
Pressure to compete on price,

Proliferation of competitors,
Fragmenting markets and media,
Complex branding strategies and brand relationships,
The temptation to change identity/executions,
Organizational,
Pressure to invest elsewhere,
Pressures for short-term results.
One key to successful brand building is to understand how to develop brand identities, to
know what the brand stands for, and how to most effectively express that identity.
Short Term
Pressures
Pressure to
compete on
price
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Proliferation
Of competitors
Prof Karthic Iyer
Pressure To
Invest
Elsewhere
Bias Against
Innovation
BUILDING
BRANDS
Bias Towards
Changing
Strategies
Fragmentation
Markets and
Media
Complex Branding
Strategies And
Relationships
PRESSURE TO COMPETE ON PRICE

There are enormous pressures on all firms to compete on price. Price competition is at
center stage, driven by powers of strong retailers, value sensitive customers, reduced
capacity growth and overcapacity. Retailers have become stronger and use their powers
to put pressures on prices. Whereas a year ago information was largely controlled by the
manufacturer retailers are now collecting vast amounts of information and developing
models to use it. As a result there is an increasing focus on margins and efficient use of
space.
Orange versus BPL mobile services - What these cellular service providers are doing is
to compete with each other mainly on the basis of price. If Orange is cutting its deposit
amount, or reducing the general rent or tariff or airtime charges, BPL has to follow the
suit.
Also the cola companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi are continuously engaged in a price
war.
PROLIFERATION OF COMPETITORS
New, vigorous competitors come from a variety of sources. Additional competitors not
only contribute to price pressures and brand complexity, but also make it harder to gain
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Prof Karthic Iyer

and hold a position. They leave fewer holes in the market to exploit and fewer
implementation vehicles to own. Each brand tends to be positioned more narrowly, the
target market becomes smaller and no target market becomes larger.
There are innumerous players in various product categories. One of these is toothpaste.
With products ranging from gel, tooth powder, herbal pastes and striped paste the
market is quite clustered. The market is so much saturated with different players in these
markets that they keep competing on the positioning of their brands, which has to be
different from the rest and thus cater to a particular segment of the population. Like
Close-up toothpaste which is positioned on the fact that it has mouthwash for fresh
breath and Colgate which stresses on its calcium content for stronger teeth.
FRAGMENTATION MARKETS AND MEDIA
At one time being consistent across media and markets was easy as there were a limited
number of media options and only a few national media vehicles. However the
bewildering array of media options today includes interactive television, advertising on
the internet, direct marketing, event sponsorship and more are being invented daily.
Coordinating messages across these media without weakening a brand is a major
challenge. Coordination is all the more difficult because different brand support activities
are often handled by different organizations and individuals with varying perspectives
and goals. In addition companies are dividing the population into smaller and more
refined target markets, often reaching them with specialized media and distribution
channels. Although it is tempting to develop separate brand identity for each of these
target segments it presents problems for both the brand and the customer. Since media
audiences invariably overlap, customers are likely to be exposed to more than one
identity relating to the same brand.
The Coca-Cola ad featuring Aamir Khan is targeted at the retailers and the rural market
while the ad featuring Aishwarya Rai and Vivek Oberoi is targeted at the urban
consumers. As both these ads are going on simultaneously the consumers tend to be
exposed to both the rural as well as the urban face of the brand.
COMPLEX BRANDING STRATEGIES AND RELATIONSHIPS
Different identities of brands and their extensions make both brand building and
managing it difficult. In addition to knowing its identity each brand needs to understand
its role in each context in which it is involved. There is a tendency to use established
brands in different contexts and roles because establishing a totally new brand is very
expensive. The resulting new levels of complexity often are not anticipated or even
acknowledged until there is a substantial problem.
Henko Compact and Henko Stain Champion both belong to the German firm Henkal.
Although this is a line extension finding difference between both these products is not
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Prof Karthic Iyer

easy. A number of questions like Does the name stain champion mean Henko Compact
does not remove stains? Or does it mean that Stain Champion is a technologically
inferior product? often cross the consumers mind when they consider these brands for
purchase. This is because the line extension and the relationship of one product with
another in this strategy are not considered.
BIAS TOWARDS CHANGING STRATEGIES
There are sometimes overwhelming internal pressures to change a brand identity and/or
its execution while it is still effective or even before it achieves its potential. The
resulting changes can undercut brand equity or prevent it from being established.
Promise toothpaste tried to change its well set positioning and went in to emphasize the
freshness aspect of its paste rather than the well-established clove oil aspect. As a result
its sales went down.
BIAS AGAINST INNOVATION
Companies managing a established brand can be so pleased with past and current success,
and so preoccupied with day to day problems, that they become blind to competitive
situations. By ignoring or minimizing fundamental changes in the competitive situation
or potential breakthroughs, managers leave their brands vulnerable and risk missing
opportunities. A new competitor is thus often the source and beneficiary of true
innovation.
Iodex became blinded and redundant after achieving the position of market leader and
preferred to rest on its laurels rather than go in for product innovations and line
extensions. As a result its leadership position was lost to Moov, which positioned itself as
a remedy for backache and converted all the weaknesses of Iodex into its strengths.
Also Bata was the market leader for footwear but they did not adapt with the changing
times. As a result their sales went down. Currently Liberty Footwear is the market
leader.
PRESSURE TO INVEST ELSEWHERE
When a brand is strong there is a temptation to reduce investment in the core business
area in order to improve short-term performance or to fund new business diversifications.
There is an often mistaken belief that the brand will not be damaged by sharp reductions
in support and that the other investment opportunities are more attractive. Ironically the
diversification that attracts these resources is often flawed because an acquired business
was overvalued or because the organizations ability to manage a different business area
was overestimated.
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Prof Karthic Iyer
SHORT-TERM PRESSURES
Pressures for short-term results generally undermine investments in brands. There are
several reasons for this:
There is wide acceptance that maximization of stockholder value should be the

overriding objective of the firm.
Management style itself is dominated by a short-term orientation. Annual
budgeting systems usually emphasize short-term sales, costs and profits. As a
result brand-building programs are often sacrificed in order to meet those targets.
Short-term focus is created by performance measures available. Measurements of
intangible assets such as brand equity, information technology or people are
elusive at best. Also long term value of activities that will enhance or erode brand
equity is difficult to demonstrate whereas short-term performances like impact of
promotions can be tabulated easily. This results in debilitating bias towards shortterm results.
It is true that that building brands is difficult. But it is doable as is evident by those who
have done so. The greatest examples of this are brands like Titan, Coca Cola, Cadburys
etc. We can thus see that it is possible to build strong brands by building, managing and
maintaining the four assets that underlie brand equity-awareness, perceived quality, brand
loyalty and brand association.
BRAND EQUITY
Before looking at the various methods of brand building it is essential to know what
brand equity is because strong brand equity is the basis of brand building.
Keller defines brand equity as Brand equity is defined in terms of the marketing effects
uniquely attributable to the brands -- for example, when certain outcomes result from the
marketing of a product or service because of its brand name that would not occur if the
same product or service did not have that name.
David Aaker defines brand equity as A set of assets and liabilities linked to a brands
name and symbol that adds to or subtracts from the value provided by a product or
service to a firm and/or that firms customers.
The major asset categories are:

