Kayla Roberts

3/21/2016
Annotated Bibliography

Craver, Charles B. (May 2011). THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON TRANSNATIONAL

INTERACTIONS. The Negotiator Magazine, 1559-9116. Retrieved from
http://negotiatormagazine.com/articles/AR201105101.php
Charles B. Craver, the author, is the Freda H. Alverson Professor at the George
Washington University Law School. He wrote about how to have a positive interaction with
another culture outside of the United States. The first step is learning about the opponent's
culture, and appreciating the differences between them. This culture consists of social
phenomena like beliefs, ideas, language, and customs. These ideals combine in a culture to make
a certain image of what the societal group values and they influence the way a group
communicates with each other. Americans are prone to national stereotype, and when dealing
with foreigners who do not conform to the anticipated stereotype, the tendency to ignore their
individual traits and search for the conformity is still there. Craver goes to discuss all kinds of
cultural differences between America and different countries, like punctuality, spatial distance,
and low and high context language patterns. America and England tend to value individual
independence over group cohesiveness, while other countries may have a collective orientation.
The individualists tend to feel more comfortable with overt displays of power, while the
collectivists cultures will feel confronted and the relationship will be negatively
impacted. Individuals from lower socio-economic cultures tend to be intimidated when they
interact with persons from wealthy cultures. Americans need to take the time to learn more about
the national histories and cultures of those persons and accept generosity of other cultures, while
not seeming greedy.
Crivelli, Luca, Della Bella, Sarah, & Lucchini, Mario. (2016). Multidimensional Well-being in
Contemporary Europe: An Analysis of the Use of a Self-organizing Map Applied To
Share Data. World Happiness Report 2016 | Special Rome Edition. Retrieved from
https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fworldhappiness.report%2Fwpcontent%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2016%2F03%2FHR-V2Ch5_web.pdf
Recently research has changed perspective from looking at negative aspects of psychology,
to positive emotions and measuring happiness. The definition of happiness has two
components: a hedonic and a eudaimonic one. Hedonic is relating to or considered to in terms of
pleasant or unpleasant sensations. Eudaimonic focuses on meaning and self-realization and wellbeing is the degree to which a person is fully functioning. Hedonic and Eudaimonic are the result
of different processes. Emotional reactions are responses to immediate situations, will reflect

unconscious motives, and are short term. Life satisfaction ratings reflect long term perspectives
of conscious goals. Carol Ryff created a eudaimonic model of psychological well-being that
states the six components are self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental
mastery, autonomy, and positive relations with others. Positive and negative affects reflect two
systems: behavioral activation system, which directs organisms to experiences that will generate
pleasure, and the behavioral inhibition system, which steers clear of situations that might have
undesirable consequences. There are seven different dimensions of well-being: positive affects
and evaluations, negative affects and orientations, somatic disorders, Vitality/apathy/flow
state, Self-efficacy/pathway thinking/agency thinking, Physical and mental health, and
evaluations of life domains. These are some of the questions asked to test these.
Long, Matt. (February 3, 2016). Unpredictability of Travel- Broken Elevators and Hard
Days. Landlopers- Not your ordinary travel website. Retrieved from
http://landlopers.com/2016/02/03/unpredictability-travel-broken-elevators
So far my current research has yet to find any negative aspects of traveling, but not all
experiences are positive. This blog, by Matt Long displays factors that will not positively
correlate traveling with happiness. Transportation is the factor most likely to cause stress during
travel. Missing scheduled airplane flights decreases happiness because of the struggle to catch
another, having to buy new tickets, or dealing with angry, uncooperative attendants. Matt Long's
friend got stuck in an elevator for 75 minutes causing him to miss his plane to Helsinki, Finland.
He claims the travel "was not a positive experience" and he's still "angry about it because
Arlanda Airports did not feel culpable and implied his friend was a liar. Matt Long travels a lot,
so this does not prevent him from further traveling. However, people who do not travel as
frequently and save up their money and time to travel internationally, and travel obstacles occur
to them, may lead them halt traveling altogether. Matt Long stated when travels go bad, "they go
very bad." His lesson learned is to be "as aware as possible and always expect the unexpected".
Nawijn, Jeroen, Peeters, Paul M., & Ram, Yael. (09 Sep 2013). Happiness and limits to
sustainable tourism mobility: a new conceptual model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,
21, 10171035. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.826233.
This very helpful article I think will be a major part of my research. It's had two goals; to explore
the psychological cause for development towards unsustainable tourist mobility behavior
(focusing on notion of happiness) and to demonstrate how happiness desirable behavioral change
towards more sustainable tourist mobility behavior.
It gave 2 models for motivations for traveling and happiness. The 3 gear model and the happiness
loop. I also gained studies from Clawson and Knetsch, Tung and Ritchie, Plog, Pearce and Lee,
Maslow, Iso-Aloha, Goffman, Burns and Bibbings, Miller, Nawijns, Mitas, Yarnal, Adams, and
Ram. All of these people researched from motivations for change and novelty being the