Brand loyalty
Brand name awareness
Perceived quality
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Prof Karthic Iyer
Brand associations
BRAND
LOYALTY
Reduced marketing costs

Trade leverage
Attracting new customers
Create awareness
Reassurance
Time To Respond To Competitive
Threats
BRAND
AWARENESS
BRAND
EQUITY
PERCEIVED
QUALITY
BRAND
ASSOCIATIONS
Anchor to which other

associations can be attached
Familiarity liking
Signal of substance/
commitment
Brand to be considered
Reason to buy
Differentiate/
position
Price
Channel member interest
Extensions
Help process/
Retrieve information
Reason to buy
Create positive attitudes/feelings
Extensions
Provides Value to
Customer By Enhancing
Customers
Interpretation/
processing of
information
Confidence in
purchase decision
Use satisfaction
Provides value to firm by

enhancing:
Efficiency and
effectiveness of
marketing
programs
Brand loyalty
Prices/margins
Brand extensions
Trade leverage
Competitive
advantage
OTHER
Competitive Advantage
PROPRIETARY
BRAND ASSETS
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Prof Karthic Iyer

Several aspects of this definition require elaboration. First, brand equity is a set of assets.
Thus the management of brand equity involves investment to create and enhance these
assets. Second such brand equity asset creates value in a variety of very different ways. In
order to manage brand equity effectively and to make informed decisions about brand
building activities it is important to be sensitive to ways in which strong brands create
value. Third brand equity creates value for the customer as well as the firm. The word
customer refers to both end users and those at the infrastructural level. Finally for assets
or liabilities to underlie brand equity they must be linked to the name or symbol of the
brand. If the brands name or symbol should change, some or all of the assets or liabilities
could be affected or even lost, although some might be shifted to the new symbol or
name.
BRAND LOYALTY
Brand loyalty is the ultimate goal a company sets for a branded product. A companys main
question in relation to selling their products or services use do be: How do I get people
to buy my product? Nowadays companies still greatly appreciate the answer to this
question but they have also realized that getting customers is not the only thing they need
to do. In todays rapidly moving world consumers dont stick with products for life.
Advertisements and an increased feeling of independence have created consumers that
will switch brands or products as soon as the feel the need to do so. What companys look
for in this consumer environment is creating a so-called brand loyalty?
Brand loyalty is a consumers preference to buy a particular brand in a product category.
It occurs because consumers perceive that the brand offers the right product features,
images, or level of quality at the right price. This perception becomes the foundation for a
new buying habit. Consumers initially will make a trial purchase of the brand and, after
satisfaction, tend to form habits and continue purchasing the same brand because the
product is safe and familiar.
Brand loyalists have the following mindsets:
I am committed to this brand.

I am willing to pay a higher price for this brand over other brands.
I will recommend this brand to others.
Loyalty Segmentation:
Loyalty segmentation helps in building strong brands. A market can usually be divided
into the following groups:
Noncustomers: Those who use the competitors brand or are not product class
users.
Price switchers: Those who are price switchers.
The passively loyal: Those who buy out of habit rather than reason.
Fence sitters: those who are indifferent between two or more brands.
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Prof Karthic Iyer
The committed: those who are committed to our brands.

High brand equity
Committed buyer
Likes the
brand
Satisfied / habitual buyer
no reason to change,
equity diffuse
Brand switchers / price sensitive
buyers/ indifferent brand no loyalty
no equity
The challenges to improve the brands loyalty profile are to increase the number of
customers who are not price switchers, to strengthen the fence sitters and committed ties
to the brand and to increase the number who would pay more to use the brand or service.
Two segments where the companies generally under invest are passively loyal and the
committed customers. The passively loyal customers are often taken for granted. At the
other end of the spectrum are the highly loyal or committed customers. Firms also tend to
take this group for granted. Yet there may be significant potential to increase business
from the very loyal.
The loyal Marriott customer might be encouraged to select even more than often with a
improved portfolio of business support services such as fax machines in rooms.
Further there is a risk that loyal customers can be enticed away by a competitor if the
performance of the product or service is not improved. For these reasons firms should
avoid diverting resources from the loyal core to the non-customers and price switchers.
One approach to enhancing the loyalty of fence sitters and the committed is to develop
or strengthen their relationship with the brand.
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Prof Karthic Iyer
BRAND AWARENESS
Awareness refers to the strength of a brands presence in the consumers mind. Awareness
is measured according to the different ways in which consumers remember a brand,
ranging from recognition to recall to top of the mind.
Recognitions reflect familiarity gained from past exposure. Recognition does not
necessarily involve remembering where the brand was encountered before why it differs
from other brands or even what the brands product class is. It is simply remembering that
there was a past exposure to the brand. When consumers see a brand and remember that
they have seen it before they realize that the company is spending money to support the
brand. Since it is generally believed that companies will not spend money on products
consumers take their recognition as a signal that the brand is good.
Many companies, especially while introducing a new product in the market find that sales
cannot be sustained without constant advertising. Sales charts always show a meteoric
rise post-advertising burst. Companies often rerun advertisement on different channels
over the year to sustain the brand awareness and ensure that the consumers are exposed to
the brand.
Complan repeats the same TV commercials for different target markets over a period of
time to ensure brand recall and visibility.
Brand Pyramid:
TOP OF MIND
BRAND
AWARENESS
BRAND RECALL
BRAND
IGNORANCE
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Prof Karthic Iyer

At the top of the pyramid is the brand that exists at the top of the customers mind. This is
the happy and the most desired condition that any marketer seeks. The next level is of all
the other brands that are recalled by the customer in an unaided form.(brand awareness)
The customer is asked to recall as many brands as he or she is able to whenever one
thinks of a product.
Brand recognition is the third level and perhaps the lowest level. And also known as
brand recall. Here customers are aided in recalling or recognizing brands or associating
brands with a product class. This is important at the point of purchase.
The contribution of awareness to building up equity for the brand can be gauged by the
fact that high awareness creates associations in the customers mind. He or she is able to
associate different images with the brand and this in turn can help generate a customers
liking for it. It can also lead to a large base of committed customers, and all these benefits
in turn will help the firm have more leverage in the market place.
Factors Affecting Brand Awareness:

Brand Awareness refers to the strength of a brands presence in the consumers mind.
Awareness is measured according to the different ways in which consumers remember a
brand, ranging from recognition to recall to top of the mind. Some of the major factors
affecting brand awareness are:
Brand Name: One of the most important factor affecting brand awareness is the
brand name. Brand name plays an important part in creating awareness for a
brand. Also whether the name is really very meaningful or completely baseless
they both affect brand awareness.
Bacardi Breezers - flavoured aerated vodka based drink
Fevi Stik - adhesive
Centre Shock chewing gum.
Advertising: Advertising also helps to create Brand awareness in a big way. Take
any brand name Fevicol, Vicks, Pepsi all have used ads for creating awareness
among their consumers.
Celebrity:- Another important factor affecting Brand awareness is the celebrities

endorsing the Brand. Whenever you see a celebrity you love endorsing a brand
you tend to propagate the Brand.
Coca Cola experienced a tremendous increase in brand following post ad
campaigns with Hrithik Roshan and Kaho Na Pyaar Hai.
Parent Company:- To a large extent the parent company helps in promoting a

brand. The parent company in many cases is so popular that its brand
automatically become popular and people become aware about the product.
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Prof Karthic Iyer
TATA always promotes it brand with its name along with the brand such as TATA
INDICA, TATA INDIGO, TATA SALT.
Sales Promotions And Offers: - It also helps in making the consumers aware of
the brand. Some of the sales promotion activities that companies carry out help
them in a big way to make their target aware of the brand.
Reliance India Mobiles Monsoon Hungama offer, wherein they offered their WLL
services at an affordable price.
1st Mover Advantage: - Usually the company that enters a product category first
has good awareness about its brand. Usually people tend to remember the first
player to enter the market.
Parle products BISLERI in the packaged water segment.
Public Relations: - The coverage that the fourth estate and magazines provide a
brand also helps in building awareness about a brand.
The popularity of local restaurants such as J.W.Marriot has been boosted by the
page 3 mentions in the Bombay Times supplement of The Times of India.
Direct Selling: - Some of the companies use direct selling as a platform to create
brand awareness.
Eureka Forbes water filter AQUA GUARD.
Peer Group Opinion: - Peer group opinion also plays an important part in the
whole brand awareness exercise. Usually people tend to discuss a lot about the
brand and tend to share their experiences or some recent ads they have seen
which in turn increases brand awareness of their peers.
When opting for cellular network services (irrespective of prepaid or billing),
most people generally go by the opinions of their friends and colleagues.
Recall Of Ads: - In some cases the brand awareness is also high due to specific
ad recall, which is very high.
Amaron battery advertisement of race between tortoise and rabbit with the
tagline LAST LONG REALLY LONG
Brand Recall
A brand (Bisleri) is said to have recall if it comes to consumers minds when its product
class (mineral water) is mentioned. It indicates stronger brand position in the mind. Still
23
Prof Karthic Iyer

at a higher level is the top of the mind recall; it is the brand, which comes first to the
mind. The top of mind awareness indicates a relative superiority a brand enjoys above
others. Sometimes a brand becomes so dominant that it becomes the only recalled brand
in the product category. Very few brands are able to achieve dominance. The cases may
include Johnson & Johnson baby powder, Dettol antiseptic, Colgate and Cadbury.
Brand Name Dominance:

The ultimate awareness level is brand name dominance where in a recall task most
customers can only provide the name of a single product. E.g. Band aid from Johnson &
Johnson. In order to avoid losing a trademark a firm should begin protecting it early in its
life, starting with the selection of the name itself. Sometimes it is helpful and even
necessary to create a generic name so that the brand does not become one; the generic
name copier helped Xerox protect its brand.
PERCEIVED QUALITY
Perceived quality is a brand association that is elevated to the status of a brand asset for
several reasons:
Among all brand associations only perceived quality is known to drive financial
performances.
Perceived quality is often a major (if not the principal) strategic thrust of business.
Perceived quality is linked to and often drives other aspects of a brand is
perceived.
Achieving perceptions of quality is usually impossible unless the quality claim has
substance. Perceived quality may differ from actual quality for a variety of reasons like:
Customers may be overly influenced by a previous image of poor quality.

Because of this they may not believe in new claims may not be willing to take
time to verify them. Thus it is critical to protect a brand from gaining a shoddy
quality from which recovery is difficult and sometimes impossible.
The company may achieve quality on an aspect, which the consumers do not
consider important.
Customers rarely have all the information necessary to make a rational and
objective judgment on quality-even if they do have the information they lack the
motivation and the time to process it. Thus it is important to understand the little
things that consumers use as a basis for making a judgment about the quality. E.g.
if the customer kicks the tires to test the sturdiness of a car the tires have to be
sturdy.
As customers may not know how best to judge quality they might be looking at
the wrong cues. A metaphor or a visual image can help consumers see the context
in the right way. Jewellery stores that cater to first time diamond buyers must
24
Prof Karthic Iyer

educate buyers that quality is not necessarily reflected in price tags or carat
claims.
BRAND ASSOCIATIONS
The associations consumers make with brand support brand equity. These associations
may include product attributes, a celebrity spokesperson or a symbol. Brand associations
are driven by brand identity-what the organization wants the brand to stand for in the
consumers mind. A key to brand building then is to develop and implement brand
identity.
One key to successful brand building is to develop a brand identity- to know what the
brand stands for and to effectively express that identity.
Hyundai Santro has clearly positioned itself as the sunshine car and endorsed Preity
Zinta known for her bubbly personality to match their positioning statement.
Invariably all brands come to acquire a meaning in the mind of the customer.
Customers associate different dimensions of the product including its use and use
situations to the brands. Brand association, therefore, is anything linked to the memory
of a brand. Thus a jingle like Happy days are here again has been associated in the
customers mind with Thumps Up. Surf is linked with the economy-minded middle
class housewife- Lalitaji in the advertisements.
The name Tata is associated with quality. It is important to know how strong this
association is and for a family name like this, which are the products with which this
association is the strongest.
METHODS TO EVALUATE BRAND EQUITY

Cost
based
Price
based
Consumer
based
Historical Cost
Price premium
Brand knowledge
Replacement Cost
Equalisation price
Attribute rating
Market value
method
Brand contribution
method
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Prof Karthic Iyer
COST-BASED METHODS
Historical Costs:
This is the money that has been spent on the brand till date. Suppose Rs.100 million have
bean spent so far creating a brand called X'. The value at which the brand can be sold to
another organization should be Rs.100 million. This appeals intuitively though there are
several problems in using historical costs. First, a prospective buyer is interested in the
future cash flows from a brand and the fact that 100 million was spent on brand 'X' does
not guarantee the realization of even a fraction of that amount in future sales.
Costs incurred in brands are no measure of the efficiency with which the money was
spent. The R& D budgets of GM, Siemens, Philips, Xerox and IBM are much more than
their respective Japanese competitors namely Honda, Hitachi, Sony, Canon and NEC. Yet
the number of successful models produced by the Japanese far outnumber the ones
produced by their western counterparts. Poorly spent finances hardly get translated into
brand equity. Historical costs may or may not be an adequate measure of a brand's future
potential even when the costs are adjusted to the current prices.
Replacement Costs:
Consider 'a brand, say Colgate. How much would it cost to create a brand with similar
turnover, profitability, distribution reach, brand loyalty, etc? This cost is its brand equity.
To begin with, measuring each of the above costs is not very easy. Colgate has a turnover
of over Rs.7000 million, a gross profit figure of Rs.150 chores, reaches at least 7 lakh
retailers directly (many times this number indirectly) and finally is probably the most
popular brand in the country.
Promotional expenses on launch alone cost close to 7 Crores today for a national brand.
Add to this the production, distribution and marketing overheads. A simple calculation
can demonstrate this figure. Consider the example of another brand, Close-Up. Close-Up
has been in existence for some time now. Say Rs.200 crores was spent cumulatively on
production and marketing over the years to achieve the present turnover. To this, add the
amount for the brand loyalty and distribution equity it commands. Let us add another 50
crores to take care of that. In other words, the brand value of Close-up is 255 crores.
Replacement cost = (Launch cost + production and administrative costs incurred over the
years + brand premium acquired over the years due to brand loyalty, distribution, etc.)
First, procedurally this is not very simple. Of course, it is better than historical cost
because it considers todays costs. But this suffers again from the same setbacks as the
previous method. What is the guarantee that if a brand is created at the cost be Rs.255
crores today it will obtain a market share of about 17% as Close-up did? This indeed is
the million dollar question.
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Prof Karthic Iyer