foundation of social activity of travel to the recreational experience theory describing the phases
a tourist experiences. The steps are anticipation, traveling to the destinations, on-site experience,
traveling from destination, and recollection.
Paulin, G. D. (2015). Travel expenditures, 2005-2013: domestic and international patterns in
recession and recovery. Monthly Labor Review, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/travel-expenditures-2005-2013-domestic-andinternational-patterns-in-recession-and-recovery.htm
This article discusses international travel statistics based on length of stay, amount spent, and
destinations visited. International trips tend to be about three times as long as domestic vacations.
International travel expenditures fluctuate more rapidly than domestic trips. These expenditures
are transportation (airfare; train fare; bus fare; ship fare; and driving expenses, such as tolls,
gasoline, and parking), food (restaurants and stores), alcoholic beverages, lodging, and any
activities. Air fare for international trips is about 2 to 3 times that of domestic trips. In other
countries out of the United States, driving fees and gasoline tend to be more expensive as well.
Lodging expenditures are more expensive for international travel as well, but this may result
from the availability to lodge with family or friends within the US.
Pearce. (2005). 3 Gear Model of Unsustainable Tourist Behavior. Journal of Sustainable
Tourism. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.826233.Pearce, D.G. (2008). A needsfunctions model of tourism distribution. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 148168
The three gear model works in the way that the one larger wheel, novelty and change
motivations, activates the other two, happiness and travel distance. For perceiving distance, one
has to determine if the value of the novelty of the destination is worth the mobility. Cheaper and
faster mobility incentivizes longer distance. The three-gear model drives the happiness loop as
well because the perception of distance satisfies the tourists motivations because it is believed
better novelty is found at greater distances.
Pure Life by Aspiro Team. (March 24, 2015).Failure to Launch: Cultural Immersion in Third
World Countries Can Help Young Adults Living at Home. Pure Life by Aspiro. Retrieved
From https://purelifeadventure.com/blog/failure-to-launch-cultural-immersion-in-thirdworld-countries/
Young adults who have trouble finding their independence can be helped by being exposed to a
new culture. Americans have grown up not having to worry at all about day to day needs like
clean water, a roof over their head, or enough food to eat (this does not include everybody, but it
is the majority compared to third world countries). Americans are preoccupied with having the

latest brand of clothes or cell phone and tablet. Pure Life by Aspiro goes to say that exposing one
to cultures where these "needs" are meaningless can allow one to reassess their priorities. Putting
young adults in environments where they have to work hard to get everything they have is a
great way to help their sense of entitlement. Working on basic tasks with natives can lead one to
explore and strengthen their core values, while gaining a deeper appreciation for the simple life.
Helping others allows one to help themselves by developing empathy and compassion.
Immersing oneself into a cultural and not just traveling without speaking to one gives one a
greater sense of meaning in their own life.
RECENT NBER RESEARCH, NEWS, AND PRESS CITATIONS. (March 17, 2016). The
Happiness of Nations. The National Bureau of Economic Research, volume number
(issue number if available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
This main quote that leads the article "As economies get richer, they can afford to question the
need for further riches. In a country where people are starving, economic growth remains
regarded as a vital objective to overcome hunger and other poverty problems." This relates to
artifact #7 because these third world countries do not have time to worry about the next iPhone
or brand of clothes; they worry about their next meal. The NBER Research advocates that
Americans look for a better conception of well-being than the "height of a pile of dollars".
Statistical happiness research found that money can only buy a reasonable amount of happiness.
Nations, as a whole, do not seem to get happier as they get richer. Happiness is U-shaped in age.
It falls off, then stabilizes, and rises later in life. Women tend to report higher happiness than
men, but this is not in all cases.
Sarah, Aziz Abu. (2014, March). For More Tolerance We Need More. Tourism? [Video file].
Retrieved from
https://www.ted.com/talks/aziz_abu_sarah_for_more_tolerance_we_need_more_tourism
This video builds on an idea from my first article about not only traveling for oneself, but
integrating and meeting people from other cultures. He goes to say that what is needed is the
traveling not being people going to other countries and taking pictures of people in different
cultures, but actually connecting with the people. He says these interactions can erode decades of
hate.
Xin, Tribe, & Chambers. (2013). The Happiness Loop. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.826233.
The happiness loop demonstrates how the tourist experience theory is integrated with the concept
of happiness. Positive emotions of happiness are linked with not only on-site experience, but
expectations and recollection. The traveling parts of the image are outside of the loop because
mobility alone is not a source of happiness. Mobility is described as a necessary evil that tourists

simply ignore to preserve their happiness. I think the traveling part is the negative because of so
many accidents and warnings and safety procedures have to be done due to past issues. When
traveling, the having to go through this necessary evil will make the actual vacation even better.