Present costs (as in replacement cost method) are as bad indicators as past ones (as in
historical cost method) as far as evaluating brand equity is concerned.
Market Value Methods:

The brand value for a particular brand is obtained by comparing it with the value that had
beery realized in a comparable, current merger or acquisition. Given below is a list of
acquisitions from the recent past and the price at which these acquisitions have been
made:
PRESENT (Rs.in Million)

Brand
Taken over by
Eveready
Mcleod Russel
Kelvinator
Whirlpool
Farex, GluconHeinz
D, etc.,
Thums Up,
Coca-Cola
Gold-Spot
Cibaca
Colgate
Transelektra
Godrej
Company
Ashok
Leyland
Assam Co.
Shaw
Wallace
Berger
Paints
PAST
Taken over
Year
by
Hindujas
1987
Jay Mehta
MR
Chabbria
Vijay
Mallya
Price
2900
2500
2100
1800
1310
800
Price
780
1991
1985
600
390
1988
360
Cibaca for instance has been bought by Colgate for a sum of Rs. 1310 million. If
Cibacas equity is Rs.1310 million, what is the equity of Colgate? Perhaps since Colgate
27
Prof Karthic Iyer

has about 17 times as much turnover as Cibaca, if we multiply the equity of Cibaca with a
factor of 17 we will arrive at Colgates. That puts it at Rs. 22,270 million.
Brand Contributions:
This method tries to identify the value that is added by the BRAND to the product.
Brand contribution compares the profits earned by the brand with the profits earned by an
unbranded or generic product in the same category. The difference between the two is
treated as a measure of brand value. This, of course, is not acceptable as a price at which
the brand can be sold. (The organization will demand several times this value for selling
the brand.) This will be useful more as a measure of the brand's strength in the market in
which operates. This when multiplied by a suitable integer yields brand equity.
Brand equity =
K x (profits from the brand - profits for

an unbranded product in tie same category)
PRICE-BASED METHODS
There are some methods, which measure brand equity with the retail price of the brand as
the basis.
Price Premium Method:
This is done by comparing the difference between the retail price of the brand and the
retail price of an unbranded product in the same category. Here again the difference will
give an indication of brand equity. This measure will also give us an indication of Brand
strength'' only. That is, higher the retailer premium that a brand can charge, greater is its
equity in the minds of the customer.
But this is less useful than the profit premium method in understanding brand strength
because if we take the toothpaste market, there are brands at different prices.
Comparing Colgate Total (the most expensive toothpaste) with an unbranded product will
give it high brand equity as compared to Colgate Dental Cream. However, for the
common man, Colgate means Colgate Dental Cretin only. How then can we accept higher
brand equity for Total as compared to Colgate Dental Cream?
Similarly, some toothpastes like Babool are deliberately priced low to penetrate the
market. On the basis of the lower retail price premium it commands, it would not be right
to say that Babool enjoys less brand equity than what say Promise does. Further, low
priced brands like Nirma and Lifebuoy will have their brand equity close to zero if this
method were adopted. Such a computation would be unrealistic.
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Prof Karthic Iyer

Market Share Equalization Method:
This method uses an ingenious way of tackling the brand equity problem.
Let us suppose that there are totally hundred consumers of toothpaste in the country. Of
these, 65 use Colgate, 20 use Close-up, 10 use Promise and 5 use Babool. We also
assume that there are only 4 toothpastes in the market.
Brand
Prices
(Rs. per 100 gm)
17.40
22.50
17-40
14-60
Colgate
Close-Up
Promise
Babool
No. of people using

65
20
5
10
What are the prices at which the market share for each of these brands is equal? It is
obvious that Colgate is the most popular brand. But when its price is raised beyond a
point, people will switch from Colgate to other brands. What is the point at which 40
people switch from Colgate and distribute themselves among the other brands equitably.
This situation is shown in the fallowing table:
Brand
Colgate
Close-Up
Promise
Babool
Prices
24-50
23-00
17-50
14-60
No. of people using

25
25
25
25
At this point, we have forced a situation market shares are equal. The prices here straight
away give an indication of brand equity. If we divide the prices in paise by ten we get the
numbers in the brand equity map. In other words, the brand equity of Colgate is equal to
245 while that of Babool is 146.
245
Colgate
235
Close-up
175
Promise
146
Babool
This map shows us that Colgate and Close-Up are high in terms of brand equity while
Promise and Babool are low.
CUSTOMER-BASED METHODS
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Prof Karthic Iyer

Another approach of measuring brand equity is making the customs knowledge of the
brand the focus.
Brand Knowledge Method:
Brand knowledge can be expressed as a sum of brand awareness and brand image. Each
of the parameters (i.e. brand recall/strength of brand associations/ attitudes/ user image)
can be measured on a 1 to 10 scale. A weighted sum of these parameters will be the
measure of brand equity.
Dimensions of brand knowledge
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Prof Karthic Iyer

Brand recall: Here is an illustration to measure brand recall. Suppose you want the
consumer to recall, let us say NIRMA '' the following set of questions can be asked:
What brand comes to your mind when I say 'detergent powder'? (This is called
top-of-mind-awareness.)
Which detergent brand comes to your mind when I say ''Low price?'' (The answer
could be Wheel/Nirma/or a regional brand.)
Which brand comes to your mind when I say white/cream detergent cake?''
The advertisement for which brand says Do you now understand why 1 buy
this?'' (This is an allusion to the housewife in the Nirma advertisement mentioning
she buys Nirma because it saves money.)
If the answer to the first question is Nirma then its Brand Recall score is high. It can be
given a score of 10.
If the respondent does not have any brand on top-of-mind awareness identifies Nirma for
question 2 which contains a stronger clue, his association with the brand is that much
weaker. He may be assigned a brand recall score of 6.
Now, in question 3, a stronger hint is being supplied because Nirma is the most popular
among white/cream detergent cakes. If the respondent does not identify Nirma in
Questions 1 and 2 but does for question 3, he gets a brand recall score of 4.
The fourth question is almost a giveaway, which points straight to the Nirma
advertisement. If the respondent identifies Nirma here, he is given a score of 2.
If he fails to identify it even here, he gets a score of 0.
Thus, a scale can be developed where high score signifies high brand recall and low score
the opposite. In a similar manner the other parameters like brand recognition,
favourability of brand associations, strength of brand associations, etc. can be measured
on a 0 to 10 scale.
When these scores are summed up and averaged, we get a measure of brand equity. This
method is probably the most comprehensive measure, if consumers can be accepted as
the focus of brand equity. Such methods argue that equity does not lie in the price at
which a brand can be sold but in the mind of the customer. Even if consideration obtained
for selling a brand can be a measure, it is argued that this consideration itself depends on
how many people like the brand or its customer based brand equity.
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Prof Karthic Iyer

Attribute-oriented Approach:
The approach in this method is as follows:
Take a particular brand. List all its attributes. Get ratings for each of these attributes on a
0-.10 scale from consumers. Sum up the scores. This represents the equity of the brand
scale. Repeat a similar exercise on competing brands and we have the brand equity for all
the brands.
Suppose one gets the following hypothetical scores for 4 talcum powder brands:
Freshness
Fragrance
Long-Lasting
Appearance
Desirability
Ponds
8
7
9
8
8
40
Cinthol
7
7
9
7
6
36
Liril
8
7
8
6
7
36
Gokul
6
8
6
5
6
31
If the scores are converted to a scale of 100, the total score for Ponds is 80, Cinthol 12,
Liril 72 and Gokul 62. This score represents the Brand Equity. However, brand equity
usually is more than what the attributes bestow on the brand. This becomes the limitation
of the method.
BRAND IDENTITY
Brand identity is a unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist aspires to
create or maintain. These associations represent what the brand stands for and imply a
promise to customers from the organization members. Brand identity should establish a
relationship between the brand and the customer by generating a value proposition
involving functional, emotional or self-expressive benefits.
Brand identity consists of a core identity and an extended identity. The core identity
represents the timeless essence of a brand .It is central to both the meaning and success of
the brand. It indicates the reasons why the brand as been brought into existence. It
contains the associations that are most likely to remain constant as the brand travels to
new markets and products. The elements of the core identity remain more resistant to
change than the elements of the extended identity. Thus the core identity is timeless while
the brand position or the communication strategies might change. It is generally the first
word that people behind the brand may utter when asked what the brand stands for:
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Prof Karthic Iyer
Lux - Beauty bar for young women

Dettol - Antiseptic, protection
Johnson&Johnson - Trust and quality a baby needs
The extended brand identity includes elements that provide texture and completeness.
The core identity usually does not possess enough detail to perform all of the functions of
a brand identity. In particular, a brand identity should help a company decide which
program or communication is effective and which be damaging or off the target. Even a
well-thought-out and on-target core identity may ultimately be too ambiguous or
incomplete for this task. A brand personality does not often become a part of the core
identity. However it can be exactly the right vehicle to add the needed texture and
completeness by being a part of the extended identity. It provides the strategist with the
opportunity to add full detail to complete the picture.
Brand identity consists of twelve dimensions organized around four perspectives:
Brand as a product
Brand as an organization
Brand as a person
Brand as a symbol
Core
BRAND AS A PRODUCT
A core element of a brands identity is usually its product thrust, which will affect the
type of associations that are desirable and feasible. A strong link to a product class means
that the brand will be recalled when the product class is cued. A dominant brand will
often be the only brand recalled.
Band Aid in adhesive bandages i.e. whenever we think of bandages Band Aid is the first
thing that comes to our mind. And many a times the consumers use the word Band Aid
instead of bandage.
Similarly, Bisleri is the word almost synonymous with the mineral water. Whenever one
thinks of mineral water Bisleri is the first name that comes to their mind. (Now the
leader in this segment is Kinley)
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Prof Karthic Iyer
BRAND AS AN ORGANIZATION
The brand as organization perspective focuses on attributes of the organization rather
than those of the product or service. The people, culture, values and programs of
the company create such organization attributes as innovation, a drive for quality
and concern for the environment. Some brand aspects can be described as product
attributes in some contexts and organizational attributes in other contexts. Quality
or innovation, for instance could be a product-related attribute if it is based on the
design and features of a specific product offering while if it is based on the
organizational cultures values and programs it would be an organizational-related
attribute. In some cases there can be a combination of the two perspectives.
However organizational attributes are more enduring and more resistant to
competitive claims than are product attributes because:
It is much easier to copy a product than to copy an organization with unique

people, cultures and programs.
Organizational attributes usually apply to a set of product classes and a competitor
in only one product class may find difficult to compete.
Organizational attributes such as being innovative are hard to communicate and
evaluate it is difficult for competitors to demonstrate that they have overcome any
perceived gap.
BRAND AS A PERSON
Brand personality is an important area of study for at least two reasons. First, research
has shown that a strong brand personality may justify a higher price premium. Moreover,
brand personality can play a key role in differentiating a brand in a product category
where there is actually little or no difference between products. Prior research indicates
that the greater the similarity between a consumers personality characteristics and the
characteristics that they believe comprise the brand, the greater the preference for that
brand. Brand-as-person perspective suggests a brand identity that is richer and more
interesting than one based on product attributes. Like a person, a brand can be perceived
as being upscale, competent, impressive, trustworthy, fun, active, humorous, casual,
formal, youthful or intellectual.
FARDEEN KHAN for PROVOGUE - In this case you would associate Fardeen Khan
with someone who is cool, trendy, from the upper class, fun loving. With Fardeen khan
endorsing for provogue peoples perception about Provogue clothes is also cool, trendy,
for people who are fun loving.
A brand personality can help create a stronger brand in many ways:
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Prof Karthic Iyer
It can help create a self-expressive benefit that becomes a vehicle for the customer
top express his or her personality. E.g. an Apple user might consider himself to be
casual, anti corporate and creative.
Just as human personalities affect relationship between people, brand personality
can be the basis of a relationship between the customer and the brand. E.g.
Mercedes Benz might be perceived as a upscale, admired person.
It might help communicate a product attribute and thus contribute to a functional
benefit. E.g. The strong, energetic personality of the Ambuja man suggests that
Ambuja cement is also strong and energetic.
BRAND AS A SYMBOL
A strong symbol can provide cohesion and structure to an identity and make it much easy
to gain recognition and recall. Its presence can be a key ingredient of brand development
and its absence can be substantial handicap. Elevating symbols to the status of being part
of the brand identity reflects their potential power. Anything that represents a brand can
be a symbol including programs such as the Ronald McDonald house. Symbols involving
visual imagery can be memorable and powerful such as the Nikes Swoosh symbol and
the McDonalds golden arches. Each strong visual image captures much of its respective
brands identity because connections between the symbol and the identity elements have
been built up over time. It just takes a glance to be reminded of the brand.
BRAND ESSENCE
Brand essence is a compact summary of what the brand stands for.
Brand identity structure includes core identity, extended identity and a brand essence.
Typically the brand identity will require 6 to 12 dimensions in order to adequately
describe the brands aspirations. Because such a large set is unwieldy, it is helpful to
provide focus by identifying the core identity i.e. the most important elements of the
brand identity. All dimensions of the core identity should strategy and values of the
organisation and at least one association should differentiate the brand and resonate with
the customers. The core identity is most likely to remain constant as the brand travels to
new markets and products. The core identity creates a focus both for the customer and the
organisation. The extended identity includes all of the brand identity elements that are not
in the core. Brand personality is an element of extended identity.
Core identity has 2 to 4 dimensions that compactly summarize the brand vision. Brand
essence provides further focus by giving a single thought that captures the soul of the
brand. The brand essence can be viewed as the glue that holds the core identity elements
together.
Characteristics of brand essence:
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Prof Karthic Iyer
Should resonate with customers

Drive the value proposition
Should be own able
Provide differentiation persisting through time.
Should be compelling enough to energize and inspire employees and partners of
the organization.
BRAND ESSENCE VS. TAG LINE

Brand essence represents the identity while tag line represents the brand position. The
function of essence is to communicate and energize those inside the organization while
tag lines function is to communicate with the external audience. Brand essence is
timeless or for a long period of time while the tag line has a limited life. Brand essence is
relevant across markets and products whereas the tag line is more likely to have a
confined arena.
BRAND IMAGE
Consumers vary as to which brand attributes they see as most relevant and the importance
they attach to each attribute. They will pay the most attention to the attributes that deliver
the sought benefits. The market for a product can often be segmented according to the
attributes that are salient to different consumer groups. The consumer develops a set of
beliefs about where each brand stands on each attribute. These set of beliefs about the
brand make up brand image. Brand identity and brand image need to be distinguished.
Identity comprises the ways that a company aims to identify or position itself or its
product. Image is the way the public perceives the company or its products. Image is
affected by many factors beyond the companys control. An effective image does three
things:
It establishes the products character and value proposition.

It conveys this character in a distinctive way so as not to confuse it with the
competitors image.
It delivers emotional power beyond a mental image.
The image of a brand may contain different types of associations in memory: attributes
benefits and attitudes.
ATTRIBUTE ASSOCIATIONS
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Prof Karthic Iyer

These are descriptive features, which are used to characterize a product or service. The
attributes could be distinguished on the basis of how directly they are related to product
or service performance. The product related attributes are ingredients necessary for the
products performance. On product related attributes are packaging, user imagery, usage
imagery and price.
In the case of Woodland shoes the product related attributes would be: leather that
weathers, unique sole, water resistant etc. The non-product related attributes would be:
price -1500+; package-green box; user-young, rugged, tough; usage-outdoors, trekking.
BENEFIT ASSOCIATIONS
Functional: These are the outcome of the functions performed by a product of

service. These are the intrinsic benefits of consuming a product or service.
Mercedes has the functional benefit of sophisticated and ultra modern technology.
Experiential: these accrue to the user in the form of feelings.
For Mercedes the experiential benefits will be the feeling of a smooth and
comfortable ride.
Symbolic: These are non intrinsic to the product and correspond to non-product
related benefits.
For Mercedes it will be the prestige of being a part of a select group.
ATTITUDE ASSOCIATIONS
Attitudes determine buying decisions. They refer to overall evaluation of a concept like
person, product, object or a brand.
BRAND POSITIONING
A brand position is the part of the brand identity and value proposition that is to be
actively communicated to the target audience and that demonstrates an advantage over
competing brands. Positioning is a concept, which is commonly seen in marketing.
Positioning is the act of designing the companys offerings and image to occupy a
distinctive place in the target markets mind. The essence of brand positioning is
achievement of valued distinction/differentiation in a consumers mind.
The perceived differentiation takes care of the competitive angle and the value aspect
takes care of customer motivation e.g. Perk is positioned as a substitute for a snack,
which can be, had anywhere, anytime. A brand must create an association and cling on to
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Prof Karthic Iyer

it. The bottom line for a position is that it must be valuable, credible, distinctive and
suitable for the product in question.
The strategy to differentiate the brand or product is to place it in an appropriate cell of the
human mind so that whenever the customer recalls the product, the firms brand is the
first to be recalled. This strategy is called Positioning.
Positioning is not what you do to a product. But what you do to the mind of the
prospect. That is, you position the product in the mind of the prospect.
Whether a brand owns a position or not could easily be found by a simple word
association or word which immediately springs to mind as and when the brand is thought
for when the word is thought of, the brand is recalled immediately.
Some of the well-positioned brands are:
Raymonds: The Complete Man
Fair and lovely: Fairness
Woodland: Tough Shoes
Dettol: Antiseptic
Captain cook: Free Flow Salt
In short the relation between brand image, identity and positioning can be summarized as
follows:
IDENTITY
Brand as intended
IMAGE
Brand as received or
decoded
Perceptual filter/screen
POSITION
Brand in relation to
competitive brands
Receivers perceptual
space
BRAND IDENTITY, IMAGE AND POSITIONING

BRAND IMAGE
BRAND IDENTITY
BRAND POSITION
How the brand is How strategists want the The part of the brand identity and
now perceived
brand to be perceived
value proposition to be actively
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Karthic
Iyer
communicated toProf
a target
audience
POSITIONING STRATEGIES
A product can be positioned based on 2 main platforms: The Consumer and The
Competitor. When the positioning is on the basis of CONSUMER, the campaigns and
messages are always targeted to the consumer himself (the user of the product)
Peter England always campaigns their product concentrating on the consumer, the user
of its product.
Louis Philip also concentrates on this kind of campaigns.
The other kind of positioning is on basis of COMPETITION. These campaigns are
targeted towards competing with other players in the market.
Dettol television commercials always concentrate on advertisements, which show that
this product would give you more protection, then the others.
A number of positioning strategies might be employed in developing a promotional
program. The 7 such strategies are discussed below:
POSITIONING BY PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES AND BENEFITS
Associating a product with an attribute, a product feature or a consumer feature.
Sometimes a product can be positioned in terms of two or more attributes simultaneously.
The price/ quality attribute dimension is commonly used for positioning the products.
A common approach is setting the brand apart from competitors on the basis of the
specific characteristics or benefits offered. Sometimes a product may be positioned on
more than one product benefit. Marketers attempt to identify salient attributes (those that
are important to consumers and are the basis for making a purchase decision)
Consider the example of Ariel that offers a specific benefit of cleaning even the
dirtiest of clothes because of the micro cleaning system in the product.
Colgate offers benefits of preventing cavity and fresh breath.
Promise, Balsaras toothpaste, could break Colgates stronghold by being the first to
claim that it contained clove, which differentiated it from the leader.
Nirma offered the benefit of low price over Hindustan Levers Surf to become a
success.
Maruti Suzuki offers benefits of maximum fuel efficiency and safety over its
competitors. This strategy helped it to get 60% of the Indian automobile market.
POSITIONING BY PRICE/ QUALITY

Marketers often use price/ quality characteristics to position their brands. One way they
do it is with ads that reflect the image of a high-quality brand where cost, while not
39
Prof Karthic Iyer

irrelevant, is considered secondary to the quality benefits derived from using the brand.
Premium brands positioned at the high end of the market use this approach to positioning.
Another way to use price/ quality characteristics for positioning is to focus on the quality
or value offered by the brand at a very competitive price. Although price is an important
consideration, the product quality must be comparable to, or even better than, competing
brands for the positioning strategy to be effective.
Parle Bisleri Bada Bisleri, same price ad campaign.
POSITIONING BY USE OR APPLICATION
Another way is to communicate a specific image or position for a brand is to associate it
with a specific use or application.
Surf Excel is positioned as stain remover Surf Excel hena!
Also, Clinic All Clear Dare to wear Black.
POSITIONING BY PRODUCT CLASS
Often the competition for a particular product comes from outside the product class. For
example, airlines know that while they compete with other airlines, trains and buses are
also viable alternatives. Manufacturers of music CDs must compete with the cassettes
industry. The product is positioned against others that, while not exactly the same,
provide the same class of benefits.
POSITIONING BY PRODUCT USER
Positioning a product by associating it with a particular user or group of users is yet
another approach.
Motography Motorola Mobile Ad
In this ad the persona of the user of the product is been positioned.
POSITIONING BY COMPETITOR
Competitors may be as important to positioning strategy as a firms own product or
services. In todays market, an effective positioning strategy for a product or brand may
focus on specific competitors. This approach is similar to positioning by product class,
although in this case the competition is within the same product category.
40
Prof Karthic Iyer

Onida was positioned against the giants in the television industry through this strategy,
ONIDA colour TV was launched with the message that all others were clones and only
Onida was the leader. neighbours Envy, Owners Pride.
POSITIONING BY CULTURAL SYMBOLS
An additional positioning strategy where in the cultural symbols are used to differentiate
the brands. Examples would be Humara Bajaj, Tata Tea, Ronald McDonald. Each of
these symbols has successfully differentiated the product it represents from competitors.
REPOSITIONING
Repositioning is changing the positioning of a brand. A particular positioning statement
may not work with a brand.
For instance, Dettol toilet soap was positioned as a beauty soap initially. This was not in
line with its core values. Dettol, the parent brand (anti-septic liquid) was known for its
ability to heal cuts and gashes. The extension's 'beauty' positioning was not in tune with
the parents germ-kill positioning. The soap, therefore, had to be repositioned as a
germ-kill soap (bath for grimy occasions'') and it fared extremely well after
repositioning. Here, the soap had to be repositioned for image mismatch. There are
several other reasons for repositioning. Often falling or stagnant sales is responsible for
repositioning exercises.
After examining the repositioning of several brands from the Indian market, the
following 9 types of repositioning have been identified. These are:
Increasing relevance to the consumer

Increasing occasions for use
Making the brand serious
Falling sales
Bringing in new customers
Making the brand contemporary
Differentiate from other brands
Changed market conditions.
It is not always that these nine categories are mutually exclusive. Often one reason leads
to the other and a brand is repositioned sometimes for a multiplicity of reasons.
Lipton Yellow Label Tea:
Lipton Yellow Label Tea was initially positioned as delicious, sophisticated and premium
tea for the global citizen. The advertisements also echoed this theme. For instance, all the
props and participants in the advertisements were foreign. It is possible that this approach
41
Prof Karthic Iyer

did not find favour with the customers. The repositioning specifically addressed the
Indian consumer through an Indian idiom.
Exotic & Foreign
Exotic & Indian
Maharaja:
Dishwasher in its initial Stages was possibly seen as an exotic product. Thus, Maharaja
positioned it as a product aimed at the upper crust. Thus, the positioning statement was
your guests get Swiss cheese, Italian Pizza ...... you get stained glassware.'' But Indians
are reluctant to use dishwashers because of deeply embedded cultural reasons. Thus, the
message had to be changed to appeal to the Indian housewife. Thus the positioning was
changed to Bye, Bye Kanta Bai'' indicating that the dishwasher signaled the end of the
servant maid's tyranny. The brand, therefore, was repositioned from a sophisticated,
aristocratic product to one that is functional and relevant to the Indian housewife.
International
Sophisticated
National
Functional
Visa Card:
Visa Card had to change its positioning to make itself relevant to customers under
changed circumstances. Initially it asked the customer to pay the way the world does''
(1981). This is to give its card an aura of global reach. But as more and more cards were
launched on the same theme, to put itself in a different league, it positioned itself as the
world's most preferred card'' (1993). To highlight the services it provided, it shifted to
the platform of Visa Power (1995). This focus on explaining the range of services
available with the card continues till date (Visa Power, go get it).
Pay The Way The
Worlds Most
VISA Power
World Does
Preferred Card
(1995)
(1981)
(1993)
42
Prof Karthic Iyer
RELAUNCHING
Re-launching a brand means thinking beyond a new design or a new name. It means,
"going deeper."
Many a time in marketing, there comes a stage in the life of a brand when it needs to be
re-worked and relaunched to take it to a different level. This happens not only for brands
which may not be doing well but also for brands that are doing well but would like to do
better. Brands go through various stages of evolution in their life and often may need to
be restructured and repositioned, revitalised or rejuvenated to improve their sales and
market share and profits.
Before getting into the methodologies and ways of launching a new brand, it is important
to define the objectives for the relaunch. Some commonly used objectives are:
Is the objective to rejuvenate the brand as a contemporary one, as it is being

perceived as dated and traditional?
Is the objective to relaunch a brand that has failed due to an inappropriate
marketing mix?
Is the objective to relaunch the brand and reposition it for faster growth and
market share?
WAYS IN WHICH BRANDS CAN BE RELAUNCHED

The first is to keep all elements of the mix the same but reposition the brand in the minds
and hearts of customers.
Thus, nothing is done to the product, the pricing or the distribution but the
communication and the entire repositioning exercise changes the perceived value of the
brand. The elements used would be in the area of the communication mix including the
packaging. This approach is usually followed when consumers have accepted the product,
found it affordable and available but do not want to use it because they feel it does not
match their needs or aspirations, keeping the psychographics in mind.
Another method to relaunch the brand is to change the channel and distribution strategy.
Other elements may be working but the distribution channel may be ineffective due to the
choice of in-appropriate outlets or even ineffective trade margins and marketing strategy.
This can be linked with the sales effort, sales organisation and structure.
This happens in cases where the product is accepted, its awareness is high but it is not
available. There is, therefore, wastage of advertising money.
In this case, revamping the distribution structure becomes necessary.
The third way to relaunch a brand would be to revamp every element of the marketing
43
Prof Karthic Iyer

mix including the brand name, the product ingredients and pricing, and bring it out with a
new price and bring it out as a new avatar.
Relaunching a brand is a normal exercise but should be dealt with cautiously. If the brand
is doing well because its positioning, distribution and pricing are accepted and it is
growing as per the desired objectives, then it is recommended not to tamper with
something which is working.
Finally, it is important to say that while relaunching a brand, the main objective should be
to bring it to a better level in terms of sales, market share and profit than what its current
position reflects.
CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS
The billions of dollars spent per year on celebrity endorsement contracts show that
celebrities, like Liz Hurley, Britney Spears and Tiger Woods, play an important role for
the advertising industry. This shows that the practice of using super stars in advertising
generates a lot of publicity and attention from the public. The underlying question is, if
and how the lively interest of the public in the rich and famous can be effectively used
by companies to promote their brands and consequently increase revenues.
CELEBRITIES AS SPOKESPERSONS
Companies frequently use spokespersons to deliver their advertising message and
convince consumers of their brands. A widely used and very popular type of
spokesperson is the celebrity endorser.
The reason for using celebrities as spokespersons goes back to their huge potential
influence. Compared to other endorser types, famous people achieve a higher degree of
attention and recall. They increase awareness of a companys advertising, create positive
feelings towards brands and are perceived by consumers as more entertaining. Using a
celebrity in advertising is therefore likely to positively affect consumers brand attitudes
and purchase intentions.
SOURCE CREDIBILITY AND ATTRACTIVENESS
A central goal of advertising is the persuasion of customers, i.e., the active attempt to
change or modify consumers attitude towards brands. In this respect, the credibility of an
advertisement plays an important role in convincing the target audience of the
attractiveness of the companys brand. Pursuing a celebrity endorsement strategy enables
advertisers to project a credible image in terms of expertise, persuasiveness,
trustworthiness, and objectiveness.
To create effective messages, celebrity advertisers also have to consider the attractiveness
of the spokesperson. Source attractiveness refers to the endorsers physical appearance,
44
Prof Karthic Iyer

personality, likeability, and similarity to the receiver, thus to the perceived social value of
the source. The use of (by corresponding standards) attractive people is common practice
in television and print advertising, with physically attractive communicators having
proved to be more successful in influencing customers attitudes and beliefs than
unattractive spokespersons. This behavior mainly goes back to a halo effect, whereby
persons who perform well on one dimension, e.g. physical attractiveness, are assumed to
excel on others as well, e.g. happiness and coolness.
Simply assuming that a person just has to be famous to represent a successful
spokesperson, however, would be incorrect, with a considerable number of failures
proving the opposite. Very well accepted and attractive super stars have failed in turning
their endorsements into success.
The late '80s saw the beginning of celebrity endorsements in advertising in India. Hindi
films and TV stars as well as sportspersons began encroaching on a territory that was,
until then, the exclusive domain of models. There was a spurt of advertising, featuring
stars like Tabassum (Prestige pressure cookers), Jalal Agha (Pan Parag), Kapil Dev
(Palmolive Shaving Cream) and Sunil Gavaskar (Dinesh Suitings). Of course, the first ad.
to cash in on star power in a strategic, long-term mission statement kind of way was Lux
soap, a brand which has been among the top three in the country for much of its lifetime.
Detergents on the other hand ran the whole gamut from Lalitaji (the antithesis of
celebrity) to Shekhar Suman, stepping into the lives of ordinary housewives.
In the much talked about Shah Rukh-Santro campaign, the organisation wanted to
overcome the shortcoming of an unknown brand, Korean at that. The objective was to
garner faster brand recognition, association and emotional unity with the target group.
The Santro ad. showed the highest recall amongst auto ads.. despite average media
spends for the category.
Even the ill-fated Home Trade had hits going up to seven lakhs a day after their
campaign featuring Hrithik, Shah Rukh and Sachin.
Basically, celebrity endorsements give a brand a touch of glamour, and the hope that a
famous face will provide added appeal and name recognition in a crowded market. In the
battle for the mind, you get the customer excited by showing him a known face, and an
effective demand is created. This would normally work best when the concerned brand
has close substitutes, or has a need for differentiation, or requires quick entry in a short
lifecycle category.
Apart from this memorable bit, using a celebrity is supposed to lend instant credibility as
well as aspirational values to the brand ----- a hope to get people to follow the Pied Piper.
For instance, usage of sports personalities in footwear advertising (where the consumer
feels that as Sachin wears Adidas, so should he). But here, the marketer needs to be really
disciplined in choice of celebrity and the celebrity needs to match the product. For
instance, Cokes Daler Mehndi campaign suffered from this very problem-----it wasn't
45
Prof Karthic Iyer

aspirational enough. On the other hand, Videocon is using Shah Rukh cleverly to lift the
brand from the masses to a more upmarket, techie image.
Sports people have always been celebrities. Only now, the advertising industry is trying
to cash in on their mass appeal. In the field of sports, the cricketers take the lions share
of advertisement contracts for their wide mass appeal where this sport is considered as a
religion and Sachins as gods.
The much sought-after players of Indian Cricket are: Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly,
Rahul Dravid and Virendra Shewag.
Apart from cricket and cricketers other sport and sportspersons also attract considerable
endorsement money. Leading tennis players like Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupati (J
Hampstead, Adidas), footballer Baichung Bhutia (Reebok, Omega), chess wizard
Viswanathan Anand (NIIT), golfers Jeev Milkha Singh and Jyoti Randhawa (Mizuno of
Japan), Narain Karthikeyan ( Tata group, Amaron, Kingfisher and JK Tyres) attract
sizeable endorsement money among others.
In an attempt to fly deeper into the hearts of Indian travellers, tourism promotion boards
from the South East Asian region are now looking at Indian ambassadors. Topping the list
is Tourism Malaysia, which is in negotiations to sign up both Shah Rukh Khan and
Aishwarya Rai as its brand ambassadors to promote this predominantly Muslim tourist
destination among the Indians. Not to be left behind, the Sri Lanka Tourist Board (SLTB)
is also planning to ink a similar deal with the Indian cricket team.
46
Prof Karthic Iyer

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NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

BRAND - A FEW DEFINITIONS

A brand is a collection of perceptions in the mind of the consumer.

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

A brand identifies the seller or maker.

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Brand Depth: It is the brands ability to create consumer loyalty by offering

Brand Weight: It is the influence of the brand in its category or market.

The Brand: Suzuki

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

It has a lasting value - trendy logos don't hold up over time.

Nike, McDonalds, etc.

SLOGANS, JINGLES, CHARACTERS, APPS, URL AND

Recognize the benefits of an effective jingle, slogan, character, and package

The Doodh Doodh Ad.

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

BRAND BUILDING STRATEGIES

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

AMUL CONDENSED MILK

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

COLGATE DENTAL CREAM

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Brand image or prestige:

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

WHY IS BRAND BUILDING DIFFICULT?

Pressure to compete on price,

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

PRESSURE TO COMPETE ON PRICE

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

There is wide acceptance that maximization of stockholder value should be the

The major asset categories are:

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

Reduced marketing costs

Anchor to which other

Provides value to firm by

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

I am committed to this brand.

Prof Karthic Iyer

NMIMS TRIMESTER VI - BRAND MANAGEMENT

The committed: those who are committed to our brands.

Prof Karthic Iyer